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Displacements
1 = angle of twist per unit length (rad/in)
= 1z = angle of twist at station z (radians)
y
Arc = 1z
P(x,y)
v P
1z u
z
1
Displacements (Cont.)
By similar triangles,
1z
y v
x u
sin = y / u = 1zsin
cos = x / v = 1zcos
u = 1zy
v = 1zx
w = f(x,y)
Strains
u v u
x = =0 xy = + = 1z + 1z = 0
x x y
v w v w
y = =0 yz = + = 1x
y y z x
w w u w
z = =0 zx = + = + 1y
z x z x
2
Stresses
Sx = S y = Sz = Sxy = 0
w
Szy = G zy = G 1x
y
w
Szx = G zx = G + 1y
x
Equations of Equilibrium
S zx Szy Sz
+ + =0
x y z
S zx Szy
+ =0
x y
3
Differential Equation for w
Substitute Szx and Szy,
2 w 2 w
G 2 +G 2 =0
x y
2 w 2 w
2 + 2 =0
x y
Or 2 w = 0 This equation represents the
warped surface (Reference: Den
Hartog, p. 31).
4
Stress Function and its
Differential Equation (Cont.)
The previous equation is the criteria for continuity
of a function. We can think of (x,y) as
representing a surface over the cross section of the
bar.
A) The slope of the surface in the x direction
represents the shear stress Szy normal to x.
Similarly for y direction.
B) It can be proved that the shear stress SzT normal
to the n direction is equal to the slope of the
surface in the n direction.
Proof: P(x+x,y+y)
n
P(x,y) y
x
x
Slope /n
5
Stress Function and its
Differential Equation (Cont.)
(x + x,y + y) (x,y)
= lim
n n0 n
(x + x,y + y) (x,y + y) x
= lim
n x0 x n
(x,y + y) (x,y) y
+ lim
y0 y n
x y
= cos ; = sin
n n
= cos + sin
n x y
Direction n
B
C
A Direction of
/y max slope
x
O /x
Line of zero slope
6
Stress Function and its
Differential Equation (Cont.)
Projection of OA on n direction is OB
OB = OA cos = OC + CB
d d
OA cos = cos + sin
dx dy
OA cos =
n
Direction n
B
/n
A Slope
/y vector
90
90
x
Szx = -/y O /x
7
Stress Function and its
Differential Equation (Cont.)
OA = ( ) ( )
2
x + 2
y
Ss = ( ) +( )
2
x
2
y
Ss = OA
Ssn = Ss cos Ssn =
n
= OAcos = Ss cos
n n
x
Zero slope direction
Max slope direction
8
Stress Function and its
Differential Equation (Cont.)
Since we know there is no shear stress on the outer
surface, there is no shear stress normal to the
boundary meaning that the boundary is a contour
line. Thus
= Constant
Choose zero for the constant
=0
9
Stress Function and its
Differential Equation (Cont.)
The w surface is continuous, or
2 w 2 w
=
xy yx
1 1
+ 1x = 1y
x G x y G y
1 2 1 2
+ 1 = 1
G x 2 G y 2
2 2
+ = 2G1 Or 2 = 2G1
x 2 y 2
Torque as a Function of
y
Szy Mt
Szx
(
M t = Szx ydA Szy xdA )
10
Torque as a Function of (Cont.)
M t = y x dxdy
y x
M t = y dxdy x dxdy
y x
Now use integration by parts on each integral
A C
M t = y dy dx x dx dy
B D
M t = [y A A y B B dy ]dx
[ x C C x D D dx ]dy
y y A.B.C.D are on
boundary
A
D C
x x
B
11
Torque as a Function of (Cont.)
A = B = C = D = 0
M t = dy dx + dx dy
M t = 2 dz dy = 2 Vol under surface
Since v v
F = kx
We can also write
M t = C1
C is called torsional stiffness constant.
Summary - Torsion
2 2
2 + 2 = = 2G1
2
x y
with = 0 on boundary
Then
Szx = Szy =
y x
M t = 2 dx dy = C1
12