IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SMART GRID, VOL. 4, NO.
1, MARCH 2013
Smart Operation of HVDC Systems for Large
Penetration of Wind Energy Resources
Dong-Hee Yoon, Member, IEEE, Hwachang Song, Member, IEEE, Gilsoo Jang, Senior Member, IEEE, and
Sung-Kwan Joo, Member, IEEE
AbstractThe target for South Koreas domestic energy
consumption is to increase the proportion of the total energy
consumption supplied by renewable energy to 11% by 2030.
Increasing renewable energy generation has become a natural
trend, thereby making it an essential factor to be considered in
research for the development of a smart grid. The power system of
Jeju Island is connected to the mainland (the Korean Peninsula)
through HVDC #1, with another line, HVDC #2, presently under
construction. The purpose of the first HVDC construction was
essentially to supply a portion of the power supply to the Jeju
area. However, if the construction of HVDC #2 is completed, the
role of the Jeju HVDC system in the Jeju power system will be
changed significantly. If flexibility through the operation of an
HVDC system is increased, more wind farms can be built on Jeju
Island. In addition, depending on the operation of HVDC #1 and
#2, the stability of the Jeju power system will be changed greatly.
In this paper, the operation of the HVDC lines and its impacts are
analyzed.
Index TermsInterface flow margin, Jeju Island, multiple
HVDC, operation strategy, wind farm.
I. INTRODUCTION
R ECENTLY, the smart grid has become a vital issue for
the flexible operation of power systems. The smart grid,
where IT technology is being integrated into the conventional
grid, enables the exchange of real-time power information be-
tween the power supplier and consumer on a bidirectional basis.
Through this exchange of real-time data in the smart grid plat-
form, reasonable energy consumption would be encouraged and
high power quality and various other ancillary services would
be provided [1]. Presently, in order to establish the future grid,
countries around the world have been investing considerable
amounts of capital in the development of the smart grid. The
smart grid platform varies with the characteristics of existing
power grids for each region or country. For example, in the
Manuscript received November 27, 2012; accepted December 09, 2012.
Date of publication February 04, 2013; date of current version February 27,
2013. This work was supported by the Human Resources Development of the
Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning (KETEP) grant
funded by the Korean government Ministry of Knowledge Economy (No.
20114010203010).. Paper no. TSG-00822-2012.
D.-H. Yoon is with the Department of New & Renewable Energy, Kyungil
University, Gyeongsangbuk-do 712-701, Korea (e-mail: dhyoon@kiu.ac.kr).
H. Song is with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Seoul National
University of Science and Technology, Seoul 139-743, Korea (e-mail: hc-
song@snut.ac.kr).
G. Jang and S.-K. Joo are with the School of Electrical Engineering, Korea
University, Seoul 136-701, Korea (e-mail: gjang, skjoo@korea.ac.kr).
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TSG.2012.2234488
1949-3053/$31.00 2013 IEEE
359
United States, the modernization of the century-old grid is the
main focus. In Europe, the motives are to increase the exploita-
tion of renewable energy generations and to stimulate power ex-
change between countries. In the case of Korea, since the nation
is equipped with advanced power and telecommunication in-
frastructures, conditions are favorable for the development of a
smart grid [2]. Accordingly, the distribution of smart meters and
the development of energy storage devices are actively being
pursued, and a test-bed system has been designated on Jeju Is-
land for the substantiation of technical development results and
the establishment of business models.
The implementation of renewable energy conversion has be-
come the core issue in establishing a smart grid system [3].
Various types of renewable energy can be applied to the smart
grid system. However, wind energy is being favored for its rel-
atively cheaper unit cost compared to other sources in spite of
its intermittent character. Owing to this factor, there are some
requirements for studies to be performed on how stable opera-
tion of the power system can be achieved through wind gener-
ation. Jeju Island, an island to the south of the Korean penin-
sula, has abundant resources for wind generation, and since it
is a tourist attraction, conventional and thermal plants are being
avoided. Owing to these factors, several wind farms have been
constructed and are scheduled for future operation.
