GROUNDWATER

101 :

by:
DR. SAIM SURATMAN
 O li
Outline

1. Groundwater General
2. Groundwater: What?
3. Groundwater: Why?
4. Future in groundwater development
 O li
Outline

1. Groundwater General
2. Groundwater: What?
3. Groundwater: Why?
4. Future in groundwater development
 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Amstterdam
An
ntwerp
Barrcelona
Berlin
Brrussels
Vienna
V
Ha
amburg

100%
Gllasgow
Copen
nhagen
Libson
London
L
Madrid
M
Moscow
M
Munich
M

100%
Paris
Rottterdam
Zurich
Tokyo
Towns in the World

Chicago
C
Water Supply Sources of Large

Groundwater(%)
Surfacewater(%)
Water Abstraction in Europe
 COMPARISON ENERGYVSWATER
ENERGY:FuelMixInGeneration WATER:SourceofPublicWaterSupply
Malaysia
Groundwater
(AirTanah)
(MLD)
162.3
ggas 1 20%
1.20%

coal
AirTanah(MLD)
hydro

AirPermukaan(MLD)
otherformsof
fuel
SurfaceWater
(AirPermukaan)
(MLD)
13330.6
98.80%
 O li
Outline

1. Groundwater General
2. Groundwater: What?
3. Groundwater: Why?
4. Future in groundwater development
What is Groundwater
Groundwater is water
that is found
underground occupying
all the voids in cracks
and spaces in soil, sand
and rocks.
The area where water
fills these spaces is called
the saturated zone of
a geologic formation.
The top of this zone is
called the water
table. The water table
may be only a meter
below the ground
 Groundwater Occurrences

(a) sand (b) rock fractures, and (c) rock solution cavities (limestone)

Unconsolidated rocks: Consolidated rocks: Consolidated rocks:

Pore
Porespaces
spaces Fractures Karsts(
Karsts(enlarged
enlarged fractures)
Largestorage Smallstorage Largestorage
 GENERAL FACTS AND CONCEPTS
ABOUT GROUND WATER
Groundwateroccursalmosteverywherebeneaththelandsurface.
Naturalsourcesoffreshwaterthatbecomegroundwaterare:
1. arealrechargefromprecipitationthatpercolatesthroughthe
g p p p g
unsaturatedzonetothewatertable(Figure)and
2. lossesofwaterfromstreamsandotherbodiesofsurfacewatersuchas
lakesandwetlands.
Ground water commonly is an important source of surface water
Groundwatercommonlyisanimportantsourceofsurfacewater.
Groundwaterservesasalargesubsurfacewaterreservoir.
GENERAL FACTS AND CONCEPTS
ABOUT GROUND WATER
Velocitiesofgroundwaterflow
generallyarelowandareordersof
ll l d d f
magnitudelessthanvelocitiesof
streamflow.
Undernaturalconditions,groundwater
Under natural conditions ground water
movesalongflowpathsfromareasof GroundwaterFlow
rechargetoareasofdischargeatsprings
oralongstreams,lakes,andwetlands.
Pumpinggroundwaterfromawell
alwayscauses(1)adeclineinground
waterlevels(heads;seeFigure)atand
near the well, and (2) a diversion to the
nearthewell,and(2)adiversiontothe
pumpingwellofgroundwaterthatwas
movingslowlytoitsnatural,possibly
distant,areaofdischarge.
 Published:TuesdayJuly27,2010MYT2:52:00PM
Updated:TuesdayJuly27,2010MYT4:12:16PM
P Sgors plantousealternatewatersourcesnot
R sustainable: Chin
sustainable:Chin
E ByDHARMENDERSINGH
PUTRAJAYA:TheSelangorgovernmentsplantousealternativewatersourceslikelakesandundergroundwater
J doesnotmakesensebecausetheyarenotsustainableandcannotprovidesupplyallyearround,saidEnergy,
Green Technology and Water Minister Datuk SeriPeterChin.
GreenTechnologyandWaterMinisterDatuk Seri Peter Chin.
U Headdedthatittooktimeforlakesandundergroundsources
D tobuildtheirwatervolumeand,therefore,mightnotbeabletoreplacequicklythe
amountsiphonedouttowatertreatmentplants.
I
STARONLINE,WednesdayMay19,2010
C Preserveundergroundwater,sayslecturer
E UNDERGROUND water should be left for future generations
UNDERGROUNDwatershouldbeleftforfuturegenerations,
auniversityprofessorrecentlysaid.
Universiti Sains MalaysiaSchoolofHumanitieslecturerProfDrChanNgai Weng saidsurfacewaterwasstilladequateif
measuresweretakentominimise waterwastage.

