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Sensores y actuadores

Sensores y actuadores
Invented for life

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Sensores y actuadores

Contenido

Evolucin de los sistemas de Sistemas de encendido


gestin Bosch Configuraciones

Sistema de combustible Adaptacin

configuraciones Diagnstico
Oscilograma de encendido
Sensores
Particularidades

Actuadores

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Sensores y actuadores

Evolucin de los sistemas Bosch

Jetronic
Motronic
Motronic ME
Motronic MED

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Sensores y actuadores

Ingeniaria de aplicacin de componentes

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Sensores y actuadores

Oficinas y talleres

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Sensores y actuadores

Configuraciones

Inyeccin en el
multiple de admisin

Inyeccin directa de
gasolina en la cmara
Inyeccin central
(monopunto)

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Sensores y actuadores

Sistema Motronic

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Sensores y actuadores

Sistema Motronic ME

Vvula del canister Sensor eje de levas


10
9
Canister
6 Control Mariposa MAP
11
9
HFM 12
EGR
Sensor de detonacin
7 Sonda Lambda

Sensor
5 de Temperatura
Sensor cigueal

Pedal del acelerador


1

Depsilto

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Sensores y actuadores
Sistema Motronic MEDSensor de presin en el Bomba de alta
presin
Canister tubo de aspiracin Riel
Vlvula de inyeccin
Sensor de fase
Bobina de ignicin

Sensor de
Vlvula de presin
ventilacin
del tanque

Sonda ( LSU )

Medidor de masa de aire


Cuerpo de Mariposa Sensor de
(EGAS) .detonacin

Sensor de Pr-
temperatura catalisador
EGR
Sensor de
Sensor de
revoluciones
temperatura
del gas de
escape

Unidad de control Catalisador


de NOx

Interfaz de diagnstico

Lmpara de diagnstico Mdulo de combustible

Sonda
Bloqueo de partida ( LSF )
Componentes Bosch especficos DE

CAN Componentes Bosch

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Sensores y actuadores

Sistema de combustible

Con retorno Retorno corto Sin retorno

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Sensores y actuadores

Sensores resumen
Interruptores:
Mariposa, eleva vidrios
Sensor de posicin:
Mariposa, pedal del acelerador, flotador, cuerpo motorizado ME
Sensor de temperatura:
Aire, motor
Sensor de velocidad/rpm:
Cigueal, levas, rueda dentada, distribuidor de encendido
Sensor de aceleracin:
Aceleracin longitudinal/lateral, ngulo de giro, detonacin
Sensor de presin:
Baja presin, ESP, presin del rail,servo freno
Sensor de carga:
Medidor de flujo de aire, MAP, HFM, potencimetro de mariposa
Sensor de oxgeno:
Lambda, NOx
Actuadores:
Bobina de encendido DFS/EFS
Otros:
Vlvula de inyeccin/control de ralent/purga de l canister

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Sensores y actuadores

Interruptor
Potencimetro del actuador
Resorte

Interruptor
Motor
actuador
Interruptor Potencimetro de la mariposa

1. Lo que hace la unidade de mando con la informacin del interruptor?


Hace la correccin necesria en el sitema de encendido y inyeccin.

2. Cul es la diferencia que hay entre los dos interruptores?


Uno esta integrado y el otro trabaja en separado.
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Sensores y actuadores

Interruptor inyeccin

1. Qu tipo de diagnstico o pruebas se aplica a este componente?


Voltage/alimentacin/continuidad/resistencia/interruptor cerrado o abierto.

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Sensores y actuadores

Interruptor ABS
1. Cul es la funcin del interruptor para el sistema ABS?
Enviar la seal de contacto cerrado/abierto del pedal del freno
para la ECU ABS.
La ECU decidir por la cada de la velocidad de las ruedas si es
necesario la intervencin ABS.

2. Que tipo de diagnstico ofrece el componente?


Por medio del chequeo de voltage/alimentacin/continuidad/
resistencia/interruptor cerrado o abierto.
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Sensores y actuadores

Potencimetro
+

10 ohms
6-12 V

6V

10 ohms
V 6V
6-0 V
V
_

El potencimetro es un resistor variable. En eletrnica, es utilizado principalmente como un


divisor de voltage. La curva caracterstica del cambio de la resistencia es determinada por su
diseo y puede ser considerablemente distinto.

