Professional Documents
Culture Documents
These techniques are designed to be implemented before you walk Walls should avoid clutter and overstimulation. Posting a tool
in the door of your classroom. They are for the most part, not helps students review the skill it explains and will use it
executed live in front of students. frequently. Student work is less important to post but doesnt
mean you shouldnt post it. Post work that is both exemplary and
Technique 6: Begin with the End provides a model to other students with comments posted on work
specific and aligned to learning goals. (Instead of great job in the
When planning, progress from unit planning to lesson planning. margin, write great job starting your paragraph with a clear topic
Begin with the objective so instead of thinking what will my sentence)
students do today, think what will my students understand today?
The unit process: Chapter 3: Structuring and Delivering your Lessons
1. Refining and perfecting the objective based on the degree
to which the objective the day before was mastered I / We / You or in-other words, direct instruction, guided practice,
2. Planning a short daily assessment that will effectively and independent practice
determine whether the objective was mastered
3. Planning the activity, or, more precisely, a sequence of Technique 12: The Hook
activities, that lead to mastery of the objective Use a short, engaging introduction to excite students about
4. In short- Objective, assessment, activity learning. Story, an analogy, prop, media, status (describe
something great), challenge (a difficult task), Pepper Tech. 24,
Technique 7: 4 Ms riddle, a picture.
Objectives should meet 4 criteria. (A great lesson objective and Technique 13: Name the Steps
therefore a great lesson should be manageable, measureable, made (Superstars dont always realize what they are doing -the steps- to
first and most important on the path to college.) be successful. When possible, give students solution tools-
1. Manageable. Should be of a size and scope that can be specific steps by which to work or solve problems of the type
taught in a single lesson. youre presenting. This often involves breaking down a complex
2. Measureable. Success in achieving it can be measured, task into specific steps.
ideally by the end of the class. 1. Identify the steps.
3. Made first. An effective objective should be designed to 2. Make them sticky (Create a story or an acronym to make
guide the activity. them memorable.
4. Most Important. It should focus on whats most important 3. Build the steps (Name the steps or come up with them).
on the path to college. It describes the next step straight up 4. Use two stairways (What is the step and what is the solution
the mountain. from that step).
Model for students how to track the information they need to Use carefully before high school.
retain from your lessons; ensure that they have an exact copy of Teach habits of discussion first.
what they need. (Teach them how to take notes) I agree with x because
I want to say more about what you said
Technique 15: Circulate
Thats true because
Move around the classroom to engage and hold students
accountable. Break the Plane (Make it clear that you own the I understand what youre saying, but I have a different
room by breaking the plane within the first 5 minutes of every opinion. What evidence can you give to support opinion?
class) It is more obvious to students when you need to break the Discussion objectives. This keeps the discussion focused
plane if you dont do it regularly. Full access required (Not only and productive.
do you need to break the plane but have full access to the entire
Remember to keep the student thinking productive. A lot of
room. You must be able to simply and naturally stand next to any
thinking about something they have not mastered or learned may
student in your room at any time without interrupting your
have students doing a lot of thinking but not a lot of productive
teaching). Engage when you circulate. Move systematically
thinking. Keep their thinking focused and productive.
(Look for opportunities to circulate systematically-that is,
universally and impersonally-but unpredictably). Position for
Technique 18: Check for Understanding (and do something
power (As you circulate, your goal should be to remain facing as
about it right away.)
much of the class as possible)
Used to determine when and whether students are ready for more
Technique 16: Break it Down responsibility and when they need material presented again.
One of the best ways to present material again is to respond to a
Good drivers check their mirrors every 5 seconds.
lack of clear student understanding by breaking a problematic idea
down into component parts. Wrong, wrong, wrong, right to one teacher may be like a story
1. Provide an example where the students finally get it at the end. Another sees a set of 4
2. Provide context answers or 4 data points. 25% understand. Sampling should be
3. Provide a rule used. It means asking iterations of a single question or set of
4. Provide the missing (or first) step similar questions to a smaller group and using the answers as
5. Rollback (Sometimes repeating the answer back to representative of a larger groups answers.
student is enough for them to recognize their error) Data sets. Think about the percentage correct.
6. Eliminate false choices Statistical sampling. Ask questions across the spectrum.
Low, middle and high achieving students.
