SAMPLE ASSIGNMENT JAN JUNE 2017

MS-05

Course Code MS - 05
Course Title Management of Machines and Materials
Assignment Code MS-05/TMA/SEM - I/2017
Assignment Coverage All Blocks

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School of Management Studies

INDIRA GANDHI NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY
MAIDAN GARHI, NEW DELHI 110 068
 This is sample copy, Only for viewing. You
cannot copy or take print of this copy.
1. Product development and design is basically a research and development activity. Elaborate the
statement with suitable examples.

Yes, this is true that --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------over time with iterative feedback and recurring
input from development team ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------and launch (Figure below).

Developing a new product for ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------theconsumers. Engineering and
Manufacturing are critical to developing and producing the product that not only meets customers needs, but is reliable and cost
effective.

Product Design & Development is a ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------modifications or extensions provided
to ideas so as to improve the functioning, the -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------. On the whole, development effort is innovative vis-a-vis research
which is more inventive-the thrust being on developing new product ideas, technologies and processes.

There are plenty of benefits of thorough and --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------with potential customers,
it can help you identify new opportunities in the marketplace, and it can also minimise the risk of any potential product launch.
Businesses can measure their reputation ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------unpredictable markets, and market
research can help with that too, as well as providing useful insight into future trends and the direction a market might be heading
in. With effective market research, you can also keep your nose ahead of competitors crucial in todays saturated markets.

Research and development consists of --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------or strengthen an existing product
or service with additional features.
Research refers to any ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------into scientific principles from an academic
standpoint, while applied research seeks to use that basic research in a real-world setting.

The development portion refers ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- product or service can begin to take shape.

At the design stage, --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------, horse power, speed, colour etc. are laid down
and the task of manufacturing is to convert the design into physical entities.

Market research can be -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------a typical product. The figure also shows the
effort made for research to show the relative magnitude of effort as well as the timing of the two. Development starts after
research has established an idea which has ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------of its product life-cycle. The
development effort still continues to rise but now the result is mainly providing options. As the product reaches its maturity, the
development effort has -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------highlights the fact that product development is
an ongoing process which starts as the product is launched in the market and continues till it is withdrawn from the market.

Market research can help a company seek ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------but which were seen as out-
dated at home. Companies making ski poles and hitting mature and static markets can find new outlets by developing new
products such as walking poles.

What is more important-research or ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------development as compared to
research in most parts of the world today than it was, say 3 0 years ago. This is partly because the new products e.g. colour
television, are more complex and -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------research as early as possible, even
before the product or service ideas have been refined and debugged. But one possible consequence of this shift away from
research is that organisations make themselvest -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------strategic decision for most
organisations.

Product development research is used at all ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------prices, shaping the specification of the
product or determining optimal price points, to name but a few examples. -------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----new markets. Given the costs involved in innovation, research and development, and commercialization, as well as the costs
incurred in maintaining an aging weak product, product development research provides a high return on investment.
At the end I want to say, ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. After all how can you be expected to
market things to people if you cant ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------this invaluable insight and its
not the kind of insight youll find anywhere else.

Example-

Research -------------------------------- Development

The documentation --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------and design of the software; provides the technical
explanations of the code, algorithms, interfaces, and API and end user manuals; and finally, offers possible marketing strategies
for the product.

The discovery phase of ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------and launch dates. For the software
developer, taking this phase into account before ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------is not possible within the given
parameters of the project, parameters such as desired launch dates, projected traffic, and stated budget.

2. What is work sampling? Why is it called a fact-finding tool? Describe some uses of work sampling.

Work sampling is the -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------techniques because it permits quick analysis,
recognition, and enhancement of job responsibilities, tasks, performance competencies, and organizational work flows. Other
names used for it are 'activity sampling', 'occurrence sampling', and 'ratio delay study'.

In a work sampling study, a large number ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------of the types of activities
performed by the subjects.