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Sensores y actuadores

Potencimetro

1. Cmo puede ser chequeado un potencimetro?


Por medio del chequeo del rudo, utilizando un osciloscpio.
Seal, alimentacin y resistencia

2. Cul es la diferencia de informacin entre un interruptor y un potencimetro?


Interruptor seal de ralent y plena carga
Potencimetro seal ralent, parciales y plena carga

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Sensores y actuadores

Potencimetro

-8-

Seal obtenido del osciloscpio. Seal no OK.


Seal OK. Es posible observar las oscilaciones.

1. Cul puede ser la causa del fallo?


Suciedad, oxidacin de la pista.

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Sensores y actuadores

Potencimetro ME / MED

Algunos potencimetros trabajan de forma redundante. Esto significa que trabajan con 2 pistas y
emiten seales que pueden presentarse de forma opuesta o sincronizada.

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Sensores y actuadores

Potencimetro ME / MED

Algunos potencimetros trabajan de forma redundante. Esto significa que trabajan con 2 pistas y
emiten seales que pueden presentarse de forma opuesta o sincronizada.

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Sensores y actuadores

Potencimetro

1. Qu particularidad hay entre los 2 componentes?


Estos componentes trabajan con 2 pistas.
2. Cul es la diferencia observada entre los 2 esquemas elctricos?
Cuerpo: alimentacin/seal compartida.
Pedal: alimentacin/seal separados
3. Cul es la tensin de alimentacin del pedal del acelerador?
Mx 5V.
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Sensores y actuadores

Sensor de temperatura NTC (coeficiente negativo de temperatura)


Ohms
NTC resistencia caracterstica
1000.000
Azul: 2 kohms

100.000 Verde: 3 kohms

Rojo: 5 kohms
10.000

1000

100
-50 -30 -10 0 10 25 40 60 80 100 120 grados

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Sensores y actuadores

NTC sensor de temperatura

1 NTC thermistor
2 Rosca
3 Carcasa
4 Conexin elctrica

1. Qu diagnstico o pruebas se aplica a este componente?


Voltage,resistencia, cada de voltage, valores reales.
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Sensores y actuadores

NTC Mediciones

Medicin de voltage: Medicin de resistencia:


Plug conectado, encendido prendido Plug desconectado, encendido apagado

Volts / ohms
Comparacin entre
especificado y actual:
Medir el sensor de
temperatura. Se puede hacer
la medicin de la seal con el
KTS y copararla con el valor
real.

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Sensores y actuadores

Sensor de temperatura PTC (coeficiente positivo de temperatura)

1. Aislamiento
2. Conexin
3. Al2 O3 substrato
4. Base
5. Elemento sensor Platina
6. Carcasa

1. Cul es la caracterstica de este sensor ?


Se puede medir temperatura arriba de 1000C.

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Sensores y actuadores

PTC (coeficiente positivo de temperatura) Sensor de temperatura

PTC

1. Qu diagnstico o pruebas se aplica a este componente?


Voltage,resistencia, cada de voltage

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Sensores y actuadores

Sensor inductivo
Si un conductor(cable) se mueve en un campo magnetico igual que el conductor (cable)
intersecciona la lineas de fuerza, el voltage es generada en el conductor (cable).

U(V)

0 t(s)
Amplitud

Oscilacin

1. Qu factores determinan el nvel de voltage inducida?


La densid del flujo magntico, el nmero de conductores y
la velocidad del conductor.
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Sensores y actuadores

Sensores inductivos

1 Cable
2 Imn permanente
3 Carcasa
4 Bloco de carcasa
5 Nucleo de hierro
6 Bobina
7 Air gap
8 Rueda dentada con la marca de
referencia

La marca de referencia modifica el campo en la bobina. Este cambio en el campo genera el


voltage en la bobina. La amplitud es determinada por la huelga entre los dos componentes.

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Sensores y actuadores

Medicin de los sensores inductivos

1. Cmo se puede diferenciar un generador Hall de un generador inductivo?


Por medio del esquema elctrico.(simbologia)

2. Cmo se puede indentificar los cables?


La seal puede ser obtenida en el pin 1 o 2.

3. Es posible hacer la mediciones con el plug desconectado y sin voltage?


S es posible en un sistema inductivo.

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Sensores y actuadores

Medicin de los sensores inductivos


1. Cmo se puede hacer un chequeo rpido del sensor cigueal inductivo?
Por la diagnose y los valores
reales.

2. Cul es el voltage mnimo generado por el sensor mientras arranca el motor?


Mnimo 2 V pico/pico.

