Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • Wind Example

    Uploaded by

    Mohamed
    29 views15 pages
    Wind to Eurocode

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document
    Wind to Eurocode

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    29 views15 pages

    Wind Example

    Uploaded by

    Mohamed
    Wind to Eurocode

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 15
    Lag Design of Structural Elemenus to Eurocodes Equation (5.1) 4) CoC. 54 = (0,698 X 1,0. 1,0 x 0,405) = 0,281 Nim? 82> fiat) CoCr St = (0.8 X 1,0 x 1,0 0,405) = 0,324 KNim? The left-hand roof slope area for the snow load A.goq1 = (4,0 x 20,0) = 80.0 m? Ego = (8% Aanow) = (0.281 80,0) = 22.48 KN (6.0.x 20,0) = 120,0 m? 38,88 KN ‘The right-hand roof slope area for the snow load sy Foon = (8 % Aon) = (0,324 % 12,0) 38 884N 22.48 KN stereo TTT Figure 5.9(b) ‘The reader should complete the calculation for Cases (ii) and (iii) for drifted snow using Figure NA.2 and Table NA. 1 from the UK NA to EN 1991-1-3, 5.7 Wind Loads: EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1:2010 EN 1991-1-4 gives guidance in determining the design values of natural wind actions which can be used for the structural design of buildings and civil engineering works. As indicated in Clause 1.1(2) it is applicable for buildings and civil engineering works with heights up to 200 m. This part of the code is not applicable to wind actions for torsional vibrations, e.g tall buildings with a central core, bbridge deck vibrations from transverse wind turbulence. cable supported bridges or vibrations where more than the fundamental mode needs to be considered. Guidance relating to lattice towers and guyed masts is given in EN 1993-3-1 and for lighting columns in EN 40-1-1992 to EN 40-6-2002. Environmental loading such as wind loading is clearly variable and its source is outwith human control. In most structures the dynamic effects of wind loading are small, and static methods of analysis are adopted. The nature of such loading dictates that a statistical approach is the most appropriate in order to quantify the magnitudes and directions of the related design loads. The main features which influence the wind loading imposed on a structure arc: 4 geographical location — Edinburgh, London, Paris, Berlin, # terrain roughness. — town, open country, coastal areas, 4 orography = exposed hill top, escarpment, ’ altitude — height above mean sea level, EN 1991: Actions on Structures 149 building shape = square, rectangular, cruciform, irregular, roof pitch — shallow. steep, mono-pitch, duo-pitch, multi-bay building dimensions wind speed and direction wind gust peak factor Guidance on the determination of wind actions on Jand-based structures, parts of a structure or elements attached to a structure (cg. cladding, fixings etc.) is given in EN 1991-1-4. There are a considerable number of Nationally Determined Parameters (NDPS) applicable to this part of the code Generally the procedures, values and recommendations are intended for structures which are not susceptible to dynamic excitation by virtue of their structural properties, e.8 mass, stiffness, natural response frequencies or structural form such as slender suspended bridge decks or long-span cable-stayed roofs. Structures of this type will normally require more complex mathematical modelling and/or wind tunnel testing S71 Terrain Roughness Factor (c,(2)) ‘The classification of “rerrain roughness” is given in terms of five categories (0 to IV) in Annex A of the code. ranging from coastal sea areas to urban city areas. In the UK NA to EN 1991-1-3: Clause NA.2.11, the eategories have been reduced to three: (@ Seaterrain __— (corresponding to terrain roughness category 0). ii) Country terrain — (corresponding to terrain roughness eategories | and II) and Gii) Town terrain — (corresponding to terrain roughness categories Il] and IV). A roughness factor ¢,(2) which allows for the variability of the mean wind velocity at a site, zm above ground level, and the roughness of the terrain upwind of the structure can be determined using Equations (4.4) and (4.5) in the code. These expressions do not apply ‘when using the UK National Annex. In the Annex the roughness factor is determined as follows: Forsea terrain: use Figure NA.3 assuming that the distance upwind from the shoreline is equal to 0,1 km, For country terrain: use Figure NA.3, For town terrain: use Figure NA.3 multiplied by a correction factor cx obtained from Figure NA.4. 