You are on page 1of 69

SmokeManagementin

HighRiseBuildings
Presentedby:KevinGeidel CFPS,CET
Smoke Management
SmokeManagement
Maintaintenablemeansofegresslongerthanthe
g g
requiredsafeegresstime
Reduceorcontroltheflowofsmokefromfirearea
tootherspaces
AssistemergencyresponderswithS&Rand
suppression/controloffire
i / t l f fi
Protectionoflifeandproperty
Assistinpostfiresmokeremoval
A i ti t fi k l
Objectives
ReviewofSmoke
Review of Smoke
SmokeMovement
Smoke Management
SmokeManagement
SmokeControlSystems
D i C id ti
DesignConsiderations
What is smoke?
Whatissmoke?
Airbornesolidandliquidparticlesandgasesevolved
Airborne solid and liquid particles and gases evolved
whenamaterialundergoespyrolysisor
combustion,alongwiththequantityofairthatis
entrainedorotherwisemixedintothemass.
What is smoke?
Whatissmoke?
Airbornesolidandliquidparticlesandgasesevolved
Airborne solid and liquid particles and gases evolved
whenamaterialundergoespyrolysisor
combustion,alongwiththequantityofairthatis
entrainedorotherwisemixedintothemass.

At10abovefire,99.9%ofsmokeisentrainedair.
Hazards of Smoke
HazardsofSmoke

ofallfiredeathsarecausedbysmokeinhalation
f ll fi d th db k i h l ti

Approximately57%offiredeathsoccuroutside
pp y
roomoffireorigin

47%offiresurvivorscouldnotseemorethan12

Smoketravels120
Smoke travels 120 240ft/min
240 ft/min
Smoke

SmokeProduction
S k P d ti

FlameHeight
g

PlumeTemperature

PlumeFlow
Smoke Production
SmokeProduction
0.071k2/3Qc1/3z5/3 +0.0018Q
=0.071k + 0.0018Qc
=Massflowinplumeatheightz(kg/sec)
k W ll f t (1 )
k=Wallfactor(1,,,)
Qc =Convectiveheatreleaserateoffire(kW)
z = Height above top of fuel (m)
z=Heightabovetopoffuel(m)
Flame Height
FlameHeight
0.166(Q/k)0.4
Zff =0.166(Q/k)
Zf =Meanflameheight(m)
Q H t l
Q=Heatreleaserateoffire(kW)
t f fi (kW)
k=Wallfactor(1,,,)
Plume Temperature
PlumeTemperature

Tp = [Qc /(C
/ ( Cp)]+T
)] + To
Tp = Averageplumetemperature(C)
=Massflowinplumeatheightz(kg/sec)
M fl i l t h i ht (k / )
Qc =Convectiveheatreleaserateoffire(kW)
Cp =Specificheatofplumegases,1.00kJ/kgC
To =Ambienttemperature(C)
A bi t t t (C)
Volumetric Plume Flow
VolumetricPlumeFlow

V =1.51(Tp +460)
V = Volumetricflowrateofplumeatheight z (ft3/min)
Volumetric flow rate of plume at height z(ft
=Massflowinplumeatheightz(kg/sec)
Tp =Averagetemperatureofplumegasesatheightz(F)
g p p g g ( )
Smoke Flow
SmokeFlow
20
20x20
x 20x20
x 20Room
Room
Assumeminimalleakageandevensmokemovement
Pencilsizedholetofireroom
Howlonguntiltheroomisfilledwithsmoke
p
preventingyoufromseeingyourhand18in
gy gy
frontofyou?
Smoke Flow
SmokeFlow
20
20x20
x 20x20
x 20Room
Room
Assumeminimalleakageandevensmokemovement
Pencilsizedholetofireroom
Howlonguntiltheroomisfilledwithsmoke
p
preventingyoufromseeingyourhand18in
gy gy
frontofyou?
3minutes40seconds
Objectives
Review of Smoke
SmokeMovement
SmokeManagement
k
SmokeControlSystems
DesignConsiderations
Smoke Movement
SmokeMovement
Forces that Affect Smoke Movement
ForcesthatAffectSmokeMovement
BuoyancyofCombustibleGas
Temperatureofsmoke
Temperature of smoke
TemperaturederiveddensitydifferencebetweentwospacesStackEffect
ExpansionofCombustibleGas
Volumeofsmoke
Volume of smoke
WindEffect
Externalfactors
BuildingSystems
Building Systems
ElevatorPistonEffect
HVAC
Sprinklers
S i kl
Buoyancy of Combustible Gas
BuoyancyofCombustibleGas