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Sensores y actuadores

Medicin de sensores inductivos


Marca de referencia

Go:
Voltage
mn. 2 V pico/pico

Marca de referencia No go:


Seal no OK, vehculo no
arranca o arranca con
dificultad.
Agua en lo conector
Resistencia de contacto

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Sensores y actuadores

Medicin de sensores inductivos ABS

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Sensores y actuadores

Medicin de sensores inductivos ABS

1. Cules son los detalles observados en los sensores ABS?


Cantidad de dientes distintas, fallo del diente.

2. Cul es el equipo ms apropiado para la medicin de la seal?


El osciloscpio.

3. Es posible medir la seal con el multmetro?


S, ajustado en f.

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Sensores y actuadores

Sensor Hall
Campo Magntico

Elemento Hall
Voltage Hall
0 0

Voltage
Voltage

Si un campo magntico est en contacto con um elemento Hall en lo cual el voltage es


aplicado, los electrns son desviados para un lado, produciendo el voltage Hall.
Este voltage Hall es usado para el control de circuitos eletrnicos.

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Sensores y actuadores

Sensor Hall
1
2

4 1 Circuito de evaluacin
2 Conexin elctrica
3 Emento Hall
4 Rueda dentada

1. Que tipo de seal debe ser visualizado?


Seal quadrada con el pulse variando segn la rueda dentada

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Sensores y actuadores

Sensor Hall

Con sensores inteligentes es posible no solamente obtener la seal RPM, sino obtner el
sentido del RPM. La forma de la seal es generada pelo circuito de evaluacin electrnico.
Asi no reflete el diseo de la rueda dentada, sino que depiende del diseo del circuito de
evaluacin electrnico.

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Sensores y actuadores

Medicin de sensores Hall

1. Qu tipo de medicin no logra hacer en un sensor Hall?


Resistencia.

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Sensores y actuadores

Medicin de sensores Hall

Marca de referencia

Cigueal

Levas

1. Qu tipo de informacin se puede obtener de la seal arriba?


Seal Hall, marca de referencia e cil 1.

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Sensores y actuadores

Medicin de sensores Hall

Seal cigueal y levas OK, aprox. 2.5 V.

Seal cigueal corto con el negativo, <0.5 V.

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Sensores y actuadores

Medicin de sensores Hall

Seal cigueal corto con el positivo, >4.5 V.

Seal cigueal excesiva alta resistencia en el cable seal, >2.5 V

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Sensores y actuadores

Sensor magneto-resistivo
El efecto magneto-resistivo esta basado en el cambio de la resistencia en un
conductor(cable) segn la influencia de un campo magnetico esxterno.

R Cambio

Cambio en el ngulo
campo magnetico
0 90
externo
Elemento magneto-resistivo
Sentido de la corriente
Campo magnetico interno(segn el flujo de corriente)
Campo magnetico externo

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Sensores y actuadores

Sensor magneto resistivo inyeccin

1. Cul es la ventaja con el uso del sensor magneto resistivo en estos casos?
Dependiendo del software de la unidad de mando, el sistema de gestin motor
puede trabajar sin la seal revoluciones.
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Sensores y actuadores

Medicin del sensor de rotacin

seal

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Sensores y actuadores

Sensor magneto resistivo ABS

1. Cul es la diferencia entre el sensor inductivo y el magneto-resistivo?


El sensor magneto-resistivo necesita alimentacin el inductivo no.

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Sensores y actuadores

Medicin del sensor de rotacin ABS

1. Cul es el rango de medicin del sensor?


Depiende del fabricante. Ex: Bosch 0.8 1,6V.

2. Dnde est ubicado el circuito de evaluacin de la seal?


En el sensor.

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Sensores y actuadores

Sensor magneto-resistivo ESP

Encaje columna Descripcin del funcionamiento:


del volante
El sensor de ngulo de giro del volante LWS trabaja con
un sensor magneto resistivo en el que la resistencia
Ims es modificada por el sentido del campo magnetico externo.
Engrenage La informacin del ngulo es obtenido de la medicin del
giro del volante.
Estos elementos AMR (2) captan los movimientos del giro
de 2 engrenages(3) , en lo cual se encuentran dos ims.
Los engrenages son accionadas por la columna del volante(1).
Los engrenages disponen de distintos N de dientes.
Esta diferencia es el parmetro para el ngulo del volante.
Al se utilizar 2 sensores se trabaja con redundancia

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Sensores y actuadores

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Sensores y actuadores

Sensor magneto-resistivo ESP

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Sensores y actuadores

Sensor piezo

0 0 0

La deformacin del cristal piezo en un sentido especifico (por ejemplo sentido axial)
produce un voltage. La inversin de la deformacin cambia la polaridad.

