A. LEADERSHIP VS.

MANAGEMENT

Is a good manager automatically a good leader? What is the difference between leadership and
management?

The main difference between leaders and managers is that leaders have people follow them while
managers have people who work for them.

A successful business owner needs to be both a strong leader and manager to get their team on board to
follow them towards their vision of success. Leadership is about getting people to understand and believe
in your vision and to work with you to achieve your goals while managing is more about administering
and making sure the day-to-day things are happening as they should.

WHILE THERE ARE MANY TRAITS THAT MAKE UP A STRONG LEADER, SOME OF THE
KEY CHARACTERISTICS ARE:
Honesty & Integrity: are crucial to get your people to believe you and buy in to the journey you
are taking them on
Vision: know where you are, where you want to go and enroll your team in charting a path for the
future
Inspiration: inspire your team to be all they can by making sure they understand their role in the
bigger picture
Ability to Challenge: do not be afraid to challenge the status quo, do things differently and have
the courage to think outside the box
Communication Skills: keep your team informed of the journey, where you are, where you are
heading and share any roadblocks you may encounter along the way

SOME OF THE COMMON TRAITS SHARED BY STRONG MANAGERS ARE:

Being Able to Execute a Vision: take a strategic vision and break it down into a roadmap to be
followed by the team
Ability to Direct: day-to-day work efforts, review resources needed and anticipate needs along the
way
Process Management: establish work rules, processes, standards and operating procedures
People Focused: look after your people, their needs, listen to them and involve them
In order for you to engage your staff in providing the best service to your guests, clients or partners, you
must enroll them in your vision and align their perceptions and behaviours. You need to get them excited
about where you are taking them while making sure they know whats in it for them. With smaller
organizations, the challenge lies in making sure you are both leading your team as well as managing your
day to day operation. Those who are able to do both, will create a competitive advantage.

B. DIFFERENT MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS

Management refers to the activities, and often the group of people, involved in the four general functions:

1. Planning
 2. Organizing

3. Staffing

4. Directing

5. Controlling

PLANNING:

It is the ongoing process of developing the business's mission and objectives and determining how they
will be accomplished. Planning includes both the broadcast view of the organization, e.g. it's mission, and
the narrowest, e.g. a tactic for accomplishing a specific goal.

ORGANIZING:

Organizing is an essential function of management. It is the process of accumulating resources from

different sources in order to work according to the plans laid out by the management.

STAFFING:

It is function in which qualified people are appointed to different posts relating to their skills and
strengths. The activities included in this function are recruiting, hiring, training, evaluating and
compensating.

DIRECTING:

Directing is a function that comes after staffing of the organization, it is the function in which the
management is supposed to lead, direct to a specific goal and motivate the employees for the achievement
of any objective, big or small.

CONTROLLING:

It is a function in which the performance of the organization is measured and then evaluated after which
the standard observed is determined to be either good or bad, which then in turn leads to taking preventive
and corrective measures.

Management

Management is the process of reaching organizational goals by working with and through people and
other organizational resources.

Management has the following 3 characteristics:

1. It is a process or series of continuing and related activities.

2. It involves and concentrates on reaching organizational goals.

3. It reaches these goals by working with and through people and other organizational resources.
Functions of Management:-

1. Planning

2. Organizing

3. Staffing

4. Leading

5. Controlling

PLANNING

Planning refers to what is to be done, how it is to be done and when it is to be done.

Planning involves choosing tasks that must be performed to attain organizational goals, outlining how the
tasks must be performed, and indicating when they should be performed.

Four steps in Planning are as follows:-

Objective

Method

Timing

Strategy

Planning is supposed to be done at each and every level of an organization by each and every employee. It
is basically forecasting the future course of action. It bridges gap between present and future, planning
our vision and mission.

Planning includes:-

Designing procedures

Policies

Rules

Programmes

Budgets

Planning can be short run or long run, but it is mostly for both, simultaneously. Short term plans are made
to benefit long terms plans.
This is the core function of management because it is the foundation of the other four areas. Planning
involves mapping out exactly how to achieve a specific goal. As a manager, he or she will need to map
out detailed actions; what to do, when to do it and how it should be done. Think of it as bridging a gap
for where we currently are and where we want to be. For example, if the companys goal is to earn profit,
the manager needs to determine the steps necessary to achieve that goal. This can include spending more
on advertising, hiring more experienced employees, cutting costs, or improving the products being sold.