Jeju Island receives around 150 [MW] from the mainland
through an HVDC line [4]. In order to meet increasing demands
and to increase the usage of wind power in the Jeju island power
system, another HVDC line is under construction. Owing to the
peculiar characteristics of the Jeju power system, including mul-
tiple HVDCs and several wind farms, it is necessary to develop a
scheme for efficient operation of the system. This paper is com-
posed of four sections. In Section II, the characteristics of the
Jeju power system are described. In Section III, the operation
strategies of the Jeju power system are presented considering
both steady state and dynamic state conditions. In Section IV,
results are shown on the application of the proposed operation
strategies for a peak load of the Jeju power system in 2013. In
Section V, conclusions and comments are presented.
II. CHARACTERISTICS OF JEJU ISLAND
A. Power System in Jeju Island
Power generation capacity is smaller than power demand in
Jeju Island, so electric power supply from the mainland is nec-
essary. HVDC is better than HVAC in regard to power trans-
mission in the sea and long-distance transmission [5]. Presently,
Jeju Island receives 40% of its power from the mainland through
an HVDC line. Another HVDC line is under construction, and
360
Fig. 1. HVDC interconnection between the Korean peninsula and Jeju Island.
from 2013 onwards, HVDC #1 and #2 will operate together to
supply Jeju Island with electricity from the mainland. HVDC
#1 and #2 are both LCC HVDC and are installed along with
harmonic filter and reactive power sources. As seen in Fig. 1,
HVDC #1 was installed between Jeju and Haenam. HVDC #2
will be installed between Jin Island and West Jeju.
When the construction on HVDC #2 is completed, the pro-
portion of power being supplied from the mainland through the
HVDC lines would be expected to increase considerably. Also,
the penetration of wind power would be increased, thereby re-
quiring a suitable combination of the HVDC transmission, wind
generation and the conventional power plants in the Jeju system.
In this paper, the operational strategies of the multiple HVDC
lines were analyzed, and simulations were performed for the
peak load of the Jeju system. HVDC #1 presently operates at
a capacity of 150 [MW], and during concurrent operation with
HVDC #2 in 2013, HVDC #1 and HVDC #2 lines will be op-
erated at a maximum of 300 [MW] and 400 [MW], and an op-
erating capacity of 150 [MW] and 200 [MW] respectively. The
expected maximum load in 2013 is 706 [MW] [6].
B. Wind Energy in Jeju Island
Jeju Island is a region with abundant wind resources. The
southern and northern part of Jeju Island experience an average
wind velocity of 4 6 [m/s], while the western and eastern
parts have an average wind velocity of 6 8 [m/s] [7]. In order
to maximize wind power generation, the majority of the wind
farms are concentrated in the latter parts of Jeju Island, where
several other wind farms are under construction. On a seasonal
basis, the winter season provides more wind generation, while
the summer supplies considerably less power. In the simulations
presented here, the sum of the nameplate capacity of the wind
generation of the 2013 system is 200 [MW] [6].
III. SMART OPERATION STRATEGY OF THE JEJU POWER
SYSTEM
A. Characteristics of the HVDC Line on Jeju Island
HVDC #1 line performs the frequency control for the Jeju
power system. When there is a fluctuation in the frequency,
the HVDC line responds before the reaction of the generators
in the Jeju area and maintains the frequency at 60 Hz. From
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SMART GRID, VOL. 4, NO. 1, MARCH 2013
Fig. 2. Concept of F-V analysis.
Fig. 3. Concept of interface flow margin in F-V analysis.
2013 onwards, one of the two HVDC lines needs to operate
under frequency control. When there is a disturbance, which
would result in the shortage of active power in the Jeju power
system, the HVDC which is under frequency control quickly
increases the amount of active power transmission. For the
transmission of active power through the HVDC line, reactive
power which is around 65% of the active power needs to be
absorbed by the HVDC line [8]. The increase in the active
power is achieved rapidly and the absorption of reactive power
also occurs promptly. In the vicinity of Jeju C/S, the bus on
the inverter side of the HVDC #1 line, there is a considerable
number of generators that can instantaneously increase the
reactive power that is required during the absorption by the
HVDC line. In this paper, it is assumed that HVDC #1 is used
in order to perform the frequency control in the simulation
exercises because an amount of dynamic reactive reserve can
be supported around the connection point of HVDC #1.