P = Ks [(1/To)
P=K ) (1/Tf)]h
)] h
P = Pressure difference (in H2O[Pa])
P=Pressuredifference(in.H O [Pa])
To =Absolutetemperatureofsurrounding(R[K])
Tf =Absolutetemperatureofcompartment(R[K])
h=Distanceabovetheneutralplane(ft.[m])
Ks =coefficient(7.64[3460])
Buoyancy of Combustible Gas
BuoyancyofCombustibleGas

P = Ks [(1/To)
P=K ) (1/Tf)]h
)] h
h=3m
h=3m
To =20C
Tf =700C
P=?
Buoyancy of Combustible Gas
BuoyancyofCombustibleGas

P = Ks [(1/To)
P=K ) (1/Tf)]h
)] h
h=3m
h=3m
To =20C
Tf =700C
P=25Pa
Stack Effect
StackEffect

P = Ks [(1/To)
P=K ) (1/Ti)]h
)] h
P = Pressure difference (in H2O[Pa])
P=Pressuredifference(in.H O [Pa])
To =Absolutetemperatureofoutsideair(R[K])
Ti =Absolutetemperatureofinsideair(R[K])
h=Distanceabovetheneutralplane(ft.[m])
Ks =coefficient(7.64[3460])
Stack Effect
StackEffect
Buoyancy
Buoyancyviatemperaturegradientbetweeninside
via temperature gradient between inside
andoutside
Buildingisnotaballoon
g
Buildingsleakage,therearenoairtightbuildings
Neutralplaneisbetween49%and51%ofbuilding
Neutral plane is between 49% and 51% of building
height
Stack Effect
StackEffect

P = Ks [(1/To)
P=K ) (1/Ti)]h
)] h
P = Pressure difference (in H2O[Pa])
P=Pressuredifference(in.H O [Pa])
To =Absolutetemperatureofoutsideair(R[K])
Ti =Absolutetemperatureofinsideair(R[K])
h=Distanceabovetheneutralplane(ft.[m])
Ks =coefficient(7.64[3460])
Stack Effect
StackEffect

P = Ks [(1/To)
P=K ) (1/Ti)]h
)] h

h=30m
To =0C
Ti =20
20 C
C
P=25Pa
Expansion of Combustible Gas
ExpansionofCombustibleGas

(Qout /Q
/ Qin)=(T
) = (Tout /T
/ Tin)
= Volumetric flow rate of smoke out of fire compartment (ft3[m3]/min)
Qout =Volumetricflowrateofsmokeoutoffirecompartment(ft
Qin =Volumetricflowrateofsmokeintofirecompartment(ft3[m3]/min)
Tout =Absolutetemperatureofsmokeleavingfirecompartment(R[K])
Tin =Absolutetemperatureofairintofirecompartment(R[K])
Expansion of Combustible Gas
ExpansionofCombustibleGas

(Qout /Q
/ Qin)=(T
) = (Tout /T
/ Tin)
Tin =20K
= 20 K
Tout =700K
Qin =1.5m3/s
Qout =?
Expansion of Combustible Gas
ExpansionofCombustibleGas