Planning is always an going process. There will be times when external factors will affect the company
both positively and negatively. This in turn may alter the original planning process in reaching certain
goals. This is known as strategic planning. Depending on the exact scope of an organization, the
strategic planning process can look ahead as far as ten years or more. The findings are usually collected
in a strategic planning document.

ORGANIZING

Organizing is accumulating physical, human and monetary resources. This assembling would depend on
the objective set by an organization.

Organizing can be thought of as assigning the tasks developed in the planning stages, to various
individuals or groups within the organization. Organizing is to create a mechanism to put plans into
action.

The function of organizing contains following characteristics:-

Structuring the functions

Structuring duties

Establishing authority - subordinate relationships

Steps of Organization function:-

1. Determination of activities of the enterprise in the line of its objectives

2. Dividing the activities into appropriate groups

3. Assignment of these activities to individuals

4. Delegation of authority

5. Fixing responsibilities

6. Co-ordination of these activities and authority relation

In short, Organization is all about division of work amongst individuals and co-ordination of their efforts
to achieve the objective set by the organization.

Immediately after planning, the manager needs to organize the team according to plan. This involves
organizing all of the companys resources to implement a course of action and determining the
organizational structure of the group. And in order to do this correctly, management will need to evaluate
the different divisions of departments and the staff to figure out the best way to accomplish the tasks
needed to reach their goals.

This function is also known to be the backbone of management. Without organization, a company will
have no structure and their day-to-day operation of business will most likely collapse. If management is
disorganized, it can trickle down to the employees because they will lose confidence in their leaders.

STAFFING

For achieving an objective, the company needs to appoint individuals for various positions in order to
complete that objective.

The purpose of staffing is to control all recruitment and personnel needs of the organization. After
management decides what needs they have, they may decide to hire more employees in a certain
department. It is also responsible for training and development, promotions, transfers, and firing. A lot of
times management and the human recourse department will work together because their roles are similar
in this case.

The importance of this function has grown lately, mostly because of the increasing size of businesses and
the advancement of technology. A good example of this is the IT department. The size of the IT
department in a company ten years ago is nothing compared to what it is now because of the dependence
we have on computers and servers. Without the staffing function, a business will certainly fail because
there will not be an experienced, sufficient amount of employees within each department.

LEADING/DIRECTING

The manager in this function, is supposed to direct or lead appointed individuals and explain them how is
their appointed jobs to be done.

Supervision, motivation, leadership, and communication are all involved in the directing function.
Management needs to be able to oversee and influence the behavior of the staff and achieve the
companys goals, whether that means assisting or motivating them. When morale is high within a
company, it usually has a significant impact on job performance and efficiency. Incentive programs and
rewards are a great way for a business to keep its employees happy and motivated.

However, the most important aspect of directing is having good communication. This means building
positive interpersonal relationships, effective problem solving and evaluating one another. Most directing
takes place in in meetings and other meeting sessions with the department leaders to ensure that everyone
is on the same page. Poor communication will lead to poor execution in an organization.

The essential steps in this function are as follows:-

Issuing orders and instructions

Guiding and counselling

Supervision
CONTROLLING

In this function the manager is supposed to explain the job essentials to the individuals and guide them in
achieving their goals.

Controlling involves:-

Measurement of accomplishment against standards

Analyzing reasons and devitions

Responsibility Fixation

Taking corrective measures

The last function of management deals with monitoring the companys progress and ensuring that all of
the other functions are operating efficiently. Since this is the last stage, there are bound to be some
irregularities and complexity within the organization. This in turn can lead to certain situations and
problems arising that are disrupting the companys goals. Given is the stage where all the final data is
gathered, it is the managements job to take corrective action, even where there is the slightest deviance
between actual and predictable results.

Controlling is the following roles played by the manager:-

1. Gather information that measures performance

2. Compare present performance to pre-established performance norms.

3. Determine the next action plan and modifications for meeting the desired performance
parameters.

C. THE 2016 REVISED IMPLEMENTING RULES AND REGULATIONS OF

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9184, OTHERWISE KNOWN AS THE
GOVERNMENT PROCUREMENT REFORM ACT

This 2016 Revised Implementing Rules and Regulations, hereinafter called the IRR, is promulgated
pursuant to Section 75 of Republic Act No. (R.A.) 9184, otherwise known as the Government
Procurement Reform Act, for the purpose of prescribing the necessary rules and regulations for the
modernization, standardization, and regulation of the procurement activities of the Government of the
Philippines (GoP).