Running head: PSEUDO-DIFFERENTIAL FUNCTIONS

Establishing Algebras of Pseudo-Differential Functions

Name

Institution
PSEUDO-DIFFERENTIAL FUNCTIONS 2

Table of Contents
Title Page.1
Table of Contents.............................................................................................................................2
Abstract............................................................................................................................................3
Introduction......................................................................................................................................4
Definitions.......................................................................................................................................5
Definition 1..................................................................................................................................5
Definition 2..................................................................................................................................7
Theorems.........................................................................................................................................9
Theorem 1....................................................................................................................................9
Theorem 2..................................................................................................................................10
Proposition.....................................................................................................................................11
Proposition 1..............................................................................................................................11
Proposition 2..............................................................................................................................11
Lemmas..........................................................................................................................................12
Lemma 1....................................................................................................................................12
Lemma 2....................................................................................................................................12
Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................13
References......................................................................................................................................14

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PSEUDO-DIFFERENTIAL FUNCTIONS 3

Abstract
This paper intends to establish pseudo-differential algebraic functions which unequivocally

incorporate most typical conventional systems and problems of the parabolic limit value

discerned forms. Therefore, to achieve this, this paper develops a pseudo-differential parabolic

operators theory in mapping anisotropic spaces. A significant calculus is developed for various

classical symbols which are defined universally by Rn+1Rn+1 . A periodical procedure

n
regarding the symbolic calculus in a cylinder such that T R is developed. The Gardings

inequality is exhibited for its appropriate operators as well as definite estimates for the vital

criterion of the Sobolev mapping anisotropic spaces.

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PSEUDO-DIFFERENTIAL FUNCTIONS 4

Introduction
This paper is motivated by the behavior of various boundary or limit value element

sequence from the heat equation. Pseudo-differential operator analysis has been highly

appreciated for the elliptical limit value problems. However, researchers have not fully exploited

the pseudo-differential functional analysis formed through the reduction of the limit value of the

parabolic functions. Therefore, the Gardings inequality and the estimates of the vital criterion in

Sobolev mapping anisotropic spaces for limitation techniques are yet to be researched. Only

several parts of the rationale of accustomed pseudo-differential parabolic operands exist. For

instance, Piriou (1970) came up with a rationale for parabolic limit value problems as well as

pseudo-differential parabolic operands as represented symbolically through the use of expanded

functions in quasi-homogeneous functions. Earlier work by Hunt and Piriou (1969) prepared the

results of the expanded quasi-homogeneous functions which extended to the pseudo-differential

operators calculus.

This study develops a given pseudo-differential operators calculus containing symbolic

anisotropies having the Pirious limit integral operand to express the parabolic limit value

problems. This study uses a class of operands which is well explained in Beals (1975) study on

the pseudo-differential operators general calculus. In his work, Beals clearly shows the

relationship between L2 and continuity of the Sobolev spaces applying various theorems

(Kemppainen & Ruotsalainen, 2009). However, this study will opt to apply the fundamental

method as elaborated by Hormander (2013). This fundamental method refrains from the theory

of perfectly sustained operators and uses the calculus of symbols which are universally defined.

It is made fundamental by the fact of obtaining the continuity of L2 through basic properties

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PSEUDO-DIFFERENTIAL FUNCTIONS 5

of infirm unique integral operands. The concept used in this study presents essential tools for

administering periodization to satisfy the need for coverage of cylindrical realm.

The Gardings inequality also is proved as well as the distinct criterion measures. The

results of Noon (1988) and Costabel (1990) are achieved for the elementary parabolic limit

integral operand. Previous work by Constabel and Saranen (2001) elaborated on generalized

forms of embedded anisotropic spaces, however, this paper re-introduces mapping of this spaces

as indicated in proposition 1 and 2.

Definitions

If m R such that m 1, then , which is the mapping anisotropic span within Rn+1

given;
1
m +||Thisis for =( , ) , R , R(i)
( )=m ( )=

To define the classical symbol S m , then we follow;

1 2 1 2

z=( x ,t ) R n+1 while v=( v 1 , v 2 ) N n0N 0 , vz=vx vt , Also= considering =( 1 , 2 ) N n0N 0 . Furthermor

Definition 1

If m R and R , such that m 1 . Then a C (Rnz +1Rn +1) becomes S m if

v =( v 1 , v 2 ) N n+1
0 and =( 1 , 2 ) N n+1
0 then a constant C v , exists so that,

| vz a ( z , )|C v , ( 1+ ( ) ) ||m for z , R n+1 (ii)

Having a(z , ) S m the pseudo-differential operand a(z , D) is expressed as;

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PSEUDO-DIFFERENTIAL FUNCTIONS 6