(Qout /Q
/ Qin)=(T
) = (Tout /T
/ Tin)
Tin =20K
= 20 K
Tout =700K
Qin =1.5m3/s
Qout =5.0m3/s
Wind Effect
WindEffect
Slantedorsteppedneutralplane
Slanted or stepped neutral plane
Windcoefficienttodeterminetrueeffect
Needwindtunneltestofbuilding/surroundingto
Need wind tunnel test of building/surrounding to
determine
Structural(windload)typicalhaveinformation
( ) yp
FDSmodelingisapossibility
Elevator Piston Effect
ElevatorPistonEffect
Transientpressurefromelevatormovement
Transient pressure from elevator movement
Pullsmokeintopressurizedshaftway
Criticalpressurereduces/eliminateseffect
Critical pressure reduces/eliminates effect
Elevator Piston Effect
ElevatorPistonEffect

Pcrit =[(K )/2] [(AsAeV)/(AaAsiCc)]2


= [(Kpe)/2][(A
Pcrit =Criticalpressuredifference(in.H
= Critical pressure difference (in H2O[Pa])
O [Pa])
=airdensityinelevatorshaft(lb/ft3 [kg/m3])
As =Crosssectionalareaoftheelevatorshaft(ft2 [m2])
= Leakage area between lobby and building (ft2 [m2])
Asi =Leakageareabetweenlobbyandbuilding(ft
Aa =Freeareaaroundtheelevatorcar(ft2 [m2])
Ae =Effectiveareabetweenelevatorshaftandoutside(ft2 [m2])
V = Elevator car velocity (ft/min [m/s])
V=Elevatorcarvelocity(ft/min[m/s])
Cc =Flowcoefficientforflowaroundcar(single:0.92,multiple:0.83)
Kpe =Coefficient,1.66x106(1.00)
Elevator Piston Effect
ElevatorPistonEffect
(nonenclosedlobby)

= [(1/Asi2)+(1/A
Ae =[(1/A ) + (1/Aio2)]
Ae =Effectiveareabetweenelevatorshaftandoutside(ft2 [m2])
Asi =Leakageareabetweenlobbyandbuilding(ft2 [m2])
= Leakage area between outside and building (ft2 [m2])
Aio =Leakageareabetweenoutsideandbuilding(ft
(enclosedlobby)

= [(1/Asr2)+(1/A
Ae =[(1/A ) + (1/Airi 2)+(1/A
) + (1/Aio
i
2)]
Ae =Effectiveareabetweenelevatorshaftandoutside(ft2 [m2])
Asr =Leakageareabetweenshaftandlobby(ft2 [m2])
g g y ( 2 [m2])
Air =Leakageareabetweenbuildingandlobby(ft )
Aio =Leakageareabetweenoutsideandbuilding(ft2 [m2])
Elevator Piston Effect
ElevatorPistonEffect
Mechanical Ventilation
MechanicalVentilation

