Ore Body

CHAPTER NO.
INTRODUCTION TO ORE BODY
1.1 INTRODUCTION TO ORE:-
Ore is generally understood to be any naturally occurring , in place ,

mineral aggregate containing one or more valuable constituents
that may be recovered at a profit under existing economic
conditions.
1.2 ORE BODY:-
A Dictionary of Earth Sciences defines the ore body Accumulation

of minerals, distinct from the host rock, and rich enough in a metal
to be worth commercial exploitation.
The general name for an accumulation of ore in any shape. An ore

body may correspond to an ore deposit, but more often the deposit
includes several ore bodies. The boundary between an ore body and
the enclosing rocks may be distinct and discernible to the eye. On
the other hand, it may be indistinct, with a gradual transition from
the ore body through a zone of impregnated low-grade ores and
weakly mineralized rocks to the enclosing rocks. When indistinct,
the boundary of the ore body is established during the sampling
process, based on the minimum allowable content of metal or
mineral in the ore.
Three groups of ore bodies are distinguished by shape: isometric,

flat, and elongated in one direction. Isometric ore bodies are
accumulations of mineral substance that are approximately equal in
all measurements. They include stocks, stock works, and pockets,
relatively small accumulations of ore that are isometric in shape and
usually not more than 13 m in cross section.
Page | 1
Flat ore bodiessheets, veins, and lenseshave two long
dimensions and one short dimension. The sheet, the most common
shape in which sedimentary deposits occur, is a tabular body
separated from other rocks by bedding planes. A distinction is made
between simple sheets and complex sheets, which have rock
interlayers. Sheet like deposits differ from sheets in their smaller
dimensions, discontinuity, and lesser stability of thickness. They are
typical of weathering deposits.
Veins are ore bodies formed when a mineral substance fills fracture
cavities or when there is met somatic substitution of mineral
substances for rocks along cracks. The plane of contact between the
vein and the enclosing rocks is called the selvage. The zones of
mineralized lateral rocks of veins create a contact metamorphic
aureole that sometimes contains industrial concentrations of
valuable components. Where the minerals that fill the veins are
unevenly distributed, there is an alternation of sections rich and
poor in valuable components; the rich sections in the body of the
vein are called ore shoots. Ore shoots may be morphological or
concentrated. The former are formed by bulges in the vein, whereas
the latter are zones having an increased concentration of valuable
components unrelated to change in the morphology of the ore body
but rather caused by local alterations of the physicochemical
parameters of ore deposition. The latter are sometimes related to
the ability of the ore-enclosing rocks to react chemically with
solutions. Sometimes they result from a sharp change in the
temperature and pressure of solutions, the change leading to a
large-scale accumulation of ore minerals.
A lens is a lenticular geological body that tapers out markedly in all

directions; its thickness is slight compared to its length. In terms of
morphology, lenses and lenticular beds are transitional formations
between isometric and flat ore bodies.
Page | 2
Ore bodies elongated in one direction are called ore pipes or pipes.
Ore pipes are oval in cross section. They form when an ore
substance from magmatic melts or hydrothermal solutions is
concentrated; the melts or solutions penetrate from the abyssal
parts of the earths crust along the line where tectonic fractures
intersect or along fractures that intersect easily penetrated rock
strata. Sometimes, when melts or hot vapors and gases break
through a bed of rock, diatremes are formed; examples are the
diamond-bearing kimberlite pipes of Siberia and South Africa. There
are ore pipes composed of copper, lead-zinc, and tin; they are up to
several kilometers long, and their width in cross section varies from
a few meters to several hundred.
1.3 MINERAL:-
Usually inorganic substance which occurs naturally and typically has

a crystalline structure whose characteristics of hardness, luster,
color, cleavage, fracture, and relative density can be used to identify
it. Each mineral has a characteristic chemical composition. Rocks
are composed of minerals. More loosely, certain organic substances
obtained by mining are sometimes termed minerals
Page | 3
CHAPTER NO.2
ORE BODY MODELING AND ITS TYPES
2.1 INTRODUCTION:-
Production geologists use information they obtain from sampling,

testing, mapping and observation to determine the most efficient
and effective mining techniques, as well as to identify the grade
(amount of mineral) in the ore. In gold and silver mining, grade is
reported as grams per ton. Copper grade is reported as a
percentage. It is important to know the grade to determine which
rock is sent to the plant for processing and which rock is sent to the
waste rock storage area.
By using this data and complex computer programs to more

accurately define the ore body, mine engineers can determine
mining methods, design blast patterns, design dig patterns, and
maximize the safety and efficiency of production - as well as
determine how the ore should be processed.
Page | 4
Geologists also use drilling and sampling data to identify wet areas.
Water can cause major problems in both open pit and underground
mines. If areas of high water content can be avoided or planned for
in advance, we can reduce safety risks, costs and production
interruptions.
2.2 WHAT IS MODEL:-
A geological model is a representation or an interpretation of a

mineral deposit. The deposit could be any commodity, including
gold, iron, or coal. Prior to the 1970s many geologists and
engineers would build 3D models of the ore body and mine workings
to help visualize or understand the deposit. The model would often
be a set of Perspex cross sections hanging in a wooden frame.
Computers have given us the power to build those models

electronically, and view them dynamically in 3D or in sections and
plans. The models can be updated as new data becomes available
and most importantly guide mine planning. Computer models also
produce volume and grade reports that reconcile production
information and measure mining efficiency and performance.
A software model is a numerical arrangement of data that can

readily be displayed and used for volumes. Computer models
typically represent geology as so called 2D or 3D models.
Ore bodies can be categorized in many ways, but for this paper we
consider three different categories, as shown in Table.
Page | 5
Table 1.1 three categories of ore body
2.2.1 2D MODEL:-
In a 2D model a square or rectangle grid or mesh is placed over the

area of interest. Z values or elevations are then assigned to centers
of the mesh. The mesh is a pattern in XY space. So Z is stored at XY
locations, hence the term 2D model. The Z value is stored at X and Y
locations. The Z values represent attributes of the geology, such as
topography (Figure 1), or nickel content or thickness.
Page | 6
Figure 2.1 Typical 2D model of topography
2.2.2 3D MODEL:-
Many surface users will be familiar with 3D models. Here the model
values or attributes (called Q for quality) are stored at the centered
of a block. the block has a location and size in XYZ and Q is stored is
3D space, hence the term 3D model as shown in figure shows a
surface block model Q values such as gold grade, mill cost or mill
recovery are held in each block. In Figure 2 the block colour reflects
a block attribute. Block models are ideal for complex ore body
shapes. Typically these ore bodies have been formed by intrusion
and/or faulting and the ore body interpretation is usually based on
rock type, alteration or grade using wire framing. Interpretations are
made on sections and these interpretations are then joined in a
wire-framed shape. Figures 3 and 4 show such an interpretation.
Page | 7
Figure 2.2 3D block model
Figure 2.3 Wire frames (blue) connect outlines (white)
Page | 8
Figure 2.4 Solid display
In 3D models the wire frame shapes are filled with blocks and sub-
blocks to represent the ore body. By selection of a reasonable block
size, which trades accuracy and speed, the ore body can be well
represented. These blocks are then filled with attribute values (Q)
from the drill whole data. Typically this involves detailed variogram
analysis and selection of appropriate variogram parameters. Domain
control such that the grades within a wire frame are used to
determine the blocks in that frame are a key feature of the process.
The attribute could be gold, silver or SG. Figure shows a block model
in cross section, the colours represent gold values. The ore body has
been cut with a barren dyke represented by the grey blocks.
Page | 9
Figure 2.5 Sub blocked model showing use of small sub blocks on
edges
2D models are ideal for thin or layered deposits, such as coal,

bauxite and phosphate. These deposits are often extensive in area.
For example a typical Hunter Valley coal mine would be 8,000
meters by 10,000 meters in lateral extent. While the total Sydney
coal basin covers an area from Newcastle to Wollongong and west to
Lithgow (approximately 200kms x 300kms). Within a single mine
there could be 40 seams, which vary in thickness from 0 meters to
10 or 20metres. In modeling these layered deposits, the seams are
modeled as a series of linked or associated surfaces. For a coal
seam such as the Bayswater a number of individual 2D models or
surfaces are created. In Minex a naming convention is used
consisting of the seam prefix and an extension suffix. Usually the
seam suffixes are kept brief, so Bayswater is abbreviated to BAY. The
standard Minex naming convention is shown in Table 2. The common
prefix BAY associates all these surfaces together while the standard
suffix endings allows Minex to treat the model correctly for
volumetric, tonnage or cross section purposes.
Figure 2.6 Floor elevation model for a coal seam (yellow) with
topography (green).
Page | 10
2.2.3 2D VERSUS THE 3D APPROACH:-
There are several deposit characteristics where the 2D modeling is

preferred. These characteristics are: The thickness of the ore body
seams or veins may necessitate a high-resolution block model (very
small or thin blocks) to adequately represent the ore body. Coal,
phosphate and literates are either thin or variable in thickness.
Figure 2.8 shows an example coal seam cross section. This deposit
has a typical mixture of thick and thin seams, which vary from 1cm
to 3metres in thickness. The seam thickness is typically measured to
+/- 1cm accuracy. As thickness is equivalent to tonnage and
tonnage is equivalent to dollars, the thickness model must be
accurate. Even though computers are steadily increasing in speed,
the time required for processing a block model with a very large
number of blocks may be impractical. 2D modeling due to its
infinitely variable block size is ideal for these deposits.
Page | 11
Figure 2.8 shows an example coal seam cross section
Typical coal deposits in cross sections Sedimentary deposits are

often large in lateral extent (measured in tens of kilometers) and
block models become too large and slow. Traditional 3D polygon and
solids modeling techniques may not be able to adequately project
the detailed fault and shear structures through a range of veins or
seams. Extending such structures manually through each seam or
vein may be tedious and impractical. A seam or vein modeling
system has the facilities to define structures and propagate them
through the model. The 2D modeling approach uses rules that
ensure that ordering of the seams or veins is rational (stratigraphic).
This avoids seams crossing or overlapping. Rules also allow for seam
splitting. The rules system also makes automatic modeling of all
seams relatively simple. There is no need to manually wireframe
borehole-to-borehole data. The automatic modeling and rules based
approach means new data can be efficiently added to the model. In
other words the model can be easily maintained.
2.2.4 HOW DO WE GENERATE THE 2D SURFACES OR MODEL?
In Minex the seam data is held in the drill holes as intervals or picks.
These intervals provide thickness, moisture, ash and steam
elevation data at the drill hole location. By compositing quality data
(such as ash or moisture) across the interval the average quality is
defined. Figure 9 shows a borehole database with the seam intervals
in different colours. Various algorithms are used to generate a model
from this data. Example algorithms are kriging, inverse distance and
trend surface techniques. For example in Figure 9 the light blue data
points can be connected into a thickness model or surface.
Page | 12
Figure 2.9 Borehole database seam data
In 2D modeling algorithms the seam name in the borehole is critical.

If the name is correct then the modeling is virtually automatic. The
seam name in the drill hole is analogous to the domain name in a
3D block model. When we determine the block value we only use
the correct domain data, we dont want to use data from another
domain. The seam name has the same importance in 2D modeling.
We only use seam A data to determine the values in the seam A
model. The simplicity of the naming is a major advantage over wire
framing. Wire frames are built manually by connecting drill hole data
on a series of sections. Typically the wire frame is built in the office
after all the analytical data is collected. In coal however, the litho
logy is more black and white and often the field geologist can assign
the seam name in the field while logging or can assign it from down
hole geophysical logs, such as density, which differentiate between
coal and waste. Once the seam(s) is defined the model values
(elevation, thickness, ash) are estimated by scanning the
surrounding drill hole data. Figure 10 shows an area around three
drill holes. The model values vary from 0.48 meters at the top of the
sheet to 0.35metres at the bottom. Each model value (purple) is
Page | 13
stored at the centered of the grid cell while the borehole data value
is sampled at the red drill hole location.
Figure 2.10 Seam thickness model and drill hole data
In layered deposits Minex links the various 2D surfaces into a 3D

model. For examplethe seam floor model locates the seam in XYZ
space; the thickness model defines thecoal volume and the RD
model converts volume to tones. In a 3D block model, volume is just
a count of the cubes inside say a pit. In a 2D model volume is simply
a count of the columns inside the pit. However in a 2D model each
column has a variable thickness or height. So where a 3D model is
based on lots of regular cubes a 2D model is based on a pattern of
regular bases or grids with irregular heights or thickness. Thus for
thin or large extensive layered geology the 2D model is more
accurate then the 3D model.
2.2.5 VEIN MODEL:-
The standard 2D model stores the Z values in planar XY space. That

is X is usually measured horizontally from west to east and Y is
measured horizontally from south to north. Z (or Q) is stored as an
offset from this plane. For thin steeply dipping ores such as nickel or
Page | 14
gold veins, vein modeling can be used. Vein modeling uses a
coordinate system where X and Y are along a plane parallel to the
ore body and Z is perpendicular to the plane. For measuring
thickness (and hence tonnage) this orientation is useful as the
thickness measured is now true thickness not apparent thickness.
Thus variography and other statistics are more robust. Figure shows
a vein model system. Here the ore is near vertical and the footwall
(orange) and hanging wall (yellow) are modeled as 2D grids. To give
reasonable resolution the XY coordinates are rotated to a vertical
plane. Both models were created as surfaces from the borehole vein
intersect. Careful wire frame digitizing was not required. Using these
surfaces the vein can be converted to a conventional block model.
The footwall and hanging wall are then used as the limit surfaces.
Examples of these blocks are shown in Figure.
Figure 2.11 Example vein model
Page | 15
Figure 2.12 Block model based on vein surface
2.3 TIE IN PATTERN:-
A tie in pattern can be generated using one of the standard

templates, or you can select holes/tie in lines individually to
generate a customized pattern.
2.4 STOPS:-
Underground mine workings, for example: declines, development

drives and draw points. A solid model is creating by forming a set of
triangles from the points contained in the string. These triangles
may overlap when viewing in plan, but do not overlap or intersect
when the third dimension is considered. The triangle in a solid
model may completely enclose a structure.
Creating of solid models can be more interactive than the creation

DTMs, although there are many tools in Surpac vision which can
automate the process the following diagram shows an example of a
solid model (design decline and ore body). Make use of the 32,000
Page | 16
numbers available to number objects as it makes them easier to
edit.
Terminology
A solid model is made up of a set of non-overlapping triangles.