( n+1 )
4
|a ( z , D ) ( z )|,= ( )2
e i ( z , ) a ( z , ) ^ ( ) d ( ) (iii )

n+1
The Schwartz space that indicates fast reducing functions is expressed by S ( R ) while the

' n+1 n +1
double space is expressed by S ( R ) . The Fourier transform is denoted by u^ S ( R ) , its

expressed specifically by;

u^ ( )= ei ( x , ) a ( x , ) u( x)d ( x )

The scalar yield of Rn+1 is denoted as (x, ) which forms a bilinear expression where x

represents z. Supposing that, a ( z , )= j ( j=1, .., n+1 ) , then we can say that

a ( z , D )=D j=i . a ( z , D ) Op S m .can
z j For equation (iii) above, the defined operators

be symbolically written as a S m . Beals showed that the relationship between pseudo-

differential analysis of symbolic anisotropies with the theory of weight vectors. For instance, if

we express the vector of weight (1 , 2 , n+1 ,1 , 2 , n+1 ) through

j ( x , )=1[ j=1, 2,3 , n+1] with j ( x , )=21+ ( )[ j=1,2,3 , n+1] while

m
n+ 1 ( x , )=[1+ ( ) ] .

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PSEUDO-DIFFERENTIAL FUNCTIONS 7

The selective property in the mapping anisotropic span , which also indicates the conditions

required to satisfy the principle of the vectors of weight, can be expressed for the triangular

disparity as,

( ' + ) ( ' ) + ( ) for ( ' , Rn +1 ) for every m 1(iv) .

It is, however, crucial to understand that the balls under mapping anisotropic defined with

( ) < R for every m 1 do not appear convex. The inequality indicated in equation (iv) is

crucial for understanding this definition. The symbolic class as defined by S m is a topology

scope such that when variables and m are fixed, then it can be defined using

n +1
q v , , , v N 0 ,

q v , ( a )= |vz a ( z , ) ( 1+ ( ) )|| |( v)
m

z,

It can be proved that a j S m does converge to a Sm only when;

q v , ( a ja ) 0, j ( vi)

n +1
Again, v , N 0 as well as [ a j ] becomes bounded when;

q a C ( vii)
j v , ( j ) v,

For a symbolic a(z , ) a relation of symbols are considered such that a ( z , ) for 0 .

This relation can be expressed by;

m
a ( z , )=a ( z , ) such that =( , ) ( viii)

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PSEUDO-DIFFERENTIAL FUNCTIONS 8

Definition 2

Considering the function expressed as u[ x , t ] , z is givenas [x , t] R n+1 found in the first

period of x 1 , . , x n :u[ x+k ,t ] is actually u[ x , t ] . This holds the condition that

k Zn ; [x ,t ] Rn +1

n
Assuming that u is steady, it can be said to be a steady variable within T R a cylinder in

n
n R
which T = Z [ ] n n
forms the torus ranges. Its therefore possible to take Q =[0,1] so as to

n n
represent T . In the light of these, we can also take u to be a steady function in Q R with

n
a recurrent limit value condition in Q R

Taking u to be limited polynomially, then we obtain the following Fourier functions.

a) u^ ( ) , R n+1 is the normal Fourier function according to u S ' ( R n+1 ) . Suppose

n +1
u S ( Rn +1 ) , then the expression for =( , ) R will be;

u^ ( , ) = ei ( ( , x )+t ) u ( x , t ) dtdx
Rx R t
n

b) u^ ( ) in =( k , ) Z nR , expressed as a coefficient of Fourier functions in scope

variables;
i ( 42 [ k , x]+t )
u^ ( k , )= e u [t , x ]dtdx
n
Q x Rt

This can also be expressed as;

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PSEUDO-DIFFERENTIAL FUNCTIONS 9

u^ ( )= ei ( + z) u ( z ) dz
n
T R

The inverse transform

1 1
u ( z) = ei ( 2 ( k , x )+t ) u^ ( k , ) d= ei ( , z) u^ ( ) d
2 k Z R n

2 n
Z R
k

Therefore, the scalar yield used are;

( , z )=( , x ) +t and ( , z =2 ( k , x )+ t used in
=( , ) Rn+1
=( , ) T nR , and
z=( x ,t ) Rn +1 .
n n n
For ease of use, k Z is used to parameterize (2 Z) which is a set of T . Following

n
this, T R can now be defined. The symbols in a(z , ) are chosen in Rn+1 on the first

period as z 1 , z 2 ,hence we can express;

S m , per=[a ( z , ) S ma [x +t , k ; , ]=a(t , x ; , ) k Zn ]

n n+ 1
Hence, the above equation forms the C factors in ( T R )R . Another

important aspect is that S m , per Sm . Therefore, a S m , per in double pseudo-differential

operands. The scaled symbol to show this is;

a2 ( x , t ; , )=a ( x ,t ; 2 , ) (ix)