Good or Bad?
GoodorBad?
Mayaiddetection
y
Assistwithsmokeremoval

Spreadsmoke
Suppliesairtofire
Mechanical Ventilation
MechanicalVentilation
NBFU1939
NBFU 1939 NationalBoardofFireUnderwriters
National Board of Fire Underwriters
Reporton25firesfrom1936to1938
19 FireinvolvedHVACsystem
19 Fire involved HVAC system
5 NofireinHVACbutdistributedsmoke
M d
ModernHVACmaterialfireresistant
HVAC t i l fi it t
HVACshutdownorgointosmokecontrolmode
Objectives
Review of Smoke
Smoke Movement
SmokeManagement
Smoke Management
SmokeControlSystems
DesignConsiderations
Smoke Management
SmokeManagement
SmokeManagement:
g
Asmokecontrolmethodthatutilizesnaturalor
mechanicalsystemstomaintainatenableenvironment
in the means of egress from a large volume space or to
inthemeansofegressfromalargevolumespaceorto
controlandreducethemigrationofsmokebetweenthe
fireareaandcommunicatingspaces
SmokeControlSystem:
Anengineeredsystemthatincludesallmethodsthatcan
be used singly or in combination to modify smoke
beusedsinglyorincombinationtomodifysmoke
movement.
Smoke Management
SmokeManagement
Preventsmokefromenteringmeansofegress,
stairwells,elevatorshafts,etc.
ll l h f
Maintaintenableconditionsinmeansofegressand
areasofrefuge
f f
Preventsmokefrommigratingfromsmokezone
Maintainacceptableconditionsoutsideofsmoke
zonetoallowemergencyresponseoperations
Protectlifeandproperty
Smoke Management
SmokeManagement
PassiveManagement
Compartmentation
Smokebarriers
Smokevents
k
Smokeshafts
ActiveManagement
A ti M t
DedicatedSystems
NonDedicatedSystems
Non Dedicated S stems
Smoke Management
SmokeManagement
Buoyancy
Compartmentation
Dilution
Airflow
P
Pressurization
i ti
Buoyancy
SmokeFillingg
Largevolumeareas(typicalatrium)
Dependentuponegressmodels
UnsteadyClearHeightwithUpperLayerExhaust
Delayingsmokefill
SteadyClearHeightwithUpperLayerExhaust
Preventsmokefill
Activationoffiresuppressionsystemmayaffect
A ti ti f fi i t ff t
Compartmentation
Firewalls,partitions,floors,doors,dampers,etc.
,p , , , p ,
Smokeleakagetypicallyoccurs
Approximateusingandorifice equation:
V =CA[(2P)/]
Betterunderstandingusingcomputermodeling
CFAST
FDS
SmokeView
S k Vi
Dilution
Smokepurging,removal,exhaust,extraction
Concernfortoxicityversusvisibility
Toxicitydifficulttoanalyze
Estimationofsmokeobscurationoftenused
Requiredairexchangescanbecalculated:
=(1/t)log
( / ) e (C( o/C)
/ )
HVACnottypicallypracticalfordilution
Smokepurgesystems
k
PostFire
Post FireSmokeRemoval
Smoke Removal
Fireproduceslargequantityofsmoke
Fire produces large quantity of smoke
Mechanicallypurgesmoke
Decreases level of obscuration
Decreaseslevelofobscuration
Allowsfirefighterstoverifyextinguishment
R d
Reducescollateralstructuraldamage
ll t l t t l d
Reducesfireservicelabor/exertion
PostFire
Post FireSmokeRemoval
Smoke Removal
Co et
C =C
C
C=Concentrationofcontaminantattime,t
Co =Initialconcentrationofcontaminant
= Initial concentration of contaminant
=Dilutionrateinnumberofairchangesperminute
t=Timeafterdoorscloseinminutes
e = Constant approximately 2 718
e=Constant,approximately2.718
Airflow
Utilizing
Utilizingflowratesofairtocontrolsmoke
flow rates of air to control smoke
movement
NottypicallyusedinHigh
Not typically used in Highrise
risebuildings:
buildings:
Largeflowratesneeded
Supplyadditionaloxygentofire
pp y yg
Flowadjustmentforopen/closeddoors
Pressurization
Airflow
Airflowintosmallgaps
into small gaps
aroundcloseddoorsand
constructioncracks
Typical:
Stairwells
ElevatorHoistways
ZonedSmokeControl
Pressurization NFPA92(2012)
Pressurization NFPA 92 (2012)
5.2.1 Pressuredifferentialacrosssmokebarriershallbe12.5Pafor
f ll
fullysprinkleredbuildings
i kl d b ildi
5.2.2 Pressuredifferentialacrossdoorsshallnotcausetheforce
requiredtoopenthedoorstoexceed133N.
5.3
5 3 Stairwaysaretobepressurizedtoaminimumof12.5Paanda
Stairways are to be pressurized to a minimum of 12 5 Pa and a
maximumlevelthatcausesthedooropeningforcestobelessthan
133N.
5.4
5.4 Elevatorsshallbeconsideredaseparatesmokezonewhen
Elevators shall be considered a separate smoke zone when
smokecontrolisrequired.
5.3.5.1 Vestibulesshallnotberequired,butshallbepermittedas
partofabuildingsmokemanagementsystem.
Objectives
Review of Smoke
Smoke Movement
Smoke Management
SmokeControlSystems
DesignConsiderations
Smoke Control Systems
SmokeControlSystems
ZoneSmokecontrol
Zone Smoke control
DesignedPressureDifferences
Stairpressurization
Stair pressurization
PressurizedElevatorHoistways
Zoned Smoke Control
ZonedSmokeControl
Limitsmokemovementthroughzones
Limit smoke movement through zones
Typicallyzonedbyfloorinhighrisebuildings
Canbepartialormultiplefloors
Can be partial or multiple floors
Basement(s)areseparatezones
Mechanicalfansprovideairflowandpressurization
Mechanical fans provide air flow and pressurization
Supplyoutsideairtononsmokezones
Ventsmokefromsmokezone
Vent smoke from smoke zone
Combinationofboth
Zone Smoke Control
ZoneSmokeControl
Partialfloorsmokezone
Partial floor smoke zone
Smokezonenotprotected
Zone Smoke Control
ZoneSmokeControl
Designedpressure
difference
Allzonesexceptsmoke
zonearepressurized
i d
PressureSandwich
Onlyzonesadjacentto
O l dj
smokezoneare
p
pressurized
Stairwell Pressurization
StairwellPressurization
Stairwells
Stairwellsshallbepressurizedtomaintain0.10in.
shall be pressurized to maintain 0.10 in.
H2O(25Pa)to0.35in.H2O(88Pa)acrossany
(closed)stairwelldoorwhenusedinconjunction
withanautomaticsprinklersystem.Inboth
systems,minimumpressuredifferencesare
imposedtopreventsmokefromenteringtheshaft,
whereasmaximumvaluesarespecifiedtomaintain
properdoorfunctioning.
d f ti i
Stairwell Pressurization
StairwellPressurization
SinglePointinjection
Single Point injection
Multipointinjection
Single zone stair
Singlezonestair
Multizonestair
Pressurization Design Criteria
PressurizationDesignCriteria