B. Steady State Analysis
As described in Fig. 2, let us consider the active power being
transmitted by the HVDC lines. Since the unit generation cost
of the generators in the Jeju area are more expensive than that
of the mainland, for economic feasibility, the transmission of
electricity from the mainland should be increased as much
as possible. For a fixed load condition, it is important from a
power system adequacy point of view to work out how much
active power can be transferred by the HVDC lines while sat-
isfying the system power flow equations. This can be realized
by calculating the F(flow)-V(Voltage) relation where the load
in the Jeju area is fixed while the generation in the Jeju region
is reduced and the transmission through the HVDC lines is
increased. Fig. 3 shows the F-V curve.
In [9], a method to decide the interface flow margin using the
modified continuation power flow (MCPF) in a fixed load con-
dition has been proposed. MCPF is available for the calcula-
tion of the interface flow margin taking into account the voltage
stability limits [10]. As described in Fig. 3, the interface flow
margin can be calculated as the distance between the base case
and voltage instability point. Using the interface flow margin
calculated by this method, the appropriate amount of electricity
YOON et al.: SMART OPERATION OF HVDC SYSTEMS FOR LARGE PENETRATION OF WIND ENERGY RESOURCES 361

transmission can be calculated with consideration of the eco- where , and is the maximum iteration
nomic feasibility and voltage stability. number. The algorithm of binary local search with Tabu list
was applied in [12].
C. Smart Power Setting for HVDC Interties
D. HVDC Operation With High Penetration of Wind Farm
An optimization problem is proposed for determining the
operating points in order to decide the transmission amount As mentioned before, since the completion of the first wind
of HVDC. In satisfying the inter-tie flow margin criterion that farm, namely, the Hengwon wind farm, in 2003, there has been a
could be predetermined by the system operators, the target of steady increase in the wind generation in Jeju Island. However,
the optimization is to minimize the total operational cost. This it is virtually impossible for the present system to accommo-
paper adopts the following objective function: date all the applications for the construction of new wind farms.
This is due to the intermittent characteristics of wind genera-
tion, which makes the control and forecasting of the generation
a difficult task. In order to maintain stable operation conditions,
there must be a power spinning reserve secured in the Jeju area
generators and in the HVDC transmission. With an increase in
the total wind generation capacity, the power spinning reserve
(1) must also correspondingly increase, but owing to the systems
limitations, the reserve that can be secured from the Jeju power
system is insufficient. Also, in Korea, operators of wind farms
where and denote the active power output of the -th
constructed before July 2010 do not receive any dispatch or-
generator in the island system and active power injection by the
ders from the ISO and also do not have any regulations to be
-th HVDC inter-tie, respectively. In (1), and are the
applied for the FRT (Fault Ride Through) capability of wind
cost coefficients for and , respectively, and is a
turbines. So, when a disturbance occurs in the system, the wind
penalty function for cases where the F-V margin, , cannot
generators cannot withstand after the disturbance. For the pro-
reach the required margin, . The value is the penalty
tection of wind turbines, the operators of wind farms trip the
coefficient for the margin violation.
wind turbines without contributing to the system stabilization.
The problem that can be formulated by (1) is a quite difficult
Even small disturbances can affect wind farms, and there is a
optimization problem, because it includes the penalty term as-
possibility of on-line wind turbine tripping. So the construction
sociated with margins, which is in the class of deviation
of new wind farms is being carried out restrictively. However,
-based voltage stability indices [11]. Also, depending on the
when the HVDC #2 is completed, sufficient power margin can
level of HVDC intertie injection, the generation pattern should
be secured by the multiple HVDC lines thereby favoring more
be re-established.
wind farms.
