2/22/2017 TipuSultanWikipedia

Coordinates:122436N764250E

TipuSultan
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

TipuSultan(Urdu:,Kannada:20
November17504May1799),(SayyidwalShareefSultan TipuSultan

FatehAliKhanSahabTipu[2])alsoknownastheTigerof
Mysore,andTipuSahib,[3]wasaruleroftheKingdomof
Mysore.HewastheeldestsonofSultanHyderAliofMysore.[4] Badshah
Tipuintroducedanumberofadministrativeinnovationsduring NasibadDawlah
hisrule,includinghiscoinage,anewMauludilunisolar SultanSayyidwalShareefFatehAliKhanBahadur
calendar,[5]andanewlandrevenuesystemwhichinitiatedthe Tipu
growthofMysoresilkindustry.[6]Tipuexpandedtheironcased
MysoreanrocketsandcommissionedthemilitarymanualFathul
Mujahidin.Heisconsideredapioneerintheuseofrocket
artillery.[7]TipuSultandeployedtherocketsagainstadvancesof
Britishforcesandtheiralliesintheir1792and1799Siegeof
Srirangapatna.

Napoleon,theFrenchcommanderinchiefwholaterbecame
emperor,soughtanalliancewithTipu.Inalliancewiththe
FrenchintheirstrugglewiththeBritish,andinMysore's
struggleswithothersurroundingpowers,bothTipuandhis
fatherusedtheirFrenchtrainedarmy[8]againsttheMarathas,
Sira,andrulersofMalabar,Kodagu,Bednore,Carnatic,and
Travancore.DuringTipu'schildhood,hisfatherrosetotake
powerinMysore,anduponhisfather'sdeathin1782,Tipu
SultanofMysore
succeededtoalargekingdomborderedbytheKrishnaRiverin
thenorth,theEasternGhatsintheeast,andtheArabianSeain Reign 29December17824May1799
thewest.[9]HewonimportantvictoriesagainsttheBritishinthe Coronation 29December1782
SecondAngloMysoreWar,andnegotiatedthe1784Treatyof Predecessor HyderAli
MangalorewiththemafterhisfatherHyderAlisuddenlydied
fromcancerinDecember1782duringtheSecondAnglo Successor KrishnarajaWodeyarIII
MysoreWar.
Born 20November1750[1]
Tipuengagedinexpansionistattacksagainsthisneighbours.He Devanahalli,presentdayBangalore,
remainedanimplacableenemyoftheBritishEastIndia Karnataka
Company,bringingthemintorenewedconflictwithhisattack
Died 4May1799(aged48)
onBritishalliedTravancorein1789.IntheThirdAngloMysore
Srirangapatna,presentday
War,TipuwasforcedintothehumiliatingTreatyof
Seringapatam,losinganumberofpreviouslyconquered Mandya,Karnataka
territories,includingMalabarandMangalore.Hesentemissaries Burial Srirangapatna,presentday
toforeignstates,includingtheOttomanTurkey,Afghanistan, Mandya,Karnataka
andFrance,inanattempttorallyoppositiontotheBritish.Inthe 122436N764250E
FourthAngloMysoreWar,theforcesoftheBritishEastIndia
Company,supportedbytheMarathasandtheNizamof Fullname
Hyderabad,defeatedTipuandhewaskilledon4May1799 BadshahNasibuddaulahSayyidwalShareefSultan
whiledefendinghisfortofSrirangapatna.TipuSultan'simagein FatehAliKhanBahadurSahabTipu
Indiaiscomplexheisregardedbothasasecularrulerwho House Mysore
foughtagainstBritishcolonialism,ontheotherhand,heis
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controversialforhissuppressionofpoliticaldissentinHindus, Father HyderAliKhan

ChristiansandMapplaMuslims.Heissaidtohaveforced
Mother FatimaFakhrunNisa
MangloreCatholicstoconverttoIslam.Alsoduringhisreign
onlythreestemplesofhiskingdomwereabletoofferdaily Religion Islam
Pooja.[10]

Contents
1 Earlyyears
1.1 Childhood
1.2 Earlymilitaryservice
1.3 SecondAngloMysoreWar
1.3.1 Tanjoreabductions
2 RuleroftheMysoreState
2.1 Foreignrelations
2.2 WaragainsttheMarathaConfederacy
2.3 TheMalabarInvasionofSultanateofMysore(17661790)
2.4 ThirdAngloMysoreWar
2.5 Napoleon'sattemptatajunction
3 Death
3.1 FourthAngloMysoreWar
4 Leadership,policy,andinnovations
4.1 Mysoreanrockets
4.2 MysoreanNavy
5 Religiouspolicy
5.1 AttitudetowardsHindus
5.1.1 ConversionsofHindusoutsideMysoretoIslam
5.1.1.1 Kodagu(Coorg)
5.1.1.2 Kasaragod(nearMangalore)
5.1.1.3 Malabar
5.1.1.3.1 NorthMalabar
5.1.1.3.2 Calicut(Kozhikode)
5.1.1.4 Inscriptions
5.1.2 TemplesandofficersinMysore
5.1.2.1 Sringeriincident
5.1.2.2 Controversialfigure
5.2 AttitudetowardsChristians
5.2.1 Treatmentofprisoners
5.3 CriticismofBritishaccounts
5.4 PromotionoftheUrdulanguage
6 Legacy
6.1 Family
6.2 Swordandtiger
6.3 TipuJayanti
6.4 Infiction
7 Imagegallery
8 Seealso
9 Notes
10 References
11 Furtherreading
12 Externallinks

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Earlyyears
Childhood

TipuSultanwasbornon20November1750(Friday,20thDhualHijjah,
1163AH)atDevanahalli,[1]inpresentdayBengaluruRuraldistrict,about
33km(21mi)northofBengalurucity.Hewasnamed"TipuSultan"after
thesaintTipuMastanAuliaofArcot.Tipuwasalsocalled"SultanSayyid
walShareefFatehAliKhanTipu"afterhisgrandfatherFatehMuhammad.
TipuwasbornatDevanhalliinaNajeebAlTarfaynSayyidfamilymeaning
havingancestrytobothImamsHassanandHussain,asthesonofHyder
Ali.Beingilliterate,Hyderwasveryparticularingivinghiseldestsona
prince'seducationandaveryearlyexposuretomilitaryandpolitical
affairs.Fromtheageof17Tipuwasgivenindependentchargeofimportant
diplomaticandmilitarymissions.Hewashisfather'srightarminthewars
fromwhichHyderemergedasthemostpowerfulrulerofsouthernIndia.

Tipu'sfather,HyderAli,wasamilitaryofficerinservicetotheKingdomof
Mysoreherapidlyroseinpower,andbecamethedefactorulerofMysore
in1761.HyderhimselfclaimeddescentfromtheBanuHashimclanofthe
QurayshtribeofArabs,thetribeoftheIslamicprophet,Muhammad.
Hyder'sfather,FatehMuhammad,wasborninKolar,andservedasa TipuSultanconfrontshisopponents
commanderof50meninthebamboorocketartillery(mainlyusedfor duringtheSiegeofSrirangapatna.
signalling)inthearmyoftheNawabofCarnatic.FatehMuhammad
eventuallyenteredtheserviceoftheWodeyarRajasoftheKingdomof
Mysore.Tipu'smotherFatimaFakhrunNisawasthedaughterofMirMuinudDin,thegovernorofthefortof
Kadapa.HyderAliappointedableteacherstogiveTipuanearlyeducationinsubjectslikeHindustanilanguage
(HindiUrdu),Persian,Arabic,Kannada,Quran,Islamicjurisprudence,riding,shootingandfencing.[1]

Earlymilitaryservice

TipuSultanwasinstructedinmilitarytacticsbyFrenchofficersinthe
employmentofhisfather.Atage15,heaccompaniedhisfatheragainstthe
BritishintheFirstMysoreWarin1766.Hecommandedacorpsofcavalry
intheinvasionofCarnaticin1767atage16.Healsodistinguishedhimself
Aflintlockblunderbuss,builtfor intheFirstAngloMarathaWarof17751779.[12]
TipuSultaninSrirangapatna,1793
94.TipuSultanusedmanyWestern AlexanderBeatson,whopublishedavolumeontheFourthMysoreWar
craftsmen,andthisgunreflectsthe entitledViewoftheOriginandConductoftheWarwithTippooSultaun,
mostuptodatetechnologiesofthe describedTipuSultanasfollows:"Hisstaturewasaboutfivefeeteight
time. [11] incheshehadashortneck,squareshoulders,andwasrathercorpulent:his
limbsweresmall,particularlyhisfeetandhandshehadlargefulleyes,
smallarchedeyebrows,andanaquilinenosehiscomplexionwasfair,and
thegeneralexpressionofhiscountenance,notvoidofdignity".[13]

SecondAngloMysoreWar

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In1779,theBritishcapturedtheFrenchcontrolledportofMah,whichTipuhadplacedunderhisprotection,
providingsometroopsforitsdefence.Inresponse,HyderlaunchedaninvasionoftheCarnatic,withtheaimof
drivingtheBritishoutofMadras.[14]DuringthiscampaigninSeptember1780,TipuSultanwasdispatchedby
HyderAliwith10,000menand18gunstointerceptColonelBailliewhowasonhiswaytojoinSirHectorMunro.
IntheBattleofPollilur,TipudecisivelydefeatedBaillie.Outof360Europeans,about200werecapturedalive,
andthesepoys,whowereabout3800men,sufferedveryhighcasualties.Munrowasmovingsouthwithaseparate
forcetojoinBaillie,butonhearingthenewsofthedefeathewasforcedtoretreattoMadras,abandoninghis
artilleryinawatertankatKanchipuram.[15]

TipuSultandefeatedColonelBraithwaiteatAnnagudinearTanjoreon18
February1782.Braithwaite'sforces,consistingof100Europeans,300
cavalry,1400sepoysand10fieldpieces,wasthestandardsizeofthe
colonialarmies.TipuSultanseizedallthegunsandtooktheentire
detachmentprisoner.InDecember1781TipuSultansuccessfullyseized
ChitturfromtheBritish.TipuSultanhadthusgainedsufficientmilitary
experiencebythetimeHyderAlidiedonFriday,6December1782some
historiansputitat2or3dayslaterorbefore,(Hijridatebeing1Muharram,
1197aspersomerecordsinPersiantheremaybeadifferenceof1to3
MuraloftheBattleofPolliluronthe
daysduetotheLunarCalendar).TipuSultanrealisedthattheBritishwere
wallsofTipu'ssummerpalace,
anewkindofthreatinIndia.HebecametherulerofMysoreonSunday,22
paintedtocelebratehistriumphover
December1782(TheinscriptionsinsomeofTipu'sregaliashowingitas20
theBritish.
Muharram,1197HijriSunday),inasimplecoronationceremony.Hethen
workedontochecktheadvancesoftheBritishbymakingallianceswith
theMarathasandtheMughals.

