RESEARCH ASSIGNMENT

SUBJECT- BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT

SUBJECT CODE- BBA 204

SUBMITTED TO Ms. JYOTI GUPTA

SUBMITTED BY- Pankaj Goyal

ENROLLMENT NO. - 02480301714

[BBA-II SEM-IV, BATCH: 2014-17]

RUKMINI DEVI INSTITUTE OF ADVANCED STUDIES

NAAC Accredited, A Grade

Category A+ Institute

An ISO 9001:2008 Certified Institute

Approved by AICTE, HRD Ministry, Govt. of India

Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Delhi 2A & 2B, Madhuban chowk,
Outer Ring Road, Phase-I, Delhi-110085
 QUESTION

India is the world's fifth-largest producer of global warming gas and emissions (USA
leads the race). The problem of pollution is more severe in big cities like Mumbai,
Delhi, Kolkata and Chennai. In India, urban areas are more developed and
industrialized than the rural areas, and this attracts still more people to the urban
areas. Thus there is more pressure on facilities like transport services, housing and
drainage facilities, as well as more production of other goods required by the urban
population, which in turn results in the release of large amounts of wastes and
pollutants.
3.1 Suggest some measures that can be taken to control pollution in major cities in
India.

2 Discuss the reasons for increasing pollution in the major cities of India.
3 Also comment on the Delhi Governments scheme of odd-even number cars on
the road.
Some of the effective and practical control measures for minimizing
environmental pollution are outlined below:

1. Combustible solid wastes should be burnt in incinerators. This method does not solve the
problem in a real sense because in this, solid waste is being converted into gaseous wastes
causing air pollution. Unless it is properly controlled, incineration may cause more nuisance.

2. Solid organic wastes including faecal matter and wastes from tanneries should be
converted into compost manure at the places far away from the cities and human dwellings.
The composting should be done in pits or in heaps adequately covered with layers of soil at
least 8-10 cm thick to prevent fly breeding and rat menace which are important carriers of
various diseases.

3. Non-combustible solid waste materials like ash, rubbish, tins, glass pieces if not
recoverable for usual purposes should be disposed of by landfill method in low-lying areas.

4. Anaerobic septic tank treatment can be used for individual houses or small communities.
Besides, aerobic biological treatment systems including trickling filters, activated sludge
treatment and oxidation ponds can also be used for liquid wastes or sewage disposal.

5. Automobiles must be either made to eliminate use of gasoline and diesel oil or complete
combustion is obtained in the engine so that noxious compounds are not emitted. The
automobiles, trucks and other transport systems must have an antismog device. In some
countries factories are using devices like scrubbers, cyclone separators or electrostatic
precipitators to minimize pollution.

6. There should be cut back in the use of fertilizers, herbicides, pesticides and other
agrochemicals as far as possible.

7. Excessive and undesirable burning of vegetation should be stopped.

8. Sponges and towels should be used in place of paper towels and also the use of paper cups
and plates and similar materials should be stopped.

9. Little use of electric appliances and motor-nm appliances will reduce thermal pollution.
10. Washing soda and scouring pad should be used instead of detergents.

11. Waste management is based on principle of 3Rs i.e. Reduce, Recycle and Reuse. Used
boxes, bags, plastics and bottles should be reused whenever possible.

12. Since about 40% of the phosphates in water pollution comes from detergent, it has been
suggested that only detergents low in phosphates should be used.

13. Shampoos, lotions and similar products should not be bought in plastic bottles. It has
recently been suggested that use of plastic containers and glasses may cause cancer.

14. Smoking should be stopped (there is 5, 00,000 tonnes tobacco pollution annually).

15. Proper attention should be given by the government to make people realize the
implications of environmental problem,

16. Legislation against pollution should be strictly implemented.

17. International action is needed to deal with the problems presented by highly toxic
pollutants like lead, mercury, organ chlorine pesticides released in to the atmosphere and
carried far beyond the country of origin as well as carried down to the sea by rivers.
Successful action to improve environmental qualities depends mainly on the acceptance by
industry and local authorities of the need to reduce greatly both quantities and toxicity of
certain wastes at present being discharged into the sea and the modernization and expansion
of sewage disposal systems.

