LOGO

MACHINE
ELEMENT DESIGN
MEC 331
Chapter 2:
Power Screws, Fasteners and Other
Connections
By:
Firdaus Sukarman
Fakulti Kejuruteraan Mekanikal
UiTM Cawangan Johor
 Topics

2.1 Introduction, Terminology and Standards

2.2 Power Screws
2.3 Threaded Fasteners: Bolts and Screws
Design Criteria for Different Types of
Loading
2.4 Rivets: Design of Riveted Joints for
Different Modes of Loading and Rivets
Failures
 Power Screws, Fasteners and Other Connections

2.1 INTRODUCTION,
TERMINOLOGY AND STANDARDS
 2.1 Introduction, Terminology and
Standards

Lesson Outcomes

At the end of this session, students should be

able:
To describe the function of fasteners and the
terminologies used
To explain the mechanism of power screw
To calculate the torque to lift and lower the load
To calculated the efficiency of power screw
 2.1 Introduction, Terminology and
Standards

Classification of Joints

Non-permanent joints
Bolts, rivet, keys, etc

Permanent joints
Welded joints, soldered joints, adhesives
2.1 Introduction, Terminology and
Standards

Standard Thread Forms

p- pitch, d-major diameter

-helix or lead angle dP-pitch diameter
-thread angle dr-root diameter
 2.1 Introduction, Terminology and
Standards

Thread
External; screw, bolt
Internal; nut, threaded hole
Pitch, p
Axial distance measure from a point on one
thread to another point on the adjacent thread
Lead, L=np
Axial distance that nut moves for ONE revolution
Helix angle (lead angle),
May be cut right or left-handed
 2.1 Introduction, Terminology and
Standards

Thread angle.
Major diameter, d
Largest diameter.
Root diameter, dr
Smallest diameter.
Pitch diameter, dp
Diameter of an imaginary cylinder, coaxial with
screw, intersect the thread
 2.1 Introduction, Terminology and
Standards

Unified and ISO Standard Treads

Uses
Common application h-depth of thread
b-thread thickness at the root
 2.1 Introduction, Terminology and
Standards

Two standard thread widely been used

Unified (Unified National Standard) (UNS) (inch
metrics)
ISO (metric series)
Both system, 2 = 60O, and the crest and
roots are either flat or round.
Listing of the thread size is specified by
(standard table)
UNS; number threads per inch N.
ISO; the pitch, p.
2.1 Introduction, Terminology and
Standards

Type of Thread Grade

Coarse (UNC)
most common and for ordinary application; general
assembly work
Fine (UNF)
more resistant to loosening because its smaller helix
angle; automotive, aircraft, application where vibration
likely to occurs
Extra Fine (UNEF)
2.1 Introduction, Terminology and
Standards

Designation of the Threads

A; external thread
B; internal thread
Class 1 fit
Widest tolerance and the loosest fits
Class 2 fit
Most commonly used
To maximize strength
Class 3 fit
Least tolerance and used for highest precision
applications.
 2.1 Introduction, Terminology and
Standards
British Standard Whitworth British Association Threads
(B.S.W) Threads

Uses Uses
Special purpose Precision works
Adjustment screws
Aero and automobiles
parts
 2.1 Introduction, Terminology and
Standards
American National Standard Square Thread
Thread

Uses Uses
Common applications Feed mechanism in
machine tools
Valves and spindles
Screw jacks
2.1 Introduction, Terminology and
Standards
Buttress Thread

Uses
Transfer force in one
direction only
Power Screws, Fasteners and Other Connections

2.2 POWER SCREW

 2.2 Power Screw

Power Screw

Linear actuator or translation screw

Function;
To change angular motion into linear motion
To expert force
To transmit power
Example;
vise, C-clamps, presses, jacks
 2.2 Power Screw

Power Screw Thread

Typical thread forms for power screw;

(a)-Acme, (b)-Square, (c)-Modified square

 2.2 Power Screw

Typical thread forms for power screw

Acme screw;
widely used and sometimes modified to stub (shorter
thread) to provide larger minor diameter and better
strength.
Square thread
greater strength & efficiency but rarely used.
Modified square thread
5o thread angle to overcome difficulty in manufacturing
the square thread.
 2.2 Power Screw

Mechanics of Power Screw

The nut rotates;
The screw moves axially or the other way round

Power screw as a screw jack.