One important usage of the work ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------data, and predetermined motion
time systems.
The study of work -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- work condition:

One of them is the sufficient time ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------more) to conduct the study.
Another characteristic is multiple workers. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ workers rather than one worker.
The third --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- a long cycle time.

The last condition -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------distinct number of categories.

The origin of this ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Institute. Since then, the technique has been
successfully applied in many different situations under such names as Ratio Delay Study, Random Observation Method,
Observation Ratio Study, Activity Sampling and Work Sampling.
Work Sampling is a fact-finding tool. It is a ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------useful when
information is urgently needed about men or machines, especially in the analysis of non-repetitive or irregularly occurring activity
where no complete method and frequency ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------, salesmen, nurses and
what have you. Work sampling is a -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------activity under study. It can be used
for fact-finding, work measurement and methods analysis.

Work sampling was initially -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------of different environments, such as
healthcare and construction. More recently, in ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------of different research
questions.

Use of Work -------------------------------------------------- Determination

Work sampling can be very ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------can be described step-wise.

Step 1 . Define ---------------------------

Describe the job -------------------------------------------------- be determined.

Unambiguously state and ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------ the activities of job that would entitle him to be in 'working" state.

This would ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ entitle him to be in "Not Working" state.

Step 2. ---------------------------------------------------------- plan.

Estimate ------------------------------------------------------------------- to be made.
Decide on the ------------------------------------------------------ days, one week, etc.
Prepare ------------------------------------------------------------------observations.

This will include observation -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------, particular person to be observed at the observation time, etc.

Step 3. Contact ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ conduct of the study.

Step 4. Make the observations at -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------observation sheet.

Step 5. Obtain and ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------during the day.
Step 6. Calculate --------------------------------------------------- per piece.
We will ------------------------------------------------------------------------- involved in the procedure.

Work ------------------------------------------------------------------------- a way to:

1 obtain information about ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------- impractical to use continuous observation methods.

2 indicate ----------------------------------------------------------------- in detail.

3 help design ------------------------------------------------------------------------ new work system.

4 study -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- improvement.

5 help -------------------------------------------------------------------- employment purposes.

6 aid supervisors --------------------------------------------------------------- time.

7 aid appraisal -------------------------------------------------------------- performance etc.

8 provide ---------------------------------------------------------------------- management policies.

9 assist in ----------------------------------------------------------------- of performance.

10 establish ------------------------------------------------------------- utilisation.

The object of the ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (e) Handling material (f) Inspecting (g) Changing
tools (h) Cleaning up (i) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (e) Idleinterference.
Example-

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3. Practical job shops are much more complicated and may have hundreds of matching centres and
thousands of jobs. Comment! Why do we resort to priority dispatching rules for sequencing jobs at each
machine centre? Describe these rules.

Job shops are typically small -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

- ---------------------------------------------------------------------typically move on to different jobs (possibly with different
customers) when each job is completed. Job shops machines are aggregated in shops by the nature of skills and
technological processes involved, each -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------computer science the problem of job shop
scheduling is considered strongly NP-hard.
In a job shop product ----------------------------------------------------------------------- contains a single machine.

A typical example would be a machine shop, ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------ ---------------------------------------------------------------------industry. Other types of common job
shops are grinding, honing, jig-boring, gear manufacturing, and fabrication shops.

A job shop typically consists of general -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------of the variety of tasks, the job shop becomes a
complex queueing system: a job leaves one machine and proceeds on its route to another for the next operation, only to find other
jobs already waiting for the machine to complete ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------no jobs are available, so that the
machine becomes idle. Planning for the job shop essentially involves deciding the order or priority for jobs waiting to be
processed at each machine to achieve the desired objectives.

A typical formulation of the job shop ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

--------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------be loaded on the machines so as to optimise certain
performance criteria?
A typical list of -------------------------------- is:
1 Total processing -------------------------------
2 Mean flow time (or -------------------------------- shop)
3 Idle --------------------------------- machines
4 Mean lateness of jobs (-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------- job and its due date)
5 Mean earliness of ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- referred to as earliness instead)
6 Mean tardiness of jobs (if a job --------------------------------------------------------------- referred to as tardiness instead)
7 Number ----------------------------------------------------------------------
8 -------------------------------------------------------------------- time
9 Mean ----------------------------------------------------------------- in the system.