In order to obtain an adequate solution to (1), a local search
When a small disturbance occurs in the Jeju power system,
method with a simulation-based algorithm is employed. For this
the HVDC line in charge of the frequency control increases or
purpose, the active power injections are quantized by the two
decreases the amount of transmission, thereby maintaining the
HVDC interties with a set of binary variables. That is, in the
frequency level. However, for a large disturbance, there can be
range of active power injection for each HVDC tie, the variation
a case where the active power control range of the HVDC per-
is expressed by the binary variables. If binary variables and
forming the frequency control is surpassed. As mentioned be-
, which can be express by vectors and , are used for the
fore, a large disturbance would result in the tripping of the wind
two interties, then the injection ranges are divided into
farm, which would result in situations where the required ac-
and segments. Also, to make the problem easier,
tive power in the Jeju system exceeds the control range of the
the generation pattern is determined by the use of a simple se-
HVDC line.
quential method according to the given cost data, when the two
For stable operation, a proposed smart operation strategy is
HVDC injection levels are provided. Thus, the primary vari-
shown in Fig. 4. After a fault, the transmission in the HVDC line
ables are the binary variables representing the HVDC injection.
in charge of frequency control may reach the maximum trans-
During the search iteration, the effect of applying the HVDC
mission capability of the line. If this situation arises, the line is
injection levels to the system is examined through the evaluation
fixed at its maximum transmission level, while the other line,
of the objective function of (1). The simple local search proce-
which is in constant power mode, is switched to the frequency
dure used in this paper can be expressed briefly as follows:
control mode. By utilizing this method, the system can be oper-
Step 1) Choose an initial solution . Set ,
ated under stable conditions.
. Initialize Tabu list .
As another control option, it can be considered that both
Step 2) Generate the neighborhood . If
HVDC interfaces are used to regulate the local systems
, stop. Select , ,
frequency. This is more desirable in terms of maximizing
. Add s to . utilization of the equipment because the rating of HVDC #2
Step 3) If , set and ; is more than that of HVDC #1. For this purpose, however,
otherwise, and stop. rigorous investigation of the dynamic interaction between the
Step 4) If , stop. Set and go to Step 2. two frequency controllers should be performed in advance.
362
Fig. 4. Smart operation strategy considering large disturbance.
The smart operation strategy, which is a combination of the
F-V analysis previously introduced, and the HVDC operation
strategy, is to be applied to the system. This can be organized
as follows. Firstly, based on the SCADA/EMS, the required in-
formation is collected and the optimal transmission capacity is
decided with reference from the F-V analysis. For stable oper-
ation, the largest power capacity among the individual conven-
tional generation units and the entire wind generation capacity
are considered as the required margin. The interface flow margin
should be large enough to compensate for this required margin.
Even though the HVDC line is operated by the transmission ca-
pacity determined in this way, if the fault is too large for the
single HVDC line (in the frequency control mode) to handle,
the Jeju system can be operated by the control mode change of
HVDC introduced earlier.
E. Dynamic Stability Analysis
For dynamic stability analysis, the supply and demand of ac-
tive power has mainly been focused on. The 3 elements that
provide power to the Jeju system are the conventional genera-
tors, wind farms and HVDC lines. For stable operation, an active
power margin is required, and since the contribution of power
margin from the wind generators is trivial, they are not being
considered in the margin for dynamic stability analysis. This is
because in the case of wind, since the turbines are generating
the maximum output it can gain from present wind conditions,
it is virtually impossible to supply additional power according
to a dispatch order from the power system operator. Therefore,
only the HVDC lines and the conventional generators are being
considered for an active power margin.
In the viewpoint of economic dispatch, by the use of the inter-
face flow margin obtained from the F-V analysis, the transmis-
sion through the HVDC lines can be increased, in the interests
of economic feasibility, while maintaining the system in stable
conditions. However, the interface flow margin value obtained
from the simulation results should not be accepted as it stands.
If the output fluctuations of wind generation are not estimated
correctly, the worst case can readily occur. So the entire wind
generation capacity should be regarded as the required margin.
Therefore, the net interface flow margin can be calculated by the
difference of the interface flow margin and the required margin.
(2)
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SMART GRID, VOL. 4, NO. 1, MARCH 2013
TABLE I
BASE CASE FOR F-V ANALYSIS 2013 SUMMER PEAK LOAD CONFIGURATION
where , and denote the net margin, inter-
face flow margin and required margin, respectively. As men-
tioned earlier in Section III-C, should be a positive value
for stable operation.
