Derivation of Formulas for Doubly

Reinforced Concrete Beam Design

 Reasons for Providing Compression Reinforcement

It reduces sustained load deflection

The addition of compression reinforcement causes the creep of the

concrete in the compression zone to transfer load from the concrete to
the compression steel area thus reducing the stress in the concrete.
Because of the lower compression stress in the concrete, it creeps less,
leading to the reduction in sustained load deflections.
 Reasons for Providing Compression Reinforcement (contd)

It increases ductility.

The addition of compression reinforcement causes a reduction in the

depth of the compression stress block. As the depth of the compression
block decreases the stain in the tension reinforcement at failure
increases, resulting in the more ductile behavior. The ductility increases
significantly when reinforcement is used.
 Reasons for Providing Compression Reinforcement (contd)

It changes the mode of failure from compression to tension.

When < , the beam will fail in brittle manner through crushing of
the compression zone before the steel yields. With the addition of the
compression steel to such as beam, the compression zone is
strengthening sufficiently to allow the tension steel yields before the
concrete crushes.


b 0.85fc
d
C1 = 0.85fc ab C2 = As fs
As

d a
d d d
2

As
T1 = As1 fy T2 = As2 fy

Beam s cross section

Mn Mn1 + Mn2
 b c
d
f s
s s =
As c Es
Es = 200,000 MPa
d c s
When compression steel yields:
d
f s = fy
As
s
Beam s cross section
 Distance from N.A. to extreme fiber: Compression steel area
(assuming compression steel yields) (assuming compression steel yields)

From strain diagram; From stress diagram;

c d T2 = C2
= As2 fy = As fs but f s = fy
c c s
c d =
c=
c s
0.003d Total Steel ratio
c= (assuming compression steel yields)
f s
0.003 E
s
0.003d Based from total tension area:
c=
fy
0.003 200,000 As = As1 + As2
As = As1 + (A s )
= As1 = As As

1 bd = bd bd
=
 Steel ratio
(assuming compression steel yields)

Based from stress diagram: This equation is assumed

that the compression steel
C1 = T1 yields.

0.85fc ab = As1 fy The tension steel area is

yielding. Hence, the moment
0.85fc ab = 1 bdfy
reduction factor must be
0.85fc ab = ( )bdfy
= 0.90 . Moreover,
0.85f c
= a must be used in the
dfy calculation of steel area that

0.85f c will resist the concrete area
= 1
dfy at compression zone.
.

=

 Balanced Steel ratio of Beams Reinforced for both
Tension and Compression

= 1 (1) . 1 , . 2 , (. 3)

600 600d
c= d (2) As fy = 0.85f c 1 b + As fs
600 + fy 600 + fy

1
From the Stress Diagram
fy
T = C1 + C2 (3)
As fy 0.85f c 1 600d A s f s
= b+
fy fy 600 + fy fy
As fy = 0.85f c ab + As fs
As 0.85f c 1 600 A s f s
= +
fy 600 + fy fy
 As 0.85f c 1 600 A s f s Compression steel does not yield:
= +
fy 600 + fy fy
f s
= +
fy
Let:

As Compression steel yields:

=

0.85f c 1 600 = +
=
fy 600 + fy

A s
=

f s
= +
fy