TheSecondMysoreWarcametoanendwiththe1784TreatyofMangalore.Itwasthelastoccasionwhenan
IndiankingdictatedtermstotheBritish,andthetreatyisaprestigiousdocumentinthehistoryofIndia.

Tanjoreabductions

ThewarisalsorememberedforallegedexcessescommittedbyHyderAliandTipuSultaninTanjore.[16]During
theperiodofoccupationwhichlastedsixmonths,HyderAliandTipuSultanarebelievedtohaveimpoverished
thecountry,destroyingcropsandcattle.[16]Aslateas1785,theDutchmissionaryChristianFriedrichSchwarz
describesTipu'sallegedabductionof12,000childrenfromtheregion.[16]TheeconomicoutputofTanjoreis
estimatedtohavefallenby90%between1770and1782.[17]TheravagesofHyderandTipuwerefollowedby
allegedexpeditionsofplunderlaunchedbytheKallars.Theeconomicdevastationwroughtbytheseattackswasso
severethatTanjore'seconomydidnotrecoveruntilthestartofthe19thcenturytheeraisreferredtoinlocal
folkloreastheHyderakalam.[16]

RuleroftheMysoreState
MuhammadFalakAlitaughtTipuhowtofight.WhileleadingapredominantlyHinducountry,Tipuremained
stronginhisMuslimfaith,goingdailytosayhisprayersandpayingspecialattentiontomosquesinthearea.[18]

Duringhisrule,hecompletedtheprojectofLalBaghstartedbyhisfatherHyderAli,andbuiltroads,public
buildings,andportsinhiskingdom.HisdominionextendedthroughoutNorthBangaloreincludingtheNandiHills
andChickballapur.HistradeextendedtocountriessuchasSriLanka,Oman,DurraniAfghanistan,France,

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OttomanTurkeyandIran.Underhisleadership,theMysorearmyprovedto
beaschoolofmilitarysciencetoIndianprinces.Theseriousblowsthat
TipuSultaninflictedontheBritishintheFirstandSecondMysoreWars
affectedtheirreputationasaninvinciblepower.

DrAPJAbdulKalam,theformer
PresidentofIndia,inhisTipu
SultanShaheedMemorialLecture
inBangalore(30November1991),
calledTipuSultantheinnovatorof
theworld'sfirstwarrocket.Twoof
theserockets,capturedbythe
TipuSultanseatedonhisthrone,by
BritishatSrirangapatna,were
AnnaTonelli
displayedintheRoyalArtillery
MuseuminLondon.Accordingto
TipuSultan'ssummerpalaceat
historianDrDulariQureshiTipuSultanwasafiercewarriorkingandwas
Srirangapatna,Karnataka
soquickinhismovementthatitseemedtotheenemythathewasfighting
onmanyfrontsatthesametime.[19]Tipumanagedtosubdueallthepetty
kingdomsinthesouth.HedefeatedtheNizamsandwasalsooneofthefewIndianrulerstohavedefeatedBritish
armies.Heissaidtohavestartedanewcoinage,calendar,andanewsystemofweightsandmeasuresmainly
basedonthemethodsintroducedbyFrenchtechnicians.HewaswellversedinKannada,Urdu,Persian,Arabic,
EnglishandFrench.TipuwassupposedtobecomeaSufi,buthisfatherHyderAliinsistedhebecomeacapable
soldierandleader.

Foreignrelations

BothHyderAliismaaelandTipuSultanwereindependent
rulersofMysore,butclaimedsomedegreeofloyaltytothe
MughalEmperorShahAlamII.Bothofthemareknownto
havemaintainedcorrespondencewiththeMughalemperor.
UnliketheNawabofCarnatic,neitherowedanyallegianceto
theNizamofHyderabadandofteninsteadchosedirect
contactandrelationswiththeMughalemperor.[20]
InhisattemptstojunctionwithTipuSultan, Immediatelyafterhiscoronation,TipuSultansoughtthe
NapoleonannexedOttomanEgyptintheyear1798. investitureoftheMughalemperor.NizamAliKhan,the
NizamofHyderabad,clearlyexpressedhishostilityby
dissuadingtheMughalemperorandlayingfalseclaimsontoMysore.Disheartenedbutnotdisappointed,Tipu
SultanbegantoestablishcontactswithotherMuslimrulersofthatperiod.[21]

AftertheeunuchGhulamQadirhadShahAlamIIblindedon10August1788,TipuSultanisbelievedtohave
brokenintotears.[22]AfterfacingsubstantialthreatsfromtheMarathas,TipuSultanbegantocorrespondwith
ZamanShahDurrani,theruleroftheAfghanDurraniEmpire,sotheycoulddefeattheBritishandMarathas.[23]
Initially,ZamanShahagreedtohelpTipu,butthePersianattackonAfghanistan'sWesternborderdivertedits
forces,andhencenohelpcouldbeprovidedtoTipu.

Intheyear1787,TipuSultansentanembassytotheOttomancapitalIstanbul,totheOttomanSultanAbdulHamid
IrequestingurgentassistanceagainsttheBritishEastIndiaCompanyandhadproposedanoffensiveanddefensive
consortium.TipuSultanrequestedtheOttomanSultantosendhimtroopsandmilitaryexperts.Furthermore,Tipu
SultanalsorequestedpermissionfromtheOttomanstocontributetothemaintenanceoftheIslamicshrinesin

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Mecca,Medina,NajafandKarbala.However,theOttomanswerethemselvesatcrisisandstillrecuperatingfrom
thedevastatingAustroOttomanWarandanewconflictwiththeRussianEmpirehadbegun,forwhichOttoman
TurkeyneededBritishalliancetokeepofftheRussians,henceitcouldnotriskbeinghostiletotheBritishinthe
Indiantheatre.DuetotheOttomaninabilitytoorganiseafleetintheIndianOcean,TipuSultan'sambassadors
returnedhomeonlywithgiftsfromtheirOttomanallies,thiseventcausedhisdefeatandlossofmuchterritoryby
theyear1792.Nevertheless,TipuSultan'scorrespondencewiththeOttomanTurkishEmpireandparticularlyits
newSultanSelimIIIcontinuedtillhisfinalbattleintheyear1799.[24]

TipusoughtsupportfromtheFrench,whohadbeenhistraditionalallies,aimedatdrivinghismainrivals,the
BritishEastIndiaCompany,outofthesubcontinent.ButbackinFrance,theFrenchrevolutionhadbrokenout,the
rulingBourbonfamilywasexecutedandthecountrywasinchaos,hencetheFrenchdidnotsupporthim.
Napoleon,whilestillnottheEmperorofFrance,soughtanalliancewithTipuSultan.Napoleoncameasfaras
conqueringEgyptinanattempttolinkwithTipuSultanagainsttheBritish,theircommonenemy.InFebruary
1798,NapoleonwrotealettertoTipuSultanappreciatinghiseffortsofresistingtheBritishannexationandplans,
butthisletterneverreachedTipuandwasseizedbyaBritishspyinMuscat.TheideaofapossibleTipuNapoleon
alliancealarmedtheBritishGovernorGeneralSirRichardWellesley(alsoknownasLordWellesley)somuchthat
heimmediatelystartedlargescalepreparationsforafinalbattleagainstTipuSultan.

BothTipuSultanandEmperorNapoleonBonaparteweredefeatedbythe
sameperson.IntheFinalsiegeandfallofSrirangapatnain1799,General
ArthurWellesleyledtheBritisharmyintotheCityafterthefallofTipu
Sultan.ArthurwastheyoungerbrotherofRichardWellesley,andwasone
oftheBritishGeneralsintheFourthMysoreWar.Severalyearslaterin
Europe,thesameArthurWellesley,nowtheDukeofWellington,ledthe
armiesoftheSeventhCoalitionanddefeatedtheImperialFrencharmyled
byNapoleonBonaparteintheBattleofWaterlooin1815.

Likehisfatherbeforehim,TipuSultanmaintainedmanyembassiesand TipuSultan'sforcesduringtheSiege
madeseveralcontactswithMohammadAliKhan,ruleroftheZand ofSrirangapatna.
DynastyinPersia.TipuSultanalsomaintainedcorrespondencewith
HamadbinSaid,theruleroftheSultanateofOman.[25]

RegionalinterestsandcleverBritishdiplomacyleftTipuwithmoreenemiesandbetrayers,butnoallieswhenhe
neededthemthemostthefinalshowdownwiththeBritishintheFourthMysoreWar.

WaragainsttheMarathaConfederacy

TheMarathaEmpire,underitsnewPeshwaMadhavraoI,regainedmostofIndiansubcontinent,twicedefeating
Tipu'sfather,whowasforcedtoacceptMarathaEmpireasthesupremepowerin1764andthenin1767.In1767
MarathaPeshwaMadhavraodefeatedbothHyderAliandTipuSultanandenteredSrirangapatna,thecapitalof
Mysore.HyderAliacceptedtheauthorityofMadhavraowhogavehimthetitleofNawabofMysore.[26]However
TipuSultanwantedtoescapefromthetreatyofMarathasandthereforetriedtotakesomeMarathafortsin
SouthernIndia.ThisbroughtTipuindirectconflictwiththeMarathas,whosentanarmytowardsMysoreunder
leadershipofGeneralNanaPhadnavis.TheMarathastookmanyfortsofTipuSultanintheMysoreregionBadami,
Kittur,andGajendragadinJune1786.Bythevictoryinthiswar,theborderoftheMarathaterritorywasextended
totheTungabhadrariver.ThisforcedTiputoopennegotiationswiththeMarathaleadership.Hesenttwoofhis
agentstotheMarathacapitalofPune.ThedealthatwasfinalizedresultedintheMaratha'srecoveringtheir
territorieswhichhadbeeninvadedbyMysore.Furthermore,theNizamofHyderabadreceivedAdoniandMysore
wasobligatedtopay4.8millionrupeesasawarcosttotheMarathas,andanannualtributeof1.2millionrupees
inreturntheMarathasrecognisedtheruleofTipuintheMysoreregion.[27]

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TheMalabarInvasionofSultanateofMysore(17661790)