The SPS (Special Protection System) is installed in the Jeju
power system for stable system operation. When the frequency
falls below 59.2 Hz, the UFR (Under Frequency Relay) consec-
utively performs load shedding. When a disturbance occurs in
the system, whether or not the frequency falls below 59.2 Hz,
it is a very important issue, because a drop in frequency is di-
rectly related to the problem of load shedding. If the frequency
is recovered without falling below 59.2 Hz, the fault is recov-
erable without any load shedding. For guarantee of the power
spinning reserves, the spinning reserve of the conventional gen-
erators and the power margin of the HVDC line performing fre-
quency control are available. Also, for long-term purposes, the
transmission in the constant power mode of the HVDC line is
being changed. For dynamic analysis during a fault, in order to
observe the transient effects, the margin available in the con-
stant power mode HVDC is not being considered.
IV. CASE STUDY
A. F-V Analysis
The F-V analysis has been carried out using the 2013 Jeju
power system. The base case utilized in the simulations is the
summer peak load conditions, for which the generation and the
total load is 706 [MW], and the wind generation nameplate ca-
pacity is 200 [MW]. In this simulation, the amount of wind gen-
eration is regarded as 100 [MW], 50% of its nameplate capacity.
The configuration of the Jeju power system is shown in Table I.
In the base case, the HVDC lines are set to transmit a total of
300 [MW] as shown in Table I. For the F-V analysis, the con-
figuration in Table I is used as the base case, and simulations
have been performed by reducing the generation within the Jeju
region while compensating the power through the HVDC lines.
The output of the generators are reduced according to the price
order and the generation in the Jeju area is reduced in the order
wind farmsJeju DP1, 2Jeju TP2sJeju TP4. The reduced
generation is then compensated for by the HVDC lines and the
cases are divided into the HVDC #1 line increasing case and
the HVDC #2 line increasing case. In addition, the methodology
shown in Fig. 4 was applied to the F-V analysis. The procedure
for the transaction analysis remains the same except that when
YOON et al.: SMART OPERATION OF HVDC SYSTEMS FOR LARGE PENETRATION OF WIND ENERGY RESOURCES 363

TABLE III
WIND 200 [MW] CASE FOR F-V ANALYSIS 2013 SUMMER PEAK LOAD
CONFIGURATION

Fig. 5. Result of F-V analysis.

TABLE IV
F-V ANALYSIS RESULTS

Fig. 6. Result of F-V analysis.

TABLE V
TABLE II ACTIVE POWER INJECTION CONSTRAINTS OF HVDC INTERTIES
F-V ANALYSIS RESULTS

TABLE VI
VARIATION OF THE UTILITY FUNCTION VALUE AT EACH SOLUTION STEP
the HVDC line performing frequency control reaches its max-
imum transmission capacity, the transmission increase is halted
and the HVDC line in the power mode increases its transmis-
sion. In other words, when the amount of transmission in the
HVDC #1 line reaches the maximum transmission capability of
300 [MW], the simulation is carried out by fixing the transmis-
sion to 300 [MW]. Similarly, for the case when the transmission
of the HVDC #2 line is increased and reaches the maximum
transmission capability of 400 [MW], the procedure utilized in
the preceding analysis is applied. The result of the F-V analysis
is shown in Fig. 5, Fig. 6 and Table II.
According to the results shown in Table II, the interface flow
margin for the cases when the amount of transmission increases
for HVDC #1 and #2 are the same. In the case when the wind
generation is 100 [MW], the stability is affected by which gener-
ator output is reduced rather than by the inflow of active power
into the Jeju power system. For both cases when there is a reduc-
tion in the sJeju TP4 generator, an instability point is observed
in similar points.
Fig. 7. Result of F-V analysis.
The following F-V analysis was simulated by increasing the
total wind farm capacity. Accordingly, in the following simula-
tion, the amount of wind generation was changed to 200 [MW] B. Setting Active Power Injections for the HVDC Interties
and the generation has been adjusted for the simulation in accor- Using the local search algorithm as in Section III-C, the ac-
dance with Table III. The simulation results are shown in Fig. 7, tive power settings for the two HVDC inter-ties are determined
Fig. 8, and Table IV. for the peak case. For the generators in the island system, in this
364
Fig. 8. Result of F-V analysis.
example, the generation cost per kWh is simply used instead
of the cost function curves. Also, the cost of the HVDC active
power injection is provided. Thus, in (1), and are set
using those values. Then, is set to a very high value for those
cases where the calculated margin is below the margin require-
ment. The required margin in this case, , is 100 [MW].