These triangles from objects that may have a numeric identifier
between 1 and 32,000.
Objects represent discrete features in a solid model. For example, in

the diagram shown above, the decline and the ore bodies all have
different object numbers as they represent different features.
However, features such as ore bodies can consist of discrete pods,
and you may want to give these pods the same object number to
indicate that they are from the same structure. In this case, each
discrete pod must have a different trisolution number. A trisolution is
a discrete part of an object and may be any positive integer. Object
and trisolution numbers give reference to all the objects contained
in a solid model. An object trisolution may be open or closed. A
resolution is open if there is a gap in the set of triangles that make
up the trisolution. An object may contain both open and closed
trisolution. The reason for treating objects as open or closed
trisolution. The reason for treating objects as open or closed are A
closed object can have its volume determined directly by summing
the volumes of each of the triangles to an arbitrary datum plane.
A closed object always produces closed strings when sliced by a

plane. A closed object could be used as a constraint in the Block
Modeling module. An open object cannot provide the same
capabilities: when sliced by a plane the strings it produces may be
open or closed or both.
2.5 WHAT IS THE SOLID MODEL?
A Solid model is a three-dimensional triangulation of data. For

example, a 3DM is a solid object formed by wrapping a DTM around
Page | 17
strings representing sections through the solids. Solid model are
based on the same principles as Digital Terrain Models (DTMs), used
in Surpac software for many years. You may also have heard solid
models referred to as `3DMs or a `wire frame model. Solid models
use triangles to link polygonal shapes together to define a solid
object or void the resulting shapes may be used for following.
Visualization
Volume calculation
Extraction of slices in any orientation
Intersection with data from the geological database module
A DTM is used to define a surface. With Surpac software, creating a

DTM is automatic. Triangles are formed by connecting groups of
three data points together by taking their spatial location in the X
Y plane into account. The drawback of this type of model is that it
cannot model a structure that may have fold backs or overhangs for
example Geological structure.
2.6 BLOCK MODEL:-
The Surpac three dimensional Block Model is still very simple to use
and understand, but is significantly faster in its creation, and
modeling parameters can be added and modified at any time. The
Surpac Block Model is a form of database. This means that its
structure not only allows the storage and manipulation of data, but
also the retrieval of information derived from that data. It differs
from a more traditional database, in that data stored are likely to be
interpolated value, rather than true measurements. Another major
difference is that these values may be spatially referenced as well
as being spatially related. A third important this makes dynamic
operations such as coloring of attributes possible but imposes
significant memory overheads.
Page | 18
For example, consider the Geological database. Records have spatial
attributes which relate them to a spatial position. However, the
converse does not necessarily hold as spatial positions are not
necessarily related to a record in the database.
The Block Model portions space into an exhaustive set of blocks,

each being related to a record. The records may be spatially
referenced, that is, information may be retrieved for any point in
space, not just for points that have been explicitly measured. This
spatial referencing allows the addition of a number of operators to
the querying capabilities of the database manipulation scheme,
namely spatial operators such as INSIDE and ABOVE, which may
operate on solids and surfaces. Outside and below may be built
using the NOT logical i.e. NOT INSIDE or NOT ABOVE.
The Block Model comprises of a number of component:
Model Space
The model space is a cuboids volume outside of which nothing

exists in terms of the Block Model.
Attributes
The properties of the model space that are to be modeled are

termed attributes. These attributes may binomial, ordinal, interval
or ratio measurement expressed as numeric or character data.
Attributes may also be calculated from the values in other attribute
fields, for reporting and visualizing.
Constraints
Constraints are the logical combinations of spatial operators and

objects that may be used to control the selection of blocks from
which information may be retrieved and/ or into which interpolation
may be made. Constructed may be saved and have file extensions
of .CON.
Page | 19
The model itself is a binary image constructed in the model space
and defined by the existence or non-existence of blocks. Model files
will have file extension of MDL.
The Block Model may be applied to any situation where properties of

a volume of space are to be modeled in terms of the distribution of
values through that space.
2.6.1 BLOCK MODEL CONCEPTS:-
The following terms are used in Surpac Vision model definition:
Origin
The origin of the model is the lower, front, left hand corner (i.e. the
minimum Y, X and Z coordinate) of the model expressed in X, Y and
Z Cartesian coordinate. The origin is the anchoring point from which
rotation involving the Bearing, Dip and Plunge are to be performed.
Extent
The extent of model is the dimensions of the model in the Y, X and Z

directions.
For example, if a model was to cover the following area:
3000mN to 3650mN 1500mE to 2100mE to 120mEl to 270mEl
The origin will be: Y=3000 X=1500 Z=120
And the extent of the model will be: Y=650 X=600 Z=150
Bearing
The bearing of the model is the horizontal angle in degrees of the

direction of the major axis of the model. A bearing of zero indicates
a non-rotated model where the major axis of the model is in a north-
south orientation.
Page | 20
Dip
The dip of the model is the vertical angle of the blocks in degree
from the horizontal in a direction perpendicular to the bearing of the
model. A negative dip is an angle below the horizontal to the right
when looking along the bearing of the model. A dip of zero indicates
horizontal blocks normal to the bearing of the model.
Plunge
The plunge of the model is the model is the vertical angle of the
blocks in degree from the horizontal along the bearing of the model.
This can also be referred to as the tilt the model. A negative plunge
is an angle below the horizontal when looking along the bearing of
the model. A plunge of zero indicates horizontal blocks along the
bearing of the model.
User Block Size
The block size in the Y, X and Z directions. The user block size is
used as the reporting unit for the Block Model. The user block is
also the block size upon which interpolation is performed. The user
block size will depend on the Model purpose (i.e. Grade Control,
Resource Calculation, Pit Optimization) with reference to the data
spacing.For example, what block size is appropriate for a prospect
drilled on a 100m x 100m pattern, which is to have a resource
estimate completed? It would not be appropriate to set this model
up with a block size of 5x5x5,as the small blocks wont give a
``better estimate of the resource, as the original data is widely
spaced. Perhaps, 25x25x10 may be more realistic (i.e. one third to
one-quarter of the sample spacing).
Maximum sub-blocks per side
Page | 21
The maximum number of blocks along each side of the model. This
number must always be 2 to the power of an integer. (e. g
2,4,8,16,32,64,128,256,512)
This value will need to satisfy a base resolution. For example used
previously: extents Y=650 X=600 Z=150 user block size 25x25x10
This number of blocks along each side will be 26x24x15 (extent

divided by user block size). This means that the base resolution will
be 32 (the number greater than the maximum number of blocks and
is 2 to the power of something). If we wish to allow sub-blocking (the
sub-dividing of blocks), the resolution will need to be greater than
base resolution. For example: if maximum sub-blocks per side = 64
smallest sub-block = 12.5x12.5x5 if maximum sub-blocks per side=
128 smallest sub-block=6.25x6.25x2.5
In this way we find it possible to fill a model with interpolated values

calculated at a user block size, .i.e. user block size 25x25x10 and
still constrain the data within geological envelopes that are able to
be sub-blocked to smaller sizes i.e. 6.25x6.25x2.5. This becomes
important when considering the size of the model and the number
of calculations to be performed to fill the model.
2.6.2 BLOCK AND ATTRIBUTES:-
The centroid of each block defines its geometric dimensions in each

axis, i.e. its coordinates, Y, X, and Z.Each block contains attributes
for each of the properties to be modeled. The properties or
attributes may contain numeric or character string values. Blocks
may be of varying size defined by the user once the block model is
created.
Page | 22
Figure 2.13 Block model of oil sands coloured by attribute values
(bitumen).
2.6.3 CONSTRAINS:-
All Block model functions may be performed with constraints. A

constraint is a logical combination of one or more spatial objects on
selected blocks. Objects that may be used in constraints are plane
surfaces, DTMs, solids, closed strings and block attribute values.
Constraints may be saved to a file for rapid re-use and may
themselves be used as components of other constraints. Blocks
meet a constraint (e.g below a DTM as in the figures below) if its
centroid meets that constraint. This is true even if part of the block
is above the DTM.
Page | 23
Figure 2.14 Unconstrained block model in relation to a DTM surface
Figure 2.15 Same block model but constrained by the topography

(DTM).
2.6.4 ESTIMATION:-
Once a Block model is created and all attributes defined, the model
must be filled by som estimation method. This is achieved by
estimating and assigning attribute values from sample data which
has X Y Z coordinates and the attribute values of interest,
Page | 24
The estimation methods that may be used are
Nearest Neighbor Assign the value of the closest sample point to a

block
Inverse Distance Assign block values using an Inverse Distance

estimator
Assign Value Assign an explicit value to blocks in the model
Ordinary Kriging Assign block values using Kriging with Variogram

parameters developed from a Geostatistical study
Indicator Kriging Functions concerned with a probabilistic block grade

distribution derived from the kriging of indicators
Assign from String Assign data from the description fields of closed
segments to attribute values of blocks that are
contained within those segments extended in the
direction of one of the principal axes (X, Y or Z)
Import Centroids Assign block values from data in a delimited or fixed

format text file
Page | 25
CHAPTER NO.3
THAR COAL FIELD
3.1 INTRODUCTION:-
District Tharparkar comprising of 4 Talukas i.e. Mithi, Chachro Diplo &

Nangarparkar having population of 914291 souls, as per census 1998,
is spread over an area of 4,791,024 acres (19638sq: Kms).This District
with present boundary has come into existence on 02-12-19990 as
Thar. Prior to this the present geographical area was a sub-division of
old District Tharparkar (Mirpurkhas) it was bifurcated into 2 Districts
i.e. Mirpurkhas & Thar @ Mithi. The name of Present District was re-
notified as Tharparkar on 19-10-1993. The head quarter of this
District Mithi which is situated at distance of 150 Kms. South / East of
Mirpurkhas. It is situated in 24-26 North latitude and 69-51 East
Longitude. The boundaries of this District are as under.
3.2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND:-
It was in 1843 when Sir Charles Napier Became victor of Sindh and this
part were merged into Katchh political agency in Hyderabad collect
orate later on in 1858 the entire area became part of Hyderabad.
Subsequently in 1860 it was renamed as Eastern Sindh frontier with
its Head Quarter Umerkot controlled by Political Superintendent. In
1882 it was renamed as district and it is administrative head was
Deputy Commissioner. Lastly in 1906 Head Quarter of the district was
shifted from Umerkot to Mirpurkhas. Finally this District was created in
1990. This district is specially name according to geographical
Page | 26
conditions, i.e. Thar & Parkar. Thar means desert while Parkar is
rocky & hilly park.
3.3 GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES:-
(i) There is no stream fresh river in the district. However, in

Nagarparkar there are two perennial spring namely Anchlesar &
Sardhro as well as temporary streams called Bhatuyani River and
Gordhro: River which flow during the rainy season. (ii) There are some
hilly tracks called Parker. The Granite Marble has been found there.
Karoonjhar Mountain is near to Nagarparkar. (iii) There is no lake,
Glacier, plains etc in the district. (iv) Mostly this district is desert area.
(v) Topography.
The Thar Region forms part of the bigger desert of the same name
that sprawl over a vast area of Pakistan & India from Cholistan to
Nagarparkar in Pakistan and from the south of the Haryana down to
Rajistan in India.
This district is mostly deserted and consists of barren tract of the sand
dunes covered with thorny bushes. The ridges are irregular and roughly
parallel that they often closed shattered valleys which they raise to a
height to some 46 meters. When there is rain these valleys are moist
enough admit cultivation and when not cultivated they yield luxuriant
crops of rank grass. But the extra ordinary salinity of the subsoil land
consequent shortage of portable water renders many tracks quite
picturesque salt lakes which rarely a day up.
The only hills a Nagarparkar, on the Northern edge of the Runn of

