Department of

Lecture 3 Chemical
The Mole Concept Engineering

Petroleum Refinery Engineering

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 Department of
Lecture 3 Chemical
Measuring Matter Engineering
Chemists need a convenient method for
counting accurately the number of atoms,
molecules, or formula units in a sample of a
substance.

As you know, atoms and molecules are

extremely small. There are so many of them in
even the smallest sample that its impossible to
actually count them.

Thats why chemists created their own counting unit

called the Mole.
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 Department of
Lecture 3 Chemical
Engineering
Counting Atoms

Chemistry is a quantitative science - we

need a "counting unit."
The MOLE
1 mole is the amount of substance that
contains as many particles (atoms or
molecules) as there are in 12.0 g of C-12.

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 Department of
Particles in a Lecture
Mole 3 Chemical
Engineering

Amadeo
Avogadro
(1776 1856)

Amedeo Avogadro (1766-1856)

never knew his own number;
it was named in his honor by a
French scientist in 1909.
its value was first estimated
by Josef Loschmidt, an Austrian
chemistry teacher, in 1895.

?
quadrillions thousands
trillions billions millions

1 mole = 602213673600000000000000
or 6.022 x 1023
Petroleum Refinery Engineering
22-Apr-15 There is Avogadro's number of particles in a mole of any substance. 4
 Department of

The Mole
Lecture 3 Chemical
Engineering

1 dozen cookies = 12 cookies

1 mole of cookies = 6.02 X 1023 cookies

1 dozen cars = 12 cars

1 mole of cars = 6.02 X 1023 cars

1 dozen Al atoms = 12 Al atoms

1 mole of Al atoms = 6.02 X 1023 atoms
Note that the NUMBER is always the same,
but the MASS is very different!
Mole is abbreviated mol (gee, thats a lot
quicker to write, huh?)
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 Department of
Lecture 3Moles
A. Measuring Chemical
Engineering

One-mole quantities of
three substances are
shown, each with a
different representative
particle.

The representative
particle in a mole of
water is the water
molecule.
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 Department of
Lecture 3 Chemical
Engineering

Measuring Moles

The
representative
particle in a
mole of
copper is the
copper atom.

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 Department of
Lecture 3 Chemical
Engineering

A. Measuring Moles
The
representative
particle in a
mole of
sodium
chloride is the
formula unit.

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 Department of
A Mole Lecture
of Particles
3 Chemical
Engineering
Contains 6.02 x 1023
particles
1 mole C = 6.02 x 1023 C atoms
1 mole H2O = 6.02 x 1023 H2O molecules
1 mole NaCl = 6.02 x 1023 NaCl molecules
(technically, ionics are compounds not
molecules so they are called formula units)

6.02 x 1023 Na+ ions and

6.02 x 1023 Cl ions
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 Department of
Atoms/Molecules
Lecture 3
and Chemical
Engineering

Grams
Since 6.02 X 1023 particles = 1 mole
AND
1 mole = molar mass (grams)

You can convert atoms/molecules to moles and

then moles to grams! (Two step process)

You cant go directly from atoms to grams!!!!

You MUST go thru MOLES.

Thats like asking 2 dozen cookies weigh how

many ounces if 1 cookie weighs 4 oz? You have
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to convert to dozen
22-Apr-15 first! 10
 Department of
Avogadros
Lecture 3Number as Chemical
Engineering
Conversion Factor
6.02 x 1023 particles
1 mole
or
1 mole
6.02 x 1023 particles

Note that a particle could

22-Apr-15 be an atom OR a molecule!
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11
 Department of
Lecture 3 Chemical
Engineering

Calculations

molar mass Avogadros number

Grams Moles particles

Everything must go through

Moles!!!

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 Department of
Lecture 3 Chemical
Atoms/Molecules and Engineering

Grams

How many atoms of Cu are

present in 35.4 g of Cu?

35.4 g Cu 1 mol Cu 6.02 X 1023 atoms Cu

63.5 g Cu 1 mol Cu

= 3.4 X 1023 atoms Cu

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 Department of
Lecture
Molar 3
Mass Chemical
Engineering

A MOLE of any substance contains as many elementary units (atoms

and molecules) as the number of atoms in 12 g of the isotope of
carbon-12.
This number is called AVOGADROs number NA = 6.02 x 1023
particles/mol
The mass of one mole of a substance is called MOLAR MASS
symbolized by MM
Units of MM are g/mol
Examples
H2 hydrogen 2.02 g/mol
He helium 4.0 g/mol
N2 nitrogen 28.0 g/mol
O2 oxygen 32.0 g/mol
CO2 carbon dioxide 44.0 g/mol