18. Environmental education is the best programme to deal with the environmental problems.
It is most fundamental in our efforts to combat and control pollution, over-population and
misuse of natural resources.
The main causes of pollution are :

1. Sewage :

The household sewage usually is taken to and fall in rivers, large tanks and lakes. Urine has
urea which produces ammonia by hydrolysis. It is also produced by decay of other
nitrogenous substances present in sewage. Thus water gets polluted giving rise to foul smell
and becomes useless for drinking and bathing purposes because it may cause various skin
diseases.

2. Household detergents:

There are such chemicals which are used for washing clothes, clearing bathrooms, hospitals,
etc. These include soaps, surf, nirma, fab etc. Because they are not completely oxidised, they
produce CO2, alcohol and organic acids which pollute water and harm living organisms.

3. Pesticides :

These chemicals are sprayed on fields, garden, sewage outlets to kill rats and insects. These
chemicals are gases, liquids or solids. DOT is a white coloured substance used to kill insects,
flies and worms. SO2 is a colourless gas used to kill insects. Formaldehyde, chlorine, carbolic
acid, phenyl, potassium permagnate are other such substances. Lime is used for whitewash of
buildings and sewage outlets to kill insects and worms, Bleaching powder (a mixture of
chlorine and lime) is used to purify water reservoirs and wells.

These chemicals may become more harmful than useful because they kill many animals that
feed upon plants and small animals upon which these chemicals were sprayed. Chemicals
which are sprayed by helicopter to kill mosquitos etc. may cause death of many fishes and
herbs. Also small insects, earthworms and fungi may be killed due to which fertility of soil is
reduced. Pesticides may also cause genetic defects.

4. Weedicides :

2,4,-D; 2,4,5-T and other weedicides get mixed with the soil and cause soil pollution.
5. Smoke :

Smoke released from industrial plants, fuel and railway engines cause air pollution. Smoke
mostly consists of CO2 and water vapour. Along with these carbon monoxide and other
carbon containing compounds, nitrogen are also present which cause air pollution if their
amount increases. These cause respiratory trouble and ill effects on eye.

6. Automobile exhausts :

Jet planes, tractors, motor, buses and scooters etc in which petrol, diesel and kerosine is burnt
produce different gases which are cause of air pollution.

7. Chemical discharge from industries :

Industrial effluents decreases oxygen in water. The amount of chlorides, nitrates and
sulphates increases. By discharge of effluents into rivers most rivers of country become
polluted and water becomes toxic to fishes and aquatic plants. Lead, Zinc and Iron
compounds specially contribute to the pollution.

8. Decay and putrefaction of household wastes and dead bodies :

With death of animals, certain anaerobic bacteria putrefy the dead body as a result of which
ammonia and H2S are produced giving foul smell. This causes air pollution.

9. Radioactive substance :

This topic has already been discussed in section of radioactive pollution.

10. Biopollutants :

Some of the allergic diseases like asthma, common cold, eczema and other skin ailments are
caused by biological organisms like fungal spores, pollen, bacteria. Some higher plants that
are allergic are, kikar, mulberry, castor (Ricinus), carrot weed (Parthenium) and Chilbil
(Holoptelea).
ODD EVEN

Delhi governments odd-even number scheme comes to an end today. Like most policy
decisions in this country these days, the scheme will be declared a success or a failure
depending not necessarily on the ground realities but on the political affiliations of those
pronouncing the judgement. But let us try and take an objective look at what the 15 day
experiment achieved.

Were there less cars on the roads?

Yes, comparatively, but there were still too many cars around.

Were there as many traffic jams as there normally are?

An unequivocal NO!

Almost empty roads at Dhaula Kuan ring road during odd-even rule in Delhi on Thusday

Was there lesser pollution? Well, the answer to this question is genuinely not easy
because:

1. Vehicular pollution is, perhaps, not the main contributor in Delhi.

2. The number of vehicles is far too high, and add to that those that enter Delhi from the
adjoining cities of Gurgaon, Faridabad, Ghaziabad, Noida, even with just an odd or even
number, there are still far more than a city should have running on the roads at any time.

3. Most of the pollution meter still showed PM (particulate matter) levels way above
permissible limits

4. Having said that, however, the very fact that thousands of vehicles were not stranded in
long jams as they idled their engines, spewing toxic/noxious emissions in the air, means it is
that much less pollution.

5. So, irrespective of what the pollution meters say, or even those who have decided that the
move was a failure, the scheme would have had a positive impact. It may not be significant,
but to say that it has had zilch impact is being mulish.
Should this move be made permanent?