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Sensores y actuadores

Sensor piezo/sensor de detonacin

1 Masa ssmica
1. Cul es la funcin del resistor?
2 Carcasa
3 Cermica piezo Resistor de referencia para diagnose.
4 Parafuso 2. Cul es el equipo ms apropiado para
5 Contacto medicin de la seal?
6 Conexin electrica Osciloscpio.
7 Bloco, V vibracin.

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Sensores y actuadores

Sensor piezo/sensor de detonacin

Seal sensor de detonacin:


La seal es generada npor
la vibracin. La amplitud
depiende de la magnitud de
la vibracin.

1. Lo que se debe tener en cuenta al instalar el sensor?

El par de apriete/la superficie limpia del bloco.

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Sensores y actuadores

Sensor piezo/sensor de presin


Self-diagnosis range

1 Celula sensora
2 Presin de
medicin
3 Presin de
referencia

0 0

1 Gel
2 Presin aplicada

3 Presin de referencia
4 Chip
5 Base
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Sensores y actuadores

Sensor piezo/ultrasonido
1. Transmisor Piezo
3
2. Receptor Piezo
3. Obstculo
4. Seales transmitidas
5. Seales reflectidas
4

1 2

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Sensores y actuadores

Sensor piezo Ultrasonido

Seal salida sin deteccin de un objeto Seal salida con deteccin de un objecto

Seal salida Dimensin del


Distncia Objecto

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Sensores y actuadores

Sensor Capacitivo

Placa positiva

Placa negativa

Campo Electromagnetico

1. Qu factores determinan la capacitncia de las placas?


La dimensin de la placa, el efeito del campo electromagnetico y el voltage aplicado.

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Sensores y actuadores

Sensor Capacitivo/sensor de aceleracin transversal

Sensores capacitivos
pueden trabajar con
voltage DC o AC.
Con sensor de
aceleracin, lo que se
debe tener en cuenta
es la posicin de
montage.

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Sensores y actuadores

Sensor Capacitivo/ESP

Seal CAN como seal de salida

Seal analgico como seal de salida

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Sensores y actuadores

Sensor Capacitivo, sensor de aceite

A B C

El aceite es el
dielctrico. La
Duty cycle: composicin del aceite
asi que determina la
A: Seal temperatura de aceite
capacitncia.
B: Seal nvel de aceite
C: Seal calidad del aceite
Duty cycle 20% - 80%: Todos os valores reales Ok
Duty cycle > 80%: A = +160 C, B = > 80 mm, C = no plausibile
Duty cycle < 20%: A = - 40 C, B = < 0 mm, C = no plausible

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Sensores y actuadores

HFM 5

Perfil del temperatura


1 Sin flujo de aire

Con flujo de
aire
T
Diafragma
Sentido del flujo 0
Calentamiento
Elemento sensor
T1 T2
Base

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Sensores y actuadores

HFM 5

1 Sensor de temperatura
1 Celula de medicin 2 Alimentacin UV
2 Sensor 3 Masa
3 Base 4 Voltage de referencia 5 V
4 Hybrid cover 5 Seal UA.
5 Cobertura Hybrid Temperatura dependiente de la resistancia
6 Plug R Resistor de calefacin RH
7 O-ring U Voltage constante UK
8 Sensor de temperatura
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Sensores y actuadores

HFM 5

1. Dnde se puede encontrar los datos sobre el componente?


Instruciones SIS

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Sensores y actuadores

HFM 5

Diversos accionamientos: aceleracin OK Diversos accionamientos con restricin del filtro de aire

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Sensores y actuadores

HFM 6

Elemento de medicin

Descarga de particulas
/agua

Descarga de elemento Alta frecuencia Baja frecuencia

Splitter

Flujo de salida
Y1=2V

1. Cules son las diferencias con respecto al HFM 5?


Seal de salida y diseo del ducto de medicin.
Plena carga Ralent
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Sonda Lambda LSH


>300C
_ O2
_ O2
O2
_
Aire _ ZR O2 escape
_ O2
_ O2
O2
_ O2

- +
Mezcla pobre:Ions pasan del aire ambiente a travs de la cermica para
el gas de escape.
Haciendo que los electrons sean dispersos para la entrada de la
cermica. Esto produce el voltage en la superficie de la cermica.
>300C
O2 _
O2
_
O2
_
Aire ZR O2 _
_
Escape
O2
O2 _
O2 O2 _

+ -
Mezcla rica:Proceso al revs, solamente con distinta polaridad.