Kutchh belongs to quite a different geological series. It consist Granite
rocks. Probably an outlying mass of the crystalline rocks of the Arravelli
range. The arravelli series belongs to Archean system which
Page | 27
constitutes the oldest rocks of the earth crust. This is a small area
quite different from the desert. The tack is flat a level expect close to
Nagarparkar itself. The principle range Karoonjhar is 19 Kms in length
and attains a height of 305 m. smaller hills rise in the east, which is
covered with sars jungle and pasturage and gives rise to two springs
named Anchlesar & Sardhro as well as temporary streams called
Bhatyani & Gordhro after the rain.
3.4 GEOGRAPHY:-
Tharparkar district is located at the extreme South East corner of the

province. It is one of the poorest and under develop district in Sindh. It
is flanked by Mirpurkhas and Umerkot district, the most prosperous on
its Northern side, on the west by Badin district, on the East by Bharmar
& Jaisalmer district of India and on the South of Runn of Kutchh. District
is approximately 250 kms across having in area of 19389 sq: Kms. The
district is divided into three ecological zones, the South Eastern is hilly
rich in mineral deposits the central area is Thar which sandy dunes and
on the western side (very small portion) of barrage area and fertile.
During summer climate is hot and dry while winter is somewhat mild.
The rain fall varies from year to year. Most of the rain fall in moon soon
period between June & September and the winter rain are in
significant.
3.5 LOCATION OF ACCESSIBILITY:-
North: Mirpurkhas & Umerkot Districts
East: Barmer & Jessalmer District of India
West: District Badin
Page | 28
South: Runn of Kuchh
95% of entire population depends on cultivation and cattle, while

remaining in small business. Like shopkeepers and manufacturing
handmade carpets. The entire huge area of this District is desert
(expect small portion on 65636 Acres). There is only one Crop in
whole year in desert area, which also depends on rains. Rain is
expected in June, July and August when sowing season commences
for maturity of crops, other 2-3 rains are needed, else crops will dry
and of no use consistently people of this area confronting menace of
drought almost after every one or two years. In event of no rains,
lends are barren. People and cattle face starving situation and start
migration with their cattle to other districts, to earn their lively
hood.
There are 3656933 cattle heads according to census of 1996, which no

is biggest out of all districts in Sindh. In event of sufficient rains this
desert depicts classic, green and beautiful look. Then everyone is
happy. People from various places come over particularly in
Nagarparkar which place is worth to stay and live.
The socio-economic condition of this district solely depends on

seasonal rain. The rain are expected in the 2 nd week of June up to 15th
August, which are a lone beneficial for sowing purpose. Further 2-3
more rains are require at some interval which are essentially required
for maturity of crops. But in absence of seasonal rains, the poverty is
the fate of the people of the area.
Mostly during heavy rains / floods, the barrage dehs and low lying
areas specially Siran Colony Mithi are affected the people residing
Page | 29
the low lying areas are shifted to safer places, where Ration & Rescues
and medical coverage is provided to them, till the rainy season is over.
There is no possibility of flood as neither River Indus touches, nor big

canal passes through this district, only one Runn Distry passes from
barrage area of Taluka Mithi & Diplo, for which irrigation authorities
shall keep vigilance over the distry and inform the administration about
any mishap/ break of bund in case of heavy rain.
All the Officers / Officials of related Departments shall be appraised at

the time of need to take precautionary measures in advance and keep
strict watch over the situation and extend full cooperation with each
other, irrigation Department and District Administration so that there
should be no case on any mishap.
3.6 THAR COAL FIELD:-
The Thar coalfield is located in Thar Desert, Tharparkar District of

Sindh province in Pakistan. The deposits - 6th largest coal reserves in
the world were discovered in 1991 by Geological Survey of Pakistan
(GSP) and the United State Agency for International Development.
Pakistan has emerged as one of the leading countries - seventh in the

list of top 20 countries of the world after the discovery of huge lignite
coal resources in Sindh. The economic coal deposits of Pakistan are
restricted to Paleocene and Eocene rock sequences. It is one of the
worlds largest lignite deposits discovered by GSP in 90s, spread over
more than 9,000 km2. Comprise around 175 billion tones sufficient to
meet the countrys fuel requirements for centuries.
3.7 GENERAL GEOLOGY:-
Page | 30
The Thar coalfield area is covered by dune sand that extends to an
average depth of over 80 meters and rests upon a structural platform
in the eastern part of the desert. The generalized stratigraphic
sequence in the Thar coalfield area is shown in table. It comprises
Basement Complex, coal bearing Bara Formation, alluvial deposits and
dune sand.
The district is very rich in minerals resources like China Clay, Granite,
Coal and Salt. Thar coal field is spread over 9000 sqs KMs near
Islamkot to Mithi it is one of largest lignite (Coal) deposit in the world
which constitute about 80% of coal deposited of country. Coal
deposited estimated 2000 Billion tons Government had intention to
setup power generating plat based on coal minerals at Tharparkar and
Karachi. This project is now inactive consideration of provincial as well
as federal Government. Coal in Tharparkar is discovered in the year
1991 during joint survey of Pakistan and other countries. Coal deposits
are in up to meet fuel requirement of the country for centuries as open
by experts.
Granite rock foundation is found in Nagarparkar region of Million tons

Granite is available at pockets spread over an area of 125 sq. KMs. It is
beautiful and costly stone of brownish colour. But due to no
communication facilities it is taken in limited quantity. According to
opinion of expert, China like Clay is found in Nagarparkar is
comparable in all respect to the imported one China like Clay deposit is
estimated over 4 Million tons. A part from this, salt mines are in Diplo
Tehsil which has best deposits of raw salT
Water
The area is a part of the desert where precipitation is very little with a
high rate of evaporation. As such, limited water resources are of great
significance.
Page | 31
A. Surface Water -The water is scanty and found in a few small tarais
and artificially dug depressions where rain water collects. These
depressions generally consist of silty clay and caliche material.
B. Ground Water -The hydro geological studies and drill hole geology
shows the presence of three possible aquifer zones at varying depths:
(i) above the coal zone (ii) within the coal zone and (iii) below the coal
zone.
Drilling data has indicated three aquifers (water-bearing Zones) at an

average depth of 50 m, 120 m and more than 200 meters:
One aquifer above the coal zone: Ranges between 52.70 and
93.27 meters depth.
Second aquifer with the coal zone at 120 meters depth:
Varying thickness up to 68.74 meters.
Third aquifer below the coal zone at 200 meters depth:
Varying thickness up to 47 meters. Water quality is brackish to saline.
Isopach map of coalfield, Sindh figure 3.1
Page | 32
Page | 33
Fig 3.2 A generalized subsurface stratigraphic succession is shown in
the figure
3.8 GROUND WATER SOURCE:-
The past investigation drilling revealed that the coal is in-seams with
extractable thickness of 22 m at a depth of 110 m up to 200 m. The
upper seams layer of coal reserve also reportedly contains in-situ
water. A recent, bankable feasibility study in the block 1 area has given
the following information:
Groundwater is present in mainly three different horizons:
Page | 34
The base aquifer with pump tested transmissivities of 7.9x10-3
2
and 1.8x10-3 m /s is extending throughout the exploration area
at a thickness of about 60 meter. This aquifer has an extension in

2
the Thar Desert of about 15,000 k m . Recharge is possibly
from the Northeast beyond the Indian border.
The middle aquifer is composed of a variety of mainly

disconnected sand lenses and channel with partly high silt
content and low permeability within the lignite bearing Bara
Formation and the sub recent formation. Recharge to these
aquifer is likely to be poor.
The Dune Sand Formation acts as a top aquifer with a water

column of few meters only at the formation base on top of the
sub recent. Permeability here is in the range of 10-5 m/s.
Recharge of this aquifer is direct through rainfall infiltration.
Groundwater qualities are saline in all aquifers with dominant sodium

chloride contents. TDS is around 7500 in the base aquifer of the
exploration area and 4500 in the top aquifer at the village of Varvai.
The top aquifer at the village if Tilvai shows extreme high values in the
order of up to 11,000/14,000 TDS.
3.8.1 GROUND WATER REGIME THAR LIGNITE PROSPECT:-
There are three aquifer present in the Thar area as follows:
Top aquifer
It is located at the base of dune sand and stretches out all over the
Thar Desert. In the mining area, this aquifer shows a water column of
Page | 35
up to 5 meter. The water table isabout 10 to 12m sea level.
Permeability is around 3x10-7 m/s as show in below figure.
Intermediate Aquifer
This aquifer is scattered as lenses in sub-recent and Bara information.

Permeability varies between 10-5 to 10-7 m/s. Ground water in this
aquifer is about 10-20m above sea level as show in below figure,
Bottom Aquifer
This aquifer is located beneath the coal formation down to the granite
base. This is the most dominant aquifer is terms of thickness, lateral
extension and permeability. The top of this aquifer starts some meters
below the coal sequence: the grain size of the sand varies from fine to
coarse. Thickness of this aquifer in the mining area is around 50 60m
that becomes larger in the West compared to that in the East as the
granite basement is submerging to the West. This aquifer is under high
pressure and the pressure head is around 25m above sea level. This
aquifer is of special importance when opening the mine, as it has to be
depressurized in advance of reaching mining depth of about 100m,
otherwise, floor rupture would occur followed by flooding of the mine
and collapse of the high wall slopes. Therefore, it is necessary to know
the horizontal extent of this aquifer and the thickness as well as
2
transmissibility. This aquifer covers an area of about 15,000 k m . The
aquifer is not homogenous with respect to permeability as show in

below figure,
3.9 INFRASTRUCTURE AT THAR COAL:-
Electricity
Page | 36
11 kV feeders emanating from Islamkot Gird Station to the Thar Coal
Project with 200 Watts transformer and energized. 500 kv
transmission lines. 500 kv transmission line has been laid by WAPDA
up to mining site.
Telephone
Fiber cable lying/installation of system between Mirpurkhas to Mithi

exchanges completed.
100 high guide tower (1 dia) is to be installed at Thar Coal site with
DRS equipment. Telephone facility is available up to Islamkot.
Water Supply
Water supply line from Mithi to Islamkot and Islamkot to coal mines
Thar Halepoto) has been completed and water reservoir of 6 lac
gallons is available at (site (Block ll). In addition, 2 reserve osmosis
plant for desalination of water to provide potable water to investors
and local people has been installed at Sobharo Shah and Islamkot
(near Thar coalfield).
Construction of Airstrip
The scheme Construction of Airstrip at Islamkot costing Rs. 120

million is under implementation
Railway Line
Pakistan Railway conducted feasibility study of railway line at Thar coal

field to facilitate transportation of coal equipment the railway route has
been approved by Chief Minister of Sindh.
Town Planning of Islamkot
Page | 37
Town planning of Islamkot nearest town to coal field has also been
sponsored for rehabilitation/resettlement of the village located with
coal field vicinity displaced population will be relocated by providing
them all necessary facilities in the nearest township.
Thar Lodge
The scheme for the construction of 20-bedded accommodation to

facilitate foreign and local investors at Islamkot has been approved at
estimated cost of Rs. 40978 million, construction is in process.
CHAPTER NO.4
INTRODUCTION TO SURPAC FOR ORE BODY MODELING
4.1 INTRODUTION TO SURPAC:-
Surpac is the worlds most popular geology and mine planning

software, supporting open pit and underground operations and
exploration projects in more than 110 countries. The software delivers
efficiency and accuracy through ease-of-use, powerful 3D graphics and
work flow automation that can be aligned to company-specific
processes and data flows. Surpac addresses all the requirements of
geologists, surveyors, and mining engineers in the resource sector and
is flexible enough to be suitable for every commodity, ore body and
Page | 38
mining method. Its multilingual capabilities allow global companies to
support a common solution across their operations.
4.1.1 SURPAC BENEFIT:-
Comprehensive tools include: drill hole data management,

geological modeling, block modeling, geostatistic, mine design,
mine planning, resource estimation, and more.
Increased efficiencies within teams result from better sharing of

data, skills and project knowledge.
All tasks in Surpac can be automated and aligned to company-

specific processes and data flows.
Software ease-of-use ensure staffs develop an understanding of

the system and of project data quickly.
Surpac is modular and easily customized.
Surpac reduces data duplication by connecting to relational

database and interfacing with common file formats from GIS,
CAD and other systems.
Integrated production scheduling with Gemcom Mine Schedule.
Multilingual support: English, Chinese, Russian, Spanish, German

and French.
4.2 GEOLOGICAL DATABASE:-
No prior knowledge of the geology database module is required:

however a good understanding of the Surpac Vision Core modules is
required. A recommended prerequisite is the principles of Surpac Vision
tutorial. A basic understanding of drill holes, sampling and database
principles is needed. Topics that will be covered include:
Page | 39
Database Structure
Creating New Tables
Viewing Data in the Graphics Environment
Extracting Data
Polygonal Resource Calculation
Creating a Database
Reporting
Figure 4.1 showing drilholes accroding to geological table
Page | 40
Figure 4.2 showing closed view of drillhole (pink color showing
Lignite)
4.3 STRING FILES:-
The most common file format used for storing information in Surpac is
a string file. A stringFile contains coordinate information for one or
more points, as well as optional descriptive Information for each point:
It is important to understand how Surpac organizes and usesData.
Stored within a string file: this will enable you to work more efficiency
with strings. String Data Hierarchy:-
Data in a string file is classified:-
Points.
Segments.
Strings.
All points in a string file are grouped into segments, which are further
grouped into strings.
Page | 41
String File
String
1 String String99
2
Segment 1 Segment 1
Segment 1
Point 1 Point 14
Point 2 Point 6 Point 15
Point 3 Point7 Point 16
Point 4 Point8
Point 9
Segment 2
Point 10
Point 17
Point
11
Point
12 Segment 3
Point
13
Point 5 Point 18
Point 19
Figure 4.3 string data hierarch chart
Page | 42
4.3.1 TYPES OF STRINGS:-
There are three types of strings:-
Open.
Closed.
Spot Height.
The table below explains these terms.
Surpac term Common term Example