Only nut rotates in this model.
dm = mean thread\ diameter,
dc = mean collar diameter.
 2.2 Power Screw

The load, W can be lifted or lowered

Nut rotates and is supported by thrust collar
(washer).
Load and screw does not rotate;
Need for a friction to prevent the screw from
rotating with nut
Material;
Screw; hard steel
Nut; softer material to allow the parts move
smoothly
 2.2 Power Screw

Design of Power Screw

Helix angle, ;
L
tan
d m
L = lead (L=np where; n=number of threads)
p = pitch, dm = mean diameter, dm = (d + dr)/2.
 2.2 Power Screw

Tu , torque to lift the load;

Wd m f cos n tan Wf c d c
Tu
2 cos n f tan 2
W = load, f = coefficient of thread friction, n = thread angle in the
normal plane, fc = collar friction, dc = mean collar diameter.
 2.2 Power Screw

Td , torque to lower the load;

Wd m f cos n tan Wf c d c
Td 2 cos n f tan
2

W = load, f = coefficient of thread friction, n = thread angle in the

normal plane, fc = collar friction, dc = mean collar diameter.
 2.2 Power Screw

If plain thrust collar is used;

f and fc vary between 0.08 to 0.2
under condition of ordinary service, lubrication and common material
(steel, cast iron, bronze.
The lowest value applies for good workmanship and the
highest value applies poor workmanship.
Starting friction can be 4/3 times running friction.
If rolling thrust bearing is used;
fc would be low (0.008 to 0.02) that collar friction can be
omitted.
The second term is eliminated.
 2.2 Power Screw

Thread angle in the normal plane is given by:

tan n cos tan

Most application;
is small, thus cos1. So n.
For square thread;
=n= 0 and cos=1.
 2.2 Power Screw

Overhauling of Power Screw

Self-locking;
The screw cannot be turned by applying an axial
force of any magnitude.
Most power screws are self-locking.
It requires a positive torque to lower the load.
 2.2 Power Screw

If collar friction is neglected, the condition for

self-locking is given by:
f cos n tan

For square thread, the condition is reduced

to:
f tan

It is obtained when the coefficient of thread

friction is equal or greater than the tangent of
the thread helix angle.
 2.2 Power Screw

Overhauling or back-driving screw;

screw that has low friction to enable the load to
lower itself by causing the screw to spin.
The screw is considered overhauled when
the torque to lower the load is negative.
Torque of overhauling screw is;
Wd m f cos n tan Wf c d c
To 2 cos n f tan 2
 2.2 Power Screw

Efficiency

Efficiency;
ratio of the torque required to raise a load without
friction to the torque required with friction.
Efficiency is given by:
d m tan
e f cos n tan
dm dc fc
cos n f tan
 2.2 Power Screw

Conclusion
Fastener is a device to connect or join two or
more members
Two standards of screw thread -> ISO and
Unified National Standard (UNS).
The mechanics of power screws involved
with rotation of the nut and the motion of the
screw.
The torque to lift and lower the load of power
screws and its efficiency can be calculated
by using the equation.
 Power Screws, Fasteners and Other Connections

2.3 THREADED FASTENERS:

BOLTS AND SCREWS DESIGN
CRITERIA FOR DIFFERENT TYPES
OF LOADING
2.3 Threaded Fasteners: Bolts and
Screws Design Criteria for Different
Types of Loading
Introduction
 2.3 Threaded Fasteners: Bolts and
Screws Design Criteria for Different
Types of Loading
Fasteners

