PROBLEM: A mammography SOLN:

service examined 327 patients mA x kVp ANS: 1010 MHz

Power rating=( 0.7 ) x
during the third calendar quarter of 1000
1996. 719 films were exposed PROBLEM: For the given
during this period, eight of which ( 500 ) (120)
Power rating=( 0.7 ) x parameters, determine the energy
were repeats. What is the repeat 1000
per bit-to noise power density
rate?
Power rating=42 kW ratio. C = 10e-12 W,
SOLN: fb = 60 kbps,
no . repeated films
r .r .= x 100 N = 1.2 x 10e-14`W,
total no .of films ANS: 42 kW B = 120 kHz
8 SOLN:
repeat rate= x 100 PROBLEM: Find the potential
719 Eb

repeat rate=1.1
generated if blood flowing in a
vessel with radius 0.9 cm cuts a
N0
=10 log
C B
x
[
N fb ]
magnetic field of 250 G. Assume a
[ ]
12
10 W 120 kHz
volume flow rate of 175 cubic cm 10 log x
1.2 x 10 W 60 kbps
14
ANS: 1.1% per second.
SOLN:
PROBLEM: If a heart measures QB
E= ANS: 22.2 dB
12.5 cm from side to side at its 50 a
widest point, and its image on
chest radiograph measures 14.7 ( 175 cc . s ) (250 G) PROBLEM: A signal at the input
E= to a mu-law compressor is positive
cm, what is the magnification 50 (0.9 cm)
factor? with its voltage one-half the
E=309 uV maximum value. What proportion
SOLN:
of the maximum output voltage is
object
image produced?
ANS: 309 uV SOLN:
MF=
uVin
14.7 cm ln (1+ )
MF= PROBLEM: Given the energy Vmax
12.5 cm v =Vmax
level of 6.624x10-18 J imparted to ln(1+u)
an electron stream by an X-ray
MF=1.18
device, calculate the frequency in ( 255 ) (0.5 Vmax)
ln (1+ )
MHz Vmax
Vmax
SOLN: ln(1+255)
ANS: 1.18
E
f= v =0.876 Vmax
h
PROBLEM: A radiographic
single-phase unit installed in a 6.624 x 1018 J
private office has a maximum f= 34 ANS: 0.876Vmax
6.624 x 10 J s
capacity of 100 milliseconds of
120kVp and 500mA. What is the f = 1010 MHz PROBLEM: A network with
power rating? bandwidth of 10 Mbps can pass
only an average of 12000 frames
per minute with each frame
carrying an average of 10000 bits.
ANS: 20s
R=10.4
10 x 30
6(10+30)
PROBLEM: Determine the
What is the throughput of this R = 11.6m
Hamming distance for the
network?
codewords ( 10101, 11001)
SOLN: ANS: 11.6m
SOLN:
12 000 x 10 000
T h roug h put= 10101 XOR 11001 = 01100
60 PROBLEM: Determine the
(presence of two 1)
wavelength of a 4 GHz signal.
T h roug h put= 2 Mbps
ANS: two SOLN:
c
=
ANS: 2 Mbps f

PROBLEM: A telephone
subscriber line must have an
SNRdB above 40. What is the
minimum number of bits?
SOLN:
SNRdB = 6.02nb + 1.76 = 40
n = 6.35
ANS: 6.35
PROBLEM: An IPv4 has an
address space of how many?
SOLN:
232 = 4294967296
PROBLEM: A computer monitor
has a resolution of 1200 by 1000
pixels. If each pixel uses 1024
colors, how many bits are needed
to send the complete contents of a
screen?
SOLN:
1,200 x 1000 pixels x 10 bits
= 12 Mb
1024 colors requires 10 bits 210
= 1024
ANS: 12 Megabits
PROBLEM: A line of sight radio
ANS: 0.075m
PROBLEM: The channel capacity
of a 5 kHz bandwidth binary
system is ____ bits/s. Assuming
no noise.
SOLN:
ANS: 10,000
PROBLEM: Determine the peak
frequency deviation for a binary
FSK signal with a mark frequency
of 49 kHz, space frequency of 51
kHz and an input bit rate of 2kbps.
SOLN:

ANS: 4294967296
link operating at a frequency of
6GHz has a separation of 40km
f= | |
f mf s
2
between antennas. An obstacle in
PROBLEM: A multiplexer
combines four 100-kbps channels
the path is located 10km form the
transmitting antenna. By how
f= |49 kHz51
2
kHz
|
using a time slot of 2 bits, much must the beam clear the
obstacle? f =1 kHz
determine the frame duration.
SOLN: SOLN:
The link carries 50,000 frames/sec
The frame duration = 1/50,000
R=10.4
d1d 2
f (d 1+ d 2)
ANS: 1 kHz