Technique 17: Ratio
Push more of the cognitive work out to students. A successful Reliability. Stop questioning when your students get it right
lesson is rarely marked by a teacher getting a good intellectual several times in a row, not once. Have students stretch out
workout at the front of the room. Push more of the cognitive their answers to make sure it wasnt a lucky guess.
work out to students. Feigned ignorance-Did I get that right Validity. Make sure the answer to the question is at the
you guys? or Wait a minute, I cant remember whats next! same rigor as what the test will be.
Also unbundling-breaking one question up into several-can be
Types of Questions: Dont use just yes or no questions and rely
especially useful.
less on self report-thumbs up if you agree.
Ten Effective Methods for Upping Your ratio:
Observation: Instead of circulating to see how close to finished
1. Unbundle. Break questions in to smaller parts to share the
students are or whether they are working, you would specifically
work out to students.
look for the number and type of errors they are making.
2. Half-statement. Rather than speaking in complete ideas,
Standardize a format where information is in the same place for
express half of an idea and ask a student to finish it.
students. It will be quicker to identify class mastery. Set format
3. Whats next? The fastest way to double the number of
for writing on paper or Slates.
questions is to ask about process as often as product.
4. Feign ignorance. Can I just add the numerators? Responding to Data:
5. Repeated examples. All the data you collect wont help if it does not result in action
6. Rephrase or add on. Ask students to do this. and done quickly.
7. Whys and Hows: This forces more than one word answers Reteach using a different approach.
and students do the cognitive work. Reteach by identifying and reteaching the problem step.
8. Supporting evidence. Ask students to constantly explain
Reteach by identifying and explaining difficult terms.
how the evidence supports them.
Reteach at a slower pace.
9. Batch process. (Playing Volleyball). Structure so the ball
comes back to you at frequent and regular intervals. Reteach using a different order.
Reteach identifying students of concern. Teacher works
Note: Younger students may not be intellectually prepared. with a small group at a table or at recess or .
3
Teach
Like
a
Champion
(Lemov,
2010)
The single factor best predicts the quality of a surgeon is muscle 1. It is predictable. Use it a little bit every day instead of
memory. Repetition! inconsistently.
2. It is systematic. Should not carry emotion. It is the
Repetition matters. Students need to practice over and over. Go way we do business here. Everyone should be
until they can do it on their own. Use multiple variations and involved. It is not punishment but a chance to shine.
formats (Students should be able to solve questions in multiple 3. It is positive. Dont use it to catch someone. You want
formats and significant number of plausible variations and students to succeed.
variables). Grab opportunities for enrichment and differentiation. 4. It is scaffolded. Especially effective when you start
(As some students demonstrate mastery faster than others, be sure to have with simple questions and progress to harder ones,
bonus problems ready for them to push them to the next level). drawing students in. Unbundle or break larger
Go until they can do it on their own. questions up into a series of smaller questions.
Use multiple variations and formats.
Grab opportunities for enrichment and differentiation. Be Three varieties:
ready to move some to the next level with bonus problems. 1. Follow-on to a previous question. Ask a simple
question and then ask the students a short series of
Technique 20: Exit Ticket further questions (two to four) in which her opinions are
End lesson with a final At Bat. further developed or understanding further tested.
They are quick: one to three questions. 2. Follow-on to another students comment. This
They are designed to yield data. reinforces the importance of listening to peers as well as
They make great Do Nows. Start the next day re- teacher.
teaching the Exit Ticket when students are struggling. 3. Follow-on to a students own earlier comment. This
signals that once the student has spoken, shes not done.
Technique 21: Take a Stand Sue, you said earlier that ..
Whole class: Stand up if you agree 4. Cold Call can be hands up/hands down. Move between
Evaluative: How many people think Sue is right? hands and cold calling at your discretion. Cold Call can
Analytical: Sue, how could she check her work to see if vary in terms of when you say the name of the student
shes right? youre calling on. Most common and effective is to
Verbal or signaled through a gesture: Show me with your Question. Pause. Name.
hands which answer is correct. (Can do it with their heads 5. Sometime you may want to help prepare someone with
down) It is not so much about asking if students agree but processing delays by precall. Tell the student that he or
following up on their answers to inform your teaching and she can be expected to be called on later in the lesson.
make students accountable. Make students defend/explain This could be done privately. You may want to use
their positions with predictable consistency. They defend precall when coming out of a sequence of Call and
their response if it was right or wrong to see their thinking. Response 23, when students have been calling out
answers in unison.