Open string Line Drill hole trace
Closed string Polygon Property boundary
Spot height string Points not associated Blast hole collar
with a line or polygon locations
4.4 DIGITAL TERRAIN MODEL (DTM):-
Surpac Modeling allows us to use triangulation to create two-

dimensional models known as Digital Terrain Models (DTMs). This
document introduces the theory behind surface modeling processes
and provides detailed examples using the surface modeling functions
in Surpac Vision. By working through this manual you will gain skills in
the construction, use of and modification of DTMs.
4.4.1 SURPACE MODELING CONCEPTS:-
A digital terrain model (DTM) is made up of a surface joining adjacent

strings. It is formed as a combination of those string lines, and of
joining points on string.
Page | 43
FIG: 4.4.1 A set of strings
The joining process continues until the surface consists only of non-
overlapping triangles.
The software choose the joins to produce the best conditioned triangle
i.e. Those closest to equilateral triangles.
FIG: 4.4.2becomes a surface when joined by lines
The resulting DTM can be thought of as an undulating patchwork quilt

made up of triangular patches.
Page | 44
FIG: 4.4.3 Digital terrain model (DTM)
A Digital Terrain Model (DTM) is how Surpac model surfaces. Surfaces

are used in Surpac for such things as 3D visualization and for
calculating volumes. Almost any superficial feature can be modeled as
a DTM, including natural topography, litho logical contacts,
bedrock/overburden contact, or water tables.
DTMs must come from string data. String files contain the raw data,
whereas DTM files contain a mapping of trios of points in the string file
that constitute a triangle. DTMs are made of triangles, with each point
of each triangle matched to a point in the original string file.
Consequently DTM file are not valid without the original string file. That
is, a DTM file cannot be opened if the original string file of the same
name is not accessible. Another rule for the construction of DTMs is
that DTMs cannot fold back on themselves. That is, a DTM cannot have
multiple Z values for a given X, Y coordinate. Therefore you cannot
model overhanging or vertical surfaces.
Page | 45
FIG: 4.5 DIGITAL TERRAIN MODEL (DTM)
If the surfaces are to be used for further processing, such as for

calculating volumes or higher end functionality within the surface
menu, then the object must be named object 1 translation 1.It is
important to consider this when creating the surface, as each surface
must then be places in a separate file.
Page | 46
CHAPTER NO.5
ORE BODY MODELING BY USING SURPAC
5.1 GEOLOGICAL DATABASE:-
In order to understand the geological database, we collected almost all

the prospecting data of the mine, and chose the main elements,
including coal, as the territorial variables. Then, we used the surpac
version 6.2 and the collected data to establish the mines geologic
database .geologic data base is the foundation of the 3D modeling. It is
necessary for building 3D model of ore body, analyzing the bore hole
data, estimating and calculating coal reserves. The geologic database
has powerful post-processing functions, which can be used to edit,
inquire, update analyze and display the data visually. Fig: 5.1 show the
3D displaying o0f the spatial location of the boreholes.
The geological database module in surpac is one of the most important

set of tools we use. the geological data base in our project consists of
three tables, each of which contains different kind of data. Each table
contains number of fields. Each table will also have many records, with
each record containing the data fields. surpac uses a relational
database model and supports several different types of data bases ,
including oracle, paradox and Microsoft access. Surpac also supports
open data base connectivity (ODBC) and can connect to database
across networks. A database can contain up to 50 tables and each
table can have a maximum of 60 fields. Surpac requires two
mandatory tables within a database: collar and survey.
Page | 47
Drill hole data is the starting points of All mining projects and
constitutes the basis on which feasibility studies and ore reserve
estimation are done. We use the drill hole data of thar coal project
block IV which is done by RWE (German company). Geological
database consists of following tables.
Collar table
Surveys table
Geology table
5.1.1 COLLAR DATA:-
The information stored in the collar table describes the location of the
drill hole collar, the maximum depth of the hole and whether linear or
carvel hole trace is to be calculated when retrieving the hole. Optional
collar data may also be stored for each drill hole. For example, date
drilled type of drill hole or project name. The fields in collar table are
shown below.
Fields Description
Hole id Id no of drilled hole
Y Northing
X Easting
COLLAR Z Level
TABLE
Max: depth Max depth of hole
Hole path Angle of drilled hole
Page | 48
Table 5.1 collar data of drilled bore hole
Page | 49
5.1.2 SURVEY DATA:-
The survey table stores the drill hole survey information used to
calculate the drill hole trace coordinates. mandatory fields include :
down hole survey depth , dip and the azimuth of the hole .for a vertical
hole which has not been surveyed , the depth would be the same as
the max depth field in the collar table , the dip would be -90 and the
azimuth would be zero . The y, x and z fields are used to store the
calculated coordinates of each survey. Optional fields for this table may
include other information taken at the survey point e.g. core
orientation.
Fields Description
Hole ID ID number of drilled hole
Path Linear
Y Northing
X Easting
Survey Z Level
Max depth Maximum depth of hole
Hole path Angle of drilled hole
Dip
Azimuth
Page | 50
Table 5.2 survey table
5.1.3 GEOLOGICAL GEOLOGY DATA:-
It is interval tables require the depth at the start of the interval and the
depth at the end of the interval, called the depth from and depth to
fields respectively. The fields are in this table are as follows.
Page | 51
Fields Description
Hole id Id no of drilled hole
Depth from Depth from