The frame duration = 20s PROBLEM: For a PCM system

with a maximum analog frequency
of 4 kHz, determine the minimum
sample rate.
SOLN:
f s=2 f a
f s=2( 4 kHz)
f s=8 kHz
ANS: 8 kHz
PROBLEM: An interest rate of
10% compounded continuously is
desired of an investment of
P15,000. How many years will be
required to recover the capital with
the desired interest if P2,500 is
received each year?
SOLN:
A=Pert
15,000 = 15,000e0.10t-2500t
t = 9.375 years
ANS: 9.375 years
PROBLEM: Find the maximum
dynamic range for a linear PCM
system using 16-bit quantizing.
SOLN:
DR = 1.76 + 6.02m; dB
DR = 1.76 + 6.02(16)
DR = 98.08 Db
ANS: 98.08 dB
PROBLEM: Compute the baud
rate for a 72000 bps 64-QAM
signal.
SOLN:
A 64-QAM signal means that there
are 6 bits per signal element since ANS: 40
26 = 64. Therefore,
Fc PROBLEM: For PCM system with
baud rate = 72000/6 cos
the following parameters
determine the minimum number of
baud rate = 12000 baud
bits used. Maximum analog
frequency= 4 kHz,
ANS: 12000 baud
maximum decoded voltage=2.55,
Minimum dynamic range = 199.5
PROBLEM: A telephone signal
SOLN:
takes 2ms to reach its destination.
log ( 199.5+1)
Calculate the via net loss required n= = 7.63
log2
for an acceptable amount of echo.
SOLN: n =8
VNL = 0.2t + 0.4dB
VNL = 0.2 (2ms) + 0.4 dB
ANS: 8
VNL = 0.8 dB
ANS: 0.8 dB PROBLEM: Find the maximum
dynamic range for linear PCM
PROBLEM: We have an audio
system using 8-bit quantizing
signal with a bandwidth of
4KHz.What is the bandwidth SOLN:
needed if we modulate the signal DR = 1.76 + 6.02(m)
using AM? Ignore FCC regulations DR = 1.76 + 6.02(8)
for now.
SOLN: ANS: 49.92 dB
BW = 2 x 4 KHz = 8 KHz
PROBLEM: An attempt is made
ANS: 8 KHz to transmit base band frequency
of 30 kHz using a digital audio
system with a sampling rate of
PROBLEM: We have an audio
44.1 kHz. What audible frequency
signal with a bandwidth of 4 MHz,
would result?
what is the bandwidth if we
modulate the signal using FM? SOLN:
Ignore FCC regulations. fa = fs fm = 44.1 kHz 30 kHz
SOLN: fa = 14.1 kHz
An FM signal requires 10 times
the bandwidth of the original ANS: 14.1 kHz
signal.
BW=10x4 = 40 MHz
PROBLEM: Calculate the
capacity of a telephone channel
that has a S/N of 1023?
SOLN:
The telephone channel has a
bandwidth of about 3KHz
C= BW log2 (1+ S/N)
= 3 x 103 log2 (1+ 1023)
= 30000 b/s
ANS: 6000 Hz
PROBLEM: Compute the bit rate
for a 2000 baud 16-QAM signal.
SOLN:
bit rate = baud * 4
2000 * 4 = 8000 bps
ANS: 8000 bps
PROBLEM: The GSM radio
system uses GMSK in a
200kHzchannel, with a channel
data rate of 270.883 kbps.
Calculate the frequency shift
between mark and space.
SOLN:
fm - fs = 0.5fb =
0.5 (270.833 kHz) = 135.4165 kHz