The largest generation of an individual generator in the system
is below 100 [MW], and the total generation by wind turbine
generators is 100 [MW]. That is, operating points that can be
applied should consider N-1 contingencies, such as the outage
of a single generator in the system as well as the shut-down of
the whole wind generation, in order to maintain system security.
The active power injection constraints of the HVDC inter-ties
used in the simulation are shown in Table III. In this example,
the range of active power settings for each HVDC intertie is
divided into sections, because the number of binary vari-
ables is 4 for active power settings of the two HVDCs.
During the power flow simulation, the active power injection
for HVDC #1 is not fixed to the set value of the active power
injection due to the fact that the HVDC #1 line is required not
only to supply the specified active injection, but also to regulate
the frequency of the island system. In order to consider the role
of the HVDC #1 line as an active power injection slack, when
the active power of the slack bus of the system deviates much
more than the specified value of the active power generation,
the discrepancy of the active power is shifted to the HVDC #1
line during the power flow calculation.
In order to determine the set values of the active power injec-
tion of the HVDC inter-ties, the local search method for binary
variables described in the previous section is employed. From
the initial setting of the binary variables, the method searches the
neighborhood of the current position, which can be done by tog-
gling binary variables one by one. For the generated neighbor-
hood, the utility function of (1) is evaluated, and then it moves
to the position with the best function value in the solution space.
In order to speed up the solution procedure, the search algorithm
adopts a Tabu list to avoid the duplication of evaluations of the
utility function for the same position. The search procedure is
stopped when one of the termination criteria is satisfied, and the
two stopping criteria are explained in Section III-C. Table IV
shows the variation of the utility function value at the best po-
sition after each solution step is done.
At the last solution step, the best solution was not changed,
and then the program was stopped. The active power setting
of the HVDC #1 line is 173.58 [MW], and that of the HVDC
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SMART GRID, VOL. 4, NO. 1, MARCH 2013
Fig. 9. Contingency analysis result (line fault, frequency variation).
#2 line is 286.67 [MW]. With this setting, the interface flow
margin is 100 [MW], which satisfies the margin requirement.
When only considering the generation costs of the local gener-
ators and the HVDC injection power in the formation of (1), it
is natural that at the solution, most of power is supplied by the
HVDC interface. To maintain the required F-V margin, how-
ever, there should be a certain amount of reactive reserve in the
local system. To further take into account the local reactive re-
serve and the equivalent inertia constant, more constraints for
those parameters need to be incorporated into (1).
The algorithm in this paper divides the control range of the
two HVDC lines into discrete segments and adopts the local
search method for the practical discrete control problem with
binary variables. Thus, the algorithm can provide an adequate
solution of the difficult problem, including the system interface
flow margin of large deviation based voltage stability indices.
C. Dynamic Analysis
For the dynamic analysis, the size of the wind farm is consid-
ered as the required margin for the setting of the Jeju system.
The case where the HVDC lines are transmitting 300 [MW]
(HVDC #1: 100 [MW], HVDC #2: 200 [MW]) is set as Case
1. In Section IV-C, the HVDC line setting is calculated when
the required margin is 100 [MW]. (HVDC #1: 173.58 [MW],
HVDC #2: 286.67 [MW]) This is considered as Case 2. For the
contingency analysis, the frequency and voltage fluctuations are
observed for the system conditions after adjustments are made
in the Jeju area generation. For the contingency cases, the line
fault and the wind farm trip scenarios have been simulated.
The results in Fig. 9 show the frequency fluctuations caused
by the Anduk-Sinseogui 154 kV line fault. For the simulation
process, the fault has been applied at 1 second, tripped at 1.1
second and carried out for 10 seconds. The graph compares the
2 different simulation settings. The solid line and dotted lines
correspond to the results of Case 1 and Case 2, respectively.
Fig. 10 shows the change in voltage due to the fault.
