RETAININGWALL

http://www.civildesignhelp.
info Design Code BS 8110
ANALYSIS FOR RETAINING WALL
1. DESIGN DATA.
Unit weight of soil = = 19.0 kN/m3
Angle of internal friction of soil = = 32.0
Safe bearing capacity of soil = qb = 230.0 kN/m2
Surcharge load = Qs = 10.0 kN/m2
Co-efficient of friction = = 0.39
Total height of retaining wall = H = 3.80 m
Depth of base slab below ground level = D = 1.2 m
Width of base slab = B = 3.0 m
Width of heel = C = 2.40 m
Thickness of stem = t = 0.40 m
Thickness of base slab = h = 0.45 m
Grade of concrete = fcu = 30 N/mm2
Grade of reinforcement = fy = 420 N/mm2
Density of concrete = c = 25 kN/m3
Elastic modulus of concrete = Ec = 2.60E+04 N/mm2
2. RETAINING WALL ARRANGEMENT

+29.5
2.6 W1 W3
3.80
+26.9 0.20 0.40 2.40
1.2
W2
T 22.4 kN/m2 3.10
3.0 Earth pressure Surcharge
A B C D pressure
29.7 kN/m2
100.73
118.5 kN/m2
BASE PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION
3. CALCULATION FOR LATERAL FORCES / MOMENTS

Co-efficient of active earth pressure = Ka = 0.31 (DBM-3.4.6.2)
Lateral pressure due to earth = p1 = Kas H
p1 = 22.4 kN/m2
Lateral pressure due to surcharge = p2 = Ka Qs
= 3.10 kN/m2
Retaining wall Page 1 of 7

Prepd. By: Shanti Srinivasan
email:shanti.srinivasan@gmail.com
http://www.civildesignhelp.info Design Code BS 8110
Horizontal force due to earth pressure = P1 = 42.53 kN

Horizontal force due to surcharge = P2 = 11.78 kN
Total horizontal force = P = 54.31 kN
Moment of earth pressure about toe = M1 = 53.87 kN.m
Moment of surcharge pressure about toe = M2 = 22.38 kN.m
Total induced moment at base = M = 76.25 kN.m
4. RESTORING FORCES / MOMENT CALCULATION
SL.No Load due to Magnitude (kN) Dist. of CG Moment about 'T'

1 W1 33.5 0.40 13.4 kN.m
2 W2 33.8 1.50 50.6 kN.m
3 W3 155.0 1.80 279.1 kN.m
Total W 222.3 MR 343.1 kN.m
5. CHECK FOR SLIDING

Total horizontal force = P = 54.31 kN
Total vertical restoring force = WR = 222.29 kN
Horizontal frictional resistance = WR = 86.69 kN
Restoring force = WHR = 86.69 kN
(Passive resistance of soil above Toe slab is not considered conservatively)
Factor of safety against sliding = WHR/P = 1.60
> 1.50 OK
6. CHECK FOR OVERTURNING
Total induced moment at base = M = 76.2 kN.m
Total restoring moment at base = MR = 343.1 kN.m
Factor of safety against overturning = 4.50
> 1.80 OK
7. CHECK FOR BEARING PRESSURE
Distance of the point of application of the MR-M
= z =
resultant force from "A" SUM (V)
= 1.20 m
B/2 = 1.50
B/6 0.50
The eccentricity = e = B/2 - z
= 0.30 m
< B/6 No Tension
Gross bearing capacity of soil at fdn. Level = qs(gross) = 252.8 kN/m2
Therefore, the extreme pressure (W) {1 + (6e/B)}

= f =
B
Maximum soil pressure = f1 = 118.49 kN/m2 OK
Minimum soil pressure = f2 = 29.71 kN/m 2
OK
8. CHECK FOR DEFLECTION (STEM)

Deflection due earth pressure = axmax = P1H3/15EcI (Table-26
Deflection due surcharge pressure axmax = P2H /8EcI
3
Reynolds

Moment of Inertia for 1m wide wall = I = 5.3E+09 mm4 Handbook)

Horizontal force due to earth pressure = P1 = 42525.8 N

Horizontal force due to surcharge = P2 = 11780.0 N
Horizontal deflection due to P1 = ax1 = 1.12 mm
Horizontal deflection due to P2 = ax2 = 0.58 mm
Total Horizontal maximum deflection = axmax = 1.70 mm
< 15.20 mm H/250
9. CALCULATION OF DESIGN FORCES / MOMENTS
9.1 FOR VERTICAL STEM