ANS: 30,000 b/s ANS: 135.4165kHz

PROBLEM: A telephone line has
a bandwidth of 4.5 kHz and a
PROBLEM: Calculate the signal-to-noise ratio of 40dB. A
minimum data rate needed to signal is transmitted down this line
transmit audio with sampling rate using a four level code. What is
of 30 Khz and 14 bits per sample. the maximum theoretical data
SOLN: rate?
D = fsm SOLN:
D = 30 x 103 x 14 C = 2Blog2M = 2(4.5x103)log2(4)
D = 420 x 103 b/s C = 18 kbps
D = 420 Kb/s S/N = antilog (40/10) = 10000
C = Blog2(1+S/N)
ANS: 420 Kb/s C = (4.5x103)log2(1+10000)
C = 59.795 kbps
Since both results are maxima, we
PROBLEM: Find the binary
take the lesser of the two, 18
equivalent of x8+x3+x+1.
Kbps...
SOLN:
x8 + x7 + x6 + x5 + x4 + x3 + x2 +x + k
1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 ANS: 18 kbps
ANS: 100001011 PROBLEM: Find the maximum
dynamic range for a linear PCM
system using 8-bit quantizing.
PROBLEM: Given a bandwidth of
SOLN:
6000 Hz for an ASK signal, what is
the baud rate? DR = 1.76 + 6.02m dB
SOLN: DR = 1.76 + 6.02(8) dB
baud rate = bandwidth DR = 49.92 dB
6000 Hz = 6000 Hz
ANS: 49.92 dB
PROBLEM: For Ethernet system
with a length of 2.5km on coaxial
cable with a velocity factor of 0.66.
What is the propagation delay?
SOLN:
T = d/(Vf*c)
T = 2.5km/(0.66*300000000m/s)
T =12.6 s
ANS: 12.6s
PROBLEM: A signal at the input
to a -Law compressor is positive,
with its voltage one-half the
maximum value. What proportion
of the maximum output voltage is
produced?
SOLN:
ln(1+(2550.5))
Vo = Vo ln(1+255)
Vo =0.876Vo
ANS: 0.876Vo
PROBLEM: A telephone signal
takes 2ms to reach its destination.
Calculate the via net loss required
for an acceptable amount of echo
SOLN:
VNL=0.2t+0.4=(0.2*2)+0.4=0.8
ANS: 0.8 dB
PROBLEM: How long does it
take to dial the number 784-3745
using pulse dialing with .5s inter
digit time?
SOLN:
0.7 + 0.8 + 0.4 + 0.3 + 0.7 + 0.4 +
0.5 (6x0.5) = 6.8s
ANS: 6.8s
PROBLEM: We have an audio
signal with a bandwidth of 5 MHz.
What is the bandwidth modulate
the signal using FM? Ignore FCC
regulation.
SOLN:
BW = 10 x 5MHz = 50MHZ
ANS: 50 MHz
PROBLEM: An attempt is made
to transmit a baseband frequency
of 25 kHz using digital audio
system with a sampling rate of
44.1 kHz. What audible frequency
would result?
SOLN:
fa = fs - fm
fa = 44.1kHz 25kHz
fa = 19.1kHz
ANS: 19.1kHz
PROBLEM: The sensitivity of a
radio receiver is given in terms of
dBm. If the receiver is receiving
200 mW, what is the
corresponding dBm of this signal?
SOLN:
dBm for 200 mW = 10 log
(200mW/1mW) = 23 dBm
ANS: 23 dBm
PROBLEM: An antenna with a
noise temperature of 75 Kelvin is
connected to a receiver input with
a noise temperature of 300 K.
Given the reference temperature
T0 = 290 K, find the noise figure of
the system.
SOLN:
The total noise temperature of the
antenna and receiver is:
NTtot = 75+ 300 = 375.
The noise temperature is given by:
NT T 0 NR 1 mixer is filtered out, while the
where:
NT noise temp,
NR = Noise ratio
Rearranging the above to find NR
gives:
NR = (375/290) +1 = 2.29
The Noise figure is the decibel
equivalent of the noise ratio, such
that:
NF = 10 log NR = 3.6 dB
ANS: 3.6 dB
PROBLEM: The modulation
index of an AM radio station is
0.75. If the carrier power is 500W,
what is the total transmitted
power?
SOLN:
The modulation index m is related
to the total transmitted power Pt
by:
m2
Pt Pc 1
2
Where:
Pt = total transmitted power,
Pc = carrier power
ANS: 641 W
PROBLEM: An FM transmitter
system is using a 1MHz crystal
oscillator to generate a very stable
108MHz final carrier frequency.
The output of the crystal oscillator
is fed to a x36 multiplier circuit
then mixed with a 34.5 MHz
signal. The sum output of the
difference is fed to another
multiplier in order to generate the
final carrier frequency. What is the
multiplier value?
SOLN:
Basic Block Diagram of the FM
carrier generator:
1 MHz carrier > x 36 > Mixer >
Multiplier > 108MHz carrier
First Multiplier output:
1MHz x 36 = 36 MHz
Mixer output:
36MHz + 34.5 MHz = 70.5MHz
(filtered output)
36MHz 34.5 MHz = 1.5 MHz
(difference fed to the next
multiplier)
Multiplier stage:
Output = 108MHz
Output = 1.5MHz x n
N = 108/1.5 = 72
ANS: 72
PROBLEM: Determine the worst-