5.7.2 Orography Factor (c,) An orography factor ¢, allows for the effects of significant orography on wind velocities. In the UK National Annex significant orography is defined in Figure NA2. In such cases the value can be determined using the procedure given in A.3 of the code. In most cases, structures will not be sited in areas of significant orography and a value of 1,0 can be assumed as indicated in UK NA to EN 1991-1-3:Clause NA 2.13 and Clause 4.3.3(2) of the code. 150 Design of Structural Elements to Eurocodes 5.7.3 Wind Actions ‘The wind actions applied to a complete structure or structural component can be evaluated using either force coefficients or surface pressures. The use of force coefficients is not illustrated in this text. The use of surface pressures is used later in Examples 5.8 and 5.9 5.7.3.1 Surface Pressures (cys and cp) ‘The wind pressure acting on a surface can be determined considering one of two cases: (i) External pressure We= Gilead X Cpe EN 1991-1-4: Equation (5.1) Gi) Internal pressure i= GE) * epi EN 1991-14; Equation (5.2) where: gs(@.) is the peak velocity pressure on the exernal sufaces ga{z)) is the peak velocity pressure on the internal surfaces % is the reference height for the external pressure 2, isthe reference height for the intemal pressure Gye is the pressure coefficient for external pressure Gq isthe pressure coefficient for internal pressure see EN 1991-1-4; Section 7.0 ‘The sign convention adopted for surface pressures is shown in Figures 5.10(a) and 5.10(b). i.e. pressure directed towards a surface is regarded as positive and pressure directed away from a surface is regarded as negative wind windward side fa) Negative Internal Pressure Positive Internal Pressure (b) Figure 5.10 EN 1991: Actions on Structures 151 5.7.32 Peak Velocity Pressure ~ g,(2) The peak velocity pressure at height ‘2’ in accordance with the code using Equation (4.8): [1+ 71 (2) x 0% va ( 2 an c42) qo EN 1991-1-4: Equation (4.8) This does not apply in the UK, i. in the UK in accordance with the National Annex: When orography is not significant, ic. ¢, = 1.0 the floowing equations ean be used: For sites in country terrain: q(z)=ex(2)g, NA to EN 1991-1-4: Equation (NA 3a) For sites in town terrain: plz) = e(2) X Car X Go NA to EN 1991-14: Equation (NA.3a) The values of the exposure factor ¢,(2) and the exposure correction factor ¢.,r for town. terrain are given in Figure NA.7 and Figure NA.8 respectively When orography is significant, the following equations should be used depending on the height at which the pressure is to be determined: For2<$50m For sites in country terrain: gp(z) = ea(z)qu X [(cl2) + 0.6/1.6) For sites in town terrain: qg(z) = €x(2) X Can db X [(cale) + 0,6)/1,6)° NA to EN 1991-1-4: Equation (NA.4a) 1437, (2) px}, For z>50m G0) [ t a p NA to EN 199]-1-4: Equation (NA.4b) where: 4s is the basic velocity pressure given by oe EN 1991-1-3: Equation (4.10) vy is the basic wind velocity (see Section 5.7.3.3 of this text), Yx is the mean wind velocity (see Section 5.7.3.4 of this text), 1,2) is the turbulence intensity at height (2) for ZnS ke EN 1991-1-4; Equation (4.7) for 5S Znin pis the air density (the recommended value in Note 2 of Clause 4.5(1) of the code is equal to 1,25 kg/m’; in the UK National Annex, Clause NA 2.18, a value of 1,226 kg/m’ is given), Znin is the minimum height defined in Table 4.1 relating to the