Fasteners is a device to connect or join TWO

or more members
Threaded fasteners used to fasten the
various parts of assembly together
Example:
Machine screw, bolt and nut, stud
 2.3 Threaded Fasteners: Bolts and
Screws Design Criteria for Different
Types of Loading
Screws and bolts are most common threaded
fastener.
Bolt; needs a nut
Screws; threaded into a tapped hole.
Stud; headless and threaded on both ends.
Various head styles: hexagon, round, square,
oval.
Design of the fastener
Less weight
Anti-corrosion
Resilient to loosening under vibration.
 2.3 Threaded Fasteners: Bolts and
Screws Design Criteria for Different
Types of Loading
Plain washers
to increase the area of contact between the bolt
head and clamped part
to prevent stress concentration
Lock washers
prevent spontaneous loosing of nuts.
Split lock washer
act as a spring under the nut.
Lock nuts
prevent too-spontaneous loosening of nuts.
Two nuts jammed together on the bolt act as a lock
nut.
 2.3 Threaded Fasteners: Bolts and
Screws Design Criteria for Different
Types of Loading
Advantages of Treaded Fasteners

Ease in assembling and dissembling

Reliability because of self locking effects
Manufacturing

Disadvantages

Large stress concentration

Wear and tear
2.3 Threaded Fasteners: Bolts and
Screws Design Criteria for Different
Types of Loading
Fasteners Categories
2.3 Threaded Fasteners: Bolts and
Screws Design Criteria for Different
Types of Loading
Head style
2.3 Threaded Fasteners: Bolts and
Screws Design Criteria for Different
Types of Loading
Drive Types
2.3 Threaded Fasteners: Bolts and
Screws Design Criteria for Different
Types of Loading
Washer Types
2.3 Threaded Fasteners: Bolts and
Screws Design Criteria for Different
Types of Loading
Nut Types
 2.3 Threaded Fasteners: Bolts and
Screws Design Criteria for Different
Types of Loading
Fastener Materials and Strength

Classified according to grade or property

class which define its strength and material.
Proof strength, Sp
axial stress at which the screws begins to develop
permanent set.
It can be found from table. (if the information is
not enough, can use this formula; Sp 0.9Sy)
 2.3 Threaded Fasteners: Bolts and
Screws Design Criteria for Different
Types of Loading
The proof load,
Fp = SpAt
At ; represent the minimum radial plane area for
fracture through the threaded part.

Threads are formed by rolling and

cutting/grinding.
Rolling is stronger; because of cold working.
Rolling is done subsequently after hardening.

Washers -> hardened steel.

 2.3 Threaded Fasteners: Bolts and
Screws Design Criteria for Different
Types of Loading
Stresses in Screw

Stress distribution of thread engagement is

non-uniform.
Large stress concentration occurs at the first
pair of contacting surface.
It is also occurs when the load is transferred
through the nut to the adjoining member.
For static loading, it is assumed that the load
carried by screw and nut are uniformly
distributed.
 2.3 Threaded Fasteners: Bolts and
Screws Design Criteria for Different
Types of Loading
Axial Stress

Power screw
Subjected to tensile or compressive stress.
Threaded fastener
Subjected to only tensile.
The axial stress is given by,
P

A
A = At (threaded fastener) or;
2
= d
A r (power screws)
4
 2.3 Threaded Fasteners: Bolts and
Screws Design Criteria for Different
Types of Loading
Torsional Stress

Power screws & threaded fasteners

Subjected to torsion during tightening.
Tc 16T
3
J d r
 2.3 Threaded Fasteners: Bolts and
Screws Design Criteria for Different
Types of Loading
Bearing stress

Bearing stress;
Pressure between the surface of the screw thread
and the contacting surface of nut.
P Pp
b
d m hne d m hLn
P = load, dm=mean diameter, h=depth of the
thread, ne=number of threads in
engagement=Ln/p, Ln=nut length, p=pitch.
 2.3 Threaded Fasteners: Bolts and
Screws Design Criteria for Different
Types of Loading
Direct Shear Stress

Both threads on screw and nut experienced

transverse shear stress.
Shear stress for the screw,
3P

2d r bne
Shear stress for the nut,
3P

2dbn e
 2.3 Threaded Fasteners: Bolts and
Screws Design Criteria for Different
Types of Loading
Bolt Tightening and Pre-load

Bolt tightening is prestressing at assembly.