case output S/N for a narrowband
FM receiver with deviation
maximum of 10 kHz and a
maximum intelligence frequency
of 3 kHz. The S/N input is 3:1.
SOLN:
= sin-1 (1/3) = 19.5 or 0.34 rad
= x fi = 0.34 x 3 kHz = 1 kHz
The S/N will be:
10 kHz/ 1 kHz = 10
ANS: 10
PROBLEM: Determine the time
taken for a signal to travel down a
10 m transmission line, if its
velocity factor is 0.7.
SOLN:
T= L / (Vf x Vc)
T= 10 m /((0.7)(3x108 m/s))
T= 47.6 ns
ANS: 47.6 ns
PROBLEM: The maximum
voltage standing wave of an RG-
11/U foam coaxial cable is 52 V
and its minimum voltage is 17 V.
How many percent of the incident
power is the reflected power?
SOLN:
2 = Pr/Pi
SWR1
= SWR +1 ; SWR = Vmax/
Vmin
= 52/17 = 3.05
= (3.05 1)/( 3.05 +1) = 0.51
Thus :
2 = (0.51)2 = 0.26
The reflected power is 26 % of the
incident power
ANS: 26%
PROBLEM: Determine the
phase-shift represented by a 75
ns delay of a 4 MHz signal to a 75-
ft cable with a dielectric constant
of 2.3.
SOLN:
= 360 td / T
T =1/f = 1 / 4MHz = 250 ns
= 360 (75) / 250 = 108 degrees
ANS: 108 degrees
PROBLEM: The modulated peak
value of a signal is 125V and the
unmodulated carrier value is 85V.
What is the modulation index?
SOLN:
m = Em/ Ec
Emax = Ec + Em
Em = EmaxEc = 125 85 = 40 V
m = 40V/ 85V = 0.47
ANS: 0.47
PROBLEM: The total transmitted
power of an AM broadcast
transmitter with a carrier power of
50kW when modulated 80 percent
is:
SOLN:
Pt = Pc ( 1 + m2/2)
Pt = 50,000 ( 1 + 0.82 /2)
Pt = 66,000 W
Pt = 66kW
ANS: 66kW
PROBLEM: The input to an FM
receiver has a S/N of 2.8. What is
the frequency deviation caused by
the noise if the modulating
frequency is 1.5 kHz and the
permitted deviation is 4 kHz?
SOLN:
= fm
= sin -1 N/S
= sin -1 1/2.8 = 0.3652
= (0.3652)(1.5 kHz) = 547.8 Hz
ANS: 547.8 Hz
PROBLEM: Calculate the gain
(relative to an isotropic) of a
parabolic antenna that has a
diameter of 3 m, an efficiency of
60% and operates at a frequency
of 4 GHz.
SOLN:
G = 2 D2/ 2
= 3x108/ 4 MHz = 0.075 m
G = 0.62(3)2
0.0752
G= 9474.8
G = 10 log 9474.8 PROBLEM: A transmitter and a resistive with an SWR of 3. How
G = 39.8 dBi receiver is 45 km apart. Suppose much power is dissipated in the
that there is an obstacle midway load?
between the transmitter and SOLN:
ANS: 39.8 dBi
receiver. By how much must the 1W
path between the towers clear the Pout 851.14 mW
0 .7
PROBLEM: By how much should obstacle in order to avoid anti
log
10
two antennas be separated for diffraction at a frequency of 11 1
SW R
space diversity in the 11 GHz 0 .5
GHz? 1
SW R
band?
SOLN: PLOAD Pout 1 2 638.35 mW
SOLN:

d 200
200 c



m
200 3 x108
s
5.5 m
H 1=17.32
d1 d2
fD
ANS: 638 mW
f 11 x109
s H 1=17.32
22.5 ( 22.5 )
11 ( 45 ) PROBLEM: An isolator has a
forward loss of 0.7 dB and a return
ANS: 5.5 m H 1=17.52 m loss of 26 dB. A source provides 1
W to the isolator, and the load is
H 1=10.51 m
PROBLEM: What is the phase resistive with an SWR of 3. How
velocity of a rectangular much power returns to the
waveguide with a wall separation source?
ANS: 10.51 m
of 3 cm and a desired frequency SOLN:
of operation of 6 GHz? 1W
PROBLEM: How far from the Pout 851.14 mW
SOLN: 0.7
transmitter could a signal be anti
log
m 10
3 x 108 received if the transmitting and
1
SW R
c s 0 .5
f c= = =5 GHz receiving antennas where 40 m
2 a 2 ( 0.03 m) 1
SW R
and 20 m, respectively, above
PLOAD Pout 1 2 638.35 mW
c level terrain?
v p= Preflected Pout 2 212.78 mW
SOLN:

2
f
( )
1 c
f d= 17 ht + 17 ht Preturned
212.78 mW

antilog
26
534.49 W

10
m d= 17 ( 40 )+ 17 ( 20 )
3 x 108
s
v p= d=44.5 km

2
5GHz c ANS: 5.43 x 108 m/s
1 (
6 GHz )
ANS: 44.5 km
m 8
v p =5.43 x 10 PROBLEM: The moon orbits the
s
PROBLEM: An isolator has a earth with a period of
forward loss of 0.7 dB and a return approximately 28 days. How far
loss of 26 dB. A source provides 1 away is it? Assume circular orbit.
ANS: 5.43 x 108 m/s
W to the isolator, and the load is SOLN:
 C 2 R PROBLEM: Find the velocity of a C 266.4 x10 6 m
T= = T 24hrs
v v satellite in a circular orbit 500 km v 3.07x10 3 m /s
above the earths surface.
2 R 2 R T = 1440 minutes
v= = SOLN:
T 28 days
4 x1011
v ANS: 1440 mins
(w h ere R=d km + 6400) d 6400
PROBLEM: Calculate the length
Formula :