In1766,whenTipuSultanwasjust15yearsold,hegotthechancetoapply
hismilitarytraininginbattleforthefirsttime,whenheaccompaniedhis
fatheronaninvasionofMalabar.AftertheincidentSiegeofTellicherryin
ThalasseryinNorthMalabar,[28]HyderAlistartedlosinghisterritoriesin
Malabar.TipucamefromMysoretoreinstatetheauthorityoverMalabar.
AftertheBattleoftheNedumkotta(1789),duetothemonsoonflood,the
stiffresistanceoftheTravancoreforcesandnewsabouttheattackof
BritishinSrirangapatnamhewentback.[29][30]

ThirdAngloMysoreWar

In1789,TipuSultandisputedthe
acquisitionbyDharmaRajaof
TravancoreoftwoDutchheld
fortressesinCochin.InDecember
1789hemassedtroopsat TipuSultanunlikehisfatherbefore
Coimbatore,andon28December him,opposedtheexistenceofthe
madeanattackonthelinesof MarathaConfederacy.
Travancore,knowingthat
Travancorewas(accordingtotheTreatyofMangalore)anallyofthe
BritishEastIndiaCompany.Onaccountofthestaunchresistancebythe
CannonusedbyTipuSultan'sforces
Travancorearmy,TipuwasunabletobreakthroughtheTranvancorelines
atthebattleofSrirangapatna1799
andtheMaharajahofTravancoreappealedtotheEastIndiaCompanyfor
help.Inresponse,LordCornwallismobilisedcompanyandBritishmilitary
forces,andformedallianceswiththeMarathasandtheNizamof
HyderabadtoopposeTipu.In1790thecompanyforcesadvanced,taking
controlofmuchoftheCoimbatoredistrict.Tipucounterattacked,regaining
muchoftheterritory,althoughtheBritishcontinuedtoholdCoimbatore
itself.HethendescendedintotheCarnatic,eventuallyreaching
Pondicherry,whereheattemptedwithoutsuccesstodrawtheFrenchinto
theconflict.

In1791hisopponentsadvancedon
VerysmallCannonusedbyTipu allfronts,withthemainBritish
Sultan'sforcesnowinGovernment forceunderCornwallistaking
Museum(Egmore),Chennai Bangaloreandthreatening
Srirangapatna.Tipuharassedthe
Britishsupplyandcommunicationandembarkedona"scorchedearth"
policyofdenyinglocalresourcestotheinvaders.Inthislastefforthewas
successful,asthelackofprovisionsforcedCornwallistowithdrawto
BangaloreratherthanattemptasiegeofSrirangapatna.Followingthe
withdrawal,TipusentforcestoCoimbatore,whichtheyretookaftera GeneralLordCornwallis,receiving
lengthysiege. twoofTipuSultan'ssonsashostages
intheyear1793.
The1792campaignwasafailureforTipu.Thealliedarmywaswell
supplied,andTipuwasunabletopreventthejunctionofforcesfrom
BangaloreandBombaybeforeSrirangapatna.Afterabouttwoweeksofsiege,Tipuopenednegotiationsforterms

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ofsurrender.Intheensuingtreaty,hewasforcedtocedehalfhisterritoriestotheallies,[12]anddelivertwoofhis
sonsashostagesuntilhepaidinfullthreecroresandthirtylakhsrupeesfixedaswarindemnitytotheBritishfor
thecampaignagainsthim.HepaidtheamountintwoinstalmentsandgotbackhissonsfromMadras.

Napoleon'sattemptatajunction

In1794,withthesupportofFrenchRepublicanofficers,Tipuhelpedfound
theJacobinClubofMysorefor'framinglawscomfortablewiththelawsof
theRepublic'HeplantedaLibertyTreeanddeclaredhimselfCitizen
Tipoo.[32]

OneofthemotivationsofNapoleon'sInvasionofEgyptwastoestablisha
junctionwithIndiaagainsttheBritish.Bonapartewishedtoestablisha
FrenchpresenceintheMiddleEast,withtheultimatedreamoflinkingwith
TippooSahib.[33]NapoleonassuredtheFrenchDirectorythat"assoonas
hehadconqueredEgypt,hewillestablishrelationswiththeIndianprinces LouisXVIreceivestheambassadors
and,togetherwiththem,attacktheEnglishintheirpossessions."[34] ofTipuSultanin1788.TipuSultan
Accordingtoa13February1798reportbyTalleyrand:"Havingoccupied isknowntohavesentmany
andfortifiedEgypt,weshallsendaforceof15,000menfromSuezto diplomaticmissionstoFrance,the
India,tojointheforcesofTipuSahibanddriveawaytheEnglish."[34] OttomanEmpire,SultanateofOman,
Napoleonwasunsuccessfulinthisstrategy,losingtheSiegeofAcrein ZandDynastyandDurrani
1799,andattheBattleofAbukirin1801.[35] Empire. [31]

AlthoughInever

supposedthathe
(Napoleon)possessed,
allowingforsome
differenceofeducation,
theliberalityofconduct
andpoliticalviews
whichweresometimes
exhibitedbyoldHyder
Ali,yetIdidthinkhe
mighthaveshownthe
sameresolvedand
doggedspiritof
resolutionwhich
inducedTipuSahibto
diemanfullyuponthe

breachofhiscapitalcity
withhissabreclenched
inhishand.
SirWalterScott,commentingonthe
abdicationofNapoleonBonapartein1814

Death
FourthAngloMysoreWar

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AfterHoratioNelsonhaddefeated
FranoisPaulBrueysD'Aigalliers
attheBattleoftheNileinEgyptin
1798,threearmies,onefrom
Bombay,andtwoBritish(oneof
whichincludedArthurWellesley),
marchedintoMysorein1799and
besiegedthecapitalSrirangapatna
intheFourthMysoreWar.[36]

TheLastEffortandFallofTipu Therewereover26,000soldiersof
SultanbyHenrySingleton,c.1800 theBritishEastIndiaCompany
comprisingabout4000Europeans
andtherestIndians.Acolumnwas
suppliedbytheNizamof
Hyderabadconsistingoften
battalionsandover16,000cavalry,
andmanysoldiersweresentbythe
Marathas.Thusthesoldiersinthe
Britishforcenumberedover50,000
soldierswhereasTipuSultanhad
onlyabout30,000soldiers.The
ThespotinSrirangapatanawhere Britishbrokethroughthecitywalls,
Tipu'sbodywasfound FrenchMilitaryadvisersadvised UmdatulUmaratheNawabofthe
TipuSultantoescapefromsecret CarnaticwasacovertallyofTipu
passagesandlivetofightanotherdaybuttotheirastonishmentTipu Sultan.
replied,"Bettertoliveonedayasatigerthanathousandyearsasa
sheep".[37]TipuSultandieddefendinghiscapitalon4May.WhenthefallenTipuwasidentified,Wellesleyfelthis
pulseandconfirmedthathewasdead.Nexttohim,underneathhispalankeen,wasoneofhismostconfidential
servants,RajahCawn.RajahwasabletoidentifyTipuforthesoldiers.TipuSultanwaskilledattheHoally
(Diddy)Gateway,whichwaslocated300yards(270m)fromtheN.E.AngleoftheSrirangapatnaFort.[38]Tipu
wasburiedthenextafternoon,attheGumaz,nexttothegraveofhisfather.ImmediatelyafterthedeathofTipu
SultanmanymembersoftheBritishEastIndiaCompanybelievedthatUmdatUlUmra,theNawabofCarnatic,
secretlyprovidedassistancetoTipuSultanduringthewarandimmediatelysoughthisdepositionaftertheyear
1799.

Leadership,policy,andinnovations
Tipuintroducedanewcalendar,newcoinage,andsevennewgovernmentdepartments,duringhisreign,andmade
militaryinnovationsintheuseofrocketry.

Mysoreanrockets

TipuSultan'sfatherhadexpandedonMysore'suseofrocketry,makingcriticalinnovationsintherockets
themselvesandthemilitarylogisticsoftheiruse.Hedeployedasmanyas1,200specialisedtroopsinhisarmyto
operaterocketlaunchers.Thesemenwereskilledinoperatingtheweaponsandweretrainedtolaunchtheirrockets
atananglecalculatedfromthediameterofthecylinderandthedistancetothetarget.Therocketshadtwinside
sharpenedbladesmountedonthem,andwhenfiredenmasse,spunandwreakedsignificantdamageagainstalarge
army.TipugreatlyexpandedtheuseofrocketsafterHyder'sdeath,deployingasmanyas5,000rocketeersata
time.TherocketsdeployedbyTipuduringtheBattleofPollilurweremuchmoreadvancedthanthosetheBritish
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EastIndiaCompanyhadpreviouslyseen,chieflybecauseoftheuseofiron
tubesforholdingthepropellantthisenabledhigherthrustandlongerrange
forthemissiles(upto2kmrange).[7]

Britishaccountsdescribetheuseoftherocketsduringthethirdandfourth
wars.DuringtheclimacticbattleatSrirangapatnain1799,Britishshells
struckamagazinecontainingrockets,causingittoexplodeandsenda
toweringcloudofblacksmokewithcascadesofexplodingwhitelight
risingupfromthebattlements.AfterTipu'sdefeatinthefourthwarthe TipuSultanorganisedhisRocket
BritishcapturedanumberoftheMysoreanrockets.Thesebecame artillerybrigadesknownas
influentialinBritishrocketdevelopment,inspiringtheCongreverocket, Cushoon's,TipuSultanexpandedthe
whichwassoonputintouseintheNapoleonicWars.[7] numberofservicemeninthevarious
Cushoon'sfrom1500toalmost5000.
MysoreanNavy TheMysoreanrocketsutilisedby
TipuSultan,werelaterupdatedby
In1786TipuSultan,againfollowingtheleadofhisfather,decidedtobuild theBritishandsuccessivelyemployed
anavyconsistingof20battleshipsof72cannonsand20frigatesof62 duringtheNapoleonicWars.
cannons.Intheyear1790heappointedKamaluddinashisMirBaharand
establishedmassivedockyardsatJamalabadandMajidabad.TipuSultan's
boardofadmiraltyconsistedof11commandersinserviceofaMirYam.AMirYamled30admiralsandeachone
ofthemhadtwoships.Bytheyear1789mostofTipuSultan'sshipshadcopperbottoms,anideathatincreasedthe
longevityoftheshipsandwasintroducedtoTipubyAdmiralSuffren.[39]