Moreover the ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- factors:

1 The ------------------------------------------------------------------- be scheduled
2 The ------------------------------------------------------------------ shop
3 Type of ------------------------------------------------------- or job shop)
4 Manner in -------------------------------------------------------- (static or dynamic)
5 Criterion ---------------------------------------------------------- are to be evaluated

We have seen that the procedures -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----- ---------------------------------------------------------------------shop in which all jobs are available at the beginning of
the horizon and the schedule once made is not ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------ ---------------------------------------------------------------------minimising the total completion time does
not have a general exact solution procedure. There are some heuristic techniques that may obtain good sequences or even optimal
sequences (though it may not be possible to check for-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------- procedures.
Practical job shops are much more ----------------------------------------------------------------------- centres and thousands of jobs.
In such cases resort is made to ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- ---------------------------------------------------------------------jobs once assigned are not changed whereas in the latter
case priorities are updated as jobs enter or leave the machining centre.

Some -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------- rules are:
 1 FCFS: Select ---------------------------------------------- Served basis.
2 SPT: Select the --------------------------------------------------- Time.
3 EDD: Select ----------------------------------------------------------- Due Date.
4 SLACK: Select the job ------------------------------------------------------ arrival at machine centre)
5 RANDOM: --------------------------------------------------------- at random.
6 LRPT: Select the --------------------------------------------- Processing Time.
7 S/OPR: Select the job ------------------------------------------------------ of operations remaining.
8 LCFS: Select ------------------------------------------------------------- Served basis.
9 DS: Select the ------------------------------------------------ due date, less remaining
expected flow time).
10 DS/ PT: Select the job ------------------------------------------ to Processing Time.

Based on simulation studies of ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

--- ---------------------------------------------------------------------of performance, level of uncertainty and job arrival
pattern.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------
-----------------------------------------the variance of flow times tends to be large. In this, regard other rules such as FCFS
perform better. A recent survey of dispatching `rules -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------details.

Priority sequencing rules can be used to ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------ ---------------------------------------------------------------------problem because the output from one process
becomes the input for another.

The second kind of scheduling research ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------ ---------------------------------------------------------------------and evaluated. There are possibly two extremes
for scheduling the, new jobs in a dynamic environment: to produce a new schedule each time a new job arrives, or to completely
finish the existing schedule before producing a new ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------ ---------------------------------------------------------------------, one could have an on-line
computer system whereby every time an ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------ ---------------------------------------------------------------------the relevant data and applies some criterion to
select the next operation for that machine. This approach -------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------with its implications on cost
and effectiveness?" This has been an important question for researchers.

4. How can FAST diagram act as a Value Engineering tool. Explain the basic methodology of FAST
diagrams with the help of an example.

Function Analysis System ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -

--------------------------------------------------------------------and resolve issues that require multi-disciplined
considerations. FAST builds upon VA by linking ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------or system under study and causes the
team to think through the functions that the item or system -----------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------most important phase of
value engineering: function analysis. FAST is a creative stimulus to explore innovative avenues for performing functions.

FAST -------------------------------------------------------------- TOOL

FAST (Functional Analysis System ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------where the functions have the greatest impact on
costs. It is useful in determining the function -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------in constructing the FAST diagram are as
follows:

a) Prepare. a list of all functions of ---------------------------------------------------------------- of functional analysis.

b) Write each function on a ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------logical questions.

How is ----------------------------------- accomplished?

Why is --------------------------------------- performed?
When is ------------------------------------- performed?

A critical function path may result from ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------ ---------------------------------------------------------------------diagrams are usually bounded on both ends by

the scope lines, which delineate the limits of responsibility of the study. For example, if ------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------ ---------------------------------------------------------------------
device. `Generate electricity' is outside the scope of the study.

