Liquid bulk cargo terminals

1. Terminal Equipment:
*Terminal equipment is required to undertake various activities at the interface
including;
1.Ship loading
2.Ship unloading
3.Transport cargo within the yard
4.Storing
5.Trasfer cargo to other model forms
*Terminal consist of a jetties,
tank storage facilities, pipelines, control systems and
emergency equipment.
2. The jetty berth :
*Designed for a tankers to lay alongside.
*Pylon structure which supports a platform for loading & disch operation
(chicksan), fire monitors and a control room
*The jetty berth will have sufficant strenght to absorb kinetic force of the
vessel .
*Generally located some distance from the shore to ensure sufficant water
for loaded tankers and to minimize dangers.
2. The jetty berth :
*The jetty berth is usually connected to shore by a trestle structure which
accommodates pipelines and roadway access
*In water linked jetty, berth and dolphins is not connected to the shore.
Pipelines are submerged.
2. The jetty berth :

SHIP MANIFOLD

CHICKSAN

BREASTING DOLPHIN
MOORING DOLPHIN

LOAD&DISCH
PLATFORM

APPROACH TRESTLE

CATWALK
PIPE LINE

SHORE
3. Ship Loading & Discharging Equipment:
*Cargo loading or discharging can be provided by connecting terminal
pipelines to the vessels manifold using either chicksan (marine loading
arms) or a flexible hose
*Chicksan connects the shore pipeline to ships manifold.
*Chicksan has a counterweight balance to minimize the connecting stress at
the ships manifold
*Safety shut-off and emergency release are incorporated into design
*Flexible pipeline are sometimes used between barge and vessel
*CALM (Catenary Anchor Leg Mooring = Zincir erisi biiminde demirleme):
-A CALM consists of a floating buoy anchored to the seabed by catenary chain legs which
are secured to anchor or pile. It consists of a buoy anchored by 4 or 6 chains extending
in catenaries to anchor points on sea floor.
-One or more elastic mooring lines hold the tanker captive to a turntable which is
mounted on top of the buoy by means of a slewing bearing.
-The turntable, is fitted to the main body of the buoy, provides unit to rotate.
*CALM (Catenary Anchor Leg Mooring = Zincir erisi biiminde demirleme):
-Fluid product is transferred via the CALM to or from the tanker by floating and
subsea hose systems
-CALMs are usually located in water depths between 20 to 100 meters and are
connected to a shore storage facility (silo tank ) or offshore production units
by means of a submarine pipeline
*SALM ( Single anchor leg mooring= Tek ayakl demirleme):
*It consists of a buoy which is anchored to a base on sea floor through a pre-tensioned single
anchor leg consisting of a pipe riser pivoted on universal joint and a short anchor chain with a
chain swivel.
*CALM the most common, where a large buoy held in place by more anchor cables that
extend in catenaries to anchor points some distance from the buoy. The SALM system is
similar, except that the SALM is anchored by a single anchor leg.
*SALM ( Single anchor leg mooring= Tek ayakl demirleme):
-A mooring facility dedicated to the off-shore petroleum discharge system
-The floating buoy is anchored to the seabed by one single anchor leg, connected to
a base type anchor point
-Prevents collision damage to the swivels by placing them underwater and below
the keel level of the tanker

Mooring line

Mooring buoy

Floating hose

Submerge leg Submerged line

Swivel

Base line Seabad pipe line

4. Cargo Operations:
*Cargo flows between a tanker and a shore station (terminal) by way of marine
loading arms (chicksans) attached at the tanker's cargo manifold
*One method is for the ship to berth alongside a pier, connect with cargo hoses or
marine loading arms (chicksans)
*Another method involves mooring to off-shore buoys, such as a single point
mooring (SPM), and making a cargo connection via underwater cargo hoses
* A third method is by ship-to-ship transfer, also known as lighterage. Two ships
come alongside in open sea and cargo is transferred manifold to manifold via
flexible hoses
5. Terminal Pipeline System :
*To eleminate cargo contamination, pipeline system is designed for loading &
discharging of cargo
*Celaning of pipelines is critical point of this system
*Pipeline cleaning is undertaken by fresh water purging and use of pig (a rubber
or sponge plug ). The pig is inserted and forced throug the pipeline by pressuired
inert gas.
5. Terminal Pipeline System :
*Loading of tanker vessel is normally done by gravity flow from shore storage tank
*The shore terminal will be equipped with pumps for moving cargoes within the
terminal
*Discharging is undertaken by vessel own pumps
6.Liquid Cargo Storage :
* Port storage uses cylindrical tanks (silo tanks) capacity vary 60 -150,000 tons
* Storage tanks are designed to minimise evaporation
* There are two principal types of storage; fixed roof and floating tank roof
6.1.Fixed roof tank:
*Consist of cylindrical steel or concrete walls with roof
*Stored liquid gives off vapor which causes pressure on the tank
*Fixed roof storage tank will be fitted with P/V valve (pressure & vacuum) on the
roof to ensure that calculated pressure and vacuum levels are not exceeded
6.2. Floating roof tank:
*Consist of cylindrical steel or concrete walls cylinder
*The roof floats on the stored liquid with an airtight seal established between cylindrical walls
and roof
*The floating roof automatically compensates for variations in vapor pressure
*PV valve is not required and losses through evaporation are minimized
*The goal with all floating-roof tanks is to provide safe, efficient storage of volatile products
with minimum vapor loss to the environment
6.3. Liquid Cargo Storage:
*Some liquid cargoes require to be maintained at a temperature above or below
ambient temperature
*In case of heated tanks, steam heating coils are fitted to base of silo tanks
*Temperature sensors within the tank provide date to allow control of the heat
required
*Heated tanks are usually placed to fixed roof tanks and heavily insulated to
minimize heat losses
*Cooled tanks are fitted with refrigeration equipment to maintain low
temperatures
6.3. Liquid Cargo Storage:
* Liquid cargo terminals connect storage to other transport modes namely,
pipeline, road, rail or barge
*Chemical and product terminals integrated to all transport modes whereas the
transport method used for crude oil terminal will normally be pipeline
6.3. Liquid Cargo Storage:
* FPSO ( Floating production storage and offloading = Yzer retimi, depolama
ve ykleme birimleri)
*A floating production, storage and off-loading (FPSO) unit is an offshore
production facility, typically vessel-shaped, which processes raw oil from wells
located on the seabed
*FPSO units are connected to a wellhead platform or seabed wells through a
series of flexible tubes
called risers.