terrain category, 152 Design of Structural Elemenus to Eurocodes Zan: 18 0 be taken as 200 m (see Clause 4.3.2(1)), 2» isthe roughness length defined in Table 4.1 relating to the terrain category 4 (2) a This is also given in Figure 4.2 of the code as a function of terrain categories 0 10 1V and height (2) above the terrain, assuming flat terrain (ie. (2) = 1,0) and k= 1.0. In the UK National Annex, ez) ean be found directly using Figure NA for sites in country terrain, In town terrain this value should be modified by multiplying by the exposure correction factor for town terrain, obtained from NAB. ed2)is the exposure factor = EN 1991-1-3: Equation (4.9) 5.7.3.3 Basie Wind Velocity (vs) The basic wind velocity can be determined from: Y= Car X Conon X Po EN 1991-1-4: Equation (4.1) where: ie is the directional factor. The recommended value of 1.0 is conservative for all directions. The UK National Annex gives alternative values in Table NAL for various angles measured in a clockwise direction from due North Ceeoon 8 the Season factor. The recommended value is 1,0. The UK National Annex gives alternative values in Table NA? for cach month and various time periods. Yao is the fundamental value of the basic wind velocity normally given in map form. In the UK National Annex the value of v,0 is obtained from Equation (NA1) 59 = Vomap Xan UK NA to EN 1991-1-3: Equation (NA1) Where Vs.nip is the fundamental value of the basic wind velocity before the altitude correction has been applied: obtained from Figure NA. The altitude correction factor, ¢. is given by Equations (NA2a) and (NA2b) as follows: Can = 140,001 x4 for 510m — Equation (NA2a) cay = 140,001 XA x (10/2)"" for z> 10m — Equation (NA2b) Ais the altitude of the site in metres above mean sea level, zis either z, as defined in Figure 6.1 of the code or z., the height of the part above ground as defined in Figure 7.4 of the code. Equation (NA2a) always gives a conservative value and can be used for any site altitude 5.7.3.4 Mean Wind Velocity (vs(2)) ‘The mean wind velocity can be determined from: Val) = 2) X ex(2) Xv» EN 1991-1-3: Equation (4.3) where: 2) is the roughness factor, 2) is the otography factor, Ys, is the basic wind velocity EN 1991: Actions on Structures 153, 5.7.3.5 External Pressure Coefficients (¢,.) ‘The aerodynamic characteristics of a building are allowed for by the inclusion of extemal pressure coefficients, Values for these are given in relation to the various surfaces on which the wind acts. The surfaces are defined for vertical walls as A. B.C. D and E in Figure 7.5 of the code and similarly as F, G, H.1, J, K, L, Mand N for a variety of roof shapes in Figures 7.6 to 7.9 of the code. ‘When considering rectangular plan buildings the UK National Annex gives coefficients {for vertical walls in Table NA.4 and for various roof types in Table NA.S to Table NA.8. wind direction ==> b Plan Figure 5.11 la The surface of a building on which it is assumed that the wind pressures are acting may be considered to comprise one or several diserete areas in accordance with Clause 7.2.2 and Figure 74 of the code. The top level of each area considered is the reference height “2.” as shown in Figure 5.12, teamed 5 ‘Arad qol=) = gol) ; es tenn 4962) = gyE2e3) eed Zev G32) = Qy(Es02) tera =P 5 ‘Arca aC) = (0) Velocity pressure profile over the height of the building for windward walls, Figure 5.12 “The values for the external pressure coefficients given in the tables in EN 1991-1-4 are for loaded areas = 1,0 m* (cy. ) and loaded areas > 10,0 m* (¢ye.i0). These are intended for use in assessing wind loads for localised areas and overall structures respectively For loaded areas between 1,0 m* and 10.0 m’, the code gives a logorithmic equation from which ¢. can be determined, This does not apply in the UK. The UK National Annex indicates in Clause NA 2.25, that the cy.) values should be 134 Design of Structural Elemenus to Eurocodes applied to loaded areas < 1,0 m* and that the ¢,<.19 values apply to loaded areas > 1,0 m* Note: The reference height ‘2 for the leeward wall and the sidewalls should be taken as the full height of the building as indicated in the Note in Clause 7.2.2(1) of the code and Clause NA 2.26 of the UK National Annex Coefficients are also given for a variety of other structural situations, e.g. eanopy roofs, free-standing walls and parapets clc,, and reference should also be made to the UK National Annex. 