Geology
Depth to Depth to
Rock code Litho logical code
Table 5.3 showing geological data
HOLE ID DEPTH FROM DEPTH TO ROCK CODE THICKNESS
RE-01 0 81 DUNE SAND 81
RE-01` 81 101 SILTSTONE 20
RE-01 101 102 SAND CL 1
RE-01 102 124 SILTSTONE 22
RE-01 124 127 SAND CL 3
RE-01 127 131.27 SILTSTONE 4.27
RE-01 131.27 131.52 SANDSTONE 0.25
RE-01 131.52 132.76 SILTSTONE 1.24
RE-01 132.76 135.36 CLAY STONE 2.6
RE-01 135.36 135.81 SILTSTONE 0.45
RE-01 135.81 138.86 SANDSTONE 3.05
RE-01 138.86 139.56 CLAY STONE 0.7
RE-01 139.56 147.55 SAND CL 7.99
RE-01 147.55 148.7 LIGNITE 1.15
RE-01 148.7 150.15 CLAY STONE 1.45
RE-01 150.15 150.9 LIGNITE 0.75
RE-01 150.9 151.7 CLAY STONE 0.8
Page | 52
RE-01 151.7 154.55 LIGNITE 2.85
RE-01 154.55 160.45 CLAY STONE 5.9
RE-01 160.45 161.4 LIGNITE 0.95
RE-01 161.4 165.29 CLAY STONE 3.89
RE-01 165.29 165.59 LIGNITE 0.3
RE-01 165.59 166.74 CLAY STONE 1.15
RE-01 166.74 167.24 LIGNITE 0.5
RE-01 167.24 168.39 CLAY STONE 1.15
RE-01 168.39 169.34 LIGNITE 0.95
RE-01 169.34 171.99 CLAY STONE 2.65
RE-01 171.99 174.86 LIGNITE 2.87
RE-01 174.86 181.53 CLAY STONE 6.67
RE-01 181.53 198.77 LIGNITE 17.24
RE-01 198.77 204.39 CLAY STONE 5.62
RE-01 204.39 207.21 LIGNITE 2.82
RE-01 207.21 210.58 CLAY STONE 3.37
RE-01 210.58 215.06 SAND CL 4.48
RE-02 102 108 SANDSTONE CL 6
RE-02 108 127.04 SILTSTONE 19.04
Page | 53
RE-02 127.04 129.28 SANDSTONE 2.24
RE-02 129.28 133.37 SILTSTONE 4.09
RE-02 133.37 134.32 SILTSTONE 0.95
RE-02 134.32 136.42 CLAY STONE 2.1
RE-02 136.42 137.4 SILTSTONE 0.98
RE-02 137.4 139.2 LIGNITE 1.8
RE-02 139.2 148.3 CLAY STONE 9.1
RE-02 148.3 148.6 LIGNITE DIRTY 0.3
RE-02 148.6 158.5 CLAY STONE 9.9
RE-02 158.5 159 LIGNITE DIRTY 0.5
RE-02 159 163.2 CLAY STONE 4.2
RE-02 163.2 164.8 LIGNITE 1.6
RE-02 164.8 170 CLAY STONE 5.2
RE-02 170 173.3 LIGNITE 3.3
RE-02 173.3 174 CLAY STONE 0.7
RE-02 174 190.8 LIGNITE 16.8
RE-02 190.8 191.5 CLAY STONE 0.7
RE-02 191.5 194.5 LIGNITE 3
RE-02 194.5 195.5 CLAY STONE 1
RE-02 195.5 196.2 LIGNITE 0.7
RE-02 196.2 197 CLAY STONE 0.8
Page | 54
RE-02 197 199 LIGNITE 2
RE-02 203 213 SAND CL 10
RE-03 51 73.5 SILTSTONE 22.5
RE-03 73.5 75 SANDSTONE CL 1.5
RE-03 75 104.3 SILTSTONE 29.3
RE-03 104.3 107.5 SANDSTONE CL 3.2
RE-03 115 116.5 SANDSTONE CL 7.5
RE-03 116.5 124 SILTSTONE 7.5
RE-03 131.8 138.23 SILTSTONE 6.43
RE-03 138.23 141.27 CLAY STONE 3.04
RE-03 141.27 144.74 SANDSTONE CL 3.47
RE-03 144.74 146.38 SILTSTONE 1.64
RE-03 146.38 148.28 CLAY STONE 1.9
RE-03 148.28 150.03 LIGNITE 1.75
RE-03 150.03 152.18 CLAY STONE 2.15
RE-03 152.18 153.43 LIGNITE 1.25
RE-03 153.43 155.63 CLAY STONE 2.2
RE-03 155.63 157.38 LIGNITE 1.75
RE-03 157.38 161.92 CLAY STONE 4.54
RE-03 161.92 164 LIGNITE 2.08
Page | 55
RE-03 164 165.2 CLAY STONE 1.2
RE-03 165.2 167 LIGNITE 1.8
RE-03 167 169.92 CLAY STONE 2.92
RE-03 169.92 171.02 LIGNITE DIRTY 1.1
RE-03 171.02 172.67 CLAY STONE 1.65
RE-03 172.67 173.57 LIGNITE 0.9
RE-03 173.57 174.42 CLAY STONE 0.85
RE-03 174.42 175.72 LIGNITE 1.3
RE-03 175.72 176.5 CLAY STONE 0.78
RE-03 179 182.53 CLAY STONE 3.53
RE-03 182.53 183.18 LIGNITE DIRTY 0.65
RE-03 183.18 195 LIGNITE 11.82
RE-03 195 197.8 CLAY STONE 2.8
RE-03 199 201 CLAY STONE 2
RE-03 201 202 LIGNITE DIRTY 1
RE-03 202 205.92 CLAY STONE 3.92
RE-03 205.92 210.16 SANDSTONE CL 4.24
RE-03 210.16 212.09 SANDSTONE 1.93
Page | 56
RE-04 66 126 SILT 60
RE-04 126 131 SAND CL 5
131 138 SILTSTONE 7
RE-04
RE-04 138 138.88 SAND CL 0.88
RE-04 138.88 141.91 CLAY STONE 3.03
RE-04 141.91 142.71 SANDSTONE 0.8
RE-04 142.71 143.51 SANDSTONE CL 0.8
RE-04 143.51 151.78 CLAY STONE 8.27
RE-04 151.78 152.93 LIGNITE 1.15
RE-04 152.93 156.05 CLAY STONE 3.12
RE-04 156.05 163.71 SAND 7.66
RE-04 163.71 164.79 CLAY STONE 1.08
RE-04 164.79 169.34 SAND 4.55
RE-04 169.34 171.93 CLAY STONE 2.59
RE-04 171.93 174.49 LIGNITE 2.56
RE-04 174.49 175.43 CLAY STONE 0.94
RE-04 175.43 175.65 LIGNITE 0.22
Page | 57
RE-04 175.65 176.8 CLAY STONE 1.15
RE-04 176.8 177.7 LIGNITE 0.9
RE-04 177.7 182.7 CLAY STONE 5
RE-04 182.7 185.68 LIGNITE 2.98
RE-04 185.68 187.63 CLAY STONE 1.95
RE-04 187.63 200.13 LIGNITE 12.5
RE-04 200.13 200.43 CLAY STONE 0.3
RE-04 200.43 205.16 LIGNITE 4.73
RE-04 205.16 210.22 CLAY STONE 5.06
RE-04 210.22 212.65 LIGNITE 4.73
RE-04 212.65 222.18 CLAY STONE 5.06
RE-04 222.18 224.78 LIGNITE 2.6
RE-04 224.78 226.03 CLAY STONE 1.25
RE-05 132 141.7 SILTSTONE 9.7
RE-05 141.7 143.25 CLAY STONE 1.55
RE-05 143.25 144.65 SANDSTONE 1.4
Page | 58
RE-05 144.65 145.41 SAND CL 0.76
RE-05 145.41 145.61 SANDSTONE 0.2
RE-05 145.61 151.31 SAND CL 5.7
RE-05 151.31 153.14 SILTSTONE 1.83
RE-05 153.14 154.62 SAND CL 1.48
RE-05 154.62 155.9 CLAY STONE 1.28
RE-05 155.9 157.4 LIGNITE 1.5
RE-05 157.4 158.54 CLAY STONE 1.14
RE-05 158.54 159.54 LIGNITE 1
RE-05 159.54 160.48 CLAY STONE 0.94
RE-05 160.48 162.28 LIGNITE 1.8
RE-05 162.28 173.57 CLAY STONE 11.29
RE-05 173.57 174.27 LIGNITE 0.7
RE-05 174.27 174.52 SILTCLAY STONE 0.25
RE-05 174.52 175.07 LIGNITE 0.55
RE-05 175.07 176.57 CLAY STONE 1.5
RE-05 176.57 177.57 LIGNITE 1
RE-05 177.57 179.06 CLAY STONE 1.49
RE-05 179.06 182.91 LIGNITE 3.85
RE-05 182.91 183.41 CLAY STONE 0.5
RE-05 183.41 186 SILTSTONE 2.59
RE-05 186 187.3 CLAY STONE 1.3
RE-05 187.3 189.3 LIGNITE 2
Page | 59
RE-05 189.3 191.65 CLAY STONE 2.35
RE-05 191.65 203.07 LIGNITE 11.42
RE-05 203.07 204.12 SILTSTONE 1.05
RE-05 204.12 206.12 LIGNITE 2
RE-05 206.12 209.44 CLAY STONE 3.32
RE-05 209.44 209.99 SANDSTONE 0.55
RE-05 209.99 210.99 SAND CL 1
RE-06 108 141.27 CLAY STONE 33.27
RE-06 141.27 141.41 SAND CL 0.14
RE-06 141.41 143.71 SANDSTONE 2.3
RE-06 143.71 144.27 SAND CL 0.56
RE-06 144.27 145.69 SILTSTONE 1.42
RE-06 145.69 145.87 SAND CL 0.18
RE-06 145.87 147.52 SANDSTONE 1.65
RE-06 147.52 147.71 SAND CL 0.19
RE-06 147.71 148.01 CLAY STONE 0.3
RE-06 148.01 149.66 SANDSTONE 1.65
RE-06 149.66 149.85 SAND CL 0.19
RE-06 149.85 150 SAND STONE 0.15
Page | 60
RE-06 150 151.05 CLAY STONE 1.05
RE-06 151.05 151.35 SANDSTONE 0.3
RE-06 151.35 152.4 CLAY STONE 1.05
RE-06 152.4 152.6 SANDSTONE 0.2
RE-06 152.6 156.6 SAND CL 4
RE-06 156.6 157.14 SANDSTONE 0.54
RE-06 157.14 158.24 SAND CL 1.1
RE-06 158.24 159.93 CLAY STONE 1.69
RE-06 159.93 160.19 LIGNITE 0.26
RE-06 160.19 161.34 CLAY STONE 1.15
RE-06 161.34 162.44 LIGNITE 1.1
RE-06 162.44 166.29 CLAY STONE 3.85
RE-06 166.29 166.74 SAND CL 0.45
RE-06 166.74 166.94 SANDSTONE 0.2
RE-06 166.94 174.39 CLAY STONE 7.45
RE-06 174.39 175.44 LIGNITE 1.05
RE-06 175.44 175.63 CLAY STONE 0.19
RE-06 175.63 176.38 LIGNITE 0.75
RE-06 176.38 176.93 CLAY STONE 0.55
RE-06 176.93 177.23 LIGNITE 0.3
RE-06 177.23 177.48 CLAY STONE 0.25
RE-06 177.48 178.13 LIGNITE 0.65
RE-06 178.13 180.48 CLAY STONE 2.35
Page | 61
RE-06 180.48 181.53 LIGNITE 1.05
RE-06 181.53 196.42 CLAY STONE 14.89
RE-06 196.42 199.82 LIGNITE 3.4
RE-06 199.82 200.17 CLAY STONE 0.35
RE-06 200.11 211.51 LIGNITE 11.34
RE-06 211.51 212.01 CLAY STONE 0.5
RE-06 212.01 214.36 LIGNITE 2.35
RE-06 214.36 216.26 CLAY STONE 1.9
RE-06 216.26 218.11 LIGNITE 1.85
RE-06 218.11 218.36 CLAY STONE 0.25
RE-06 218.36 218.96 LIGNITE 0.6
RE-06 218.96 221.16 CLAY STONE 2.2
RE-07 123 140.21 SAND STONE 17.21
RE-07 140.21 142.04 SILTSTONE 1.83
RE-07 142.04 152.23 CLAY STONE 10.19
RE-07 152.23 153.43 LIGNITE 1.2
RE-07 153.43 162.04 CLAY STONE 8.61
RE-07 162.04 165.63 LIGNITE 3.59
RE-07 165.63 168.4 CLAY STONE 2.77
Page | 62
RE-07 168.4 169.6 LIGNITE 1.2
RE-07 169.6 169.7 CLAY STONE 0.1
RE-07 169.7 172.35 LIGNITE 2.65
RE-07 172.35 173.94 CLAY STONE 1.59
RE-07 173.94 175.09 LIGNITE 1.15
RE-07 175.09 176.93 CLAY STONE 1.84
RE-07 176.93 177.93 LIGNITE 1
RE-07 177.93 178.13 CLAY STONE 0.2
RE-07 178.13 190.11 LIGNITE 11.98
RE-07 190.11 194.73 CLAY STONE 4.62
RE-07 194.73 197.08 LIGNITE 2.35
RE-07 197.08 198.18 CLAY STONE 1.1
RE-07 198.18 198.73 LIGNITE 0.55
RE-07 198.73 199.32 CLAY STONE 0.59
RE-07 199.32 200.97 LIGNITE 1.65
RE-07 200.97 201.62 CLAY STONE 0.65
RE-07 201.62 205.42 SANDSTONE 3.8
RE-07 205.42 208.17 SAND CL 2.75
RE-07 208.17 209.27 CLAY STONE 1.1
RE-08 51 124 SILT 73
RE-08 124 144.45 SANDSTONE 20.45
RE-08 144.45 148.26 CLAY STONE 3.81
Page | 63
RE-08 148.26 148.84 LIGNITE DIRTY 0.58
RE-08 148.84 149.02 CLAY STONE 0.18
RE-08 149.02 151.02 LIGNITE 2
RE-08 151.02 151.81 CLAY STONE 0.79
RE-08 151.81 152.96 LIGNITE 1.15
RE-08 152.96 154.36 CLAY STONE 1.4
RE-08 154.36 155.78 LIGNITE 1.42
RE-08 155.78 160.19 CLAY STONE 4.41
RE-08 160.19 163.24 SILTSTONE 3.05
RE-08 163.24 166.29 CLAY STONE 3.05
RE-08 166.29 166.39 LIGNITE 0.1
RE-08 166.99 167.29 LIGNITE DIRTY 0.3
RE-08 167.29 168.64 LIGNITE 1.35
RE-08 168.64 171.82 CLAY STONE 3.18
RE-08 171.82 173.09 LIGNITE 1.27
RE-08 173.09 175.71 CLAY STONE 2.62
RE-08 175.71 178.06 LIGNITE 2.35
RE-08 178.06 178.63 CLAY STONE 0.57
RE-08 178.63 179.28 LIGNITE 0.65
RE-08 179.28 180 CLAY STONE 0.72
RE-08 180 180.9 LIGNITE DIRTY 0.9
RE-08 180.9 181.66 LIGNITE 0.76
Page | 64
RE-08 181.66 181.86 CLAY STONE 0.2
RE-08 181.86 196.9 LIGNITE 15.04
RE-08 196.9 198.65 CLAY STONE 1.75
RE-08 198.65 202.15 LIGNITE 3.5
RE-08 202.15 204.1 CLAY STONE 1.95
RE-08 204.1 204.95 LIGNITE 0.85
RE-08 204.95 205.74 CLAY STONE 0.79
RE-09 102 126 SANDSTONE 24
RE-09 130 137.5 CLAY STONE 7.5
RE-09 142 146.3 SILTSTONE 4.3
RE-09 146.3 151.36 CLAY STONE 5.06
RE-09 151.36 153.26 LIGNITE 1.9
RE-09 153.26 157.49 CLAY STONE 4.23
RE-09 157.49 158.24 LIGNITE 0.75
RE-09 158.24 161.04 CLAY STONE 2.8
RE-09 161.04 164.09 LIGNITE 3.05
RE-09 164.09 170.63 CLAY STONE 6.54
Page | 65
RE-09 170.63 171.18 LIGNITE 0.55
RE-09 171.18 171.38 CLAY STONE 0.2
RE-09 171.38 172.08 LIGNITE 0.7
RE-09 172.08 172.58 CLAY STONE 0.5
RE-09 172.58 175.13 LIGNITE 2.55