From the results, comparing Cases 1 and 2, the 1 line fault
contingency does not result in a large difference. This is because
the system has enough spinning reserves to withstand the fault,
and the difference between the interface flow margin and the net
YOON et al.: SMART OPERATION OF HVDC SYSTEMS FOR LARGE PENETRATION OF WIND ENERGY RESOURCES
Fig. 10. Contingency analysis result (line fault, voltage variation).
Fig. 11. Contingency analysis result (wind trip, frequency variation).
margin is not large. From the simulation results, it is observed
that the system stability is not significantly affected by the eco-
nomic dispatch through the application of the HVDC setting in
Section IV-C.
Figs. 11 and 12 show the results when the wind farm is tripped
instead of a transmission line where the wind farm in the Jeju
power system, which comprises the whole of the Jeju Island
wind generation capacity, is being tripped. For the 100 [MW]
wind generation case, the tripped generation accounts for 100
[MW]. Even in a severe case, where the operating wind tur-
bines are being tripped, the system frequency and voltage do
not create a serious problem. Through the results obtained from
the simulation, we can see that application of the new HVDC
setting from the method in Section III-C does not seriously af-
fect the system stability.
For the computation of the required margin for future sys-
tems, with the advance in control mechanisms and output fore-
cast techniques, a smaller required margin would be necessary,
thereby securing a larger net margin for more stable operation
of the system.
365
Fig. 12. Contingency analysis result (wind trip, voltage variation).
V. CONCLUSION
The Jeju power system, which receives a proportion of its
overall power through a single HVDC line, will be operated
using a multiple HVDC line in 2013. Also, owing to the islands
favorable wind resources, several wind farms are expected to be
constructed in the near future. A smart operation strategy was
proposed for economic and stable operation of the Jeju system,
taking into consideration the multiple HVDC lines and the wind
generation capacity. The optimal amount of HVDC transmis-
sion has been decided with reference to an F-V analysis, and
the selected optimal HVDC transmission quantity is verified
through a dynamic simulation analysis. The results of this paper
provide a valuable reference for an operational strategy for the
future Jeju power system.
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Dong-Hee Yoon (S05M09) received the B.S. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical
engineering from Korea University, Seoul, Korea, in 2004 and 2011, respec-
tively.
He was a Postdoctor at Korea University from Sep. 2011 to Feb 2012. Now
he is an Assistant Professor in the Department of New & Renewable Energy
at Kyungil University, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea. His research interests are
power system interconnection, wind energy, distributed generation systems, and
HVDC.
Hwachang Song (S00M03) received the B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees in
electrical engineering from Korea University, Seoul, Korea, in 1997, 1999, and
2003, respectively.
He was a Postdoctoral Scholar at Iowa State University from 2003 to 2004,
and a Postdoctor at Korea University from Sep. 2004 to March 2005. From 2005
to 2008, he was a Faculty Member in the School of Electronic and Information
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SMART GRID, VOL. 4, NO. 1, MARCH 2013
Engineering at Kunsan National University. Now he is an Assistant Professor in
the Department of Electrical Engineering at Seoul National University of Tech-
nology, Korea. His research interests are power system stability and control,
optimization, distributed generation systems, and renewable energy resources.
Gilsoo Jang (S95M97SM06) received the B.S. and M.S. degrees in elec-
trical engineering from Korea University, Seoul, in 1991 and 1994, respectively,
and the Ph.D. degree in electrical and computer engineering from Iowa State
University, Ames, in 1997.
He was a Visiting Scientist at Iowa State University from 1997 to 1998, and
a Researcher at the Korea Electric Power Research Institute from 1998 to 2000.
Currently, he is a Professor in the School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Uni-
versity, Seoul. His research interests include power quality and power system
control.
Sung-Kwan Joo (M05) received the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees from the Univer-
sity of Washington, Seattle, in 1997 and 2004, respectively.
From 2004 to 2006, he was an Assistant Professor in Electrical and Com-
puter Engineering at North Dakota State University. He is currently an Associate
Professor in Electrical Engineering at Korea University, Seoul. His research in-
terests include multi-disciplinary research related to power systems, involving
economics, information technologies, optimization, and intelligent systems.