5.7.36 Internal Pressure Coefficients (cy) The internal pressure coefficients depend on the size and distribution of openings in a building envelope. A number of rules are given in Clause 7.2.9 from which values ean be derived. Where it is not possible, or not considered justified, to calculate values based on the area of openings in a building, c,, should be taiven as the most onerous of + 0.2 and = 0,3. Additional information is also given in the UK NA to EN 1991-1-4: NA.2.30 to NA2.38. 5.7.3.7 Wind Forces using Surface Pressures (¢,) ‘The wind foree on a structure can be determined by evaluating the vectorial summation of the forces due to external and internal pressures and friction forces using EN 1991-1-4 Equations (5.5), (5.6) and (5.7) as follows External forces: Foe 665 DW % Age EN 1991-1-4: Equation (5.5) Internal forces: Fruit ecg YX #,* Agee EN 1991-1-4: Equation (5.6) Frietion forces: Fre= 6,,*4,(2,)* Ay EN 1991-1-4: Equation (5.7) where: 64 is the structural factor. vw, is the the external pressure on the individual surface at height =, vv, isthe the intemal pressure on the individual surface at height =, Avg: is the reference area of the individual surface, Gq is the friction coefficient, Ai isthe area of the external surface parallel to the wind As indicated in Clause 5.3(4) “The effects of wind friction can be ignored when the total area of all surfaces parallel with (or at a small angle 10) the wind is equal to or less than 4 times the total area of all external surfaces perpendicular to the wind (windward or leeward)’; frietion forces are not considered further in this text EN 1991: Actions on Structures 155 ‘The structural factor ‘c.cs’ has two components, ‘c,” the size effect factor and “cs’ the dynamic factor, The determination of ‘ccs’ is given in Section 6 of EN 1991-1-4 or alternatively in the UK National Annex. (In the UK National Annex, ‘c,’ and “cs? can be evaluated seperately using Table NA3 and Figure NA9). In most typical framed buildings “exes” can be taken as 1.0. ‘5.7.4 Example 5.8: EN 1991-1-4 —Wind Load on Storage Silo A closed-top storage silo, as shown in Figure 5.13, is situated in an industrial development in the suburbs of Edinburgh. Using the design data given and considering the wind to be ‘acting in the direction indicated. determine the overall horizontal wind loading on the ‘windward and leeward faces of the structure Design data: Location Edinburgh ~ Scotland Distance to the sea 10km Obstruction height 75m Distance to nearest adjacent building 20m Altitude above mean sea level Sm Assume terrain category I it —~ ground level wind due | Plan Figure 5.13 (= | Solution: EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1:2010 Clause 7.2.2 For a building whose height “#’ is greater than or equal to “26°, the crosswind dimension (see EN 199]-1-4:Figure 7.5 for “A” and *b’) may be considered to be in multiple parts as indicated in Figure 7.4 of the code. ‘The height of the silo = ib = (30,018,0) = 3.75 > 2 0,0m, ‘The erosswind dimension b Figure 74 Consider the windward surface to be divided into four parts A, B, C and D as indicated in Figure 5.13(a), Reference heights for each part A. B, C and D of the surface are shown in Figure 5.13(a). 156 Design of Structural Elements to Eurocodes y Zearcas = ht We é ‘et dp = 640m g ‘Areae~ 560? fev : fewer = ‘Atea y= 560 11° fremeei=b fp E 2 $ ‘Arca Ax = 68,0 around level Figure 5.13(a) Clause 7.2.2(1) Reference heights: For Part A z.=8,0m For PartB 2.