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Sonda Lambda LSH (Finger)

1. Cermica ZrO2 a. Mezcla rica


2. Electrodos b. Mezcla pobre
3. Contacto
4. Contacto de la carcasa
5. Tubo de escape
6. Capa Ceramic protective layer (porous)
7. Gas de escape 1. Cmo se produce el voltage de la sonda lambda?
8. Aire
Es generado por el flujo de ions.

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Sonda Lambda LSH

V
1

1 2 3 4 t

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Sonda Lambda LSH/particularidades

Tipos de masa:
Masa aislado
Masa aterrizado

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Sonda Lambda Planar LSF

1. Cable de conexin
1 = Lmina bomba 2. Cobertura de protecin
2 = Lmina Nernst
3 = Pasage de referencia 3. Elemento Planar

4 = Calefacin 4. Tubo de soporte cermico


5. Carcasa
6. Elemento de aislamiento cermico
7. Tubo de proteo

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Esquema elctrico sonda Lambda

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Sonda lambda banda ancha LSU


Sensor LSU4 Unidad de mando con IC CJ125 Corriente de bombeo

Testeo:
Diagnose gestin motor: Valores actuales, actuadores
Alimentacin calefactor
Voltage seal corriente de la bomba
Voltage seal resistor Trimming

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Sonda lambda banda ancha LSU

Resistor pr-calibrado

1. Cul es la funcin del resistor?


Calibracin del componente durante la produccin.

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Sonda lambda banda ancha LSU

1 Tensin Nersnt (+)


2 Corriente de comparacin
3 Positivo del calefactor
4 Negativo del calefactor
5 Negativo de la sonda
6 Corriente de bombeo

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Sonda lambda banda ancha LSU

1. Qu diagnstico o pruebas se aplica a este componente?


Voltage, resistencia, seal lambda, seal calefacin.

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Bobina con distribuidor de encendido

Bobina plstica

Bobina alfltica E K KW

1. Qu diagnstico o pruebas se aplica a este componente?


Voltage, resistencia 1 y 2, seal 1y 2, corriente de carga.

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Diagnstico

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Bobina doble chispa

Adaptacin primrio
y secundrio

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Bobina chispa individual

Adaptacin primrio
y secundrio

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Oscilograma de encendido

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Oscilograma de encendido

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Mdulo de encendido

1. Cul es la diferencia que hay entre los dos esquemas elctricos?


Uno posee el mdulo de encendido y el otro no.

2. Qu tipo de seal debe ser visualizado del mdulo de encendido?


Quadrada.

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Oscilograma de encendido

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Bobina

Tabla:

1. Cul es el equipo apropiado para la medicin?


Pinza de corriente.
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Vlvula de inyeccin

EV1

EV6

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Vlvula de inyeccin

Caractersticas distintivas

Mecnicas: Tamao/tipo, forma de rociado,


Cantidad de orificios
Elctricas: Resistencia interna

Qu tipo de reparacin es posible?


O-Rings, capa de proteccin, filtro, limpieza
EV6
Comprobacin de las vlvulas:
multifuros
resistencia elctrica
rociado, comparacin de caudal

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Vlvula de inyeccin

Seal: conmutador de
encendido

Borne 18 a Masa
desconexin

Duracin de inyeccin ti
1. Cmo se debe conectar el osciloscopio para medir la seal ti?
......en relacin a la masa
2. Qu funciones de la UC se puede deducir de la seal ti?
ti de arranque en fro/caliente, aceleracin, corte de combustible marcha de empuje,
correccin Lambda, correccin ti en funcin de tensin de la batera.
3.Cmo puede ser detectado una resistencia de paso en la conexin Masa/positivo?
Forma de onda y tensin en la lnea de base
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Control de ralent

1. Cules son los posibles fallos ?


Elctrica/mecnica.
2. Qu tipo de seal se utiliza?
Quadrada (Pulse).
3. Cmo son conocidos?
1 bobina/ 2 bobinas/ motor rotativo+resort.

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Medicin del atuador de ralent (pulse)

50%

50%

20%

80%

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Purga del canister

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Purga del canister

1. Cules son los posibles fallos ?


Elctrica/mecnica.
2. Qu tipos de electro - vlvulas se puede utilizar?
Abierta/cerrada.
3. Cul es la tensin de trabajo?
+- 14V.
4. Lo que significa emisiones evaporativas?
La emisin del HC generado dentro del depsito.
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Sensores y actuadores

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