2 R 4 x 1011 m of the path to a geostationary
v= = satellite from an earth station
28 days ( d km +6400 ) s where
: where the angle of elevation is
d km =384,000 km v = velocity in meters per second 30. (earths radius = 6400 km,
d = distance above earths surface height of satellite above earth is
in km 36 X 103 km)
ANS: 384 Mm 4 x1011 SOLN:
v
(500 6400)
PROBLEM: What is the length of = 7.6 km/s
the path to a geostationary Formula :
satellite from an Earth stationif the ANS: 7.6 km/s d (r h) 2 (r cos ) 2 r sin
angle of elevation is 300?
SOLN: PROBLEM: Find the orbital d = distance to the satellite in km
( r+ h ) ( r cos ) r sin r = radius of the earth in km (6400
2 2
period of a satellite in a circular

orbit 36,000 km above the earths km)
2 0 2
surface
( 6400+ 36000 ) ( 6400 cos 30 ) 6400 sin 30 if the earths radius is
0
h = height of satellite above
6400 km. equator ( 36 x 103 km)
39000 km SOLN: = angle of elevation to satellite
C at antenna site

v d= (6400+36 103 )2(6400cos 30)2
ANS: 39000 km Formula :

PROBLEM: A dipole antenna has where:

d = 39,000 km
a radiation resistance of 67 ohms T = orbital period
and a loss resistance of 5 ohms,
C = circumference ANS: 39,000 km
measured at the feedpoint.
v = orbital velocity
Calculate the efficiency.
SOLN: PROBLEM: The output power of
Efficiency = Rr / Rt = 67 / (67 + 5) C = 2r = 2 ( 6400 + 36,000 ) an FM transmitter is 5 kW. If the
Efficiency = 93% C = 266.4 x 106 m power loss in transmission line is
4 x1011 around 10 W and the antenna has
v 3.07km /s a power gain of 6 dB, what is the
ANS: 93% (36,000 6400)
ERP of the station in kW?
SOLN:
GANT = 6 dB = 4

ERP = (5000 10) x 4 = 4990 x 4
ERP = 19,960 W or 19.96 kW
ANS: 19.96 kW
PROBLEM: Determine the visual
carrier frequency of TV channel 9.
SOLN:
fNLB = 174 + (N 7)6, using
Arithmetic Progression
f9LB = 174 + (9 7)6 = 174 + (2)6 =
174 + 12 = 186 MHz,
low band frequency of channel 9
fVC = 186 + 1.25 = 187.25 MHz,
visual carrier frequency of
channel9
ANS: 187.25 MHz
PROBLEM: At NTSC standard,
line frequency = 15734.264 Hz.
What is the equivalent line period?
SOLN:
fH = 15734.264 Hz
H = 1 / fH = 1 / 15734.264
H = 63.556 x 10-6 = 63.556 usec
ANS: 63.556 usec
PROBLEM: For a total capacity
of 36 Mbps and 64-QAM of digital
modulation, what is the ideal RF
bandwidth?
SOLN:
For a 64-QAM, the total number of
symbol combinations is 64
symbols and the number of bits to
produce this is
n = log2 64 = 6 bits per symbol
Therefore the ideal RF bandwidth
is
BW = fB / n = 36 Mbps / 6 bits
BW = 6 MHz
ANS: 6 MHz
PROBLEM: What is the
wavelength of a radio signal
travelling at a frequency of 220
MHz in a coaxial line having Teflon
foam as its dielectric, r = 2?
SOLN:
c = 3 x 108 m/sec = 300 x 106
m/sec
velocity factor vf = 1 / sqrt (r) = 1 /
sqrt (2) = 0.707 = vP / c
Therefore the velocity of the radio
signal in the coaxial line is
vP = 0.707c = 0.707 (300 x 106) =
212,132,034.36 m/sec (or 212 x
106 m/sec approx.)
so that the wavelength of the
signal is
= vP / f = 212 x 106 / 220 x 106 =
0.963636 m or 0.96 m approx.
ANS: 0.96 m
PROBLEM: What is the angle of
refraction in a Teflon (r2 = 2)
medium of a radio wave from air
(r1 = 1.0) if its angle of incidence
is 45?
SOLN:
Using Snells Law
Sqrt (r1) sin i = Sqrt (r2) sin r
Sqrt (1) sin 45 = Sqrt (2) sin r
r = sin-1 [(Sqrt (1) sin 45) / Sqrt
(2)] = sin-1 (0.5) = 30
ANS: 30
PROBLEM: An ionosphere layer
also termed as absorption layer
because it absorbs most of the
frequencies above 100 kHz is
known as the layer.
SOLN:
The D layer has a critical
frequency in the order of 100 kHz.
Even MF band frequencies are
absorbed by this layer during sky
wave propagation particularly in
AM and SW radio broadcasting.
ANS: D
PROBLEM: As per ITU-R Recc.
V.431-6 Tables 1 & 2 Wavelength
Classifications, what is the
classification of Super High
Frequency?
SOLN:
SHF band: 3 GHz 30 GHz
max = 3 x 108 / 3 x 109 = 0.1 m =
100 cm
min = 3 x 108 / 30 x 109 = 0.01 m =
1 cm
SHF band wavelength
classification is ranging from 1 cm
to 100 cm. Therefore it is
centimetric wave.
ANS: centimetric
PROBLEM: What is the critical
frequency of a layer if the
maximum value of electron density
is 2 x 106 per cm3?
SOLN:
Nmax = 2 x 106 per cm3 = 2 x 106 x
106 per m3 = 2 x 1012 per m3
fc = 9 x sqrt (Nmax) = 9 x sqrt (2 x
1012)
fc = 12.73 MHz or 13 MHz approx.
ANS: 13 MHz
PROBLEM: A radio
communication link is to be
established via the ionosphere.
The maximum virtual height of the
layer is 110 km. at the midpoint of
the path and the critical frequency
is 4 MHz. If the distance between
the radio stations is 500 km, what
is the suitable value for the
optimum working frequency? Use
flat terrain analysis.
SOLN:
For flat terrain analysis, tan i =
d/2hv
i = tan-1 [d/2hv] = tan-1 [500/2(110)]
= tan-1 [2.273] = 66.25 angle of
incidence
MUF = fc x sec i = fc / cos i = 4 /
cos 66.25 = 4 / 0.40275 = 9.932
MHz via Secant Law
OWF = 0.85 x MUF = 0.85 (9.932)
= 8.4422 MHz or 8.4 MHz approx.
ANS: 8.4 MHz
PROBLEM: The efficiency of an
antenna is 82 %. Its radiation
resistance is 30 . What is the
value of its loss resistance?
SOLN:
= Rd/(Rd + Rloss)
0.82 = 30/(30 + Rloss)
0.82 (30 + Rloss) = 30 = 24.6 + 0.82
Rloss
Rloss = (30 24.6) / 0.82 = 6.5854
or 6.58 approx.
ANS: 6.58
PROBLEM: A radio station
operates at 11 meter wavelength.
What is the designated band of
stations frequency?
SOLN:
c = 3 x 108 m/sec
= 11 m = c / f
f = 3 x 108 / 11 = 27 MHz approx.,
which is within 3 30 MHz range
designated as HF band
ANS: HF
PROBLEM: What is the total
radio horizon distance between an
80 ft transmitting station and a 20
ft receiving station?
SOLN:
dRH (TOT) = sqrt (2 x hT) + sqrt (2 x
hR)
dRH (TOT) = sqrt (2 x 80) + sqrt (2 x
20)
dRH (TOT) = 18.97 mi
ANS: 18.97 mi
PROBLEM: A power density of
1.57 x 10-4 W/m2 is measured 50
meters from a test antenna whose
directive gain is 2.15 dB. How
much power was fed into the test
antenna?
SOLN:
From Inverse Square Law, PD =
PR/4d2
PR = PD x 4d2 = 1.57 x 10-4 x
4(50)2 = 4.93 W approx. is the
radiated power
GANT = log-1 [2.15 dB/10] = 1.64
VNL = 0.2 X 2 + 0.4
PR = PFED x GANT
PFED = PR / GANT = 4.93 / 1.64 =
3.007 W or 3 W approx.
ANS: 3 W
PROBLEM: A CDMA mobile
measures the signal strength from
the base as -100 dBm. What
should the mobile transmitter
power be set to as a first
approximation, considering - 76
dB at mobile power contol?
SOLN:
PT = -76 dB - PR
Where:
PT = transmitted power in dBm
PR = received power in dBm
PT = -76 dB - PR
PT = -76 dB (-100dBm)
PT = 24 dBm
PT = 250 mW
ANS: 250 mW
PROBLEM: A telephone signal
takes 2ms to reach its destination.
Calculate the via net loss required
for an acceptable amount of echo.
SOLN:
VNL = 0.2t + 0.4 dB
Where:
VNL = minimum required via net
loss in dB
t = time delay in ms for
propagation one way along line
VNL = 0.2t + 0.4 dB
VNL = 0.8 dB
ANS: 0.8 dB