= 15,0m Por PartC z,=22.0m For Part .=30.0m UK NA to EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1:2010 Clause NA.2.19 The reduction factor indicated in Clause 7.2.2(3) of the code may be applied to the summation of the loads on all windward and leeward surfaces. EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1:2010 Clause 7.2.23) For buildings with A/d < 1,0 the resulting force may be multiplied by 0,85, For hd 2 5,0 avalue of 1.0 should be used. For intermediate values of fd, linear interpolation may be applied. (Note: d is the depth of the building measured in the direction of the wind as indicated in EN 1991-14: Figure 7.5.) In this case d= 8,0m_ and hfd = (30,0/8,0) = 3,75 (375-10)(10-085) _ 4 955 (50-10) ) The silo is closed and there is no need to consider any internal pressure caused by the wind ‘The reduction factor = 0,85-+ Clause if EN 1991: Actions on Structures 157 s sox E ", XA Equation (5.5) 0,983x0,0%) Were dea — Worew %Ay (aie see } =0, 953x004, DX Fretin— Fue] UK NA to EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1:2010 Clause NA.2.6 The value of the directional factor cy can be taken as 1,0 (see Note 4). Clause NA.2.7 The values of the season factor e, ean be taken as 1,0. EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1:2010 Clause 5.2(1) The external pressures acting on the windward and leeward surfaces are given by Equation (5.1) Wren =dpstonl2) X Gyenow ANG Wesexe= Gree) ® Cpe UK NA to EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1:2010 Clause NA.2.26 The external pressure for cach of the surface arcas on the windward face should be determined in relation to the corresponding reference heights, On the leeward surface, the value corresponding to the full height of the building (ic. Part D) should be used as indicated in the EN 1991-1-4: Note to Clause 7.2.2(1) Clause NA.2.11 Since terrain is category Il, this is reclassified in the UK National Annex as country terrain. Equation (NA.3a) When the orography is not significant (see Figure NA.2), then q, be ealeulated by using: g,(c)= c.(2) x qe for country terrain where €.(2) from Figure NA.7. FigureNA.7 The value of c.(2) is dependent on the reference height =.. the displacement height hus (sec EN 1991-1-4: A.5) and the distance upwind to the shore line. EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1:2010 Figure 7.4 Reference heights: Zone A: .=80m Zone B: 2.~15,0m Zone C: 220m — ZoneD: =.= 30,0m Annex A:A.5 The horizontal distance to the nearest adjacent building x= 20,0m. The obstruction height fys. = 7.5 m (2X hg) = 15.0m and (6 X iy.) =45,0m 158 Design of Structural Elemenus to Eurocodes Equation (A.15)__ The displacement height is the lesser of (1,2 hin) ~ (0.2 Xx) = (1,2 7,5) ~ (0.2 X 20,0) (0,6 30,0) = 18,0 m UK NA to EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1:2010 Figure NA.7 The values of c(z) for the windward and leeward surfaces are summarised in Table 5.4 below corresponding to 10 km from the sea. Parts | c(m)_[ hav(m) | haw) (m) | Coons) | Conea(3) A | 80 3.0 74 B_ | 50 10.0 249 c [20] *° 170 281 3.10 p_| 300 23.0 310 Table $4 EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1:2010 2 Equation (4.10) Basie velocity pressure gs = Equation (4.1) Basic wind velocity v X Cyemon X Yoo UK NA to EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1:2010 Clause NA. 2.4 Fundamental basic wind veloci Figure NA For Edinburgh v, nyp = 24.80 m/s Clause NA. 2.5 Equation (NA.2a) always gives a conservative value and can be used for any site altitude 40 Voip X Cat Equation (NA.2a) ¢4,= 1 +0,001 x4 for 2 = 10m Equation (NA.2b) cx." 1+ 0,001 XA x (L0/z)"* forz > 10m is either 2, as defined in EN 1991-1-4: Figure 6.1 of the code or z., the height of the part above ground as defined in EN 1991-1-4: Figure 7.4 Ais the altitude of the site above mean sea level. EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1:2010 Figure 6.1 247 (06h) 2 Zain Table 4.1 For terrain category It Zug = 2,0 0,6 30,0) = 18,0m > Zag 8.0m UK NA to EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1:2010 Equation (NA.2b) cu.