Methodology ----------------------------------- diagrams-

Before we get into the details of --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---- ---------------------------------------------------------------------sell.1 It is the original intent or purpose that a product,

process or service is expected to perform. In FAST Diagrams, the description of a function is restricted to a two word format an
Active Verb + Measurable Noun. Some examples of ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------; Project Image.

By constraining the description to ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------ ---------------------------------------------------------------------physical constraints of the product from our thinking
and allows us to explore alternatives more ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------FAST Diagram is purposely arranged counter
to our left-to-right convention in reading and writing, with the output function at the left and the input function at the right, in an
attempt to break the user out of conventional thinking processes.

You will note in the figure that there are ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------ ---------------------------------------------------------------------are Basic, and Secondary.
Basic Functions describe the characteristic or task, which, from the users point of view, is the primary reason for the existence of
an item. It is what the product or process was designed to do.
Secondary Functions are those --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---- ---------------------------------------------------------------------the Basic Function.

Logical ----------------------------------- Functions.

Referring again to Figure 1, the main ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

--------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------to as critical path functions, and are connected and

arranged using How?-Why? logic. Moving ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------from right to left until a logical series of

functions can answer Why? from the input to the Higher Order Function (output).

Similarly, moving from the Higher Order -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------to introduce a sample FAST Diagram. Figure 2
depicts a FAST Diagram for a generic PC Projector ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------ ---------------------------------------------------------------------with others in the room.

We can see that there is a logical How/--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------- --------------------------------------------------------------------- from a computer or other suitable source. In

addition to this left-right logic path, there is the ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------, and When it Transmits Light it

must also Convert Signal to turn the signals from the computer into recognizable patterns of light.

Since both the Value Management and TRIZ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------function modeling tool has emerged. This
Enhanced FAST Diagram, builds upon the original FAST Diagrams -------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------to the first major
difference between these two diagrams:

Enhanced -------------------------------------------------- or Harmful functions.

Instead of characterizing ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --

-------------------------------------------------------------------two additional perspectives:

1. It allows for a focusing -------------------------------------------------------------------------- just improving a positive one.

2. It ------------------------------------------------------------------- in the system.
This comparison is ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- function models.

The second and perhaps ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ---

------------------------------------------------------------------is relaxed to accommodate Object-Action-Context descriptions
of functions as well as short descriptions of conditions or events.

A third difference is that the FAST diagram does not have directional flow arrows between functions. Directional arrows are
necessary in Enhanced FAST Diagrams in order ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------to conform strictly to the left-right
How/Why logic path, and can branch out in other directions if needed.

---------------------------------- Models-

There are a number of ways to build function models. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------. we would begin with
identifying the primary useful function. From there, build a primary logic path with functions that describe What needs to be
done, and logically link these -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------problems with the product (or how it is used), or the
process under study.

A second method to build function -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------functions are mapped into the model.

A third approach is Random Function --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------of, then, build the model using the logic tests for
connecting the listed functions. The step of arranging the listed functions into the logic paths invariably will uncover missed or
extraneous functions.

A fourth approach is the Eliminate Harm -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------want to eliminate, then proceed as in the first
method.

Finally, there is the Critical Function ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

--------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------and how they interrelate across the scope of the
problem under study.

Just as with FAST Diagrams, -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

- ---------------------------------------------------------------------paths and such).

----------------------- Example
The technique of drawing FAST --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---- ---------------------------------------------------------------------by Prevent Corrosion and Prevent Impact. Similarly,
the entire network is completed.

The cost of each part is divided into ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------and entered in the FAST diagram outside the box
describing the function. An example of a ----------------------------------------- is shown below.

5. Write a brief note on need and role of classification, codification and standardization in the context of
materials management from the viewpoint of planning, control, purchase and inventory management.

Materials refer to inputs into -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

- ---------------------------------------------------------------------supplies such as lubricating oil, cleaning materials, and
others, required for maintenance and repairs.

Material management deals with -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----- ---------------------------------------------------------------------etc.