Chapter 4: Engaging Students in Your Lessons 6. Cold Call responds well to mixing with other
engagement techniques like Call to Response.
Technique 22: Cold Call
You may want to give a talk the first time you use Cold Call.
In order to make engaged participation the expectation, call on Remarks should explain the and why.
students regardless of whether they have raised their hands.
1. Allows you to check for understanding effectively and Technique 23: Call and Response
systematically.
2. Increases speed in both the terms of your pacing and the Teacher asks a question: whole class calls out answer in unison.
rate at which you can cover material. (You are not
Three primary goals:
waiting for volunteers)
1. Academic review and reinforcement.
3. Allows you to distribute work more broadly around the
2. High energy fun.
room and signal to students not only that they are likely
3. Behavioral reinforcement.
to be called on to participate, and therefore that they
should engage in the work of the classroom, but that you Types of Call and Response (least to greatest intellectual rigor)
want to know what they have to say. Cold call is NOT 1. Repeat. Students repeat what their teacher has said or
chastening or stressful if done correctly. complete a familiar phrase.
4. It will help you distribute work around the room more
authoritatively. You make me accountable.
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Teach
Like
a
Champion
(Lemov,
2010)
2. Report. Students who have completed problems or questions 1. It often allows you to select effective responses to begin the
are asked to report their answers back. (On three, tell me discussion since you can get an idea of what they are writing
your answer to problem number three) by looking over their shoulders.
3. Reinforce. You reinforce new information or a strong answer 2. It allows you to Cold Call
by asking the class to repeat it. (Yes, Paul, that is the 3. It allows you to give every student, not just those who put
exponent. Class, what is this part of the expression called.) up their hand fast, a chance to be part of the conversation.
4. Review. This asks students to review answers or information 4. Processing thoughts in writing refines them.
from earlier in the class or unit. 5. You set standards or steer students in a direction you think
5. Solve. Most challenging and most rigorous. Teacher asks especially fruitful.
class to solve a problem and call out the answer in unison. 6. Students remember twice as much of what they are learning
if they write it down.
Plan to use a specific signal (Class, Everybody, One- Two, or
even a nonverbal signal like a finger point.) Students should Technique 27: Vegas
know if the question is Rhetorical, about to be directed to a single
Thirty second interlude when students do the action verb shimmy,
child, awaiting a volunteer, or asked in anticipation of full class
sing the long division song, or compete to see who can do the best
call and response.
charade for the days vocabulary word, dramatic summary.
Three ways to adapt and apply Call and Response. Design Principles:
1. Combine it with cold call. 1. Production values. Performers vary their tone and pace,
2. Jazz it up by asking subgroups within the class to occasionally whispering for emphasis, later speaking in a
respond in unison to cues. Boys or girls. Left side or booming voice, sometimes speaking very slowly,
right side. Front or back. sometimes racing along.
3. Add a physical gesture. 2. Like a faucet. Jazz up a study of something by letting
students literally ooh and ahh whenever one of the item
Three risks and downsides. was mentioned. Like a faucet, it has to turn on and then
1. It can allow freeloading. They fake it by moving lips. You off. (Making a faucet motion to turn off)
could add a gesture to the response. 3. Same objective. Vegas has a specific learning objective
2. It does not provide effective checking for understanding. and should have the same objective as the lesson.
3. It reinforces the behavioral culture in your classroom only if 4. Chorus line. Everyone has to know the words and steps
its crisp. Try again if response is not crisp. just like a chorus line.
5. On point. It needs to managed so that as soon as it is off
Technique 24: Pepper point, the behavior is corrected.
A teacher tosses questions to a group of students quicly, and they
answer back. The teacher does not slow down to engage or discus Chapter Five: Creating a Strong Classroom Culture
and answer. If it is right move on to a new question or ask
another student if it is wrong. Great warm-up activity. Perfect for The five principles of a classroom culture:
filling in a stray 10 minutes. It is a game. Pull out popsicle sticks
with names. Realize you can still call a different name than on 1. Discipline: teaching students the right and successful
the stick. Picking a stick slows you down. You can go head-to- way to do things.
head. Around the world. Or a sit down. Students earn their seat 2. Management: The process of reinforcing behavior by
by answering correctly or do the reverse. consequences and rewards. What we call disciplining is
often really management or giving consequences.