Religiouspolicy
AsaMuslimrulerinalargelyHindudomain,TipuSultanfacedproblemsinestablishingthelegitimacyofhisrule,
andinreconcilinghisdesiretobeseenasadevoutIslamicrulerwiththeneedtobepragmatictoavoid
antagonisingthemajorityofhissubjects.Hisreligiouslegacyhasbecomeasourceofconsiderablecontroversyin
thesubcontinent.SomegroupsproclaimhimagreatwarriorforthefaithorGhazi,whileothersrevilehimasa
bigotwhomassacredHindus.[40][41][42]

In1780,hewasdeclaredtheBadshahorEmperorofMysore,andstruckcoinage.HisalliancewiththeFrenchwas
supposedlyaimedatachievingthisgoalbydrivinghismainrivals,theBritish,outofthesubcontinent.Duringthe
earlyperiodofTipuSultan'sreigninparticular,heappearstohavebeenasstrictashisfatheragainstanynon
MuslimaccusedofcollaborationwiththeBritishEastIndiaCompanyortheMaratha.[42]

AttitudetowardsHindus

ConversionsofHindusoutsideMysoretoIslam

Kodagu(Coorg)

ThebattlesbetweenKodavasandTippuSultanisoneofthemostbitterrivalriesinSouthIndia.Therewere
repeatedattemptstocaptureKodagubythesultanandhisfatherHyderAlibeforehim.Theprimaryreasonfor
sultan'sinterestinKodagubecauseannexingKodaguwouldprovideaccesstoMangaloreport.TheKodavasknew
theirlandsandmountainsverywellwhichmadethemexcellentatguerrillawarfare.Kodavaswereoutnumbered3
to1inmostofTippu'sattemptstoannexKodagubuttheymanagedtobeatbackTippumostofthetimesby
drawinghisarmytowardshillyregionsoftheirland.OnfewoccasionsTippu'sarmymanagedtoreachMadikeri
(CapitalofKodagu)buttheKodavasalwaysambushedthecontingentleftbehindbyTippu.Kodavasrefusalto

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bowtothesultanwasprimarilybecausethroughouttheirhistorythey
enjoyedindependence,thoughtherewereRajahsrulingoverthem,
governanceofthelandmainlyrestedwithKodavas.Aftercapturing
Kodaguonanotheroccasion,Tippuproclaimed,"Ifyoueverdareto
ambushmymenagain,IwillhonoreveryoneofyouwithIslam",
undeterred,theresilientKodavasambushedhismenyetagainanddrove
thembacktoMysore.BynowTippurealizedconventionalwarfarewould
neveryieldhimKodagu.HedevisedaplantoannexKodagubyoffering
hisfriendship.HisofferoffriendshipwaswelcomedbyKodavasasthe
battleswiththeSultanovertheyearshadcostthemdearly.WhenKodavas
welcomedSultantotheirlandinthenameoffriendship,theSultanandhis
menattackedthemandtookthousandsasprisoners.TipugotRunmust
Khan,theNawabofKurnool,tolaunchasurpriseattackupontheKodava
HinduswhowerebesiegedbytheinvadingMuslimarmy.500werekilled
andover40,000Kodavasfledtothewoodsandconcealedthemselvesin
themountains.[43]ThousandsofKodavaswereseizedalongwiththeRaja
andheldcaptiveatSeringapatam.Aguably,theywerethoughttobe
subjectedtoforcibleconversionstoIslam,death,andtorture.[44]

InSeringapatam,theyoungmenwereallforciblycircumcisedand
incorporatedintotheAhmedyCorps,andwereformedintoeightRisalasor
regiments.[43]TheactualnumberofKodavasthatwerecapturedinthe
operationisunclear.TheBritishadministratorMarkWilksgivesitas
70,000,HistorianLewisRicearrivesatthefigureof85,000,whileMir
Kirmani'sscorefortheCoorgcampaignis80,000men,womenandchild
prisoners.[43]

MohibbulHasan,Prof.SheikhAli,andotherhistorianscastgreatdoubton
thescaleofthedeportationsandforcedconversionsinCoorginparticular.
HassansaysthatitisdifficulttoestimatetherealnumberofCoorgs
capturedbyTipu.[45]

InalettertoRunmustKhan,Tipuhimselfstated:[46]

"Weproceededwiththeutmostspeed,and,atonce,made
prisonersof40,000occasionseekingandseditionexciting
Coorgis,whoalarmedattheapproachofourvictoriousarmy,
hadslunkintowoods,andconcealedthemselvesinlofty
mountains,inaccessibleeventobirds.Thencarryingthem AsoldierfromTipuSultan'sarmy,
awayfromtheirnativecountry(thenativeplaceofsedition) usinghisrocketasaflagstaff.
weraisedthemtothehonourofIslam,andincorporatedthem
intoourAhmedycorps."

[47]

Kasaragod(nearMangalore)

Tipusentaletteron19January1790totheGovernorofBekal(nearKasaragod),BudruzZumanKhan.Itsays:

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"Don'tyouknowIhaveachievedagreatvictoryrecentlyinMalabarandoverfourlakhHinduswere
convertedtoIslam?IamdeterminedtomarchagainstthatcursedRamanNair(RajahofTravancore)
verysoon.SinceIamoverjoyedattheprospectofconvertinghimandhissubjectstoIslam,Ihave
happilyabandonedtheideaofgoingbacktoSrirangapatanamnow."[48]

Malabar

NorthMalabar

In1788,TipuenteredintoMalabartoquellarebellion.Nairsweresurroundedwithoffersofdeathor
circumcision.Chirakkal'sNairRajawhowasreceivedwithdistinctionsforsurrenderingvoluntarilywaslater
hanged.TiputhendividedMalabarintodistricts,withthreeofficersineachdistrictgiventhetaskofnumbering
productivetrees,collectingrevenueandgivingreligiousorderstoNairs.

Calicut(Kozhikode)

In1788,TipuorderedhisgovernorinCalicutSherKhantobeginthe
processofconvertingHindustoIslam,andinJulyofthatyear,200
Brahminswereforciblyconverted.[49]

Inscriptions

OnthehandleoftheswordpresentedbyTiputoMarquessWellesleywas
thefollowinginscription:[50]
ThemerchantsofCalicutseizedand
chainedtoabarrenrock,bytheorder
"Myvictorioussabreislightningforthedestructionofthe ofTippooSahib
unbelievers.Ali,theEmiroftheFaithful,isvictoriousformy
advantage,andmoreover,hedestroyedthewickedracewho
wereunbelievers.Praisebetohim(God),whoistheLordof
theWorlds!ThouartourLord,supportusagainstthepeople
whoareunbelievers.HetowhomtheLordgivethvictory
prevailsoverall(mankind).OhLord,makehimvictorious,
whopromoteththefaithofMuhammad.Confoundhim,who
refuseththefaithofMuhammadandwithholdusfromthose
whoaresoinclinedfromthetruefaith.TheLordis
predominantoverhisownworks.Victoryandconquestare
fromtheAlmighty.Bringhappytidings,OhMuhammad,to
thefaithfulforGodisthekindprotectorandisthemost
mercifulofthemerciful.IfGodassiststhee,thouwillprosper.
MaytheLordGodassistthee,OhMuhammad,withamighty
greatvictory."

Duringasearchofhispalacein1795,somegoldmedalswerefoundinthepalace,onwhichthefollowingwas
inscribedononesideinPersian:"OfGodthebestowerofblessings",andtheother:"victoryandconquestarefrom
theAlmighty".Thesewerecarvedincommemorationofavictoryafterthewarof1780.[51]Thefollowingisa
translationofaninscriptiononthestonefoundatSeringapatam,whichwassituatedinaconspicuousplaceinthe
fort:[50]
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"OhAlmightyGod!disposethewholebodyofinfidels!Scattertheirtribe,causetheirfeettostagger!
Overthrowtheircouncils,changetheirstate,destroytheirveryroot!Causedeathtobenearthem,cut
offfromthemthemeansofsustenance!Shortentheirdays!Betheirbodiestheconstantobjectoftheir
cares(i.e.,infestthemwithdiseases),deprivetheireyesofsight,makeblacktheirfaces(i.e.,bring
shame)."

TemplesandofficersinMysore

TipuSultan'streasurerwasKrishnaRao,ShamaiyaIyengarwashisMinisterofPostandPolice,hisbrotherRanga
Iyengarwasalsoanofficer,andPurnaiyaheldtheveryimportantpostof"MirAsaf".MoolchandandSujanRai
werehischiefagentsattheMughalcourt,andhischief"Peshkar",SubaRao,wasalsoaHindu.[52]Editorof
MysoreGazettesSrikantaiahhaslisted156templestowhichTipuregularlypaidannualgrants.Thereissuch
evidenceasgrantdeeds,andcorrespondencebetweenhiscourtandtemples,andhishavingdonatedjewelleryand
deededlandgrantstoseveraltemples,whichsomeclaimhewascompelledtodotomakeallianceswithHindu
rulers.Between1782and1799TipuSultanissued34"Sanads"(deeds)ofendowmenttotemplesinhisdomain,
whilealsopresentingmanyofthemwithgiftsofsilverandgoldplate.TheSrikanteswaraTempleinNanjangud
stillpossessesajewelledcuppresentedbytheSultan.[53]HealsogaveagreenishlingatoRanganathatempleat
Srirangapatnahedonatedsevensilvercupsandasilvercamphorburner.Thistemplewashardlyastone'sthrow
fromhispalacefromwherehewouldlistenwithequalrespecttotheringingoftemplebellsandthemuezzin'scall
fromthemosque[54]totheLakshmikantaTempleatKalalehegiftedfourcups,aplateandSpitooninsilver.[55][56]

Sringeriincident

In1791,MarathaarmyraidedthetempleandmathaofSringeriShankaracharya,killingandwoundingmany,and
plunderingthemonasteryofallitsvaluablepossessions.[57]TheincumbentShankaracharyapetitionedTipuSultan
forhelp.Abunchofabout30letterswritteninKannada,whichwereexchangedbetweenTipuSultan'scourtand
theSringeriShankaracharyawerediscoveredin1916bytheDirectorofArchaeologyinMysore.TipuSultan
expressedhisindignationandgriefatthenewsoftheraid:

"Peoplewhohavesinnedagainstsuchaholyplacearesuretosuffertheconsequencesoftheir
misdeedsatnodistantdateinthisKaliageinaccordancewiththeverse:"Hasadbhihkriyatekarma
rudadbhiranubhuyate"(Peopledo[evil]deedssmilinglybutsuffertheconsequencescrying)."[58]

HeimmediatelyorderedtheAsafofBednurtosupplytheSwamiwith200rahatis(fanams)incashandothergifts
andarticles.TipuSultan'sinterestintheSringeritemplecontinuedformanyyears,andhewasstillwritingtothe
Swamiinthe1790sCE.[59]

Controversialfigure

Inlightofthisandotherevents,B.A.SaletarehasdescribedTipuSultanasadefenderoftheHindudharma,who
alsopatronisedothertemplesincludingoneatMelkote,forwhichheissuedaKannadadecreethatthe
Shrivaishnavainvocatoryversesthereshouldberecitedinthetraditionalform.ThetempleatMelkotestillhas
goldandsilvervesselswithinscriptionsindicatingthattheywerepresentedbytheSultan.TipuSultanalso
presentedfoursilvercupstotheLakshmikantaTempleatKalale.[60]TipuSultandoesseemtohaverepossessed
unauthorisedgrantsoflandmadetoBrahminsandtemples,butthosewhichhadpropersanads(certificates)were

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not.Itwasanormalpracticeforanyruler,MuslimorHindu,onhisaccessionorontheconquestofnewterritory.
TheportrayalofTipuSultanasasecularleaderisdisputed,andsomesources,largelyleftleaningscholarsfrom
the20thcentury,suggestthatheinfactoftenembracedreligiouspluralism.

