Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Industrial Hygiene
Anticipation
Identification
Evaluation
Control
Government Regulations
1. Laws are enacted by Congress and signed by the
President. They are published in the United
States Code (USC). The laws do not have details
on implementation.
2. The applicable government agency develops and
proposes a regulation. The regulation contains
the details on implementation. It is published in
the Federal Register and a comment period and
hearing is normally held.
3. The Final Rule is published in the Federal
Register and the Code of Federal Regulations.
Government Regulations
US Congress creates Laws ex, Clean Air & Water Acts
Objective: Accountability
Process Safety Information
TWA C (t )
where: 8 0
C(t) is concentration in ppm or mg/m3 of the chemical in the air,
and
tw is the worker shift time in hours
Thus if monitoring shows that the TWA is greater than the TLV-TWA, or if
the worker is exposed to the TLV-TWA to more than 8 hrs, the worker is
overexposed.
Conc.
0 tw
Time
Evaluating Volatiles
i
1
Intermittent: TWA C i Ti
8 1
Time (hr) Conc. (ppm)
0 100
C
1 100
1.9 95
2.5 90
0 1 1.9 2.5 3.1 3.8 4
3.1 80
Time
3.8 70
Evaluating Volatiles
i
Ci
Additive effect multiple toxicants: 1 (TLV TW A ) i
1
i
C i equivalent
Mixture: (TLV TW A ) mix 1
i
Ci
1 TLV TW A
i
If C TLV TWA
i mix
Noisy Office 80
Whisper 20
Some Noise Data Comparisons
HOME WORK RECREATION
50 refrigerator 40 quiet office, library 40 quiet residential area
50 electric toothbrush 50 large office 70 freeway traffic
50-75 washing machine 65-95 power lawn mower 85 heavy traffic, noisy restaurant
50-75 air conditioner 80 manual machine, tools 90 truck, shouted words
50-80 electric shaver 90 tractor 95-110 motorcycle
55 coffee percolator 90-95 subway 100 snowmobile
55-70 dishwasher 95 electric drill 100 school dance, boom box
60 sewing machine 100 factory machinery 110 disco
60-85 vacuum cleaner 100 woodworking class 110 busy video arcade
60-95 hair dryer 105 snow blower 110 symphony concert
65-80 alarm clock 110 power saw 110 car horn
70 TV audio 110 leaf blower 110-120 rock concert
70-80 coffee grinder 120 chain saw, hammer on nail 112 personal cassette player on high
70-95 garbage disposal 120 pneumatic drills, heavy machine 117 football game (stadium)
75-85 flush toilet 120 jet plane (at ramp) 120 band concert
80 pop-up toaster 120 ambulance siren 125 auto stereo (factory inst'ld)
80 doorbell 125 chain saw 130 stock car races
80 ringing telephone 130 jackhammer, power drill 143 bicycle horn
80 whistling kettle 130 air raid 150 firecracker
80-90 food mixer or processor 130 percussion section at symphony 156 cap gun
80-90 blender 140 airplane taking off
80-95 garbage disposal 150 jet engine taking off 162 fireworks (at 3 feet)
110 baby crying 150 artillery fire at 500 ft. 163 rifle
110 squeaky toy held close 166 handgun close to the ear
180 rocket launching from pad 170 shotgun
5 - Toxic Vapor Exposure in Enclosure
Enclosure Volume, V Concentration of Volatile, C
(Mass/Volume)
Qm
At steady state: C
k Qv
Toxic Vapor Exposure
Convert C to ppm in air, Cppm to estimate average
conc. of a gas in a volume V at absolute pressure P
with a source term Qm and ventilation rate Qv.
Qm RgT 6
C ppm 10
k Qv PM
where the ideal gas law is assumed.
Qv A u L W u
Dilution Ventilation
Used when local ventilation is not possible; note worker is
always exposed, but to diluted concentrations with < TLV,
PEL
Contaminant in open area and not highly toxic
Air is used as a diluent to reduce levels
Calculate needed ventilation rate
Qm RgT
Qv 106
k C ppm PM
lb ft
7.07 ft 0.7 psi
2
92.13 0.016
lb
Qm
lbmole sec
0.0012
psi ft 3 sec
o
10.73 o
545 R
lbmole R
lb ft 3
Total mass of toluene V (42 gal ) 0.866 62.4 3 303.4 lb
ft 7.48 gal
303.4 lb
So, time to evaporate all toluene 68.8 hrs
0.0012 lb
sec
Ventilation Problem - Solution
KAP sat
0 .016
ft 60 sec
sec min
7. 07 ft2
0.7 psi
317.3
C ppm 10 6
kQv P ft 3 k
k 1000 14.7 psi
min
So, for k 0.1, C ppm 3173, and for k 0.5, C ppm 634.6
P 0 .0 1 atm
eliminates exposure
containment device
shield
limited workspace
Target Velocity:
100-124 ft/min
Negative Positive
Bypass laboratory hood
pressure ventilation
Velometer for Measuring Flow
Hood Operation
I
Relative Noise Intensity -10 log (dB) I 0 hearing threshold
I0
(dBA)
9
Permissible exposure (h)
speech
factory
painful
8
traffic
office
5
Table 3-10
4
2
Similar calculations
1 as volatiles
0
60 70 80 90 100 110 120
dBA
Noise Reduction Rating
Noise Reduction Rating (NRR) is the measurement,
in decibels, of how well a hearing protector reduces
noise as specified by the EPA.
http://www2a.cdc.gov/hp-
devices/pdfs/calculation.pdf
The higher the NRR number the greater the noise
reduction..
Noise Reduction Ratio (NRR)
Used for Personal Protective Equipment:
A particular hearing protector has an NRR of 18. If
the ambient noise level is 95 dba, what is the worker
exposure?
Sound Measuring
Device
Hearing Protection
Measuring Volatile Concentrations
Colorimetric Tubes
Measuring Volatile Concentrations
Measuring Volatile Concentrations
Filter unit, usually contains
activated charcoal.
Design / Environmental