We, therefore, define;

i) The function a(z , D) which acts on Rn+1 hence for z R n+1 ;

a ( z , D ) u ( z ) =(2 )(n+1) ei ( , z ) a(z , ) u^ ( ) d
n +1
R

n
ii) The Pseudo-differential operand present in T R , a ( z , D ) , is expressed as;

9
PSEUDO-DIFFERENTIAL FUNCTIONS 10

1
a ( z, D) u (z )= ei ( , z ) a2 (z , ) u^ ( ) d
2 Z R
n

n
From definition one, ( , z )=2 ( k , x )+ t in =( k ,) Z R ,

z=( t , x ) T nR .

Theorems
Theorem 1
n+1 n+1
Assuming a(z , ) Sm ( R z R ) and also assuming that mapping of to a( z , , )

entails a substantial continuation through the scope of i , >0 in a way that the

continuation goes for 0 satisfying;

1
|a ( z , , i )|C ( 1+||+|i| ) , for 0( x )
m

In this way, the a(z , D) operand is said to be of Volterra form.

It can also be expressed in a short form as;

n +1 n +1
V m ( R z R )

This mostly applies to those symbols that satisfy the above assumption. To establish the

parabolic limit value problems, an initial value is required as well as the limit values. This initial

value is also to be used in those limit integral values to solve this problem. In solving this

problem, the vanishing initial value is usually considered which is also used in classical pseudo-

differential operands of the Volterra form.

Therefore, stating the Sobolev mapping anisotropic scope;

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PSEUDO-DIFFERENTIAL FUNCTIONS 11

sm ( Rn+1 ) = H
H sm (RnxRt )

This scope assumes the vanishing initial terms at t=0, therefore;

sm ( Rn+1 ) =[u H ms ( Rn +1 ) : supp u R nx[0, ]]

H

Rn+1 n
Hence, if considering finite range of time we express it using S =R x ( 0, S ) for S >0

sm [ Rn+1 s n+1
H S ]=[un=U R ( , S ) :U H m ( RS ) ]
n
x

sm ( RnS +1)
H
The concept of is expressed by;

u s ,S =inf [ U s :u=U R n
( , S ) ]
x

Theorem 2
n+1 n +1
Assuming that a(z , ) V m ( R z R ) , and a ( z , D ) states s R limited operands;

sm ( R n+1 ) H
a ( z, D) : H s
m (R
n+1
)
a)
sm ( Rn+ 1 s n +1
b) a ( z, D) : H T ) H m ( RT )

a(z , D) L ( H a(z , D) L ( H
c) T ) , H m ( RT ) )
s
m ( Rn+ 1
s n+ 1 s
m ( Rn+ 1) , H sm ( Rn+ 1) )

The proof for this is the indication of the mapping boundedness exhibited by part (a).

a ( z , D ) : H sm ( R n+1 ) H s n+1
m (R )

s n+1
Together with the Volterra property. In part (b) we let the term u H m ( R T ) and then designate

ms ( Rn +1 )
U H u=U R ( , T )
so that . Hence; n
x

a[ D , z]u=a[ D , z ]U R ( ,T ) n
x

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PSEUDO-DIFFERENTIAL FUNCTIONS 12

Therefore from the Volterra characteristics the right-hand side becomes independent of U. We

s n+ 1
can also state a [ D , z ]u H m ( RT ) so that the final inequality is;

a(z , D) s ;T =inf [F s : F R ( ,T )=a ( D , z )u]

n
x

inf [ a ( D , z )U s :U R ( ,T )=u ] n
x

inf [ a ( D , z )U L ( H U s :U R ( ,T )=u]
n
T ) , H m ( RT ) )
s
m ( Rn+ 1
s n+ 1 x

a(z , D)L ( H u s ;T
T ) , H m ( RT ) )
s
m ( Rn+ 1
s n+ 1

Hence for the above series of the equation, equation (b) and (c) are implied.

From the results obtained in this theorem, the equivalent results are easily obtained for the

n
Sobolev mapping anisotropic scope in QT =T ( 0,T ) which is a finite cylinder. Therefore the

sm (T nR)
H
scope defined by is said to be the scope of functions that disappear for t and

sm (QT )
H due to scope restrictions in QT .