Left to me, I would perhaps impose far stricter conditions than just the odd-even scheme, for
we seem to take things for granted and always expect the other to do right so that my future is
secure. However, there were several things that can be done to make it better, such as:

1. Despite having the best metro network in the country, the system is not able to cater to the
scale of people who commute on a daily basis

Commuters at Rajiv Chowk metro station during odd-even rule in Delhi

2. Increasing the number of buses is not easy because the road space is limited. Of course,
you could say that the if more people shed cars for public transport, it automatically would
leave more space for the buses. After all, the space occupied by a bus to transport X number
of people is a fraction of what would be required if the same number were using private cars,
and worse if they werent pooling.

3. Car-pooling obviously is a great idea and people must do it themselves. I am fine if they do
it for economic reasons alone, because that too helps cut pollution. The administration should
also incentivize those who car pool. If there are five people in a car, dont penalize them. Be
happy so many are going together. In fact, if car-pooling were to pick up, there would be no
real need to implement this odd-even scheme. But for that to happen, there has to be an
attitudinal change as well.

4. DO AWAY with so many exemptions. The more the exemptions, the more the chances of
them being misused. Although it was heartening to see a big percentage of people following
rules, the exemptions always leave room for misuse.

a. Most of the places that still saw jams during the past 15 days, it was where they were
stopping cars for violation. The number of exemptions being so high, each had to be heard,
then there were arguments, resulting in vehicles getting piled up.

Enhance fines, but their implementation should be monitored, for the general belief, as some
say thumb-rule is, higher the fine, greater the bribe rate. Something I wrote about a few
weeks ago in a post Crooked enforcement wont clean Delhis environment, your own will
would

5. Promote electric cars, taxis. Reduce duties on such cars. Make it easier for citizens to
buy/avail them. Give preference to such cars on roads. Incentivise their use by making
parking free, charging points all over, etc.

What else to do to reduce pollution?

There is a lot that has been written about and is documented, but if I were to be asked what
comes to my mind straight away, I would think of the following:

1. Promote Non-Motorised-Transport for short commutes. This is something that is so simple

and easy. Far too many people use cars to commute short distances. They could easily switch
to using public transport, or even bicycles. Sure, many find it unsafe, but that is something
that the local administration has to work at

a. Why cant there be dedicated bike lanes?

b. Of course, in this country, even where there are such lanes, they are taken up by cars and if
there are shops on the roads, then they are used as parking for their customers.

2. So, build cycle tracks and ensure they are reserved for them alone. Once that is done, we
could promote them using innovative schemes and concepts like what a few in Gurgaon and
Noida do #Pedal2WorkChallenge. It is like the#IceBucketChallenge of last year, where,
anyone who undertook and completed it challenged five others. This, with cycling has
resulted in at least 100 in Gurgaons IT hub take up the challenge in the past two months.

3. Set up bike stations which lets you pick up bikes from point A and drop it at Point B or C
or D, for a small fee. For this scheme to succeed, though, the government would need to
provide subsidies. Mind you, these subsidies would be far less than what you actually dole
out for automobiles in one form or the other.

4. Ensure roads are well-maintained. So many places witness jams because a sudden poor
stretch slows everyone. During peak hours, it can result in jams that can be a KM long
5. Ensure builders and contractors do not allow construction dust to fly around. They can
keep the surroundings wet, or under cover. It is common knowledge that a significant portion
of PM is due to construction related dust.

6. Ensure people drive sanely, follow rules. I have always wondered why we just cant
introspect and do it right ourselves. Poor driving etiquette results in so many avoidable
situations. Of course, the authorities who dole out driving licenses to even a cow or a cat,
need to be taken to task as well. Someone has to instill fear in them. Right now they think
they are untouchable, as even those who have to prosecute them are involved.

7. Bolster public transport.

8. Do all that is mentioned above under Should this move be made permanent?

In the final analyses, Delhi government deserves credit for thinking of the scheme. If nothing
else, it made all others sit up and take notice. The very fact that several other state/city
administrations, across political spectrum, are willing to experiment with the scheme shows
that all realise the importance of steps to control pollution. However, all of it would succeed
only if we ourselves recognize the gravity of the situation and change ourselves.
Governments can only do as much, we ourselves have to understand that for our own good,
and for the good of our kids and future generations, we have to change. Endure some
hardships, if needed, but unless we do so, we would make this planet, the only one we have,
un-livable for ourselves.
Originality Report

Plagiarism Detected
Originality:80%
This paper may be original. The percentage of
original content in this paper is 80%.

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