HistorianC.HayavadanaRaowroteaboutTipuinhisencyclopaediccourthistoryofMysore.Heassertedthat
Tipu's"religiousfanaticismandtheexcessescommittedinthenameofreligion,bothinMysoreandinthe
provinces,standcondemnedforalltime.Hisbigotry,indeed,wassogreatthatitprecludedallideasoftoleration".
HefurtherassertsthattheactsofTiputhatwereconstructivetowardsHinduswerelargelypoliticaland
ostentatiousratherthananindicationofgenuinetolerance.[61]

AttitudetowardsChristians

TipuisregardedtobeantiChristianbysomehistorians.[62][63][64]While
AlanMachadoinhisbook'SlavesofSultans',arguesthatbyexpelling
Christianpriests,TipuwasonlyfollowingprecedentsetbyEuropean
rivals.[65][66]HistorianJ.B.PrashantMoreinhispaper'TipuSultanandthe
Christians'arguesthatTipu'sencountersanddealingswiththeChristiansof
bothEuropeanandIndianoriginwereinaccordancewiththespiritofhis
timesandalsohadapoliticaldimension.[67]ThecaptivityofMangalorean
CatholicsatSeringapatam,whichbeganon24February1784andendedon
4May1799,remainsthemostdisconsolatememoryintheirhistory.[68]

TheBarcoorManuscriptreportshimashavingsaid:"AllMusalmans
shouldunitetogether,andconsideringtheannihilationofinfidelsasa
sacredduty,labourtotheutmostoftheirpower,toaccomplishthat
subject."[69]SoonaftertheTreatyofMangalorein1784,Tipugained
controlofCanara.[70]HeissuedorderstoseizetheChristiansinCanara,
confiscatetheirestates,[71]anddeportthemtoSeringapatam,thecapitalof TheJamalabadfortroute.
hisempire,throughtheJamalabadfortroute.[72]However,therewereno MangaloreanCatholicshadtravelled
priestsamongthecaptives.TogetherwithFr.Miranda,allthe21arrested throughthisrouteontheirwayto
priestswereissuedordersofexpulsiontoGoa,finedRupees200,000,and Seringapatam
threateneddeathbyhangingiftheyeverreturned.[69]

Tipuorderedthedestructionof27Catholicchurches.AmongthemincludedtheChurchofNossaSenhorade
RosarioMilagresatMangalore,FrMiranda'sSeminaryatMonteMariano,ChurchofJesuMarieJoseatOmzoor,
ChapelatBolar,ChurchofMercesatUllal,ImaculataConceicoatMulki,SanJoseatPerar,NossaSenhorados
RemediosatKirem,SaoLawrenceatKarkal,RosarioatBarkur,ImmaculataConceioatBaidnur.[69]Allwere
razedtotheground,withtheexceptionofTheChurchofHolyCrossatHospet,owingtothefriendlyofficesofthe
ChautaRajaofMoodbidri.[73]

AccordingtoThomasMunro,aScottishsoldierandthefirstcollectorofCanara,around60,000people,[74]nearly
92percentoftheentireMangaloreanCatholiccommunity,werecapturedonly7,000escaped.FrancisBuchanan
givesthenumbersas70,000captured,fromapopulationof80,000,with10,000escaping.Theywereforcedto
climbnearly4,000feet(1,200m)throughthejunglesoftheWesternGhatmountainranges.Itwas210miles
(340km)fromMangaloretoSeringapatam,andthejourneytooksixweeks.AccordingtoBritishGovernment
records,20,000ofthemdiedonthemarchtoSeringapatam.AccordingtoJamesScurry,aBritishofficer,whowas
heldcaptivealongwithMangaloreanCatholics,30,000ofthemwereforciblyconvertedtoIslam.Theyoung
womenandgirlswereforciblymadewivesoftheMuslimslivingthere.[75]Theyoungmenwhoofferedresistance

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weredisfiguredbycuttingtheirnoses,upperlips,andears.[76]AccordingtoMr.SilvaofGangolim,asurvivorof
thecaptivity,ifapersonwhohadescapedfromSeringapatamwasfound,thepunishmentundertheordersofTipu
wasthecuttingoffoftheears,nose,thefeetandonehand.[77]GazetteerofSouthIndiadescribesTipuSultan
forciblycircumcising30,000WestCoastChristiansanddeportingthemtoMysore[78]

Tipu'spersecutionofChristiansevenextendedtocapturedBritishsoldiers.Forinstance,therewereasignificant
numberofforcedconversionsofBritishcaptivesbetween1780and1784.Followingtheirdisastrousdefeatatthe
1780BattleofPollilur,7,000BritishmenalongwithanunknownnumberofwomenwereheldcaptivebyTipuin
thefortressofSeringapatnam.Ofthese,over300werecircumcisedandgivenMuslimnamesandclothesand
severalBritishregimentaldrummerboysweremadetowearghagracholisandentertainthecourtasnautchgirls
ordancinggirls.Afterthe10yearlongcaptivityended,JamesScurry,oneofthoseprisoners,recountedthathe
hadforgottenhowtositinachairanduseaknifeandfork.HisEnglishwasbrokenandstilted,havinglostallhis
vernacularidiom.Hisskinhaddarkenedtotheswarthycomplexionofnegroes,andmoreover,hehaddeveloped
anaversiontowearingEuropeanclothes.[79]

DuringthesurrenderoftheMangalorefortwhichwasdeliveredinanarmisticebytheBritishandtheirsubsequent
withdrawal,alltheMestizosandremainingnonBritishforeignerswerekilled,togetherwith5,600Mangalorean
Catholics.ThosecondemnedbyTipuSultanfortreacherywerehangedinstantly,thegibbetsbeingweigheddown
bythenumberofbodiestheycarried.TheNetravatiRiverwassoputridwiththestenchofdyingbodies,thatthe
localresidentswereforcedtoleavetheirriversidehomes.[69]

TheArchbishopofGoawrotein1800,"ItisnotoriouslyknowninallAsiaandallotherpartsoftheglobeofthe
oppressionandsufferingsexperiencedbytheChristiansintheDominionoftheKingofKanara,duringthe
usurpationofthatcountrybyTipuSultanfromanimplacablehatredhehadagainstthemwhoprofessed
Christianity."[69]

TheBritishofficerJamesScurry,
whowasdetainedaprisonerfor10
yearsbyTipuSultanalongwiththe
MangaloreanCatholics
refugebySakthanTamburan,therulerofCochinandKarthikaThirunal,therulerofTravancore,whogavethem
lands,plantationsandencouragedtheirbusinesses.ColonelMacqulay,theBritishresidentofTravancorealso
helpedthem.[80]
TipuSultan'sinvasionoftheMalabarhadanadverseimpactontheSyrian
MalabarNasranicommunityoftheMalabarcoast.Manychurchesinthe
MalabarandCochinweredamaged.TheoldSyrianNasraniseminaryat
AngamalywhichhadbeenthecenterofCatholicreligiouseducationfor
severalcenturieswasrazedtothegroundbyTipu'ssoldiers.Alotof
centuriesoldreligiousmanuscriptswerelostforever.Thechurchwaslater
relocatedtoKottayamwhereitstillexiststothisdate.TheMorSabor
churchatAkaparambuandtheMarthaMariamChurchattachedtothe
seminaryweredestroyedaswell.Tipu'sarmysetfiretothechurchat
PalayoorandattackedtheOllurChurchin1790.Furthernmore,theArthat
churchandtheAmbazhakkadseminarywasalsodestroyed.Overthe
courseofthisinvasion,manySyrianMalabarNasraniwerekilledor
forciblyconvertedtoIslam.Mostofthecoconut,arecanut,pepperand
cashewplantationsheldbytheSyrianMalabarfarmerswerealso
indiscriminatelydestroyedbytheinvadingarmy.Asaresult,whenTipu's
armyinvadedGuruvayurandadjacentareas,theSyrianChristian
communityfledCalicutandsmalltownslikeArthattonewcentreslike
Kunnamkulam,Chalakudi,Ennakadu,Cheppadu,Kannankode,
Mavelikkara,etc.wheretherewerealreadyChristians.Theyweregiven

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AccordingtohistorianProfessorSheikhAli,Tipu"tookhisstandonthebedrockofhumanity,regardingallhis
subjectsasequalcitizentoliveinpeace,harmonyandconcord."[54]However,duringthestormingof
SrirangapatnabytheBritishin1799,thirteenmurderedBritishprisonerswerediscovered,killedbyeitherhaving
theirnecksbrokenornailsdrivenintotheirskulls.[81]

Tipu'spalaceinSeringapatamhadastrictlyguardedZenanaquartersforwomen.Manyofthewomeninhis
HareemweredaughtersofnativeprincesandBrahmins,whohadbeenabductedininfancyandbroughtup
Muslim.Inthesamepalace,thelegitimateWadiyarkingChamarajaWodeyarIXwasheldcaptive.Theprince
havingnochildrenhadadoptedhisrelative,whowasalsoimprisonedbytheSultan.Thepalacesandtemples
raisedbytheearlierWadiyarkingswerealsopulleddownbyTipu,onthepretextofstrengtheningthefortress.[82]

CriticismofBritishaccounts

Brittlebank,Hasan,Chetty,HabibandSaletare,amongstothers,arguethatcontroversialstoriesofTipuSultan's
religiouspersecutionofHindusandChristiansarelargelyderivedfromtheworkofearlyBritishauthors(who
wereverymuchagainstTipuSultan'sindependenceandharbouredprejudiceagainsttheSultan)suchas
Kirkpatrick[83]andWilks,[84]whomtheydonotconsidertobeentirelyreliable.[85]A.S.ChettyarguesthatWilks'
accountinparticularcannotbetrusted,[86]IrfanHabibandMohibbulHasanarguesthattheseearlyBritishauthors
hadastrongvestedinterestinpresentingTipuSultanasatyrantfromwhomtheBritishhadliberatedMysore.[87]
ThisassessmentisechoedbyBrittlebankinherrecentworkwhereshewritesthatWilksandKirkpatrickmustbe
usedwithparticularcareasbothauthorshadtakenpartinthewarsagainstTipuSultanandwerecloselyconnected
totheadministrationsofLordCornwallisandRichardWellesley,1stMarquessWellesley.[88]

PromotionoftheUrdulanguage

TipustrengthenedandinstitutededucationinUrduandPersianamongMuslimsintheMysoreregion.However
theMuslimsofNorthKanaraspeakNawayathi,theMuslimsofSouthKanaraspeakBearyandtheMuslimsof
KodaguspeakKodava.HemadePersiantheofficiallanguagethroughouthiskingdom.