Bolted joints should be tightened to produce
initial tensile force
called preload, Fi.
Fi is given by;
Fi = 0.75Fp (for reused connections)
Fi = 0.9Fp (for permanent connections)
Proof load, Fp ;
load that a bolt carry without developing a permanent
deformation.
 2.3 Threaded Fasteners: Bolts and
Screws Design Criteria for Different
Types of Loading
Tightening torque,
T = KdFi

K = torque cofficient
0.2 for unlubricated or average condition
0.15 for lubricated condition
d = nominal bolt diameter
Fi = preload
 2.3 Threaded Fasteners: Bolts and
Screws Design Criteria for Different
Types of Loading
Tension Joint

Practically, bolt and nut used in clamping a

part together.
Thus, bolt is in tensile mode.
 2.3 Threaded Fasteners: Bolts and
Screws Design Criteria for Different
Types of Loading
Two plates fastened with a bolt and subjected to
an external load.
The preload is applied to the bolt by tightening
the nut prior to the load P.
 2.3 Threaded Fasteners: Bolts and
Screws Design Criteria for Different
Types of Loading
The total force on bolt and parts are:
Fb CP Fi (bolt)

Fp (1 C ) P Fi (part)

The term C is called, joints stiffness factor or joint

constant, where by;
kb
C
kb k p
Kb = stiffness constant for bolt
Kp = stiffness constant for parts
 2.3 Threaded Fasteners: Bolts and
Screws Design Criteria for Different
Types of Loading
Factor of Safety

Factor of safety for a joint, n;

S p At Fi
n
CP
Sp = proof strength
 Power Screws, Fasteners and Other Connections

2.4 RIVETED: DESIGN OF

RIVETED JOINTS FOR DIFFERENT
MODES OF LOADING AND RIVETS
FAILURES
 2.4 Riveted: Design of Riveted Joints
for Different Modes of Loading and
Rivets Failures
Rivet

Rivet consists of cylindrical body called as

shank with a rounded end called head.
The purpose of rivet:
To join together two plates while securing proper
tightness and strength.
Two type of rivet:
Hot driven rivet :- rivet is heated before place in
the hole.
Cold driven rivet :- rivet is not heated
 2.4 Riveted: Design of Riveted Joints
for Different Modes of Loading and
Rivets Failures
Two type of riveted joint:
Lap joint

Butt joint (or double shear joint)

 2.4 Riveted: Design of Riveted Joints
for Different Modes of Loading and
Rivets Failures
Four type of failure:
Shearing failure or rivet

Tensile failure of rivet

Bearing failure of rivet

Shearing failure at the edge of plate

 2.4 Riveted: Design of Riveted Joints
for Different Modes of Loading and
Rivets Failures
Shear of Rivets/Bolts due to Eccentric Loading

The load is applied eccentrically to a

connection having a group of rivets or bolts.
The effects of moment and direct force must
be considered.
For example:
2.4 Riveted: Design of Riveted Joints
for Different Modes of Loading and
Rivets Failures
 2.4 Riveted: Design of Riveted Joints
for Different Modes of Loading and
Rivets Failures
Each bolt is subjected to twisting moment,
M=Pe and a direct shear force, P.
These loading are transferred to centroid C
of the group.
The reactional direct shear forces acting at
each bolts.
The reactional tangential force due to
moment acts on a bolt varies with the
distance from the centroid C and is
perpendicular to the centroid.
 2.4 Riveted: Design of Riveted Joints
for Different Modes of Loading and
Rivets Failures
These forces can be obtained from equation:
Per1
F1
r12 r22 r32 r42

In general form:
Mr j
Fi
nj 1r j2
Fi = tangential force
M = Pe; externally applied moment
n = number of bolts
i = particular bolt whose load is to be found
 2.4 Riveted: Design of Riveted Joints
for Different Modes of Loading and
Rivets Failures
The reactional direct force (F/n) is the same
for all bolts of the joint.
The vectorial sum of the tangential force and
direct force is the resultant shear force on the
bolt.
Only the bolt having a maximum resultant
shear force need to be considered.
 REFERENCE

1. A.C. Ugural, Mechanical Design: An

Integarted Approach, 1st Edition, McGraw-
Hill, Inc., 2003
2. Machine Design, R-S-Khurmi-J-K-Gupta-S-
chand, 2005
3. J. Shingley, C. Mischke, and R. Budynas,
Mechanical Engineering Design, 7th Edition,
McGraw-Hill, Inc.,2004.