= 1 + 0,001 x A x (L0/z)" = 1,004 Clause NA. 2.4 Fundamental basic wind velocity Y49 = Vusnp % Cun Vigo = (24.80 x 1,004) = 24.90 m/s Clause NA.2.18 The air density in the UK p= 1,226 kg/m? + [0,001 x 5,0 x (10/18,0)""] EN 1991: Actions on Structures 159 EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1:2010 Equation (4.1) Basic wind velocity. », (4 X Cssco * Yoo) = (100% 1,0 24,90) = 24.90 mis Equation (4.10) Basic velocity pressure q, = 22> 226%24,90" 2 21000 = 0,380 kN/m* UK NA to EN 1991-1-4:2005+A11:2010 Equation (NA.3a) Peak velocity pressure q,(2) values for the windward and leeward surfaces are summarised in Table 5.5 below Parts [i | qu(kNim') Gps (NIM) | CevoulGa) | dpveadkNim) A_[s 0,661 Bs 0.946 cpa] 9380 Toes 3,10 1,178 p_ [30 1178 Table 5S EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1:2010 Clause 5.2(1) The extemal pressures acting on the windward and leeward surfaces ane given by Equation We Gp svontZe) X Cpe fro and — Wesese= YprrculFe) X Cpesear UK NA to EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1:2010 Clause NA.2.25 The external pressure coefficients to be used in accordance with the ‘National Annex are: For loaded areas < 1,0 m? use cx, For loaded areas 1,01? use cyiy (Table NAA Table NAsta Zone Dis the windward face and zone E is the leeward face id = 30,0/8.0 = 3.75 For the windward surface (D) ¢,e,n,20~ + 0.8 For the leeward surface (E) use interpolation between — 0,5 and — 0.7 Cp inaour =~ O15 + [> (0,7 ~ 0.5) x (3,75 ~ 1.0)45.0 ~ 1,0)] = = 0.638 son, Wenon | dove Woman Parts | Nim’) (kNim?) | (kN/m?) | SPt0e" | N/m?) A) 0.661 0529 B | 0946 c 1,068 +08 1178 | -0638 | 0,752 Dp | tims +0912 Table 5.6 160 Design of Structural Elemenus to Eurocodes ‘The distribution of the horizontal wind load on the building is given by 0,953. 00%) Wasa Ae — YS Mesew des The corresponding values are summarised in Table 5.7 and indicated in Figure 5.13(b) Ace | Wan Waray Parts (nim (Nim?) A + 0,529, B + 0,757, < Cc + 0.854 ~ 0,752 — 40,133 5.709 D 0.982 = 45.866 | 103.320 Total | 240.0, 175,695, 171,998 | 347,693, * These values include the 0,953 factor. This only applies when considering overall structural stability (see Clause 7.2.2(3)). Table 5.7 300m 300 m 0.942 Nin kvm? S754 KN 45.866 kN i 20m ORS EN Xi STO KN 3 f 15.0m 0.757 Nin? woaoo kn 80m 0,529 kN? 0.752 km? 45,866 kN ‘wind pressures wind forces Figure 5.13(b) ‘The overall external wind force on the building Fy. = 364,840 kN EN 1991: Actions on Structures 161 S75 Example 5.9: EN 1991-1-4 —Wind Load on Building with Mono-pitch Roof A sports complex is constructed using masonry extemal and internal walls with principal dimensions as shown in Figure 5.14. Using the data given, determine the surface loads which act on the walls and the roof for the wind direction indicated. (Do not consider internal pressures and suetions in this example.) Design dat Location Aberdeen — Scotland Distance to the sea Skm Obstruction height 10,5 m Distance to nearest adjacent building 30m Altitude above mean sea level 6m Assume terrain category I sind direction ; we Figure 8.14 Solution: EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1:2010 Clause 7.2.2 For a building whose height ‘h’ is less than or equal to “b', the crosswind dimension (sce EN. 1991-I-4: Figure 7.5) should be considered to be one part (i.e. Part A) as indicated in Figure 7.4 of the code Toor 3 = Figure $.14(a) fom ‘The building surfaces are considered as zones A to E for the vertical faces and F to H for the roof as indicated in Figure 7.5 and Figure 7.7 of the code. 162 Figure 75 Figure 7.7 Design of Structural Elements to Eurocodes Key for zones in vertical walls: e is defined as the smaller of b or 2, i.e. 20,0 m or (2 x 5.0) = 10,0 m 2 €= 100m The dimension in the wind direction ¢ = 12,0 m For an elevation with ¢

    You might also like