Legacy
TipuSultanwasoneofthefirstIndiankingstobekilledonthebattlefield
whiledefendinghisKingdomagainsttheColonialBritish.InIndia,while
manyhistoriansgenerallytakeafavourableviewofhisreign,others
portrayhimasaMuslimfanatic.Tipuhasbeenrecognizedasafreedom
fighterbytheGovernmentofKarnataka.The1990TelevisionSeriesThe
SwordofTipuSultandirectedbySanjayKhanwasbasedonahistorical
novelbyBhagwanGidwani.
Amonghismanyinnovations,Tipu
TipuSultanisheldinhighesteeminPakistanwheremostpeopleconsider introducednewcoindenominations
TipuSultanasaherooftheIndianindependencemovement.Thecountry andnewcointypes,includingthis
hashonouredhimbynamingPakistanNavyshipPNSTippuSultanafter handsomecopperdoublepaisa
TipuSultan.PakistantelevisionairedadramaonTipuSultandirectedby weighingover23gm.Thecoinon
QasimJalali. theleftalsocontainstheemblemof
theSultanateofMysore.
PakistanPostalServicesissuedacommemorativepostagestampon23
March1979inhonorofhiminits'PioneersofFreedom'series.[89]

Family
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1.ShahzadaSayyidwalShareefHyderAliKhanSultan(177130July
1815)
2.ShahzadaSayyidwalShareefAbdulKhaliqKhanSultan(178212
September1806)
3.ShahzadaSayyidwalShareefMuhiuddinAliKhanSultan(1782
30September1811)
4.ShahzadaSayyidwalShareefMu'izzuddinAliKhanSultan(1783
30March1818)
5.ShahzadaSayyidwalShareefMi'rajuddinAliKhanSultan(1784?
?)
6.ShahzadaSayyidwalShareefMu'inuddinAliKhanSultan(1784?
?)
7.ShahzadaSayyidwalShareefMuhammadYasinKhanSultan(1784
15March1849)
8.ShahzadaSayyidwalShareefMuhammadSubhanKhanSultan
(178527September1845)
9.ShahzadaSayyidwalShareefMuhammadShukrullahKhanSultan ThemausoleumhousingTipu'stomb
(178525September1830) isanotherexampleofIslamic
10.ShahzadaSayyidwalShareefSarwaruddinKhanSultan(179020 architecture.Tipu'sflagisinthe
October1833) foreground.
11.ShahzadaSayyidwalShareefMuhammadNizamuddinKhanSultan
(179120October1791)
12.ShahzadaSayyidwalShareefMuhammadJamaluddinKhanSultan
(179513November1842)
13.ShahzadaSayyidwalShareefMuniruddinKhanSultan(17951
December1837)
14.HisHighnessShahzadaSirSayyidwalShareefGhulamMuhammad
SultanSahib,KCSI(March179511August1872)
15.ShahzadaSayyidwalShareefGhulamAhmadKhanSultan(1796
11April1824)
16.ShahzadaSayyidwalShareefHashmathAliKhanSultan(expiredat
birth)

Tipuhadseveralwives.Oneofhiswivesquiterenownedforherbeauty
andintelligencewasSindhSahibawhosegrandsonwasSahibSindh ThetombofTipuSultanat
SultanalsoknownasHisHighnessShahzadaSayyidwalShareefAhmed Srirangapatna.Tipu'stombis
HalimazZamanKhanSultanSahib.TipuSultan'sfamilywassentto adjacenttohismother'sandfather's
CalcuttabytheBritish.AdescendentofoneofTipuSultan'sunclesNoor graves.
InayatKhanwasaBritishSpecialOperationsExecutiveagentduringthe
SecondWorldWar,murderedintheGermanDachauconcentrationcampin
1944.

Swordandtiger

TipuSultanhadlosthisswordinawarwiththeNairsofTravancoreduringtheBattleoftheNedumkotta(1789),
inwhichhewasforcedtowithdrawduetotheseverejointattackfromTravancorearmyandBritisharmy.[90]The
NairarmyundertheleadershipofRajaKesavadasagaindefeatedtheMysorearmynearAluva.TheMaharaja,
DharmaRaja,gavethefamousswordtotheNawabofArcot,fromwheretheswordwenttoLondon.Thesword
wasondisplayattheWallaceCollection,No.1ManchesterSquare,London.

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TipuwascommonlyknownastheTigerofMysoreandadoptedthisanimal
asthesymbol(bubri/babri)[91]ofhisrule.[92]ItissaidthatTipuSultan
washuntingintheforestwithaFrenchfriend.Hecamefacetofacewitha
tiger.Hisgundidnotwork,andhisdaggerfellonthegroundasthetiger
jumpedonhim.Hereachedforthedagger,pickeditup,andkilledthetiger
withit.Thatearnedhimthename"theTigerofMysore".Heevenhad
Frenchengineersbuildamechanicaltigerforhispalace.[93]Thedevice,
knownasTipu'sTiger,isondisplayintheVictoriaandAlbertMuseum, TipuSultan'sTiger.Victoriaand
AlbertMuseum,London
London.[94]NotonlydidTipuplacerelicsoftigersaroundhispalaceand
domain,butalsohadtheemblemofatigeronhisbannersandsomearms
andweapons.Sometimesthistigerwasveryornateandhadinscriptionswithinthedrawing,alludingtoTipu's
faith.[95]HistorianAlexanderBeatsonreportedthat"inhispalacewasfoundagreatvarietyofcuriousswords,
daggers,fusils,pistols,andblunderbussessomewereofexquisiteworkmanship,mountedwithgold,orsilver,and
beautifullyinlaidandornamentedwithtigers'headsandstripes,orwithPersianandArabicverses".[96]

ThelastswordusedbyTipuinhislastbattle,atSriRangapatnam,andtheringwornbyhimweretakenbythe
Britishforcesaswartrophies.TillApril2004,theywerekeptondisplayattheBritishMuseumLondonasgiftsto
themuseumfromMajGenAugustusW.H.MeyrickandNancyDowager.[97]

AtanauctioninLondoninApril2004,VijayMallyapurchasedtheswordofTipuSultanandsomeotherhistorical
artefacts,andbroughtthembacktoIndia.[98]

InOctober2013,anotherswordownedbyTipuSultananddecoratedwithhisbabri(tigerstripemotif)surfaced
andwasauctionedbySotheby's.[99]Itwaspurchasedfor98,500[100]byatelephonebidder.

TipuJayanti

In2015,ChiefMinisterSiddaramaiah'sKarnatakadecisiontocelebrateTipu'sbirthanniversarywitnessedprotests
bytheBJPandRashtriyaSwayamsevakSangh.

LokSabhaCongressleader,MallikarjunaKharge,hitbackattheRSS,asking,

WhentheycancelebrateNathuramGodsecan'twecelebrateTipuSultan?

[101]

Infiction

HehasaroleinG.A.Henty's1896bookTheTigerofMysore,[102]andisalsomentionedinHenty's1902At
thePointoftheBayonet,[103]whichdealswithmuchthesameperiod.
InJulesVerne'sMysteriousIsland,CaptainNemoisdescribedasanephewofTipuSultan.
TipuSultan'slifeandadventureswerethecentralthemeofashortrunningSouthIndiantelevisionseries
"TheAdventuresofTipuSultan",andofamorepopularnationaltelevisionseries"TheSwordofTipu
Sultan".
NaseemHijazi'snovelsMuazamAliandAurTalvarGaye(AndTheSwordBroke)describeTipuSultan's
wars.
WilkieCollins'snovelTheMoonstonecontainsanaccountofTipuSultanandthefallofSrirangapatnainthe
prologue.