Inventory management deals with the --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------will be made available at the point of use
instantaneously, hence maintaining, inventories becomes almost necessary. Thus inventories could be visualised as `necessary
evil'.

Need -------------------------- classification-

When there are numerous items handled by an ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------ ---------------------------------------------------------------------of items according to some criteria. We
are quite familiar with classifying our domestic articles into ----------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------to see that an item may
belong to more than one class depending on the criteria used. For example, a radio set is an electronic gadget as well as a non-
consumable and entertainment article.

What is the ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ---------------

------------------------------------------------------objectives of classification:
i). To -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- a class.
ii). To devise purchase ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----
-----------------------------------------------------------------to all materials in a class.

iii). To devise --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- materials in a class.

Obviously; the concentration of effort according to class system would be more efficient and effective as compared to diluted
effort corresponding to each individual item.

Following --------------------------------------------------------------

On the ----------------------------------------- Materials

a) -------------------------: Raw materials include all those materials which are purchased from the original producer or other
manufacturers and are used directly in producing. the firm's product. For example, cotton ----------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------
-, i.e., cotton grower, whereas yarn is procured from other manufacturers, i.e., spinners. The product in one trade may become the
raw material for the other trade.

b) ---------------- Equipment: All the machinery, both ----------------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------, is classified as such. Tools also
come under this category, and they are issued on loan basis to the various departments for a definite period, generally till their life-
time.

c) ------------------ Items: Those materials used in the -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------are referred to as consumable
items. Coal, coke, mineral oil, lubricants, cotton waste, paints, varnishes, oxygen, stationery items like pencil, paper, carbon
papers, ink, etc., are a few examples of -----------------------------------.

d) Chemicals: Substances ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------cautiously after a careful scrutiny and proper analysis since
their use involves risk even to life. Items like carbide, acids, etc., can be classified under the head.

e) Inflammable Items: Items ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-- ---------------------------------------------------------------------building with complete fire-fighting arrangements
standing by.

f) Fuel Stock: These are also consumable ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------it is classed as fuel stock. It is a necessary item
for completing, rather starting, the manufacturing process and --------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------a raw material. Coal is a
fuel stock but is also a raw material for an iron and steel industry.

g) Furniture: Movable contents of a ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

--------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------they are issued temporarily on loan basis.
On the Basis of -----------------------------------------------

a) ----------------------------------- Obsolete Items: Serviceable items are those items which go temporarily out of order. After
repairing and replacement they may become serviceable --------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------, renewals or replacements can
bring them back to their usable life. They are -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------profitably be used again.

b) Finished ------------------------- Items: Finished items are those goods which have been manufactured in complete form by the
production department and are ready for sale. On the other hand, semi-finished items are those which have not yet been
manufactured completely and need -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------a final product.

c) Dead Stock Items: This term is -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------date of their life are classed as dead stock items. They
are issued temporarily on loan basis to their users.

CODIFICATION-

From the above, it is clear ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -

--------------------------------------------------------------------are familiar with the PIN Codes used by Post and Telegraph
Department to uniquely and concisely identify various regions of the country. Codification is a process of representing each item
by a group of numbers and alphabets indicating the -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------of codification. The number of digits
in a lode may typically be somewhere between eight and thirteen. The role of these digits and some fundamental principle of
codification can be understood from the following example:

digits

1-2 major group (--------------------------------------------------------------------------, packing material,

tools, oil, stationery, etc.),
3-4 -------------------------------------------------ferrous, etc.),
5-7 dimensional characteristics (length, width, head-------------------------------- diameter, etc.),
8 ----------------------------------------------,
9 location of -------------------------------------
10-11 user ------------------------------------------------------ organisation,
12 products -------------------------------------------------- the item,
13 any other ------------------------------------------------------, purchasing etc.).

This is merely an ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ on other aspects also.

(i) The codes could be ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -----

----------------------------------------------------------------ferrous, non-ferrous etc.

(ii) The system could be ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ---

------------------------------------------------------------------, welding, packing, machine shop, etc.