MinimumPressure
Minimum Pressure MaximumPressure
Maximum Pressure
Preventsmokemigrationinto Establishedtoallowdoorsto
stairwell stillopen
Dependsonpressurefromfire Maximumallowableforceis30
lbs.(NYSBC&NFPA101)
Minimum Design Pressure
MinimumDesignPressure

Pmin=P
= Psf +Ch[(1/T
+ Ch [(1/To)
) (1/Tf)]
Pmin =Minimumdesignpressuredifference(in.H
g p ( 2O[Pa])
[ ])
Psf =Pressuredifferencesafetyfactor(in.H2O[Pa])
C=Coefficient(3460[7.64])
h distance above neutral plane (ft [m])
h=distanceaboveneutralplane(ft[m])
To =Absolutetemperatureofsurroundings(R[K])
Tf =Absolutetemperatureofsmoke(R[K])
SuggestedMinimumPressureDesign
Differences
iff

BuildingType CeilingHeight DesignPressureDifference


Sprinklered Any Height
AnyHeight 0 05 in.H
0.05 in H2O 12 4 Pa
12.4Pa
NotSprinklered 9ft. 2.7m 0.10in.H2O 24.9 Pa
NotSprinklered 15ft. 4.6m 0.14in.H2O 34.8Pa
NotSprinklered 21ft. 6.4 m 0.18in.H2O 44.8Pa
Maximum Design Pressure
MaximumDesignPressure

Pmax=[2(W
= [ 2 (W d)(F
d) (F Fdc)]/CWA
) ] / CWA
Pmax =Maximumdesignpressuredifference(in.H
g p ( 2O[Pa])
[ ])
W=Doorwidth(ft.[m])
d=Distancefromdoorknobtoknobsideofdoor(ft.[m])
F Total door opening force (lb [N])
F=Totaldooropeningforce(lb.[N])
Fdc =Doorcloserforce(lb.[N])
C=Coefficient(1[5.2])
A=Doorarea(ft2 [m2])
Maximum Design Pressure
MaximumDesignPressure
Side
SideHinged
HingedSwingingDoors
Swinging Doors
30lbs.(133N)