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2/22/2017 TipuSultanWikipedia

InTheSurprisingAdventuresofBaronMunchausenbyRudolfErichRaspe,MunchausenvanquishesTippoo
neartheendofthenovel.
Sharpe'sTigerisanovelinwhichNapoleonicsoldierRichardSharpefightsatSeringapatam,laterkilling
TipuSultan.
TheOnlyKingWhoDiedontheBattlefield:AnHistoricalNovelBasedonTruth(publishedin2006),was
writtenbyaUSPakistaniresidentandayoungcollegestudentMohammedFaisalIftikhar.Thenovelclaims
thatinrecenthistory,TipuSultanistheonlykingwhodiedonthebattlefield.
TipuSultanappearsasa"GreatPerson"inthevideogame,SidMeier'sCivilization:Revolution.
InhishistoricalnovelsontheSeringapatamcaptivityofKonkaniCatholicsbytheKonkanilittrateurV.J.P.
Saldanha,BelthangaddichoBalthazar(BalthazarofBelthangady),DevacheKrupen(BytheGraceofGod),
SardarachiSinol(ThesignoftheKnights)andInfernachiDaram(ThegatesofHell),Tipuisportrayedas
cunning,haughty,hardhearted,revengeful,yetfullofselfcontrol.[104]

Imagegallery

AviewoftheHoally Aflintlock CannonusedbyTippu

Gateway, blunderbuss,madefor Sultaninthebattleof
Srirangapatnam,where TippuSultanin Seringapatam1799
TipuSultanwaskilled, Seringapatamin1793
Seringapatam 94.TippuSultanused
(Mysore),byThomas manyWestern
Sydenham(c.1799) craftsmen,andthisgun
reflectsthemostupto
datetechnologiesof
thetime.[11]

Seealso
Mughalweapons Tipu'sTiger
Muslimwarriors TheDreamsofTipuSultanbyGirishKarnad
MysoreinvasionofKerala MirGhulamAli,anofficialandseniormilitary
PNSTippuSultan commander
TipuSultanMosque
Tipu'sTiger
Notes
1.Hasan,Mohibbul(2005).HistoryofTipuSultan.AakarBooks.p.6.ISBN8187879572.Retrieved19January2013.
2."TipuSultan's216thdeathanniversary:7unknownfactsyoushouldknowabouttheTigerofMysore:Listicles:
Microfacts".Indiatoday.intoday.in.4May2015.Retrieved13November2015.
3.Cavendish,Richard(4May1999)."TipuSultankilledatSeringapatam".HistoryToday.49(5).Retrieved13December
2013.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipu_Sultan 19/24
2/22/2017 TipuSultanWikipedia

4.Allana,Gulam(1988).Muslimpoliticalthoughtthroughtheages:15621947(2ed.).PennsylvaniaStateUniversity,
Pennsylvania:RoyalBookCompany.p.78.Retrieved18January2013.
5.Hasan,Mohibbul(2005).HistoryofTipuSultan.AakarBooks.p.399.ISBN8187879572.Retrieved19January2013.
6.R.k.datta(2007).GlobalSilkIndustry:ACompleteSourceBook.APHPublishing.p.17.ISBN8131300870.
Retrieved22January2013.
7.RoddamNarasimha(1985).RocketsinMysoreandBritain,17501850A.D.(http://www.nal.res.in/pdf/pdfrocket.pdf)
NationalAeronauticalLaboratoryandIndianInstituteofScience.
8.KaushikRoy,War,CultureandSocietyinEarlyModernSouthAsia,17401849,(Routledge,2011),77.
9.Hasan,Mohibbul(2005).HistoryofTipuSultan.AakarBooks.p.24.ISBN8187879572.Retrieved19January2013.
10."TipuJayanti:Here'sAllYouNeedtoKnowAboutHim".News18.News18.3November2016.Retrieved5November
2016.
11.ExhibitionattheMetropolitanMuseumofArt,NewYork.
12.Chisholm1911.
13.Beatson,Alexander(1800)."AppendixNo.XXXIII".AViewoftheOriginandConductoftheWarwithTippooSultaun.
London:G.&W.Nichol.pp.ciciv.
14.Fortescue,JohnWilliam(1902).AhistoryoftheBritisharmy,Volume3.Macmillan.pp.431432.
15."TheTigerandTheThistleTipuSultanandtheScotsinIndia".nationalgalleries.org.
16.Subramanian,K.R.(1928).TheMarathaRajasofTanjore.p.64.
17.Subramanian,p.65
18.EconomicandPoliticalWeekly,TipuSultan:GivingtheDevilHisDue(http://www.jstor.org/stable/4397149),p.2837
19.Zachariah,MiniPant."Tipu'slegendliveson".TheHindu.Retrieved18December2013.
20.Brittlebank
21.zcan,Azmi(1997)."PanIslamism:IndianMuslims,theOttomansandBritain,18771924".ISBN9789004106321.
22.Kausar,Kabir(1980)."SecretcorrespondenceofTipuSultan".
23.I.M.Muthanna,I.M.MuthannaCHAPTERXIIITIPU'SFERVENTAPPEALTOMUSLIMSABROAD
24.zcan,Azmi(1997)."PanIslamism:IndianMuslims,theOttomansandBritain,18771924".ISBN9789004106321.
25.Bhacker,MohmedReda(1992)."TradeandEmpireinMuscatandZanzibar:TheRootsofBritishDomination".
ISBN9780415079976.
26.Roy,Kaushik(30March2011)."War,CultureandSocietyinEarlyModernSouthAsia,17401849".ISBN9781136
790874.
27.Naravane,M.S(1January2006)."BattlesoftheHonourableEastIndiaCompany:MakingoftheRaj".ISBN97881
31300343.
28."DictionaryofIndianbiography".archive.org.
29.ASurveyofKeralaHistorybyaSreedharaMenon
30.madur."TipuSultanPersonalities".Karnataka.com.
31."IslamicVoice".islamicvoice.com.
32.UpendrakishoreRoychoudhury(101).WhiteMughals.
33."TricolorandCrescent".google.com.
34."NapoleonandPersia".google.com.
35."EmpiresoftheSand".google.com.
36.TheParliamentaryRegisterOr,HistoryoftheProceedingsandDebatesofthe[HouseofLordsandHouseof
Commons]J.Almon,1793
37.http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199539536.001.0001/acref9780199539536e156,TipuSultan's
worldfamousquote,"Bettertoliveonedayasatigerthanathousandyearsasasheep"onoxfordreference.comwebsite,
Retrieved14February2017
38."ViewoftheHoallyGateway,whereTipuSultanwaskilled,Seringapatam(Mysore)".BritishLibraryOnlineGallery.
Retrieved14June2009.
39.Roy,Kaushik(30March2011)."War,CultureandSocietyinEarlyModernSouthAsia,17401849".ISBN9781136
790874.
40.Brittlebank,pp.13
41.PhillipB.Wagoner"TipuSultan'sSearchforLegitimacy:IslamandKingshipinaHinduDomainbyKateBrittlebank
(ReviewTheJournalofAsianStudiesVol.58,No.2(May1999)pp.541543
42.Valath,V.v.k.(1981).KeralathileSthacharithrangalThrissurJilla(inMalayalam).KeralaSahithyaAcademy.pp.74
79.
43.Prabhu1999,p.223
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46.Sen1930,p.157
47.Sultan,Tipu(1811).SelectlettersofTippooSultantovariouspublicfunctionaries:.London.p.228.
48.K.M.Panicker,BhashaPoshini,August1923
49.MappilaMuslimsofKerala:astudyinIslamictrends(1992),RolandE.Miller,OrientLongman,p.93
50.Mysoregazetteer,Volume2,Issue4,ConjeeveramHayavadanaRao(raosahib),BenjaminLewisRice,Government
Press,1930,p.2697
51.Mysoregazetteer,Volume2,Issue4,ConjeeveramHayavadanaRao(Raosahib),BenjaminLewisRice,Government
Press,1930,p.2698
52.Hasan1971,HistoryofTipuSultan,pp.3578
53.A.SubbarayaChetty,2002,"Tipu'sendowmentstoHindus"inHabib.111115.
54.Ali,Sheikh."PersianscriptofTipuSultanonthegatewaytoKrishnarajaSagarDam(KRS)".BiographyofTipuSultan.
CalInfo.Archivedfromtheoriginalon13November2004.Retrieved23October2013.
55.Habib,Irfan(2002),p118,ConfrontingColonialism:ResistanceandModernizationUnderHaidarAli&TipuSultan,
AnthemPress,London,ISBN1843310244
56.Hasan,Mohibbul(1951),p360,HistoryofTipuSultan,AakarBooks,Delhi,ISBN8187879572
57.VikramSampath."WhywelovetohateTipuSultan".www.livemint.com/.
58.AnnualReportoftheMysoreArchaeologicalDepartment1916pp1011,736
59.Hasan,HistoryofTipuSultan,p.359
60.B.A.Saletare"TipuSultanasDefenderoftheHinduDharma"inHabib(Ed.)ConfrontingColonialism,pp.1168
61.Rao,HayavadanaC.HistoryofMysore13991799:IncorporatingthelatestEpigraphical,LiteraryandHistorical
ResearchesVol.3pgs104753.BangaloreGovernmentPress.
62.StephenConway,TheBritishIslesandtheWarofAmericanIndependence,OxfordUniversityPress,2000,ISBN019
8206593,M1GooglePrint,p.342(https://books.google.com/books?id=ghkm8IxFCQIC&pg=PA342&dq=Tipu+antiCh
ristian&ei=v_FaS4nZJJ_4lAS26iaDQ&cd=4#v=onepage&q=Tipu%20antiChristian&f=false,).
63.N.ShyamBhat,SouthKanara,17991860:astudyincolonialadministrationandregionalresponse,Mittal
Publications,1998,ISBN8170995868,M1GooglePrint,p.2(https://books.google.com/books?id=Z0nZzbFDSAoC&
pg=PA2&dq=Tipu+anti+Christian&ei=P_RaS5nKI4TUlQS_iuSMDQ&cd=5#v=onepage&q=Tipu%20anti%20Christian&
f=false,).
64.J.B.PrashantMore,ReligionandsocietyinSouthIndia:Hindus,Muslims,andChristians,InstituteforResearchin
SocialSciencesandHumanitiesofMESHAR,2006,ISBN8188432121,M1GooglePrint,p.117(https://books.googl
e.com/books?ei=yvVaS7O7NITmlASE19iQDQ&cd=8&id=IA0RAQAAIAAJ&dq=Tipu+hated+Christians&q=hatred+Chr
istians#search_anchor,).
65.Machado,Alan."BOOKEXTRACT".Scroll.in.Retrieved10January2017.
66.Machado,Alan(August14,2015).SlavesofSultans(Firsted.).Goa,1556.ISBN9789380739939.Retrieved10January
2017.
67.More,J.B.Prashant."TipuSultanandtheChristians".Taylor&Francis.Retrieved10January2017.
68."Deportation&TheKonkaniChristianCaptivityatSrirangapatna(1784Feb.24thAshWednesday)".DaijiworldMedia
PvtLtdMangalore.Retrieved29February2008.
69.Sarasvati'sChildren(http://portal.kinnigoli.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=28:sarasvatischi..),
JoeLobo
70.Forrest1887,pp.314316
71.TheGentleman'sMagazine1833,p.388(https://books.google.com/books?id=CnSrSlq_ckcC&printsec=titlepage#PPA38
8,M1)
72."ChristianityinMangalore".DioceseofMangalore.Archivedfromtheoriginalon22June2008.Retrieved30July2008.
73.JohnB.Monteiro."MontiFestOriginatedatFarangipet240YearsAgo!".DaijiworldMediaPvtLtdMangalore.
Retrieved28April2009.
74.Bowring,p.126
75.Scurry&Whiteway1824,p.103(https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id=SMoEAAAAYAAJ&dq=The+Captivity,+S
ufferings+And+Escape+of+James+Scurry+Who+Was+Detained+a+Prisoner+During+Ten+Years+In+The+Dominions+of
+Hyder+Ali+and+Tippu+Saheb&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=WGA2GSphYR&sig=pEPIz1kdtvB8Vup3mSQ
Wy9nJNA&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result#PPA103,M1)
76.Scurry&Whiteway1824,p.104(https://books.google.com/books?id=SMoEAAAAYAAJ&printsec=titlepage#PPA104,M
1)
77.AccountofaSurvivingCaptive,AMr.SilvaofGangolim(http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http://www.geocities.co
m/prakashjm45/seringapatnam2.html&date=20091026+03:08:21)(LetterofaMr.L.R.Silvatohissister,acopyof
whichwasgivenbyanadvocate,M.M.Shanbhag,totheauthor,SeverinodaSilva,andreproducedasAppendixNo.74:
HistoryofChristianityinCanara(1965))
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78.GazetteerofSouthIndia,Volume2&MittalPublications,p.34
79.WilliamDalrympleWhiteMughals(2006)p.28
80.K.L.Bernard,KeralaHistory,pp.79
81.Holmes,Richard(2003).Wellington:TheIronDuke.HarperCollins.p.60.ISBN0007137508.
82.Corner,Julia(1840).TheHistoryofChina&India,Pictorial&Descriptive(PDF).London:Dean&Co.,Threadneedle
St.,.pp.330331.Retrieved23March2015.
83.W.KirkpatrickSelectLettersofTipuSultan,London1811
84.M.WilksReportontheInteriorAdministration,ResourcesandExpenditureoftheGovernmentofMysoreunderthe
SystemprescribedbytheOrderoftheGovernorGeneralinCouncildated4September1799,Bangalore1864,and
HistoricalSketchesoftheSouthofIndiainanAttempttoTracetheHistoryofMysore,2vols,ed.M.Hammick,Mysore
1930.
85.C.C.Davies"ReviewofTheHistoryofTipuSultanbyMohibbulHasan"inTheEnglishHistoricalReviewVol.68
No.266(Jan1953)pp1445
86.A.SubbarayaChetty"Tipu'sendowmentstoHindusandHinduinstitutions"inHabib(Ed.)ConfrontingColonialism
p111
87.IrfanHabib"WarandPeace.TipuSultan'sAccountofthelastPhaseoftheSecondWarwiththeEnglish,17834"State
andDiplomacyUnderTipuSultan(Delhi)2001p5MohibbulHasanwrites"ThereasonswhyTipuwasreviledarenot
fartoseek.Englishmenwereprejudicedagainsthimbecausetheyregardedhimastheirmostformidablerivalandan
inveterateenemy,andbecause,unlikeotherIndianrulers,herefusedtobecomeatributaryoftheEnglishCompany.
Manyoftheatrocitiesofwhichhehasbeenaccusedwereallegedlyfabricatedeitherbypersonsembitteredandangryon
accountofthedefeatswhichtheyhadsustainedathishands,orbytheprisonersofwarwhohadsufferedpunishments
whichtheythoughttheydidnotdeserve.Hewasalsomisrepresentedbythosewhowereanxioustojustifythewarsof
aggressionwhichtheCompany'sGovernmenthadwagedagainsthim.Moreover,hisachievementsweredeliberately
belittledandhischaracterblackenedinorderthatthepeopleofMysoremightforgethimandrallyroundtheRaja,thus
helpingintheconsolidationofthenewregime"TheHistoryofTipuSultan(Delhi)1971p368
88.Brittlebank,pp.1012.Onpage2shewrites"itisperhapsironicthattheaggressiveHinduismofsomemembersofthe
IndianCommunityinthe1990sshoulddrawuponanimageofTipuwhich,asweshallsee,wasinitiallyconstructedby
theSubcontinent'scolonisers."
89.http://paknetmag.blogspot.com/search/label/Stamps%20of%20Pakistan%20Year%27s%201979,TipuSultan's
commemorativepostagestampbyPakistanPostalServicesissuedin1979inits'PioneersofFreedom'series,Retrieved
14February2017
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93.James,Lawrence(12August2000).Raj:TheMakingandUnmakingofBritishIndia.MacMillan.ISBN9780312
263829.Retrieved12February2010.
94."Tippoo'sTiger".Victoria&AlbertMuseum.11April2004.Retrieved10December2006.
95."TigerMotif".MacquarieUniversityLibrary.Retrieved12February2010.
96.Beatson,Alexander(1800).AViewoftheOriginandConductoftheWarwithTippooSultaun.London:G.&W.Nichol.
97."RingandswordofTipuSultan".Exploringthemuseum.TheBritishMuseum.Retrieved13December2013.
98."BBCNEWSSouthAsiaTipu'sswordbackinIndianhands".bbc.co.uk.
99.Sinha,Kounteya(4October2013)."AnotherTipuSultanswordsurfaces,tobeauctioned".TheTimesofIndia.Retrieved
13December2013.
100.Nag,Ashoke(21October2013)."TipuSultanmemorabiliagoesunderhammeratSotheby's'TheArtsofImperialIndia'
auction".TheEconomicTimes.Retrieved13December2013.
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Karnataka".NDTV.NDTV.Retrieved5November2016.
102."TheProjectGutenbergeBookofTheTigerofMysore,byG.A.Henty".gutenberg.org.
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104.ModernIndianliterature,ananthology,Volume2,SahityaAkademy,p.217(https://books.google.com/books?id=m1R2Pa
3f7r0C&pg=PA217&dq=Balthazar+of+Beltangadi&hl=en&ei=Me7rTK6WJ9mW4gaLmai6AQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&
ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Balthazar%20of%20Beltangadi&f=false)

