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ndice
Title Page 2
Dedication 3
Contenido 4
PREFACIO 6
INTRODUCCIN : HACIA UN NUEVO TIPO DE
11
IGLESIA
PRIMERA PARTE : COMUNIDAD Y ENCUENTROS 23
CAPTULO 1 : RECONFIGURACIN DE LA IGLESIA COMO
24
ORGANISMO
CAPTULO 2 : RECONFIGURACIN DE LA REUNIN DE LA
43
IGLESIA
CAPTULO 3 : RECONFIGURACIN DE LA CENA DEL
68
SEOR
CAPTULO 4 : RECONFIGURACIN DEL LUGAR DE
79
REUNIN
CAPTULO 5 : RECONFIGURACIN DE LA FAMILIA DE
93
DIOS
CAPTULO 6 : RECONFIGURACIN DE LA UNIDAD DE LA
113
IGLESIA
CAPTULO 7 : LA PRCTICA DE LA IGLESIA Y EL
132
PROPSITO ETERNO DE DIOS
SEGUNDA PARTE : LIDERAZGO Y RENDICIN DE
148
CUENTAS
CAPTULO 8 : RECONFIGURACIN DEL LIDERAZGO 149
CAPTULO 9 : RECONFIGURACIN DE LA SUPERVISIN 162
CAPITULO 10 : RECONFIGURACIN DE LA TOMA DE
186
DECISIONES
CAPTULO 11 : RECONFIGURACIN DE LA COBERTURA

346
ESPIRITUAL 198
CAPITULO 12: RECONFIGURACIN DE LA AUTORIDAD Y
205
LA SUMISIN
CAPTULO 13 : RECONFIGURACIN DE LA COBERTURA
228
DENOMINACIONAL
CAPTULO 14 : RECONFIGURACIN DE LA TRADICIN
241
APOSTLICA
CAPTULO 15 : A DNDE VAMOS A PARTIR DE AQU? 255
APNDICE : OBJECIONES Y RESPUESTAS CON
285
RESPECTO AL LIDERAZGO
NOTAS 313
BIBLIOGRAFA 329
About the Author 336
Praise 337
Copyright 342
About the Publisher 343
Share Your Thoughts 344

347

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