BM due to Earth pressure (p1) = M1 = 53.9 kN.m
BM due to Surcharge pressure (p2) = M2 = 22.4 kN.m
Total Maximum moment = Ms = 76.2 kN.m
Total Maximum shear force = Fs = P1+P2
= 54.3 kN
9.2 FOR HEEL SLAB
Moment due soil over heel slab = Mh1 = W3 x C / 2
= 186.0 kN.m
Moment due to Surcharge pressure = Mh2 = Qs x C2/2
= 28.8 kN.m
Moment due to selfweight of toe slab = Mh3 = (C x h x c)C/2
= 32.4 kN.m
Moment due to upward soil pressure = Mh4 = 153.7 kN.m
Net moment for Heel slab = Mh = Mh1+Mh2+Mh3-Mh4
= 93.5 kN.m
Shear due to soil over heel slab = Fh1 = W3
= 155.0 kN
Shear due to surcharge = Fh2 = P2
= 11.8 kN
Shear due to selfweight = Fh3 = (C x E x c)
= 27.0 kN
Shear due to upward earth pressure = Fh4 = 156.5 kN
Total design SF for Heel slab = Fh = Fh1+Fh2+Fh3-Fh4
= 37.3 kN
10. ABSTRACT DESIGN VALUES (SERVICE)

Component Thickness (mm) Max.BM (kNm) Max.SF (kN)
Stem 400 76.2 54.3
Heel slab 450 93.5 37.3

I. RETAININGWALL -BASESLAB - DESIGN FOR MAIN REINFORCEMENT

1. DESIGN DATA.
Design service moment = Ms = 93.5 kN.m
Design ultimate moment = M = 149.6 kN.m
Design ultimate shear force = V = 37.3 kN
Assumed width of slab = B = 1000.0 mm
Thickness of slab = D = 450.0 mm
Grade of concrete = f cu = 30 N/mm2
Elastic modulus of reinforcement = Es = 2.0E+05 N/mm2
Clear cover to main reinforcement = c = 70 mm
Design allowable crack width = w = 0.30 mm
2.0 DESIGN
2.1 DESIGN FOR FLEXURE.
Effective depth = d = D-c-(Dia/2)
= 372 mm
k = M / bd fcu
2
= 0.036
z = d [ 0.5 +( 0.25 - k/0.9)0.5]
= 356 mm
z - Max. = 353 mm
(As)req. = M / 0.95 fy z
= 1061 mm2
(As)Prov. = Diameter = 16 mm
Spacing = 150 mm
= 1340 mm2
1340
Safety index = = 1.26 > 1 OK
1061
2.2 CHECK FOR SHEAR
Design shear stress = v = V / bvd
= 0.10 N/mm2
0.8[Sqrt(fcu.)] = 4.4 N/mm2
< 0.8[sqrt(fcu.)] & 5 N/mm2
100As / bd = 0.360 %
(400/d) = 1.08
Therefore 400/d = 1.08
Design concrete shear stress = vc = 0.49 N/mm2
> Design shear stress.
Hence no shear reinforcement required OK
2.3 CHECK FOR CRACK WIDTH
Rebar spacing = S = 150 mm
Steel ratio = = (As)Prov. / bd
= 0.0036
Base slab of Retaining wall

by: Shanti Srinivasan
Modular ratio = e = Es / (Ec/2)

2.0E+05
=
1.30E+04
= 15.38
e * = 0.055
X /d = e*{[(1+ (2 /e* - 1}
= 0.282
Depth of neutral axis = X = 104.9 mm
Lever arm = Z = d - X/3
= 337.0 mm
Concrete compressive stress = fcb = 2Ms / Z b X
= 5.3 N/mm2
Tensile stress on steel = fs = Ms / Z As
= 207.0 N/mm2
2.3.1 Check stress levels
Allowable comp. stress in concrete = fcb' = 0.45 fcu
= 13.5 N/mm2
> fcb OK
Allowable tensile stress in steel = fs '
= 0.8 fy
= 336.0 N/mm2
> fs OK
(h-x) * fs
Elastic strain at surface = E1 = (d-x) * Es
= 1.34E-03
Stiffening effect of concrete bt * (h-x) * (a' - x)
= 3*Es * As * (d-x)
(For bending only)
= 5.54E-04
Em = E1 - Stiffening effect of concrete
= 7.828E-04
Acr = [(S/2)2+(c+ Dia./2)2]0.5 - Dia /2
= 100.2 mm
3 * Acr * Em
Crack width =
1+2[(Acr-Cmin.) / (h-x)]
= 0.200 mm
< Allowable crack width. OK
2.4 DESIGN FOR DISTRIBUTION REINFORCEMENT
Min. % of steel required = Astmin = 585 mm2/m

= Spacing = 150 mm
= 754 mm2
Safety index 754
= = 1.29 > 1 OK
585
Base slab of Retaining wall

I. RETAININGWALL -STEM - DESIGN FOR MAIN REINFORCEMENT

1.0 DESIGN DATA.
Design service moment = Ms = 76.2 kN.m
Design ultimate moment = M = 121.9 kN.m
Design ultimate shear force = V = 54.3 kN
Assumed width of slab = B = 1000.0 mm
Thickness of slab = D = 400.0 mm
Grade of concrete = f cu = 30 N/mm2
Elastic modulus of reinforcement = Es = 2.0E+05 N/mm2
Clear cover to main reinforcement = c = 70 mm
Design allowable crack width = w = 0.30 mm
2.0 DESIGN
2.1-DESIGN FOR FLEXURE
Effective depth = d = D-c-(Dia/2)
= 322 mm
k = M / bd fcu
2
= 0.039
z = d [ 0.5 +( 0.25 - k/0.9)0.5 ]
= 307 mm
z - Max. = 306 mm
(As)req. = M / 0.95 fy z
= 999 mm2
Spacing = 150 mm
= 1340 mm2
1340
Safety index = = 1.34 > 1 OK
999
2.2-CHECK FOR SHEAR
Design shear stress = v = V / bvd
= 0.17 N/mm2
0.8[Sqrt(fcu.)] = 4.4 N/mm2
< 0.8[sqrt(fcu.)] & 5 N/mm2
100As / bd = 0.416 %
(400/d) = 1.24
Therefore 400/d = 1.24
Design concrete shear stress = vc = 0.53 N/mm2
> Design shear stress.
Hence no shear reinforcement required OK
2.3. CHECK FOR CRACK WIDTH
Rebar spacing = S = 150 mm
Stem of Retaining wall