References

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Thisarticleincorporatestextfromapublicationnowinthepublicdomain:Chisholm,Hugh,ed.(1911).
"TippooSahib".EncyclopdiaBritannica.26(11thed.).CambridgeUniversityPress.
Bowring,Lewin(1899),HaidarAlandTipSultn,andtheStrugglewiththeMusalmnPowersofthe
South,Oxford:ClarendonPress,OCLC11827326
Brittlebank,Kate(1999),TipuSultan'sSearchforLegitimacy,Delhi:OxfordUniversityPress,ISBN9780
195639773,OCLC246448596
Hasan,Mohibbul,HistoryofTipuSultan,AakarBooks,ISBN8187879572
Subramanian,K.R(1928),TheMarathaRajasofTanjore,Mylapore,Madras:selfpublished,
OCLC249773661
William,Logan(1887),MalabarManual,ISBN9788120604469
Grose,JohnHenryCharmichael),JohnCarmichael(oftheEastIndiaCompany)(1777),AVoyagetothe
EastIndies
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Thompson,Rev.E.W.(1990)[1923].ThelastsiegeofSeringapatam.MysoreCity:WesleyanMission.
ISBN8120606027.

Furtherreading
Agha,Shamsu.TipuSultan","MirzaGhalibinLondon","Flight
Delayed",Paperback,ISBN0901974420 Wikiquotehasquotations
relatedto:TipuSultan
Ali,BSheik.TipuSultan,NyasanalBukTrast
Amjad,Sayyid.'AliAshahri,SavanihTipuSultan,HimaliyahBuk
Haus WikimediaCommonshas
Banglori,MahmudKhanMahmud.SahifahyiTipuSultan, mediarelatedtoTipu
HimlayahPablishingH's, Sultan.
Bhagwan,GidwamiS(1976).TheSwordofTipuSultan:ahistorical
novelaboutthelifeandlegendofTipuSultanofIndia.AlliedPublishers.OCLC173807200.Afictionalised
accountofTipu'slife.
Buddle,Anne.TigersRoundtheThrone,ZamanaGallery,ISBN1869933028
Campbell,RichardHamilton.TippooSultan:ThefallofSrirangapattanaandtherestorationoftheHindu
raj,Govt.Press
Chinnian,P.TipuSultantheGreat,SivaPublications
Habib,Irfan.StateandDiplomacyUnderTipuSultan:DocumentsandEssays,ManoharPublishersand
Distributors,ISBN818522952X
Hashimi,Sajjad.TipuSultan,MaktabahyiUrduDaijast
Home,Robert.SelectViewsinMysore:TheCountryofTipuSultanfromDrawingsTakenontheSpotbyMr.
Home,AsianEducationalServices,India,ISBN8120615123
MohibbulHasan.TipuSultan'sMissiontoConstantinople,AakarBooks,ISBN8187879564
Moienuddin,Mohammad.SunsetatSrirangapatam:AfterthedeathofTipuSultan,OrientLongman,ISBN
8125019197
Pande,B.N.AurangzebandTipuSultan:Evaluationoftheirreligiouspolicies(IOSseries),Instituteof
ObjectiveStudies
Sil,NarasinghaP."TipuSultan:AReVision,"CalcuttaHistoricalJournal'(2008)28#1pp123.
historiography
Strandberg,Samuel.TipuSultan:TheTigerofMysore:or,tofightagainsttheodds,ABSamuelTravel,
ISBN9163073331
Taylor,George.CoinsofTipuSultan,AsianEducationalServices,India,ISBN8120605039
Wigington,Robin.FirearmsofTipuSultan,178399,J.TaylorBookVentures,ISBN1871224136
ConfrontingColonialism:ResistanceandModernizationUnderHaiderAliandTipuSultan(AnthemSouth
AsianStudies),AnthemPress,ISBN1843310244
AshfaqAhmedMathur"SALTANATHEKHUDADAT"andabookbyAllamaIqbalahmed(RH)
"DaanaeRaazDiyaareDakanmein"

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipu_Sultan 23/24
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Externallinks
TipuSultanrememberedonhis212thmartyrdomanniversary(http://twocircles.net/2011may05/tipu_sultan_
remembered_his_212th_martyrdom_anniversary.html)TCNNews
TheTigerofMysoreDramatisedaccountoftheBritishcampaignagainstTipuSultanbyG.A.Henty,
fromProjectGutenberg
BiographybyDr.K.L.Kamat(http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/itihas/tippu.htm)
CoinsofTipuSultan(http://coinindia.com/galleriestipusultan.html)
IlluminatedQurnfromthelibraryofTippooib,CambridgeUniversityDigitalLibrary(http://cudl.lib.c
am.ac.uk/view/MSNN0000300075/)

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Categories: IndianMuslims KingsofMysore MilitarypersonnelfromKarnataka Indiangenerals

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