Experiment 1

Formal Report Questions

1. Differentiate the Vernier and micrometer scales.
Vernier and micrometer scales are used to measure small distances or
diameters, usually for metric rulers with a least count of 1 mm. The
main difference between vernier caliper and micrometer is that the
vernier caliper uses two sliding scales with different distance of spaces
between markings on each scale while a micrometer makes use of a
screw to translate small distances moved by its jaws to larger
distances along the marked scale.

2. Draw the figure for micrometer readings below:

a. 3.68mm
b. 1.59mm

3. State some of the errors that one might make in measuring

length using both the Vernier and micrometer calipers.
Allexperimentshaveuncertaintiesintheirresults.Thesearecausedbyexperimentalerrors.
Theseerrorsmaybeproducedbytheexperimentersinabilitytotakethemeasurementinaway
thathe/shegetstheexactmeasurementormayalsobeduetodefectsinthemeasuringdevices
causingthereadingstobedisplacedfromitstruemeasurement.

4. Determine the percentage error for an observed value of

1.112x10-5 if the standard value is 1.117x10-5.
Percentage error = |Standard value - experimental value| x 100
Standard value
= |1.112x10-5 - 1.117x10-5| x 100
1.117x10-5
= 0.45%
Experiment 2
Formal Report Questions
1. Differentiate the resultants and equilibrant of two forces.
Resultant force causes the displacement of a body while the Equilibrant
force keeps the body at rest.

2. If three concurrent forces are in equilibrium, what is the

relation between any one of the three forces and the resultant
of the other two forces?
The magnitude of any one force will be equal to the magnitude and
opposite in direction to the resultant force vector of the other two
forces such that the net sum is zero and equilibrium id obtained
F1 = - (F2 + F3)

3. If two forces with the same magnitude were exactly in

opposite directions, what is the magnitude and direction of
their resultant? What is the magnitude and direction of their
equilibrium?
Equal forces moving opposite direction would cancel each other out
resulting to a zero net force and moving to no direction; the same goes
for the Equilibrant force. This means that the vectors are in
equilibrium.

4. Use the component method to find the magnitude and

direction of the resultant of the concurrent forces given below:
A = 2000N at 0
B = 1500N at 60
C = 1000N at 150
D = 3800N at 225
Magnitu Directi Horizont Vertical Resultant Force
de on al Compone
Compone nt Y Magnitu Directi
nt X de on
FA 2000N 0 2000 0 1197 N 227.88
FB 1500N 60 750 1299
FC 1000N 150 -866 500
FD 3800N 225 -2687 -2687
Fx = Fy =
-803 -888
 5. A body weighing 100 N is suspended by a rope. A second rope
attached to the body is drawn aside horizontally until the
suspended rope makes an angle of 30 with the vertical. Find
the tension of each rope.

Magnitu Directi Horizontal Vertical

de on Componen Componen
tX tY
FA(suspended A 120 Acos(120) Asin(120)
rope) =-0.5A =0.866A
FB(horizontal B 0 Bcos(0) Bsin(0)
rope) =B 0
Body weight 100N 270 0 -100
Fx = 0 Fy = 0

Fx = 0 = Acos(120) - Bcos(0)+ 0
Acos(120) = Bcos(0)
B= 57.74 N

Fy = 0 = Asin(120) + 0 100
= Asin(120) -100
Asin(120) = 100
A= 115.5 N