PROBLEM: A group of filters has
1/3 octave of spacing. If the initial
frequency is 25 Hz, what is the
next frequency available for the
filter?
SOLN:
f2 = 2x f1
where x = 1/3, fraction of an
octave
f2 = 21/3 x 25 = 31.5 Hz
ANS: 31.5 Hz
PROBLEM: + 26 dBu is how
many volts?
SOLN:
V (dBu) = 20 log [ voltage in Volts /
0.775 Volts ]
26 = 20 log [ voltage in Volts /
0.775 V ]
26 / 20 = log [ voltage in Volts /
0.775 V ] = 1.3
Voltage = log-1 (1.3) x 0.775 V
Voltage = 15.5 V
ANS: 15.5 V
PROBLEM: Determine the sound
power in Watts produced by the
banks alarm if a by-stander heard
the alarm at a sound pressure
level of 100 dB-SPL. The by-
stander is 100 ft away from the
bank.
SOLN:
PWL = SPL + 20 log D(m) + 8
PWL = 100 + 20 log (100/3.28) + 8
= 137.68 dB-PWL
137.68 = 10 log W + 120
W = log-1 [(137.68 120)/10]
W = 58.65 Watts
ANS: 58.65 W
PROBLEM: A loudspeaker
produces an SPL of 85dB-SPL at
1 meter distance and input
electrical power of 1 W. How loud
is the SPL at distance of 20
meters if this speaker is driven to
10 W of electrical power?
SOLN:
SPL@1m/1W = 85 dB-SPL (given)
SPL@20m/1W = 85 - 20 log
(20m/1m) = 59 dB-SPL
SPL@20m/10W = 59 + 10 log
(10W/1W) = 69 dB-SPL
ANS: 69 dB-SPL
PROBLEM: Determine the radio
horizon for a transmit antenna that
is 200 m high and a receiving
antenna that is 100 m high
SOLN:
D = 17ht + 17hr
D = 17(200) + 17(100)
D = 99.5 km
ANS: 99.5km
PROBLEM: Calculate the beam
width between nulls of a 2-m
paraboloid reflector used at 6GHz.
Note: such reflectors are often
used at that frequency as
antennas outside broadcast
television microwave links.
SOLN:
70 0.05
2x =140 x
0= D 2
0=3.50
ANS: 3.50
PROBLEM: An optic fiber is
made of glass with a refractive
index of 1.55 and is clad with
another glass with a refractive
index of 1.51. Launching takes
place from air. What numerical
aperture does the fiber have?
SOLN:
By equation (20.10), the fractional
difference between the indexes is:
= (n1-n2)/n1
= (1.55-1.51)/1.55
= 0.0258
By equation (20.11), the numerical
aperture is found to be:
NA =n1(2)
NA =1.55[(2)(0.0258)]
NA = 0.352
ANS: 0.352
PROBLEM: An optic fiber is
made of glass with a refractive
index of 1.55 and is clad with
another glass with a refractive
index of 1.51. Launching takes
place from air. What is the
acceptance angle?
SOLN:
By equation (20.10), the fractional
difference between the indexes is:
=(n1-n2)/n1
=(1.55-1.51)/1.55
=0.0258
By equation (20.11), the numerical
aperture is found to be:
NA=n1(2)
=1.55[(2)(0.0258)]
= 0.352
By equation (20.8), the
acceptance angle is:
0(max)=sin-1NA= sin-10.352=20.6
ANS: 20.6
PROBLEM: For a single-mode
optical cable with 0.25-dB/km loss,
determine the optical power
100km from a 0.1-mW light
source.
SOLN:
P=0.1mW x 10-{[(0.25)(100)]/(10)}
=1 x 10-4 x 10{[(0.25)(100)]/(10)]
=(1 x 10-4)(1 x 10-25)
=0.316W
(0.316 W )
P(dBm)= 10log 0.001 = receiver is 6MHz, and the resistor
-35dBm
ANS: -35dBm
PROBLEM: For an optical fiber
10km long with a pulse-spreading
constant of 5ns/km, determine the
maximum digital transmission
rates for return-to-zero.
SOLN:
1 ANS: 5.4 V
Fb= 5 ns x 10 km =20Mbps
km
ANS: 20Mbps
PROBLEM: For an electronic
device operating at a temperature
of 17C with a bandwidth of 10
kHz, determine the thermal noise
power in dBm.
SOLN:
N = KTB
T(kelvin) = 17C + 273 = 290 K
N = (1.38 x 10-23)(290)(1 x 104) = 4
x 10-17 W
B = 1 x 104 Hz
N(dBm) = 10log (4 x 10-17/0.001) =
-134 dBm
ANS: -134dBm
PROBLEM: A 300 resistor is
connected across the 300
antenna input of a television
receiver. The bandwidth of the
is at room temperature .Find the
noise voltage applied to the
receiver input.
SOLN:
VN = 4 kTBR
= (4(1.38 x 10-23 J/K)(293 K)(6 x
106 Hz)(300 ))
= 5.4 x 10-6 V
= 5.4 V
PROBLEM: The signal power at
the input to an amplifier is 100W
and the noise power is 1 W. At
the output, the signal power is 1W
and the noise power is 30mW.
What is the amplifier noise figure,
as a ratio?
SOLN:
(S/N)p = 100W/ 1W =100
(S/N)o = 1W /0.03W = 33.3
NF (ratio) =100 /33.3 = 3
ANS: 3
PROBLEM: It is desired to
operate a receiver with NF = 8dB
at S/N = 15 dB over a 200-KHz
bandwidth at ambient
temperature. Calculate the
receivers sensitivity.
SOLN:
S = Sensitivity = -74dBm + NF +
10logf + desired S/N
S = -174 + 8 + 10log(200,000)+15
S = -98 dBm
ANS: -98dBm
PROBLEM: A Satellite receiving
system includes a dish antenna
( Teq = 35 K) connected via a
coupling network (Teq= 40 K) to a
microwave receiver (Teq=52 K
referred to its input). What is the
noise power to the receivers input
over a 1-MHz frequency range?
SOLN:
PN = KTf
PN = 1.38 x 10-23(35+40+52)(1)
PN = 1.75 x 10-15 W
ANS: 1.75 x 10-15
PROBLEM: The noise voltage
produced across a 50 is input
resistance at a temperature of
302C with a bandwidth of 6 MHz
is ______.
SOLN: Q = (2DS/H) = ((2(1000)(5))/4) 4X + Y 400
4 KTBR Q = 50 units X,Y0
VN =
Where:
VN = (4(1.38 x 10-23)(302)(6 x
D = Demand PROBLEM: A project has been
S = Ordering cost defined to contain the following list
106)(50))
VN = 2.24V H = Storage cost/holding cost of activities, along with their
required times for completion
ANS: 2.24V ANS: 50 units