Pmax=[2(W d)(F Fdc)]/CWA


ElevatorDoors
Elevator Doors
0.25in.H2O(62.2Pa)
Maximum Pressure Design Differences
MaximumPressureDesignDifferences
DoorCloser 32(0.81m) 36(0.91) 40(1.02m) 44(1.12m) 48(1.22m)
Force Door Door Door Door Door
6 lb (25 N)
6lb.(25N) 0 45 (113)
0.45(113) 0 40 (102)
0.40(102) 0 37 (92)
0.37 0 34 (84)
0.34(84) 0 31 (78)
0.31(78)
7lb.(30N) 0.43(108) 0.39(97) 0.35(88) 0.32(80) 0.30(74)
8lb.(35N) 0.41(103) 0.37(93) 0.34(83) 0.31(77) 0.28(71)
9lb.(40N) 0.39(98) 0.35(88) 0.32(79) 0.29(73) 0.27(67)
10lb.(45N) 0.37(92) 0.34(83) 0.30(75) 0.28(69) 0.26(64)
11 lb. (50 N)
11lb.(50N) 0.35 (87)
0.35(87) 0.32 (78)
0.32(78) 0.29 (71)
0.29(71) 0.27 (65)
0.27(65) 0.24 (60)
0.24(60)
12lb.(55N) 0.34(82) 0.30(74) 0.27(66) 0.25(61) 0.23(56)
13lb.(60N) 0.32(77) 0.29(69) 0.26(62) 0.24(57) 0.22(53)
14lb.(65N) 0.30(71) 0.27(64) 0.24(58) 0.22(53) 0.21(49)

*Pressuredesigndifferencesshownasin.H2O(Pa)
Top vs. Bottom Injection
Topvs.BottomInjection

Top Injection
TopInjection Bottom Injection
BottomInjection
Fanattopofstair Fanatbottomofstair
Securitylessissue Securityofairisconcern
Smokerecirculation Nosmokecirculationissue
Minimalfootprint Takesupvaluablerealestate
Hi h
Higherpressureattopofstair
f i L
Lowerpressureattopofstair
f i
Lowerpressureatbottom Higherpressureatbottom
Compartmented Stairwell
CompartmentedStairwell
Singlepoint/multipoint
g p / p
source
Separateshaft(integrityis
aconcern)
Dampercontrol
Pressuresensors
P
Mayneedintermediate
stair/transverse corridor
stair/transversecorridor
Multiple Injection System
MultipleInjectionSystem
Multiplesources
p
Typicalfanstoexterior
Oneshaft
Dampercontrol
Pressuresensors
Vestibules
Bufferzonebetweenstairandbuilding
Buffer zone between stair and building
Pressurizations?
Vestibuleonly
Vestibule only
Staironly
Vestibuleandstairwell
Vestibules
Bufferzonebetweenstairandbuilding
Buffer zone between stair and building
Pressurizations?
Vestibuleonly
Vestibule only
Staironly
Vestibuleandstairwell
Pressurized Elevator Hoistways
PressurizedElevatorHoistways
Elevator
Elevatorhoistwaysshallbepressurizedtomaintain
hoistways shall be pressurized to maintain
aminimumpositivepressureof0.10in.H2O(25
Pa)andamaximumof0.25in.H2O(62Pa)with
respecttoadjacentspaceonallfloors.This
pressureshallbemeasuredwithallelevatorcarsat
floorofrecallandallhoistwaydoorsonthefloorof
recallopen
Objectives
Review of Smoke
Smoke Movement
Smoke Management
Smoke Control Systems
DesignConsiderations
i id i
Design Considerations
DesignConsiderations
NYSCodeRequirements
NYS Code Requirements
Dooropening/closingforce
Venting
ComponentFailure(Redundancy)
C
Commissioning
i i i
Inspection/Testing/Maintenance
Closing

Questions
Comments
OpenDiscussion

ThanksYou!
Thanks You!
SmokeManagementin
HighRiseBuildings
Presentedby:KevinGeidel CFPS,CET
FireProtectionEngineer
LifeSafetyServicesDepartment
y p
C&SEngineers,Inc.
315.345.4799
kgeidel@cscos.com

You might also like