Technique 25: Wait Time Without the other four elements, management ultimately
Delay a few seconds after a question before asking students to suffers from diminishing marginal returns: the more you
answer. You can enhance wait time by narrating. Im waiting for use it, the less effective it is.
more hands, Id like to see at least fifteen hands before we hear 3. Control: Control is your capacity to cause someone to
an answer, Im giving everyone lots of time because this is tricky, choose to do what you ask, regardless of consequences.
Im seeing people jotting thoughts down- Ill give a few seconds Teachers who have strong control ask respectfully,
for everyone to do that, Im seeing people go back to the chapter firmly, and confidently but also with civility, and often
to see if they can find the answer-That seems like a good idea, kindly. They express faith in students. They replace
page 136 for more. vague and judgmental commands like calm down with
specific like, please return to your seats and begin
Technique 26: Everybody Writes writing in your journal.
Set your students up for rigorous engagement by giving them the 4. Influence: Ideally all teachers connect to their students
opportunity to reflect first in writing before discussing. (I write to and inspire them to want for themselves the things the
know what I think.) class is trying to achieve. Inspiring students to believe,
want to succeed, and want to work for it for intrinsic
Six Benefits: reasons is influencing them. It is the next step beyond
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Teach
Like
a
Champion
(Lemov,
2010)
control. Control gets them to do things you suggest; perhaps loss of some privilege or doing some work to help
influence gets them to want to internalize the things you the class stay prepared (sharpen pencils in pencil box).
suggest. Kids want it for themselves. 4. Provide tools without consequence (pencils, paper) to those
5. Engagement: Give students plenty to say yes to, plenty who recognize the need before class.
to get involved in, plenty to lose themselves in. Get 5. Include all homework. Should be a separate consequence for
them busily engaged in productive, positive work. What not doing it.
you do all day shapes what you believe rather than vice
versa. Keep students positively engaged not just so that Technique 34: Seat Signals
they are too busy to see opportunities to be off task but 1. Students must be able to signal their request from their seats.
because after a while, they start to think of themselves as 2. Students must be able to signal requests nonverbally.
positively engaged people. 3. The signals should be specific and unambiguous but subtle
enough to prevent them from becoming a distraction.
Technique 28: Entry Routine 4. You should be able to manage both their requests and your
response without interrupting instruction ( with a nod yes or
Make a habit out of having efficient, productive, and scholarly no or 5 fingers for in five minutes).
routines after the greeting and as students take their seats and 5. You should be explicit and consistent about the signals you
class begins. expect students to use. Post them.
Make clear rules about when students can ask for certain
Technique: 29 Do Now freedoms that require seat signals. Emergency bath room would
Students should never have to ask, What am I suppose to be require student to buy the right. Maybe extra problems or ten
doing when they enter the room. 4 criteria so it is focused, minutes of classroom service.
efficient, and effective.
1. They should be able to complete without Technique 35: Props (Also called shout outs and ups)
instruction or discussion with classmates. Props are public praise for students who demonstrate excellence
2. They should take 3-5 minutes to complete. or exemplify virtues. Teach students to give props crisply,
3. The activity should require putting a pencil to paper quickly (less than 5 seconds), and enthusiastically. (Two stomps
(a written product). for, a round of applause for, the hitter where kids pretend to toss a
4. The activity should preview the days lesson or ball and swing at it. Then they shield their eyes as if to glimpse
review a recent lesson. its distant flight and then they mimic crowd noise suitable for a
home run for some fraction of a second, )
Technique 30: Tight Transitions
Have quick and routine transitions (when students move from Chapter Six: Setting and Maintaining High
place to place or activity to activity) that students can execute Behavioral Expectations
without extensive narration by the teacher. Scaffold the steps,
point to point. They need to be fast. Consistent enforcement. For Technique 36: 100 Percent
moving materials it is generally best to pass across rows, not up Theres one acceptable percentage of students following a
and back or distribute to groups. direction: 100%. Should the signal for silence be hand raising or
put eyes on you. The most sustainable form of compliance is one
Technique 31: Binder Control that for both students and teachers is clearly an exercise that will
Care enough about and demonstrate the importance of what you help students achieve, not an empty exercise in teacher power.
teach to build a system for storage, organization, and recall of The author says that the teacher raising their hand for silence is
what your students have learned. Have a required format and take commonly used and misused often. It becomes very easy for
the time in class to put papers away. teachers to learn to ignore non-compliance.