RE-09 175.13 178.08 CLAY STONE 2.95
RE-09 178.08 178.18 LIGNITE 0.1
RE-09 178.18 180.68 CLAY STONE 2.5
RE-09 180.68 187.58 LIGNITE 6.9
RE-09 187.58 187.68 CLAY STONE 0.1
RE-09 187.68 190.53 LIGNITE 2.85
RE-09 190.53 191.03 CLAY STONE 0.5
RE-09 191.03 191.58 LIGNITE 0.55
RE-09 191.58 193.73 CLAY STONE 2.15
RE-09 193.73 194.88 LIGNITE 1.15
RE-09 194.88 199.83 CLAY STONE 4.95
RE-09 199.83 200.18 SAND CL 0.35
RE-09 200.18 201.38 SAND 1.2
RE-09 201.38 203.38 SAND CL 2
RE-10 96 99.5 CLAY STONE 3.5
Page | 66
RE-10 99.5 112.5 SANDSTONE 6.5
RE-10 129.7 135 CLAY STONE 5.3
RE-10 135 136.25 LIGNITE 1.25
RE-10 136.25 142.6 CLAY STONE 6.35
RE-10 142.6 143.15 LIGNITE 0.55
RE-10 143.15 145.08 CLAY STONE 1.93
RE-10 145.08 145.58 LIGNITE DIRTY 0.5
RE-10 145.58 152.77 CLAY STONE 7.19
RE-10 152.77 154.22 LIGNITE 1.45
RE-10 154.22 154.42 CLAY STONE 0.2
RE-10 154.42 155.42 LIGNITE 1
RE-10 155.42 156.82 CLAY STONE 1.4
RE-10 156.82 157.17 LIGNITE 0.35
Page | 67
RE-10 157.17 157.27 CLAY STONE 0.1
RE-10 157.27 158.52 LIGNITE DIRTY 1.25
RE-10 158.52 172.01 LIGNITE 13.49
RE-10 172.01 172.51 CLAY STONE 0.5
RE-10 172.51 174.36 LIGNITE 1.85
RE-10 174.36 175.26 CLAY STONE 0.9
RE-10 175.26 177.56 LIGNITE 2.3
RE-10 177.56 179.86 CLAY STONE 2.3
RE-10 179.86 181.66 LIGNITE 1.8
RE-10 181.66 186.96 CLAY STONES 5.3
RE-10 186.96 199.95 SILTSTONE 12.99
RE-12 63 140 SILT 77
RE-12 140 146.3 SAND 6.3
RE-12 146.3 150.85 CLAY STONE 4.55
RE-12 150.85 151.05 LIGNITE 0.2
RE-12 151.05 152.36 CLAY STONE 1.31
RE-12 152.36 153.66 LIGNITE 1.3
RE-12 153.66 161.17 CLAY STONE 7.51
RE-12 161.17 161.62 LIGNITE 0.45
RE-12 161.62 166.5 CLAY STONE 4.88
RE-12 166.5 167.03 LIGNITE 0.53
RE-12 167.03 167.45 CLAY STONE 0.42
Page | 68
RE-12 167.45 168.07 LIGNITE 0.62
RE-12 168.07 169.66 CLAY STONE 1.59
RE-12 169.66 170.59 LIGNITE 0.93
RE-12 170.59 171.14 CLAY STONE 0.55
RE-12 171.14 171.49 LIGNITE 0.35
RE-12 171.49 172.16 CLAY STONE 0.67
RE-12 172.16 176.93 LIGNITE 4.77
RE-12 176.93 185.39 CLAY STONE 8.46
RE-12 185.39 191 LIGNITE 5.61
RE-12 191 191.97 CLAY STONE 0.97
RE-12 191.97 199.82 LIGNITE 7.85
RE-12 199.82 200.47 CLAY STONE 0.65
RE-12 200.47 201.47 LIGNITE 1
RE-12 201.47 202.6 CLAY STONE 1.13
RE-12 202.6 203.32 LIGNITE DIRTY 0.72
RE-12 203.32 206.1 CLAY STONE 2.78
RE-12 206.1 208.7 LIGNITE 2.6
RE-12 208.7 208.96 LIGNITE DIRTY 0.26
RE-12 208.96 211.14 CLAY STONE 2.18
RE-12 211.14 218.11 SAND 6.97
RE-12 218.11 220.01 SAND CL 1.9
Page | 69
RE-12 220.01 222.7 SAND 2.69
RE-12 222.7 225.6 CLAY STONE 2.9
RE-12 225.6 226.05 LIGNITE 0.45
RE-12 226.05 227.25 CLAY STONE 1.2
RE-14 123 128.01 SILTSTONE 5.01
RE-14 128.01 132.09 CLAY STONE 4.08
RE-14 132.09 135 SAND 2.91
RE-14 135 135.3 CLAY STONE 0.3
RE-14 135.3 135.97 SAND 0.67
RE-14 135.97 139.71 CLAY STONE 3.74
RE-14 139.71 140.56 LIGNITE 0.85
RE-14 140.56 146.04 CLAY STONE 5.48
RE-14 146.04 149.6 LIGNITE 3.56
RE-14 149.6 151.6 CLAY STONE 2
Page | 70
RE-14 151.6 152.35 LIGNITE 0.75
RE-14 152.35 157.37 CLAY STONE 5.02
RE-14 157.37 160.42 LIGNITE 3.05
RE-14 160.42 165.24 SAND 4.82
RE-14 165.24 165.38 LIGNITE DIRTY 0.14
RE-14 165.38 166.13 CLAY STONE 0.75
RE-14 166.13 185.75 LIGNITE 19.62
RE-14 185.75 187.1 CLAY STONE 1.35
RE-14 187.1 187.4 LIGNITE 0.3
RE-14 187.7 189.15 LIGNITE 1.45
RE-14 189.15 200.1 CLAY STONE 10.95
RE-15 124 128 SAND CL 4
RE-15 135 139 SAND 4
RE-15 139 145.56 CLAY STONE 6.56
RE-15 145.56 150 SANDSTONE 4.44
RE-15 150 151.18 SILTSTONE 1.18
RE-15 151.18 152.5 LIGNITE 1.32
RE-15 152.5 159.41 CLAY STONE 6.91
Page | 71
RE-15 159.41 160 LIGNITE 0.59
RE-15 160 162.7 CLAY STONE 2.7
RE-15 162.7 164.8 LIGNITE 2.1
RE-15 164.8 176.26 CLAY STONE 11.46
RE-15 176.26 176.81 LIGNITE 0.55
RE-15 176.81 177.6 CLAY STONE 0.79
RE-15 177.6 201.55 LIGNITE 23.95
RE-15 201.55 203.94 CLAY STONE 2.39
RE-15 203.94 204.64 SANDSTONE 0.7
RE-15 204.64 212 CLAY STONE 7.36
RE-15 212 218.2 SANDSTONE 6.2
RE-16 137 147.83 SANDSTONE 10.83
RE-16 147.83 161.01 CLAY STONE 13.18
RE-16 161.01 161.41 LIGNITE 0.4
RE-16 161.41 163.46 CLAY STONE 2.05
RE-16 163.46 164.63 LIGNITE 1.17
RE-16 164.63 166.9 CLAY STONE 2.27
RE-16 166.9 168.37 LIGNITE 1.47
RE-16 168.37 171.63 CLAY STONE 3.26
RE-16 171.63 174.46 LIGNITE 2.83
RE-16 174.46 176.05 CLAY STONE 1.59
Page | 72
RE-16 176.05 187.82 SAND 11.77
RE-16 187.82 197.09 LIGNITE 9.27
RE-16 197.09 197.78 CLAY STONE 0.69
RE-16 197.78 202.08 LIGNITE 4.3
RE-16 202.08 204.88 CLAY STONE 2.8
RE-16 204.88 205.13 LIGNITE 0.25
RE-16 205.13 205.36 CLAY STONE 0.23
RE-16 205.36 206.96 LIGNITE 1.6
RE-16 206.96 208.18 CLAY STONE 1.22
RE-16 208.18 211.2 SAND CL 3.02
RE-17 123 128 SAND CL 5
RE-17 137 137.57 SAND CL 0.57
RE-17 137.57 149.23 SANDSTONE CL 11.66
RE-17 149.23 150.8 CLAY STONE 1.57
RE-17 150.8 154.4 SILTSTONE 3.6
RE-17 154.4 157.05 SANDSTONE CL 2.65
Page | 73
RE-17 157.05 157.45 SILTSTONE 0.4
RE-17 157.45 163.2 SANDSTONE 5.75
RE-17 163.2 168.29 CLAY STONE 5.09
RE-17 168.29 169.64 LIGNITE 1.35
RE-17 169.64 175.24 CLAY STONE 5.6
RE-17 175.24 175.74 LIGNITE 0.5
RE-17 175.74 177.69 CLAY STONE 1.95
RE-17 177.69 181.24 LIGNITE 3.55
RE-17 181.24 184.43 CLAY STONE 3.19
RE-17 184.43 187.87 LIGNITE 3.44
RE-17 187.87 188.57 LIGNITE DIRTY 0.7
RE-17 188.57 189.37 CLAY STONE 0.8
RE-17 189.37 190.52 LIGNITE DIRTY 1.15
RE-17 190.52 192.09 CLAY STONE 1.57
RE-17 192.09 203.17 LIGNITE 11.08
RE-17 203.17 203.27 CLAY STONE 0.1
RE-17 203.27 207.95 LIGNITE 4.68
RE-17 207.95 208.96 CLAY STONE 1.01
RE-17 208.96 209.66 SANDSTONE 0.7
RE-17 209.66 217.26 LIGNITE 7.6
RE-17 217.26 218.9 CLAY STONE 1.64
RE-17 218.9 219.8 SILTSTONE 0.9
RE-17 219.8 220.85 CLAY STONE 1.05
RE-18 52 114 SILT 62
Page | 74
RE-18 114 129 SAND CL 15
RE-18 129 146.8 SAND 17.8
RE-18 146.8 148 CLAY STONE 1.2
RE-18 148 150.6 SAND 2.6
RE-18 150.6 154.5 CLAY STONE 3.9
RE-18 154.5 155.75 LIGNITE 1.25
RE-18 155.75 156.75 CLAY STONE 1
RE-18 156.75 158.42 LIGNITE 1.67
RE-18 158.42 165.14 CLAY STONE 6.72
RE-18 165.14 165.54 LIGNITE 0.4
RE-18 165.54 168.79 CLAY STONE 3.25
RE-18 168.79 170.34 LIGNITE 1.55
RE-18 170.34 170.38 CLAY STONE 0.04
RE-18 170.38 170.8 LIGNITE 0.42
RE-18 170.8 171.38 CLAY STONE 0.58
RE-18 171.38 171.68 LIGNITE 0.3
RE-18 171.68 173.89 CLAY STONE 2.21
RE-18 173.89 177.15 LIGNITE 3.26
RE-18 177.15 177.88 CLAY STONE 0.73
RE-18 177.88 178.48 LIGNITE 0.6
RE-18 178.48 179.62 CLAY STONE 1.14
RE-18 179.62 183.81 LIGNITE 4.19
Page | 75
RE-18 183.81 184.13 CLAY STONE 0.32
RE-18 184.13 185.08 LIGNITE 0.95
RE-18 185.08 185.93 CLAY STONE 0.85
RE-18 185.93 199.37 LIGNITE 13.44
RE-18 199.37 200.05 CLAY STONE 0.68
RE-18 200.05 201.95 LIGNITE 1.9
RE-18 201.95 204.13 CLAY STONE 2.18
RE-18 204.13 205.52 LIGNITE 1.39
RE-18 205.52 206.02 LIGNITE DIRTY 0.5
RE-18 206.02 212.01 CLAY STONE 5.99
RE-18 212.01 212.91 SANDSTONE 0.9
RE-18 212.91 215.06 SAND 2.15
RE-19 136 147.1 SAND 11.1
RE-19 147.1 150.35 CLAY STONE 3.25
RE-19 150.35 151.28 LIGNITE 0.93
RE-19 151.28 152.93 CLAY STONE 1.65
RE-19 152.93 154.03 LIGNITE 1.1
RE-19 154.03 160.09 CLAY STONE 6.06
RE-19 160.09 160.19 SAND 0.1
RE-19 160.19 161.39 SANDSTONE 1.2
RE-19 161.39 164.19 SAND 2.8
RE-19 164.19 165.64 SANDSTONE 1.45
RE-19 165.64 169.24 CLAY STONE 3.6
RE-19 169.24 169.72 LIGNITE 0.48
RE-19 169.72 169.95 CLAY STONE 0.23
Page | 76
RE-19 169.95 171.32 LIGNITE 1.37
RE-19 171.32 171.96 CLAY STONE 0.64
RE-19 171.96 172.66 LIGNITE 0.7
RE-19 172.66 174.41 CLAY STONE 1.75
RE-19 174.41 175.74 LIGNITE 1.33
RE-19 175.74 177.09 CLAY STONE 1.35
RE-19 177.09 180.11 LIGNITE 3.02
RE-19 180.11 180.24 CLAY STONE 0.13
RE-19 180.24 180.73 LIGNITE 0.49
RE-19 180.73 181.53 LIGNITE DIRTY 0.8
RE-19 181.53 182.3 CLAY STONE 0.77
RE-19 182.3 198.67 LIGNITE 16.37
RE-19 198.67 199.26 CLAY STONE 0.59
RE-19 199.26 199.82 SANDSTONE 0.56
RE-19 199.82 200.32 CLAY STONE 0.5
RE-19 200.32 202.87 LIGNITE 2.55
RE-19 202.87 205.16 CLAY STONE 2.29
RE-19 205.16 206.81 LIGNITE 1.65
RE-19 206.81 207.3 CLAY STONE 0.49
RE-19 207.3 207.46 LIGNITE 0.16
RE-19 207.46 210.31 CLAY STONE 2.85
RE-19 210.31 219.06 SAND 8.75
RE-19 219.06 220.21 CLAY STONE 1.15
RE-19 220.21 221.11 LIGNITE 0.9
RE-19 221.11 221.56 CLAY STONE 0.45
Page | 77
RE-19 221.56 221.82 LIGNITE 0.26
RE-19 221.82 222.15 CLAY STONE 0.33
RE-19 222.15 223.38 LIGNITE 1.23
RE-19 223.38 223.9 CLAY STONE 0.52
RE-20 124 132 SAND 8
RE-20 139 147.22 SAND 8.22
RE-20 147.22 148.31 CLAY STONE 1.09
RE-20 148.31 148.84 LIGNITE 0.53
RE-20 148.84 149.56 CLAY STONE 0.72
RE-20 149.56 151.05 LIGNITE 1.49
RE-20 151.05 152.53 CLAY STONE 1.48
RE-20 152.53 153.28 LIGNITE 0.75
RE-20 153.28 154.95 CLAY STONE 1.67
RE-20 154.95 156.7 LIGNITE 1.75
RE-20 156.7 159 CLAY STONE 2.3
RE-20 159 159.62 SANDSTONE 0.62
RE-20 159.62 159.89 SAND 0.27
RE-20 159.89 167.53 CLAY STONE 7.64
RE-20 167.53 169.81 LIGNITE 2.28
RE-20 169.81 170.29 CLAY STONE 0.48
RE-20 170.29 171.27 LIGNITE 0.98
RE-20 171.27 173.96 CLAY STONE 2.69
RE-20 173.96 175.67 LIGNITE 1.71
RE-20 175.67 176.97 CLAY STONE 1.3
Page | 78
RE-20 176.97 200.43 LIGNITE 23.46
RE-20 200.43 201.96 CLAY STONE 1.53
RE-20 201.96 203.96 LIGNITE 2
RE-20 203.96 204.96 CLAY STONE 1
RE-20 204.96 205.61 LIGNITE 0.65
RE-20 205.61 208.38 CLAY STONE 2.77
RE-20 208.38 218.11 SAND 9.73
RE-20 218.11 218.46 LIGNITE 0.35
RE-20 218.46 220.01 CLAY STONE 1.55
RE-20 220.01 220.41 LIGNITE O.4
RE-20 220.41 225.05 CLAY STONE 4.64
RE-20 225.05 225.08 SAND 0.03
RE-20 225.08 227.25 CLAY STONE 2.17
RE-20 227.25 234.97 SAND 7.72
RE-20 234.97 235.04 CLAY STONE 0.07
RE-20 235.04 235.14 LIGNITE 0.1
RE-20 235.14 236.2 SAND 1.06
RE-21 129 142.21 SILTSTONE 13.21
RE-21 142.21 144.1 CLAY STONE 1.89
RE-21 144.1 145.26 SAND 1.16
RE-21 145.26 146.76 CLAY STONE 1.5
Page | 79
RE-21 146.76 148.31 SAND 1.55