UM ARKIB : 30/09/2009
Lindungi sumber air bawah tanah semula jadi kita
PERSATUAN Air Selangor, Kuala Lumpur dan Putrajaya (SWAn) bersetuju dengan pandangan Presiden FOMCA, Datuk N. Marimuthu
yang membantah projek pembangunan sumber air bawah tanah di Batang Padang, Perak yang dicadangkan oleh Sime Darby Berhad.

Eksploitasi sumber air mentah telah diketahui akan memberi kesan

buruk terhadap ekosistem dan juga alam sekitar di Malaysia
Malaysia. Antara
A t impak
i k
negatifnya ialah ia akan mengakibatkan penenggelaman tanah, berlakunya penyusupan air laut ke dalam sumber air bawah tanah atau
sumber air permukaan serta penurunan paras air atau kadar aliran masuk.
Terbukti pengekstrakan air bawah tanah secara berleluasa juga akan menurunkan dasar sungai-sungai dan tasik-tasik yang menjurus
kepada lenyapnya sumber-sumber semula jadi kawasan tadahan air Malaysia. Bahkan landskap pertanian Malaysia iaitu tanam-
tanaman juga akan terjejas kerana perubahan mendadak di dalam sistem sumber air bawah tanah semula jadi ini.
 NEGATIVE PERCEPTION OR
MISCONCEPTION ABOUT GROUNDWATER
Groundwaterisalimitedresource
Groundwater is a limited resource
Unreliable
Polluted
Difficulttoextract
Expensivetodevelop
Difficulttomaintain
ff l
Givesnegativeimpacttotheenvironment
Groundwater flows in underground river and stored
Groundwaterflowsinundergroundriverandstored
instorageliketanksfilledwithwater
Noconnectionwithsurfacewater
 FACTS
ByREGINALEE
regina@thestar.com.my |Apr13,2012

Groundwatertobetappedforsustainable
pp
supply
KUALA LUMPUR: Groundwater will be tapped in
KUALALUMPUR:Groundwaterwillbetappedin
ordertohaveamoresustainablewatersupply
for the future
forthefuture.
NaturalResourcesandEnvironmentMinisterDatuk SeriDouglasUggah Embas saidthe
Governmenthadtolookatnewwaterresourcesduetowatershortages.
Climatechangebringsaboutalotofuncertaintyanditmayaffectthewatersupply.Thewater
g g y y pp y
fromsomeriversisjusttoopollutedsowearestudyingifgroundwatercanbeexploited,he
saidduringthelaunchoftheMalaysianInstituteofGeologists(IGM)OutreachProgramme
20122013hereyesterday.
Uggah saidthemovetowardsgroundwaterinsteadoftraditionalrainwatercatchment
said the move towards groundwater instead of traditional rainwater catchment
mechanismswasoutlinedintheNationalWaterResourcesPolicylaunchedlastmonthby
DeputyPrimeMinisterTanSriMuhyiddin Yassin.
 Map of
Tubewell
Distribution
i Selangor
in S l
 Large capacity wells
Opening
O i ceremony byb The
Th
Honourable Minister at the Dengkil
groundwater scheme in Selangor

