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Torque: When a force F acts on a body, the torque of t = Fl (10.2) Frad 5 F cos f
that force with respect to a point O has a magnitude S S S l 5 r sin f
T r : F (10.3) S
f f 5 lever arm
given by the product of the force magnitude F and the F
S
lever arm l. More generally, torque is a vector T equal to S
r
S
the vector product of r (the position
S
vector of the point Ftan 5 F sin f O
at which the force acts) and F . (See Example 10.1.) S S S
t5r3F
y
a tz = Iaz
Rotational dynamics: The rotational analog of (10.7) F F n
Newtons second law says that the net torque acting
R R
on a body equals the product of the bodys moment of x
inertia and its angular acceleration. (See Examples 10.2 M
and 10.3.) Mg
S S S S S S
Angular momentum: The angular momentum of a par- L r : p r : mv (10.24) L
ticle with respect to point O is the vector product of the (particle)
S S
particles position vector r relative to O and its momen- S S
v
S S
tum p mv. When a symmetrical body rotates about a L IV (10.28)
stationary axis of symmetry, its angular momentum is (rigid body rotating
the product of its moment of inertia and its angular about axis of symmetry)
S
velocity vector V . If the body is not symmetrical or the
rotation 1z2 axis is not an axis of symmetry, the compo-
nent of angular momentum along the rotation axis is
Ivz . (See Example 10.9.)
S
Rotational dynamics and angular momentum: The net dL
S
external torque on a system is equal to the rate of aT dt
(10.29)
change of its angular momentum. If the net external
torque on a system is zero, the total angular momentum
of the system is constant (conserved). (See Examples
10.1010.13.)
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CHAPTER 11 SUMMARY
Stress, strain, and Hookes law: Hookes law states that Stress
= Elastic modulus (11.7)
in elastic deformations, stress (force per unit area) is Strain
proportional to strain (fractional deformation). The pro-
portionality constant is called the elastic modulus.
Tensile and compressive stress: Tensile stress is tensile Tensile stress F >A F l 0 Initial
force per unit area, F >A. Tensile strain is fractional Y = = = A state
Tensile strain l>l 0 A l
change in length, l>l 0 . The elastic modulus is called (11.10) l0
Youngs modulus Y. Compressive stress and strain are Dl
dened in the same way. (See Example 11.5.) F' A F'
Shear stress: Shear stress is force per unit area, F>A, Shear stress F>A F h A
Initial
for a force applied tangent to a surface. Shear strain is S = = =
Shear strain x>h A x h state
the displacement x of one side divided by the transverse (11.17) F||
dimension h. The elastic modulus is called the shear x A
modulus, S. (See Example 11.7.)
F||
The limits of Hookes law: The proportional limit is the maximum stress for which stress and strain
are proportional. Beyond the proportional limit, Hookes law is not valid. The elastic limit is the
stress beyond which irreversible deformation occurs. The breaking stress, or ultimate strength, is
the stress at which the material breaks.
359
CHAPTER 12 SUMMARY
392
CHAPTER 13 SUMMARY
S
v
427
CHAPTER 14 SUMMARY
Energy in simple harmonic motion: Energy is conserved E = 12 mvx2 + 12 kx 2 = 12 kA2 = constant Energy E5K1U
in SHM. The total energy can be expressed in terms of U
the force constant k and amplitude A. (See Examples (14.21)
K
14.4 and 14.5.)
x
2A O A
Angular simple harmonic motion: In angular SHM, the k 1 k Balance wheel Spring
frequency and angular frequency are related to the v = and =
AI 2p A I
moment of inertia I and the torsion constant k. (14.24)
tz u
Spring torque tz opposes
angular displacement u.
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