(iii) The codification ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------

---------------------------------------------------------------one source are grouped together.

(iv) The codification ------------------------------------------------------------------- listing.

---------------------------------------Codification
In order to identify the items -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------following objectives:

a) -------------------------------- Logical Identification: A separate code is allotted to -----------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------from
the other, even if nomenclature is the same, helps in accurate identification and eliminates any possibility of confusion. For
example, a lead pencil of black colour, HB quality, for writing -------------------------------------------- its code as 07.39.1236

where

07 ----------------------------- items)
3 indicates ----------------------------
9 indicates -------------------------------------
1 ------------------------------ colour (viz. black)
 2 indicates ----------------------------------------
3 indicates use (viz. writing)
6 indicates ---------------------------------------------------1.50).

b) -------------------------of Duplication: All items are separately codified and are arranged in a logical order. Similar materials are
grouped together (such as stationery items) and given a code ---------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------number and various items
are kept in different bins at different places, there can be no duplication in placing the orders, and no piling up of the materials will
take place in the storehouse.

c) Standardization ------------------ Varieties: For codification, grouping of identical items is done and it enables the stores to
examine the entire range of items. It facilitates the --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------is achieved and the number of items is
kept at the minimum, it will considerably reduce investment in various items as well as the cost of inventory carrying.

d) Efficient Purchasing: The filling up ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------ ---------------------------------------------------------------------and quick if there is proper understanding of
codification by the supplier. The entire operation of the purchase -----------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------advantage of bulk
purchasing.

e) Efficient ------------------- Accounting: Codes lead to effective -----------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------and reliable.

f) Easy ------------------------------ and Inspection: The materials in the store have to be kept in an order which may facilitate their
placement and location. For making it --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------inspection.

g) Easy Computerization: Small ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------ ---------------------------------------------------------------------long description of materials.

Standardization-

A standard is defined as a model or -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------using standard and then his department will use the
same standard to suit its needs. The firm may similarly prepare, by consulting different departments. a standard for guiding the
activities. Related industries in. the industry group --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------are evolved. Such national standards
lead to the evolution of international standards. The standards could cover a variety of industries, such as engineering, textile,
chemical, pharmaceutical, agricultural as also education. -------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------on a three dimensional plane of
levels, industries and topics.

In the context of materials, ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------examples of wide range applications of standardization.

Standardization enables the materials ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

--------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------, better price and better delivery. Standardization
also implies reutilizing purchase efforts, less stock and ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------mariner. But resort to inspection
of only a. small fraction of items. It is also possible to enter into rate/running contract with standard items. This facilitates the
production planning and economic lot-sizing at the supplier's end.
The process of standardization logically ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------ ---------------------------------------------------------------------so on. In large organizations handling lakhs of
item, it is quite possible that there are several items having very little variation in quality, dimension or functional effectiveness.
The items can be analyzed for their frequency of usage over ----------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------organization could get the
standards to replace these items.

The process of standardization and variety reduction can be summarized as follows:

1. Prepare the list of all items used to ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

--------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------in case the product is in production.

2. Classify the items ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ characteristics.

3. Group thee items with similar functional characteristics and then subgroup according to major dimensional values. For
example, all bushes around 5 cm ------------------------------------------------------------------------ group and so on.

4. For a group of items with ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------clustered in a very closed vicinity. Analyse the effect on
performance of items if all items are made to the most ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------items are produced of the same
dimension. It may be noted that this is a very important step in variety reduction.

5. Check from the national or -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

- ---------------------------------------------------------------------can be deemed as standardised. If an exact dimension is not
found, select the closest dimension and study again the performance of all items in the group around this dimension. If
performance is acceptable, the item has been -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------of the representative value.

Benefits of Standardisation

The important benefits are summarised as follows:

1. ------------------------------------------- inventory items,

2. It helps in --------------------------------------------------- an item in the company,

3. It forms ----------------------------------------------------- analysis,

4. The specification of ---------------------------------------------------------------- control firm, and

5. In a ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ---------------------
------------------------------------------------ market.

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