Steel ratio = = (As)Prov. / bd

= 0.0042
Modular ratio = e = Es / (Ec/2)
2.0E+05
=
1.30E+04
= 15.38
e * = 0.064
X /d = e*{[(1+ (2 /e* - 1}
= 0.300
Depth of neutral axis = X = 96.4 mm
Lever arm = Z = d - X/3
= 289.9 mm
Concrete compressive stress = fcb = 2Ms / Z b X
= 5.5 N/mm2
Tensile stress on steel = fs = Ms / Z As
= 196.1 N/mm2
2.3.1 Check stress levels:-
Allowable comp. stress in concrete = fcb' = 0.45 fcu
= 13.5 N/mm2
> fcb OK
Allowable tensile stress in steel = fs '
= 0.8 fy
= 336.0 N/mm2
> fs OK
(h-x) * fs
Elastic strain at surface = E1 = (d-x) * Es
= 1.32E-03
Stiffening effect of concrete bt * (h-x) * (a' - x)
= 3*Es * As * (d-x)
(For bending only)
= 5.08E-04
Em = E1 - Stiffening effect of concrete
= 8.118E-04
Acr = [(S/2)2+(c+ Dia./2)2]0.5 - Dia /2
= 100.2 mm
3 * Acr * Em
Crack width =
1+2[(Acr-Cmin.) / (h-x)]
= 0.204 mm
< Allowable crack width. OK
2.4. DESIGN FOR DISTRIBUTION REINFORCEMENT
Min. % of steel required = Astmin = 520 mm2/m

= Spacing = 150 mm

= 754 mm2
Safety index 754
= = 1.45 > 1 OK
520

http://www.civildesignhelp.info Design Code BS8110
33400mm
A
C
A
New Retaining wall
(Existing bund wall to be
demolished)
Access stair over the existing bund
PLAN
Existing Bund
(To be retained)
D
SECTION A-A
0.40 +29.5
3.80
+26.9
1.2
REINFORCEMENT DETAILS
16 @ 150
12 @ 150
(Both faces)
12 @ 150
Earth side
12 @ 150
(Top & Bottom)
By: Shanti Srinivasan

emailto:shanti.srinivasan@gmail.com
http://www.civildesignhelp.info Design Code BS8110
16 @ 150
(Top & Bottom)
By: Shanti Srinivasan

emailto:shanti.srinivasan@gmail.com

RETAININGWALL

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http://www.civildesignhelp.

info Design Code BS 8110

ANALYSIS FOR RETAINING WALL

2. RETAINING WALL ARRANGEMENT

+26.9 0.20 0.40 2.40

T 22.4 kN/m2 3.10

3.0 Earth pressure Surcharge

BASE PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION

3. CALCULATION FOR LATERAL FORCES / MOMENTS

Retaining wall Page 1 of 7

Horizontal force due to earth pressure = P1 = 42.53 kN

4. RESTORING FORCES / MOMENT CALCULATION

SL.No Load due to Magnitude (kN) Dist. of CG Moment about 'T'

5. CHECK FOR SLIDING

Therefore, the extreme pressure (W) {1 + (6e/B)}

8. CHECK FOR DEFLECTION (STEM)

Retaining wall Page 2 of 7

Moment of Inertia for 1m wide wall = I = 5.3E+09 mm4 Handbook)

Retaining wall Page 3 of 7

Horizontal force due to earth pressure = P1 = 42525.8 N

9.1 FOR VERTICAL STEM

10. ABSTRACT DESIGN VALUES (SERVICE)

Retaining wall Page 4 of 7

I. RETAININGWALL -BASESLAB - DESIGN FOR MAIN REINFORCEMENT

Base slab of Retaining wall

Modular ratio = e = Es / (Ec/2)

2.4 DESIGN FOR DISTRIBUTION REINFORCEMENT

Min. % of steel required = Astmin = 585 mm2/m

Base slab of Retaining wall

I. RETAININGWALL -STEM - DESIGN FOR MAIN REINFORCEMENT

Stem of Retaining wall

Steel ratio = = (As)Prov. / bd

2.4. DESIGN FOR DISTRIBUTION REINFORCEMENT

Min. % of steel required = Astmin = 520 mm2/m

Stem of Retaining wall

Stem of Retaining wall

Access stair over the existing bund

By: Shanti Srinivasan

By: Shanti Srinivasan

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