RE-21 148.31 151.91 CLAY STONE 3.6
RE-21 151.91 152.71 LIGNITE 0.8
RE-21 152.71 153.11 LIGNITE DIRTY 0.4
RE-21 153.11 160.5 CLAY STONE 7.39
RE-21 160.5 161.05 LIGNITE DIRTY 0.55
RE-21 161.05 163.55 CLAY STONE 2.5
RE-21 163.55 166.6 LIGNITE 3.05
RE-21 166.6 167.9 CLAY STONE 1.3
RE-21 168.6 169.45 LIGNITE 0.85
RE-21 169.45 169.65 CLAY STONE 0.2
RE-21 169.65 172.25 LIGNITE 2.6
RE-21 172.25 172.69 CLAY STONE 0.44
RE-21 172.69 173.39 LIGNITE 0.7
RE-21 173.39 175.99 CLAY STONE 2.6
RE-21 175.99 195.83 LIGNITE 19.84
RE-21 195.83 198.07 CLAY STONE 2.24
RE-21 198.07 198.82 LIGNITE 0.75
RE-21 198.82 202.77 CLAY STONE 3.95
RE-21 202.77 204.72 SAND 1.95
RE-21 204.72 208.79 SILTSTONE 4.07
RE-21 208.79 212.32 SAND 3.53
Page | 80
RE-21 212.39 213.42 CLAY STONE 1.1
RE-21 213.42 215.37 SAND 1.95
RE-22 135 152.26 CLAY STONE 17.26
RE-22 152.26 153.76 LIGNITE 1.5
RE-22 153.76 159.05 CLAY STONE 5.29
RE-22 159.05 160.05 LIGNITE DIRTY 1
RE-22 160.05 160.5 CLAY STONE 0.45
RE-22 160.5 164.15 LIGNITE DIRTY 3.65
RE-22 164.15 169.52 CLAY STONE 5.37
RE-22 169.52 171.87 LIGNITE DIRTY 2.35
RE-22 171.87 173.17 CLAY STONE 1.3
RE-22 173.17 173.6 LIGNITE DIRTY 0.43
RE-22 173.6 176.27 CLAY STONE 2.67
RE-22 176.27 179.22 LIGNITE 2.95
RE-22 179.22 183.06 CLAY STONE 3.84
RE-22 183.06 192.62 LIGNITE 9.56
RE-22 192.62 192.82 CLAY STONES 0.2
RE-22 192.82 197.78 LIGNITE 4.96
RE-22 197.78 200.3 CLAY STONE 2.52
RE-22 200.3 201.95 LIGNITE 1.65
RE-22 201.95 203.5 CLAY STONE 1.55
RE-22 203.5 205.3 SAND 1.8
RE-22 205.3 216.62 CLAY STONE 11.32
RE-22 216.62 271.88 SAND 55.26
Page | 81
RE-22 271.88 272.88 GRANITE 1
RE-23 53 89.5 SILTSTONE 36.5
RE-23 124 126.5 SILTSTONE 2.5
RE-23 131 132.89 SILTSTONE 1.89
RE-23 132.89 134.9 SANDSTONE 2.01
RE-23 134.9 137.95 CLAY STONE 3.05
RE-23 137.95 140.09 SANDSTONE 2.14
RE-23 140.09 141.74 CLAY STONE 1.65
RE-23 141.74 150.46 SAND 8.72
RE-23 150.46 152.36 CLAY STONE 1.9
RE-23 152.36 153.19 LIGNITE 0.83
RE-23 153.19 162.73 CLAY STONE 9.54
RE-23 162.73 167.43 LIGNITE 4.7
RE-23 167.43 170.18 CLAY STONE 2.75
RE-23 170.18 170.48 LIGNITE 0.3
RE-23 170.48 179.49 CLAY STONE 9.01
RE-23 179.49 181.19 LIGNITE 1.7
RE-23 181.19 182.94 CLAY STONE 1.75
RE-23 182.94 184.39 LIGNITE 1.45
RE-23 184.39 185.79 CLAY STONE 1.4
RE-23 185.79 200.26 LIGNITE 14.47
Page | 82
RE-23 200.26 202.05 CLAY STONE 1.79
RE-23 202.05 204.3 LIGNITE 2.25
RE-23 204.3 205 CLAY STONE 0.7
RE-23 205 205.5 LIGNITE 0.5
RE-23 205.5 206.5 CLAY STONE 1
RE-23 206.5 209 LIGNITE 2.5
RE-23 209 215.37 CLAY STONE 6.37
RE-23 215.37 215.77 LIGNITE DIRTY 0.4
RE-23 215.77 222.68 CLAY STONE 6.91
RE-24 39 62.17 SILTSTONE 23.17
RE-24 62.17 69 SANDST0NE 6.83
RE-24 69 83.3 SILTSTONE 14.3
RE-24 83.3 84 SAND CL 0.7
RE-24 128 128.35 SILT 0.35
RE-24 128.35 130.9 SANDSTONE 2.55
RE-24 130.9 132 SILTSTONE 1.1
RE-24 132 134.75 SANDSTONE 2.75
RE-24 134.75 135 CLAY STONE 0.25
RE-24 135 137.1 SAND CL 2.1
RE-24 137.1 138.45 LIGNITE 1.35
RE-24 138.45 139.4 CLAY STONE 0.95
RE-24 139.4 139.65 LIGNITE DIRTY 0.25
RE-24 139.65 143.3 CLAY STONE 3.65
Page | 83
RE-24 143.3 144.7 LIGNITE 1.4
RE-24 144.7 146.8 CLAY STONE 2.1
RE-24 146.8 148.2 LIGNITE 1.4
RE-24 148.2 151.6 CLAY STONE 3.4
RE-24 151.6 155.7 SILTSTONE 4.1
RE-24 155.7 157.7 LIGNITE 2
RE-24 157.7 161.2 SILTSTONE 3.5
RE-24 161.2 162.3 LIGNITE 1.1
RE-24 162.3 163.85 CLAY STONE 1.55
RE-24 163.85 165.3 LIGNITE 1.45
RE-24 165.3 165.6 SILTSTONE 0.3
RE-24 167.7 167.8 SILTSTONE 0.1
RE-24 167.8 169.4 LIGNITE 1.6
RE-24 169.4 179.69 SILTSTONE 10.29
RE-24 179.69 180.8 LIGNITE DIRTY 1.11
RE-24 180.8 188.88 LIGNITE 8.08
RE-24 188.88 189.2 CLAY STONE 0.32
RE-24 189.2 190.2 LIGNITE 1
RE-24 190.2 194.4 SILTSTONE 4.2
RE-24 194.4 195 LIGNITE 0.6
RE-24 195 196.9 SILTSTONE 1.9
RE-24 196.9 198.5 LIGNITE 1.6
RE-24 198.5 202.5 SILTSTONE 4
RE-24 202.5 203 LIGNITE 0.5
RE-24 204 209.4 SAND 5.4
Page | 84
RE-24 209.4 211 SILTSTONE 1.6
RE-24 211 212 SAND 1
RE-24 214 218.7 SAND 4.7
RE-25 114 125.5 SILTSTONE 11.5
RE-25 125.5 134 SANDSTONE 8.5
RE-25 134 147.5 SILTSTONE 13.5
RE-25 148.5 150.25 CLAY STONE 1.75
RE-25 150.25 151.6 LIGNITE 1.35
RE-25 151.6 153.3 CLAY STONE 1.7
RE-25 153.3 154.76 LIGNITE 1.46
RE-25 154.76 163.08 CLAY STONE 8.32
RE-25 163.08 163.24 LIGNITE DIRTY 0.16
RE-25 163.24 163.72 LIGNITE 0.48
RE-25 163.72 166.29 CLAY STONE 2.57
RE-25 166.29 169.34 LIGNITE 3.05
RE-25 169.34 172.12 CLAY STONE 2.78
RE-25 172.12 172.49 LIGNITE 0.37
RE-25 172.49 173.45 CLAY STONE 0.96
RE-25 173.45 175.81 LIGNITE 2.36
RE-25 175.81 176.49 CLAY STONE 0.68
RE-25 176.49 177.94 LIGNITE 1.45
Page | 85
RE-25 177.94 178.19 LIGNITE DIRTY 0.25
RE-25 178.19 178.9 CLAY STONE 0.71
RE-25 178.9 180.5 LIGNITE 1.6
RE-25 180.5 181.47 LIGNITE DIRTY 0.97
RE-25 181.47 181.53 CLAY STONE 0.06
RE-25 181.53 182.33 LIGNITE DIRTY 0.8
RE-25 182.33 194.49 LIGNITE 12.16
RE-25 194.49 194.99 CLAY STONE 0.5
RE-25 194.99 197.35 LIGNITE 2.36
RE-25 197.35 198.3 CLAY STONE 0.95
RE-25 198.3 198.7 LIGNITE 0.4
RE-25 198.7 199.42 CLAY STONE 0.72
RE-25 199.42 199.82 LIGNITE 0.4
RE-25 199.82 200 SAND CL 0.18
RE-25 200 201.3 LIGNITE 1.3
RE-25 201.3 203.82 CLAY STONE 2.52
RE-25 203.82 205.7 SAND 1.88
RE-25 205.7 206.18 SAND CL 0.48
RE-25 206.18 214.34 CLAY STONE 8.16
RE-25 214.34 214.76 SAND 0.42
RE-25 214.76 215.06 SAND CL 0.3
RE-26 72 74 SAND 2
RE-26 98.5 111 SILTSTONE 12.5
Page | 86
RE-26 127 135.2 SAND 8.2
RE-26 135.2 136.6 LIGNITE 1.4
RE-26 136.6 147.4 SANDSTONE CL 10.8
RE-26 147.4 148.5 LIGNITE 1.1
RE-26 148.5 151.7 CLAY STONE 3.2
RE-26 151.7 152.7 LIGNITE 1
RE-26 152.7 162.5 CLAY STONE 9.8
RE-26 162.5 179.2 LIGNITE 16.7
RE-26 179.2 180.5 CLAY STONE 1.3
RE-26 180.5 183 LIGNITE 2.5
RE-26 190 228.9 SAND 38.9
RE-27 42 45.95 SAND CL 3.95
RE-27 45.95 120 SILTSTONE 74.05
RE-27 137.2 144.15 CLAY STONE 6.95
RE-27 144.15 144.7 LIGNITE 0.55
Page | 87
RE-27 144.7 156.4 SILTSTONE 11.7
RE-27 156.4 157.9 LIGNITE 1.5
RE-27 157.9 169.1 SILTSTONE 11.2
RE-27 169.1 183 LIGNITE 13.9
RE-27 183 184.5 CLAY STONE 1.5
RE-27 184.5 185.25 LIGNITE 0.75
RE-27 185.25 200 SILTSTONE 14.75
RE-27 205 214.88 SAND 9.88
RE-28 138.5 149 CLAY STONE 10.5
RE-28 149 149.5 LIGNITE 0.5
RE-28 149.5 151 CLAY STONE 1.5
RE-28 151 151.5 LIGNITE 0.5
RE-28 149.5 151 CLAY STONE 1.5
RE-28 151 151.5 LIGNITE 0.5
RE-28 151.5 153 CLAY STONE 1.5
RE-28 153 154.5 LIGNITE 1.5
RE-28 154.5 171.5 SILTSTONE 17
Page | 88
RE-28 171.5 172.5 LIGNITE 1
RE-28 174.5 177 LIGNITE 2.5
RE-28 177 180.5 CLAY STONE 3.5
RE-28 180.5 194.5 LIGNITE 14
RE-28 194.5 196.5 CLAY STONE 2
RE-28 196.5 198 LIGNITE 1.5
RE-28 198 212.5 CLAY STONE 14.5
RE-28 212.5 215 SAND 2.5
RE-28 215 216.5 CLAY STONE 1.5
RE-28 216.5 218 LIGNITE 1.5
RE-28 218 228.6 SAND 10.6
RE-29 148 150.2 LIGNITE 2.2
RE-29 150.2 151.5 CLAY STONE 1.3
Page | 89
RE-29 151.5 152.8 LIGNITE 1.3
RE-29 152.8 153.7 CLAY STONE 0.9
RE-29 153.7 155.5 LIGNITE 1.8
RE-29 155.5 157.15 CLAY STONE 1.65
RE-29 157.15 160.2 SAND CL 3.05
RE-29 160.2 164.7 CLAY STONE 4.5
RE-29 164.7 166.29 LIGNITE 1.59
RE-29 166.29 170.91 CLAY STONE 4.62
RE-29 170.91 174 LIGNITE 3.09
RE-29 174 183.45 CLAY STONE 9.45
RE-29 183.45 196.77 LIGNITE 13.32
RE-29 196.77 210.61 CLAY STONE 13.84
RE-29 210.61 211.91 LIGNITE 1.3
RE-29 211.91 212.01 CLAY STONE 0.1
RE-30 0 43.5 DUNE SAND 43.5
RE-30 43.5 44.7 SAND 1.2
RE-30 44.7 63 SILTSTONE 18.3
RE-30 66 78.5 SILTSTONE 12.5
RE-30 78.5 84 CLAY STONE 5.5
RE-30 135 141.5 CLAY STONE 6.5
RE-30 141.5 146 SANDSTONE 4.5
RE-30 152 157.1 SAND 5.1
Page | 90
RE-30 157.1 162.6 CLAY STONE 5.5
RE-30 162.6 164.4 LIGNITE 1.8
RE-30 164.4 166.3 CLAY STONE 1.9
RE-30 166.3 167.95 LIGNITE 1.65
RE-30 167.95 168.7 CLAY STONE 0.75
RE-30 168.7 170.3 LIGNITE 1.6
RE-30 170.3 182.3 CLAY STONE 12
RE-30 182.3 184.3 LIGNITE 2
RE-30 184.3 185.15 CLAY STONE 0.85
RE-30 185.15 185.95 LIGNITE 0.8
RE-30 185.95 188.9 CLAY STONE 2.95
RE-30 188.9 190.05 LIGNITE 1.15
RE-30 190.05 193.1 CLAY STONE 3.05
RE-30 193.1 195.75 LIGNITE 2.65
RE-30 195.75 196.2 CLAY STONE 0.45
RE-30 196.2 197.55 LIGNITE DIRTY 1.35
RE-30 197.55 198 CLAY STONE 0.45
RE-30 198 198.35 LIGNITE DIRTY 0.35
RE-30 198.35 199 CLAY STONE 0.65
RE-30 199 213.25 LIGNITE 14.25
RE-30 213.25 214.7 CLAY STONE 1.45
RE-30 214.7 216.71 LIGNITE 2.01
RE-30 216.71 222 CLAY STONE 5.29
Page | 91
RE-30 222 228.75 SAND 6.75
5.2 CO-RELATION OF COAL SEAM:-
There are number of seams may vary from 4 to 20 in drill hole data,
allocated with variable thickness from 0.2 to 4 meters it is too difficult
co-related all seams without geologist consideration so we have just
taken bottom seam to calculate the total volume of this seam. The
average thickness of this seam is up to 4 meters.
5.3 CREATING TOP AND BOTTOM LAYERS OF COAL SEAMS:-
5.3.1 STRINGS:-
The most common file format used for storing information in surpac is
a string file. A string file contains coordinate information for one or
more points, as well as optional descriptive information for each point.
It is important to understand how surpac organizes and uses data
stored within a string file; this will enable you to work more efficiently
with strings.
STRING DATA HIERARCHY:-
Data in a string file is classified into:
Points
Segments
Strings
Page | 92
All points in a string files are grouped into segments, which are further
grouped into strings. The example below shows conceptually how a
string file contains strings , which contain segments , which contain
points. Strings types of string page 42 of 189.
TYPES OF STRINGS:-
There are three types of strings:
Open
Closed
Spot height.
The table below explains these term
Surpac term Common term Example
Open string Line Drill hole trace
Closed string Polygon
Spot height Points not associated Blast hole collar