Proposition
Proposition 1

Taking K to be a poisson operand in the order m R such that it was stated as an operand

ranging from C ( ) and extending to C () . So as it can map C ( S) to C ( Q) at

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PSEUDO-DIFFERENTIAL FUNCTIONS 13

1
constant t. Therefore, for all r max [ m , 2 ] as well as s 0 , K stretches to an operand

bearing the continuity characteristics;

1
r ,s 1
K :H 2
( S ) H r m ,s ( Q ) for m
2

1 1 s ( rm ) s
r
2 ( )
r ,
2 r
rm ,
r
(Q ) for m 1
K :H (S ) H
2

This is proved through the knowledge that K is steady such that,

1
r
K :H 2
( ) H rm ( )

Suppose r m , including the variable of t, the continuity characteristics are indicated as;

1
2
K :L I;H ( r
2
)
( ) L2 ( I ; H rm ( ) ) ,

1
(
K :H s I ; H
m
2
)
( ) H s ( I ; L2 ( ) ) ,

Proposition 2

Supposing P forms the pseudodifferential operand on Rn within the order m Z , the

;
P is defined along C ( ) P=r Pe
transmission characteristic is at for

Rn
where e represents a zero extension on while r is the constraints ranging from

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PSEUDO-DIFFERENTIAL FUNCTIONS 14

Rn to . Its extended to C ( Q) in constant t. It is such that r max [ m ,0 ] while all

s 0, for P , it extends to an operand having the continuity characteristics.

'

P : H r , s ( Q ) H rm , s ( Q ) for s' =min [ ( r m ) s

r
,s ]
( r m ) s
So the term r is interpreted as s when r is zero. Also, when S becomes a pseudo-

differential operand in the order of m R on the operator. This is then extended to

C ( S) which is a t-constant. S is extended to continuity by a steady operator;

'

S :H r , s ( S ) H r m , s ( S )

Lemmas
Lemma 1
0
Assuming a S m as well as 0 1. The classification of a , 0 1 is limited in

0
S m while a a0 within S m >0. It can be more accurately expressed as;

q a C
( ) v,
0 1 v ,

And;

q v , ( a a0 ) C v , min [ 1, ] for >0

Lemma 2
j 0
Assuming a j Sm , j. Hence, various symbols exist such as a S m , so that,

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PSEUDO-DIFFERENTIAL FUNCTIONS 15

k1
a a j Smk , for k N
j =0

n+1
Suppose we have x C0 (R ) as well as > 0 , >0 such that

| | x ( )=0

The term a(z , ) , is a singular defined modulus which forms as an extra term to S m .

Also, a(z , ) can be applied so that a j=0 supp a j . This Lemma can also be expressed in

short as;

a aj
j=0

Though it is never a requirement for orders to decrease monotonically, orders can be made to

adhere so by taking their partial sums and hence assume that for j then it follows that

0> 1 > 2 > 3 . . For such a series the constant a0 can be said to be the fundamental

term of a .

Conclusion
This paper has well developed the algebraic functions of the pseudo-differential forms which

entirely contain the fundamental forms of the generalized parabolic limit value problems. The

paper has showcased in depth two definitions, two theorems, two prepositions and two lemmas

to describe the pseudo-differential algebraic functions fully.

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PSEUDO-DIFFERENTIAL FUNCTIONS 16

In detail, the pseudo-differential operators have been built in mapping anisotropic spaces and

scope. The cylindrical symbolic calculus has been developed using periodical procedures in

Theorem 2. The Gardings inequality has also been developed from the definitions and theorems

as well as estimates for mapping anisotropic Sobolev spaces and mapping. This paper has

focused on most of the unresearched limit-value problems associated with generalized forms. To

completely understand the nature of pseudo-algebraic functions and the limit value problem,

much study effort has to b applied especially regarding the Gardings inequality as well as the

estimates of the mapped Sobolev anisotropic scope.

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PSEUDO-DIFFERENTIAL FUNCTIONS 17

References
Beals, R. (1975). A general calculus of pseudodifferential operators. Duke Math. J, 42(1), 1-42.

Costabel, M. (1990). Boundary integral operators for the heat equation. Integral Equations and

Operator Theory, 13(4), 498-552.

Costabel, M., & Saranen, J. (2001). Parabolic Boundary integral operators symbolic

representation and basic properties. Integral Equations and Operator Theory, 40(2), 185-

211.

Hrmander, L. (2013). Linear partial differential operators (Vol. 116). Springer.

Hunt, C., & Piriou, A. (1969). Oprateurs pseudo-diffrentiels anisotropes dordre variable. CR

Acad. Sci. Paris, 268, 28-31.

Kemppainen, J., & Ruotsalainen, K. (2009). Boundary integral solution of the time-fractional

diffusion equation. Integral Equations and Operator Theory, 64(2), 239-249.

Noon, P. J. (1988). The single layer heat potential and Galerkin boundary element methods for

the heat equation (Doctoral dissertation, The University of Maryland).

Piriou, A. (1970). Une classe d'oprateurs pseudo-diffrentiels du type de Volterra. In Annales de

l'institut Fourier (Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 77-94).

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