16 Mld well (Banting)

14 Mld well (Olak Lempit)

 Hydrological
y g Cycle
y

Surface and groundwater are often a single resource

and all water is all interconnected!
 Hydrogeological Diversity

Hardrock aquifer Alluvialaquifer

Configuration of Water Table
in a Humid climate
Types of aquifers
and wells
 GROUNDWATER MYTHS
MYTH:GROUNDWATERISOUTOFSIGHT,OUTOFMIND.
Fact:Yes.OutsideKelantan.Notso.MostpeopleinKelantangettheir
drinking water from groundwater
drinkingwaterfromgroundwater.
Themajorityofbottledwatercompaniesusegroundwatersources.
Itisgroundwaterthatmaintainsthebaseflowstostreamsandrivers
andiscriticaltothehealthofmanywetlandsinthestate.
d l h h lh f l d h
Itisalsonotoutofmindwhengroundwaterrelatedagenciesare
managingthesustainableuseoftheresource
MYTH:SURFACEWATERANDGROUNDWATERARETWO
SEPARATEWATERS.
Fact:
Fact:Thatisjustplainnotso.Groundwaterandsurfacewaterneedto
That is just plain not so Groundwater and surface water need to
beseenasawholeentityinconstantinteraction,notasindependent,
separatedresources.Groundwaterandsurfacewatermingleand
interchange,perhapsseveraltimesinthewater'sjourney.
g ,p p j y
 Interaction between surface and groundwater

Although
g we normallyy observe our
surface water system, we MUST
recognise that surface and groundwater
are often a SINGLE RESOURCE
Anyy policy
p y developed
p for water
management must treat water as a
UNITARY resource
Surface and groundwater flows and the
services theyyp
provide should be
considered in an INTEGRATED and
HOLISTIC way.
 O li
Outline

1. Groundwater General
2. Groundwater: What?
3. Groundwater: Why?
4. Future in groundwater development
Groundwater Utilisations

Public Water Supply Private

Industrial Agriculture
 Source of Public Water Supply in
K l
Kelantan
PenggunaanAirTanahdanAir
PermukaandiKelantan

AirTanah
47%
AirPermukaan
53%

Totalgroundwaterproductionin
data source: SPAN Kelantan (19902010)
Kelantan(1990 2010)
data source: AKSB
Tapping groundwater Typical Pumping Well Design
Tapping groundwater Plenty of water
 GROUNDWATER DEVELOPMENT
Reducedependenceononly1(one)sourceofwater
Providereliablesourceoflocalwater(avoidwaterimport)
( p )
Reducedependenceonimportedwater
Groundwaterasasourceofsupply
9 Onlyoptionpossible(alternative)
9 Mostfavourablealternative intermoftechnical,
economic & environment conditions
economic&environmentconditions
9 Mostsuitablequalityforuse requirementofcertain
qualities
9 Toincreasewatersupplyguarantee(supplementary)
T i t l t ( l t )
conjunctiveuse
9 Duringemergencyorperiodofdrought crisisdriven
 BENEFITS OF GROUNDWATER
DEVELOPMENT
development in simple stages. This allows for a better fit
between demand and supply, progressive financing and the
payment of works from revenues of the project already
fi i h d
finished;
low capital expenditure, however, exploration cost could be
higher
little surface area (small foot print);
local manpower can be used, maintenance cost are low and
may be solved locally & contribute to the development of the
area;
water resources availability increased by evaporation
reduction;
the lowering of groundwater levels allow for valuable
utilisation of shallow groundwater,
groundwater less evaporation;
groundwater is in most instances suitable for human
consumption and safe without or with only simple treatment,
hence,, lower treatment cost;;
water close to user, thus saving costly water lines; and
complex and sometimes unfair subsidising can be avoided.
 CONJUNCTIVE USE OF SURFACE AND
GROUNDWATER

Conjunctiveuseisthecoordinatedmanagementofsurfaceand
groundwater resources taking advantage of their
groundwaterresources,takingadvantageoftheir
complementaryproperties.
Bothsurfaceandgroundwaterstorageareusedtoredistribute
waterintimetomatchsupplyanddemands.However,surface
andgroundwaterstoragedifferinstoragecapacity,rechargeand
depletion rates capital and operation costs and constraints
depletionrates,capitalandoperationcostsandconstraints.
SOLUTION: Conjunctive
use of surface water and
groundwater
 Conjunctive
use
(a)urbanwatersupply
and(b)irrigated
agriculturewithevolution
fromunplannedor
spontaneous occurrence
spontaneousoccurrence
toplanneddevelopment

Advantage of Conjunctive use

Conjunctive use of surface water and groundwater combines the
advantage of groundwater storage with surface water system and
serves as both corrective and remedial measures for efficient water
33
management and use.
CONJUNCTIVE USE OF SURFACE AND
GROUNDWATER