string with a line or polygon locations
5.3.2 DESCRIPTION FIELDS:-
Points, strings and segments can have one or more pieces of

descriptive information associated with them. This information is
Page | 93
stored in a descriptive field. Descriptive fields are named according to
the order they appear. Description fields are named in the format
D<incremental number>, such as D1, D2, D3. For example, a closed
segment representing an ore zone could have the gold grade, silver
grade, and specific gravity stored in the separate description fields. If
the information is stored in that order, they could be assigned as
follows: D1: gold grade D2: silver Grade D3: specific gravity.
5.3.3 DATA NUMBERING:-
Strings segments and points are identified by unique numbers . you

can assign string numbers to represents particular features , such as
string 1 for toes in a pit, string 2 for crests, and string 99 for spot
heights. Surpac automatically assigns segment numbers and point
numbers.
5.4 DIGITAL TERRAIN MODEL (DTM) GENERATION OF TOP AND BOTTOM

LAYERS OF COAL SEAM:-
Dtm generation (i.e. building the dtm) forms the basis for all
subsequent operations. It consists of two subtasks, namely the
measurement and digitization of original terrain observations (terrain
data capture) and the formation of the relations among the diverse
observations to build Dtms (model construction). There are a number
of choices when it comes to the generation of DTMs, and the preferred
option is always going to be balance between the desired accuracy of
the DEM and the cost involved in its creation. Elevation data ranges
from free, low resolution, low accuracy products through more costly
medium resolution products (derived from satellite data), to high-
accuracy high-resolution models typically derived from airborne
Page | 94
sources (LIDER, photogrammetry). DTMs derived from string files are
perhaps the most common. This is because digital data has been
developed from geological data base.
The following figures showing the upper and lower layer bottom coal
seam,
Figure 5.1 String showing top of coal seam
Page | 95
Figure 5.2String of bottom of coal seam
Figure 5.3. Top layer of coal seam
Figure 5.4 Bottom layer of coal seam
5.5 SOLID MODEL:-
Page | 96
A solid model is a three dimensional triangulation of data. for example ,
a solid object may be formed by wrapping a DTM around strings
representing sections through the solids. Solid model are based on the
same principles as digital terrain models (DTMs). Solid models use
triangles to link polygonal shapes together to define a solid objects or
a void. The resulting shape may be used for
Visualization,
Volume calculations extraction of slices in any orientation,
Intersection with data from the geological database module,
A solid model is created by forming a set of triangles from the points

contained in the string. These triangles may overlap when viewed in
plan, but do not overlap or intersect when the third dimension is
considered. The triangles in a solid model may completely enclose a
structure . creation of solid model can be more interactive than the
creation of DTMs, although there are many tools in surpac that can
automate the process.
Page | 97
Figure 5.5 Solid model of coal seam
5.6 VOLUME CALCULATING:-
The volume of solid model is calculated by a function present in

surpace solid volume. The report file is generated by aa this functiion
where the total volume of solid is present as shown below.
5.7 ORE-RESERVE ESTIMATION:-
Layer Name: coal0.dtm
Object:1
Trisolation:1
Validated = true
Status = solid
Trisolation Ectents
X Minimum:366352.000 X Maximum:374336.200
Y Minimum:770861.000 Y MaXimmum:775375.000
Z Minimum:-155.150 Z Maximum:-89.600
Surface area: 43069167
Volume: 330901905
The total volume is calculated by this fuction of given coal seam is

330901905m3
Coal reserves= volume X density
Coal reserves= 330901905 X2
Coal reserves= 661803810 tons
Page | 98
CHAPTER NO.6
CONCLUSION
Surpac is modular and easily customized software. Comprehensive

tools include: drill hole data management, geological modeling, block
modeling, geostatistics, mine design, mine planning, resource
estimation, and more. Increased efficiencies within teams result from
better sharing of data, skills and project knowledge. All tasks in Surpac
can be automated and aligned to company-specific processes and data
flows. Software ease-of-use ensures staff develop an understanding of
the system and of project data quickly. Surpac is modular and easily
customized. Surpac reduces data duplication by connecting to
relational databases and interfacing with common file formats from
Page | 99
GIS, CAD and other systems. Integrated production scheduling with
Gemcom MineSche
Whether you are just beginning your exploration project or are involved
in full-scale production, Gemcom can provide a Surpac solution that is
right for your needs. To learn more about how Surpac can help you
throughout the mining life-cycle,
Geologists use Surpac to determine the physical characteristics of a

deposit, even when the information available to them is
limited. They achieve this by harnessing the system's powerful
Outstanding tools for sample compositing and geostatistics.

Comprehensive 3D wire framing tools enable the development of a
truly representative model of any orebody.Block modeling tools cover
an extensive range of functionality and are easy to use. Validating a
model and generating any level of report can be done quickly and
efficiently
Data from various sources can be viewed and incorporated into plans
to support feasibility projects. Different pieces of information can be
viewed simultaneously to ensure designs are within the physical
constraints of the mining area and to maximize the economic
extraction of a resource. Data can be used directly from other software
package formats with Surpacs sophisticated Data Plug-ins Interact
with all mine design data: drill holes; existing ore body and surface
models; optimized pit shells; block and grid models, colored by grade
distribution; stope designs, and many more
Page | 100
Page | 101

Ore Body

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Ore Body

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CHAPTER NO.

INTRODUCTION TO ORE BODY

1.1 INTRODUCTION TO ORE:-

Ore is generally understood to be any naturally occurring , in place ,

1.2 ORE BODY:-

A Dictionary of Earth Sciences defines the ore body Accumulation

The general name for an accumulation of ore in any shape. An ore

Three groups of ore bodies are distinguished by shape: isometric,

A lens is a lenticular geological body that tapers out markedly in all

Usually inorganic substance which occurs naturally and typically has

ORE BODY MODELING AND ITS TYPES

Production geologists use information they obtain from sampling,

By using this data and complex computer programs to more

2.2 WHAT IS MODEL:-

A geological model is a representation or an interpretation of a

Computers have given us the power to build those models

A software model is a numerical arrangement of data that can

In a 2D model a square or rectangle grid or mesh is placed over the

Figure 2.3 Wire frames (blue) connect outlines (white)

2D models are ideal for thin or layered deposits, such as coal,

There are several deposit characteristics where the 2D modeling is

Typical coal deposits in cross sections Sedimentary deposits are

2.2.4 HOW DO WE GENERATE THE 2D SURFACES OR MODEL?

In 2D modeling algorithms the seam name in the borehole is critical.

Figure 2.10 Seam thickness model and drill hole data

In layered deposits Minex links the various 2D surfaces into a 3D

2.2.5 VEIN MODEL:-

The standard 2D model stores the Z values in planar XY space. That

Figure 2.11 Example vein model

2.3 TIE IN PATTERN:-

A tie in pattern can be generated using one of the standard

Underground mine workings, for example: declines, development

Creating of solid models can be more interactive than the creation

A solid model is made up of a set of non-overlapping triangles.

Objects represent discrete features in a solid model. For example, in

A closed object always produces closed strings when sliced by a

2.5 WHAT IS THE SOLID MODEL?

A Solid model is a three-dimensional triangulation of data. For

Extraction of slices in any orientation

Intersection with data from the geological database module

A DTM is used to define a surface. With Surpac software, creating a

2.6 BLOCK MODEL:-

The Block Model portions space into an exhaustive set of blocks,

The Block Model comprises of a number of component:

The model space is a cuboids volume outside of which nothing

The properties of the model space that are to be modeled are

Constraints are the logical combinations of spatial operators and

The Block Model may be applied to any situation where properties of

2.6.1 BLOCK MODEL CONCEPTS:-

The following terms are used in Surpac Vision model definition:

The extent of model is the dimensions of the model in the Y, X and Z

For example, if a model was to cover the following area:

3000mN to 3650mN 1500mE to 2100mE to 120mEl to 270mEl

The origin will be: Y=3000 X=1500 Z=120

The bearing of the model is the horizontal angle in degrees of the

User Block Size

Maximum sub-blocks per side

This number of blocks along each side will be 26x24x15 (extent

In this way we find it possible to fill a model with interpolated values

2.6.2 BLOCK AND ATTRIBUTES:-

The centroid of each block defines its geometric dimensions in each

All Block model functions may be performed with constraints. A

Figure 2.15 Same block model but constrained by the topography