Technique 32: Slant Potential fast and invisible interventions:
5 key behaviors that max. students ability to pay attention are in
the acronym SLANT. Sit up, Listen, Ask and answer questions, 1. Nonverbal intervention. Gestures/eye contact with off task student
Nod your head, and Track the speaker. Teachers may remind 2. Positive group intervention.(Quick verbal reminder to the group
students by saying slant or just say a letter. about what they should be doing)
3. Anonymous individual correction. (We need two people to)
Technique 33: On Your Mark 4. Private individual correction. (Correct privately and quietly)
Prepares students to be ready for class before it begins and 5. Lightning quick public correction. (Your goal in making an
expected every day. individual verbal correction should be to limit the amount of
1. Be explicit about what students need to have to start class. A time a student is onstage for something negative and focus
chart or list of some sort to show how it should look. on telling the student what to do right rather than scolding
2. Set a time limit. Be specific about when students need to be about what he did wrong)
ready. 6. Consequence. (Consequences should be delivered in the least
3. Use a standard consequence. Have a small and appropriate invasive, least emotional manner)
consequence that you can administer without hesitation-
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Teach
Like
a
Champion
(Lemov,
2010)
A common misperception is that ignoring misbehavior-or Chapter 7: Building Character and Trust
addressing it by praising students who are behaving-is the least
invasive form of intervention. But ignoring misbehavior is the Technique 43: Positive Framing
most invasive or of intervention because it becomes more likely Make interventions to correct in a positive and constructive way.
that the behavior will persist and expand. 1. Live in now. Avoid harping on what they can no longer fix.
(Say show me slant instead of you arent slanting)
Technique 37: What To Do 2. Assume the best. (Say some people seem to have forgotten
Giving directions to students in a way that provides clear and to push in their chairs or whoops)
useful guidance, enough of it to allow any student who 3. Allow plausible anonymity. (Some people didnt manage to
wanted to do as asked can do so easily. follow directions the whole way so lets try it again.)
Directions should be: 4. Build momentum, and narrate the positive. (I see pencils
1. Specific. Dont say pay attention instead say put your moving. I see ideas rolling out. Bobs ready to roll. Keep it
pencil down and eyes on me. up Pat) Narrating your weakness only makes your weakness
2. Concrete. Turn your body to face me. seem normal. If you say, Some students didnt do what I
3. Sequential. Feet under your desk, your pencil down, and asked, you made that situation public.
your eyes on me. 5. Challenge. Challenge students as individuals or groups.
4. Observable. You can see student is complying. 6. Talk expectations and aspirations. Keep their eyes on the
You must distinguish between incompetence and defiance prize by constantly referring to it.
responding to incompetence with teaching and defiance with 7. Dont ask rhetorical questions. Thank you for joining us Pat
consequence. You may need to break the what to do into steps. instead of would you like to join us Pat? Dont say Ill wait
Instead of come with me, say, push your chair back from your until youre ready, say I need you with us.
desk and stand up beside it. Now follow me to the door.
Technique 44: Precise Praise
Technique 38: Strong Voice Positive reinforcement is one of the most powerful tools in every
Some teachers have it: they enter a room and are instantly in classroom. Some rules of thumb:
command. Students who moments before seemed beyond the Differentiate acknowledgment and praise. Praising
appeal of reason suddenly take their seats to await instructions. It students for doing the expected is, in the long run, not just
is hard to say what the it is but there are 5 concrete things that it ineffective but destructive. Recent research demonstrates
teachers consistently use to signal their authority. that students have come to interpret frequent praise as a
sign that they are doing poorly and need encouragement
Five Principles:
from their teacher.
1. Economy of Language. Fewer words are stronger than more.
Praise (and acknowledge) loud; fix soft. Praise as
2. Do not talk over. Every student has the right and
specifically as possible and focus on exactly the behavior
responsibility to hear you.
and action that you would like to see more of. Praise for
3. Do not Engage.
working hard and not for being smart.
4. Square Up/Stand Still. Show with your body using eye contact.
5. Quiet Power. Get slower and quieter when you want control. Praise must be genuine.
7
Teach
Like
a
Champion
(Lemov,
2010)