PROBLEM: Determine the worst- PROBLEM: Two products, X and Activit Time Immediate
case output S/N for a broadcast Y, both require processing time on y (days) Predecessors
FM program that has a maximum A 5 -
machines I and II. Machine I has
intelligence frequency of 5 kHz. B 6 -
The input S/N is 2 200 hours available, and machine
II has 400 hours available. Product C 3 A
SOLN:
X requires one hour on machine I D 8 A
= x fi
and four hours on machine II. E 2 B,C
= 0.5 x 5 kHz = 2.5 kHz
Product Y requires one hour on F 11 B,C
75 kHz /2.5 kHz = 30
machine I and one hour on G 1 D
machine II. Each unit of product X H 12 E,D
ANS: 30
yields PhP 10 profit and each units What is the completion time of the
of Y yields PhP 5 profit. What is whole project?.
PROBLEM: A 50 ohms the Linear Programming Model for SOLN:
transmission line is connected to a
30 ohm resistive load. Calculate
this problem.
11
83
SOLN:
01B62C313
EF51H625
the reflection coefficient.
Let X = number of units of product
A 24G1
SOLN: X to be produced. 5 D
5 81311
Ref Coeff = (30 50)/(30 + 50)
Ref Coeff = 0.25
Y = number of units of product Y 2
to be produced.
Max Profit = PhP 10X +PhP 5Y
ANS: 0.25 Subject to:
X + Y 200: ANS: 25 days
PROBLEM: Items purchased from Capacity of Machine I
a vendor cost Php 20 each, and 4X + Y 400: PROBLEM: Here are the monthly
the forecast for next years Capacity of Machine II data for the past 8 months. From
demand is 1,000 units. If it costs X , Y 0: these data, what are the forecasts
Php 5 every time an order is Nonnegativity Constraints for the following 4 months using
placed for more units and the linear regression?
storage cost is Php 4 per unit per ANS:
year, what quantity should be Max Profit = PhP 10X +PhP 5Y Period Actual
order each time? Subject to: 1 300
SOLN: X + Y 200 2 540
 3 885 ANS: 0.781 in
4 580
5 416 PROBLEM: A hole is to be
6 760 punched out of plate having a
7 1191 shearing strength of 40 ksi. The
8 760 compressive stress in the punch is
limited to 50 ksi. If the plate is 0.25
inches thick, determine the
diameter of the smallest hole that
can be punched.
SOLN:
y = a + bx
SOLN:
Where
D = 4(0.25)(40) / 50 = 0.800
y = the dependent variable
inches
a = the intercept
b = the slope of the line
ANS: 0.800 in
x = the independent variable
a y - bx PROBLEM: A large pipe, called a
penstock in hydraulic work, is 1.5
b
xy n x y m in diameter. It is composed of
wooden staves bound together by
x nx
2 2
steel hoops, each 300 sq.
Millimetre in cross-sectional area,
a = 361 b = 70.67
and is used to conduct water from
equation: y = 361 + 70.67x
a reservoir to power a house. If
the maximum tensile stress
ANS: 9th--997, 10th- 1067.67, 11th permitted in the hoops is 130
1138.33, 12th 1209 MPa, what is the maximum
spacing between hoops under a
PROBLEM: A hole is to be head of water of 30 m?
punched out of plate having a SOLN:
shearing strength of 40 ksi. The (1000)(9.81)(30)(1.5)L =
compressive stress in the punch is 2(300x10^-6)(130x10^6)
limited to 50 ksi. Compute the L = 177 mm
maximum thickness of plate from
which a hole 2.5 inches in
ANS: 177 mm
diameter can be punched.
SOLN:
PROBLEM: At what angular
t = 2.5(50) / 4(40) = 0.781 inches
velocity will the stress in a rotating
steel ring equal to 150 MPa if its
mean radius is 220 mm? The
density of the steel is 7.85
Mg/m^3.
SOLN:
= (1/0.22)(150x10^6 /
7850)^(1/2) = 628 rad/s
ANS: 628 rad/s
PROBLEM: A pipe carry steam at
3.5 MPa has an outside diameter
of 450 mm and a wall thickness of
10 mm. A gasket is inserted
between the flange at one end of
the pipe and a flat plate use to cap
the end. How many 40-mm-
diameter bolts must be used to
hold the cap on if the allowable
stress in the bolts is 80 MPa, of
which 55 MPa is the initial stress?
SOLN:
N = (3.5x10^6)(0.45 2x0.01)^2 /
[(0.04^2)(8855)x10^6] = 16.18
round up
N = 17
ANS: 17
PROBLEM: A pipe carry steam at
3.5 MPa has an outside diameter
of 450 mm and a wall thickness of
10 mm. A gasket is inserted
between the flange at one end of
the pipe and a flat plate use to cap
the end. What circumferential
stress is developed in the pipe?
SOLN:
= (3.5)(450 2x10) / [2(10)] =
75.3 MPa