CaliforniaCentralValley

C lif i
California
 UNDESIRABLE EFFECTS OF
GROUNDWATER OVER
OVER-EXPLOITATION
EXPLOITATION
UndesirableEffects
groundwaterlevellowering;
springandriverflowdiminution;
Dryingofwetlands;
degradation of groundwater quality either salinity increase or the
degradationofgroundwaterquality,eithersalinityincreaseorthe
increaseofcertainundesirableconstituents;
landsurfacechangesintheformofgeneralisedorlocalland
subsidence or ground collapse
subsidence,orgroundcollapse.
CauseofOverexploitation
theignoranceofwhatishappeningandthenegligenceingettingthe
needed data to correctly evaluate the hydrogeological and economic
neededdatatocorrectlyevaluatethehydrogeologicalandeconomic
situation
Irresponsibleoveractingofwaterauthorities,especiallywhentheyare
poo y o ed o ac o sc e t c tec ca s to e a uate t e
poorlyinformedorlackofscientifictechnicalskilltoevaluatethe
physicalproblem
 GROUNDWATER:
a manageable resource

Basic means of managing

g g groundwater
g
Control of extraction
Protection from contamination
 O li
Outline

1. Groundwater General
2. Groundwater: What?
3. Groundwater: Why?
4. Future in groundwater development
EvolutionofGroundwater
Technology
Future in groundwater development

Subsurface Dam

PERMEABLE LAYER

IMPERMEABLE LAYER
UNDERGROUND DAM

Figure 5: Schematic Diagram Of Underground Dam

 Artificial recharge
Methods:

induced infiltration,
infiltration bank
filtration & river releases

pond infiltration,
percolation tanks,
soil aquifer treatment

aquifer
if storage
t
and recovery (ASR
= single well) &
multiple wells
Artificial recharge
Methods:

Rechargedam,Wadi alFara,
Oman

Retention of flood water to

recharge groundwater
Bank Infiltration/Infiltration gallery
Bank Infiltration/Infiltration gallery
 BankInfiltration RAW
Q
WaterQuality y

Langat

Jeli
Parameter SungaiLangat Groundwater
pH 6.7 7.1
Turbidity(NTU) 328.0 14.0
Conductivity
211 94
S/cm
Parameter SungaiJeli Groundwater
N03 (mg/l) 9.1 1.12
pH 6.47 5.54
>2420
T t l C lif
TotalColiform <1 MPN/100 l
<1MPN/100ml T bidi (NTU)
Turbidity(NTU) 447 7 97
7.97
MPN/100ml
E.coli 1414MPN/100ml <1MPN/100ml
 RBFSites

RBF in Australia
afterThomasGrischek
 DOWEREALLYNEEDGROUNDWATER?
1. Groundwater as a source of supply
9 Only
y option
p possible
p
9 Most favourable alternative in term of technical,
economic & environment conditions
9 Most suitable quality for use requirement of certain
qualities
9 To increase water supply guarantee conjunctive
use
9 During emergency or period of drought crisis
driven
2 Groundwater as a means of improving water
2.
management
9 To improve management in IWRM
9 Use of water reserves within aquifers
 Future of g
groundwater in Malaysia
y
1. Groundwater as a source of supply
9 Only option possible
9 Most favourable alternative in term of technical,
economic & environment conditions
9 Most suitable quality for use requirement of certain
qualities
9 To increase water supply guarantee conjunctive
use
9 During emergency or period of drought crisis
driven
2 Groundwater
2. G d t as a means off improving
i i water
t
management
9 To improve management in IWRM
9 Use of water reserves within aquifers
LARGE SCALE Public Water Supply

Source:AKSB
LARGE SCALE Public Water Supply

Source:AKSB
 Inundation(floodingofinhabited,orgood
d i (fl di f i h bi d d SSmallfootprint;
ll f i
agriculturalland)e.g.Sg.Selangordam betterwaterquality;
600hectares/6sqkm(3%ofcatchment local
area))

ALTERNATIVELY

Advantages
Ad t off groundwater
d t over surface
f water
t
resource:
Dams are extremely expensive to Its supplies are not subjected to abrupt
build change as a result of abnormal weather
The flooding of large areas of land Cheaper to develop: unpolluted, no or
means that
th t the
th natural
t l environment
i t l
less t
treatment
t t before
b f use and
d developed
d l d
is destroyed stage by stage
People living in villages and towns Can often be tapped near to where it is
that are in the valley to be flooded, needed, and
must move out. Does not require large impounding area.
Problem:

Solution:
developsustainablegroundwater