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 Department of
Lecture 3 Chemical
Engineering
Petroleum Refining Introduction
Simple Distillation Process straight run

Butane & Lighter 30C

Gasoline 30C - 105C

Crude Oil
Charge Tank
Fractionating Naphtha 105C - 160C
Tower
Jet Fuel 160C - 230C

Crude Oil Heater Gas Oil 230C - 425C

Residual Fuel Oil +425C

22-Apr-15 Petroleum Refinery Engineering 15
 Department of
API Gravity (American
Lecture 3Petroleum Institute)
Chemical
Gravity Engineering

API gravity of petroleum fractions is a measure of density of the

stream.
American Petroleum Institute's inverted scale for denoting the
'lightness' or 'heaviness' of crude oils and other liquid
hydrocarbons.
API gravity is a measure of how heavy or light a petroleum liquid
is compared to water. If its API gravity is greater than 10, it is
lighter and floats on water; if less than 10, it is heavier and sinks.
API gravity is thus an inverse measure of the relative density of a
petroleum liquid and the density of water, but it is used to
compare the relative densities of petroleum liquids.
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 Department of
API Gravity of3Crude Oil
Lecture Chemical
Engineering

Oil with API greater than 30 is termed light;

between 22 and 30, medium; below 22, heavy;
and below 10, extra heavy.
Asphalt on average has an API gravity of 8, Brent
Crude of 35.5, and gasoline of 50.

Formula
o API = [ 141.5/specific gravity ] 131.5
where specific gravity is measured at 60o F

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 Department of
Viscosity of Crude Oil
Lecture 3 Chemical
Engineering

Viscosity is a measure of the flow properties of the

refinery stream. Typically in the refining industry,
viscosity is measured in terms of centistokes.
Usually, the viscosity measurements are carried out at
100oF and 210oF.
Viscosity is a very important property for the heavy
products obtained from the crude oil.
The viscosity acts as an important characterization
property in the blending units associated to heavy
products such as bunker fuel.
Typically, viscosity of these products is specified to be
within a specified range and this is achieved by adjusting
the viscosities of the streams entering the blending unit.

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 Department of
Flash point andLecture
Fire Point
3 of Crude Oil Chemical
Engineering

Flash point is very important property which is relevant

to the safety and transmission of refinery products. Flash
point is the temperature above which the product flashes
forming a mixture capable of inducing ignition with air.

Fire point is also related to safety and transmission of

refinery products. Fire point is the temperature well above
the flash point where the product could catch fire. These
two important properties are always taken care in the day to
day operation of a refinery.

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 Department of
Chemical
Cloud pointLecture
and3 Pour point Engineering

When a petroleum product is cooled, first a cloudy appearance

of the product occurs at a certain temperature. This temperature
is termed as the cloud point.
Upon further cooling, the product will ceases to flow at a
temperature. This temperature is termed as the pour point.

Both pour and cloud points are important properties of the

product streams as far as heavier products are concerned. For
heavier products, they are specified in a desired range and this is
achieved by blending appropriate amounts of lighter
intermediate products

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 Department of
Chemical
OctaneLecture
number3
Engineering

Though irrelevant to the crude oil stream, the octane number is an important
property for many intermediate streams that undergo blending later on to
produce automotive gasoline, diesel etc. Typically gasoline tends to knock the
engines.
The knocking tendency of the gasoline is defined in terms of the maximum
compression ratio of the engine at which the knock occurs. Therefore, high
quality gasoline will tend to knock at higher compression ratios and vice versa

However, for comparative purpose, still one needs to have a pure component
whose compression ratio is known for knocking. Iso-octane is eventually
considered as the barometer for octane number comparison.
While iso-octane was given an octane number of 100, n-heptane is given a
scale of 0. Therefore, the octane number of a fuel is equivalent to a mixture of
a iso-octane and n-heptane that provides the same compression ratio in a fuel
engine

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 Department of
Chemical
OctaneLecture
number3
Engineering

Thus an octane number of 80 indicates that the fuel is

equivalent to the performance characteristics in a fuel engine
fed with 80 % of isooctane and 20 % of n-heptane.

Octane numbers are very relevant in the reforming,

isomerization and alkylation processes of the refining industry.
These processes enable the successful reactive
transformations to yield long side chain paraffins and
aromatics that possess higher octane numbers than the feed
constituents which do not consist of higher quantities of
constituents possessing straight chain paraffins and non-
aromatics (naphthenes).
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