ANS: 75.3 MPa
PROBLEM: A steel rod having a
cross-sectional area of 300 sq.
Meters and a length of 150 m is
suspended vertically from one
end. It supports a tensile load of
20 kN at the lower end. If the unit
mass of steel is 7850 kg/m^3 and
E = 200x10^3 MN/m^2, find the
total elongation of the rod.
SOLN:
= [(7850)(9.8)(150^2) /
2(200X10^9)] + [(20000)(150)
(1000^2) / 300(200X10^9)]
= 54.3 mm
ANS: 54.3 mm
PROBLEM: A steel bar 50 mm in
diameter and 2 m long is
surrounded by a shell of cast iron
5 mm thick. Compute the load that
will compress the combined bar a
total of 0.8 mm in the length of
2m. For steel E = 200 GPa, and
for cast iron E = 100 GPa
SOLN:
P = [(/4)(0.05^2)(200x10^9)
(0.0008)/2] + [(/4)(0.06^2
-0.05^2)(100x10^9)(0.0008)/2]
P = 192 kN
ANS: 192 kN
PROBLEM: A solid steel shaft 5 m
long is stressed to 80 MPa when
twisted through 4 degrees. Using
G = 83 GPa, compute the shaft
diameter.
SOLN:
r = (80)(5) / [(4)(/180)(83000)] =
69 mm
d = 2(69) = 138 mm
ANS: 138 mm
PROBLEM: A solid steel shaft is
not to twist through more than 3
degrees in a 6 m length when
subjected to a torque of 12 kN.m.
What maximum shearing stress is
developed? Use G=83GPa.
SOLN:
(/4)d^4 = (12000)(6) / [(3)(/180)
(83x10^9)]
d = 114 mm
= 16(12000) / [(.114)^3]
= 41.3 MPa
ANS: 41.3 MPa
PROBLEM: What is the minimum
diameter of a solid steel shaft that
will not twist through more than 3
degrees in a 6 m length when
subjected to a torque of 12 kN.m?
Use G=83GPa.
SOLN:
(/4)d^4 = (12000)(6) / [(3)(/180)
(83x10^9)]
d = 114 mm
ANS: 114 mm
PROBLEM: A steel rod 2.5 m long
is secured between two walls. If
the load on the rod is zero at 20
degree Celsius, compute the
stress when the temperature
drops to -20 degrees Celsius. The
cross-sectional are if the rod is
1200 sq. mm, coefficient of linear
expansion = 11.7 um/(m-deg.C),
and E = 200 GPa. Assume that
the walls are rigid.
SOLN:
= (200x10^9)(11.7x10^-6)(20 -
-20) = 93.6x10^6 Pa
= 93.6 MPa
ANS: 93.6 MPa
PROBLEM: Determine the
maximum shearing stress in a
helical steel spring composed of
20 turns of 20 mm-diamter wire on
a mean radius of 80 mm when tha
spring is supporting a load of 2 kN.
Use G = 83 GPa.
SOLN:
m = 80/10 = 8
= [16(2000)(0.08) /
(0.02)^3]x{[4(8)-1]/[4(8)-4] +
(0.615/8)}
= 120.6 MPa
ANS: 120.6 MPa
PROBLEM: Determine the H3AsO3 = 3(1.01 g/mol) + 74.9 ANS: Four
elongation in a helical steel spring g/mol + 3(16.0 g/mol)
composed of 20 turns of 20 mm- = 125.93 g/mol
PROBLEM: What is the volume of
diamter wire on a mean radius of moles H3AsO3 = (1kg)(1
1 moles of a gas at 2 atm and 273
80 mm when tha spring is mol/125.93g)
K?
supporting a load of 2 kN. Use G = = 7.94 moles
H3AsO3
83 GPa.
SOLN:
ANS: 7.94 moles V= 224 L x (n/1mol) x (1atm/2atm)
=11.2L
SOLN:
PROBLEM: Calculate the molar ANS: 11.2L
= 64(2000)(0.08^3)(20) /
concentration of a solution that
[(83x10^9)(0.02^4)]
contains 15g of potassium PROBLEM: What is the mass in
= 98.7 mm hydroxide in 225ml of solution. kilograms of 10.5 gal (39.7 L) of
gasoline with a specific gravity of
ANS: 98.7 mm SOLN: 0.82.
15 g KOH 1 mol KOH 1000 ml soln mol KOH
=1.2
PROBLEM: Three grams of 225 ml soln 56 g KOH 1 L soln SOLN: L soln
sulphur dissolved in 200 g of Specific gravity of gasoline is 0.82
naphthalene C10H8, was found ANS: 1.2 M
Density = 0.82 times the density of
decreasing the freezing point of water
the solvent to 0.72 C. Find the PROBLEM: Calculate the ratio of Density= specific gravity x density
molecular weight of the solute. (Kf the rate of diffusion of hydrogen to of water
C10H8 = 6.9 C/molar) the rate of diffusion of oxygen.
=(0.82)(0.997)
How fast does hydrogen diffuse
= 0.82 g/mL
SOLN: than oxygen? Given: Density of
oxygen is 0.0899 g/L and the V=39.7L = 39700 mL
g- mole =
density of oxygen is 1.43 g/L.
6.9 oC x 3 grams S x 1000 grams
M= D x V
moles S
x 0.72 oC x 212 grams C 10 H8
SOLN: =(0.82)(39700)
kg C 10 H 8
Rate of diffusion: =33 kg
= 135.61 grams/mole ANS: 33 kg
Rate of diffusion of hydrogen
Rate of diffusion of oxygen
ANS: 135.61 g/mole PROBLEM: Calculate the volume
1 (in Litres) occupied by 7.40g of
PROBLEM: Consider H3AsO3,
Rate of diffusion= ( Hydrogen
Oxygen ) NH3 at STP (Standard
Arsenic acid Temperature, and Pressure)
(H=1.01,As=74.9,O=16.0).How
many mole is 1kg of H3AsO3?
Rate of diffusion =
1.43 g/L
0.0899 g/L SOLN:
Recognizing that 1mole of an ideal
1.20
SOLN: =4 gas is equal top 22.4L at STP and
0.300
using the molar mass of NH3
(17.03g)
V = 7.40g NH3 x (1 mol NH3 /
17.03g NH3) x (22.4L /1 mol
NH3) = 9.73L
ANS: 9.73L
PROBLEM: A 466g sample of
Water is Heated from 8.50C to
74.60C. Calculate the amount of
Heat Absorbed (in Kilo Joules) by
the Water.
SOLN:
q = mst
= (466g)(4.184 J/g C)(74.60C
8.50C)
= 129 KJ
ANS: 129 KJ
PROBLEM: A silicon chip used in
an integrated circuit of a
microcomputer has a mass of
5.68mg. How many silicon (Si)
atoms are present in this chip?
SOLN:
5.68mg Si x (1g Si /1,000 mg
Si) x 1mol Si /28.08 g Si)
23
x (6.022x10 /1 mol Si)=
1.22x1020atoms
ANS: 1.22x1020atoms
PROBLEM: Sulfur Hexafluoride
(SF6) is a colorless, odorless, very
unreactive gas. Calculate the
pressure (in atm) exerted by 1.82
moles of gas in a steel vessel of
volume 5.43L at 45C.
SOLN:
P = (nRT)/V
P = ((1.82mol)
(0.0821L.atm/K.mol)
(45+273K))/5.43
P = 8.75 atm
ANS: 8.75 atm
PROBLEM: A bottle of certain
ceramic tile cleanser, which
essentially a solution of hydrogen
chloride, contains 130g of HCl and
750g of water. What is the percent
by mass of HCl in this cleanser?
SOLN: ANS: 244m/s
%solute = (mass solute/ mass
solution) x 100
%solute =
(130g/(130g + 750g)) x 100
%solute =
14.8%
ANS: 14.8%
PROBLEM: In the atmosphere,
nitrogen dioxide reacts with water
to produce nitric acid, which
contributes to pollution by acid
rain: 3NO2(g) + H2O(l) ----->
2HNO3(aq) + NO(g) How many
grams of HNO3 are produced for
every 1.0mol of NO2 that reacts?
The molecular weight of HNO3 is
63.0amu.
SOLN:
1.0mol NO2(2mol HNO3/3mol NO2)
(63g HNO3/1mol HNO3)=42g
HNO3
ANS: 42 g HNO3
PROBLEM: The position x of an
experimental rocket moving along
a long rail is measured to be x(t) =
(4m/s)t + (7m/s2)t2 + (5m/s3)t3
(0.35m/s4)t4 over the first 10s of its
motion, where t is in seconds and
x is in meters. Find the velocity of
the rocket for the first 10 seconds.
SOLN:
v = dx/dt = (4m/s) + (14m/s2)t +
(15m/s3)t2 (1.4m/s4)t3
Substituting t = 10 s, gives
v = 244 m/s
PROBLEM: Early in the nineteenth
century, James Watt invented the
steam engine. In order to convince
people, who relied heavily on
horses for mechanical work, he
demonstrated how useful his
steam engine was by utilizing a
horse that lifted water from a well
over a certain period of time and
called the corresponding power
expended one horsepower.
Assume that water has a mass
density of 1.0 x 103 kg/m3, that the
well was 20m deep, and that the
horse worked for 8 hours. How
many liters of water did the horse
raise from the well? Use the
following constants: 1 hp = 746
Watts, g = 9.8 m/s2.
SOLN:
The work done of the tension in
lifting a mass of water is given by:
 W = m g y where W = work,
m = mass = pV, y = distance, V
= volume, p= mass density,
The power is given by:
Vgy
t SOLN:
P = work /time,
Substituting all values, we get for
V i
V=
746W 8hx3600s / h
1x10 3 kg / m 3 9.8m / s 2 20m
3 3
Since 1 m = 10 L, then V = 1.1 x
105L.
ANS: 1.1 x 105 L
PROBLEM: An investor has an
option to purchase a tract of land
that will be worth P20,000 in
seven years. If the value of the
land increases at 9% each year,
how much should the investor be
willing to pay now for this
property?
SOLN:
1
n
P F
1 i
= F(P/F, i%, n)
P = P20,000(P/F,9%,7) = P10,940.68
ANS: P10,941
PROBLEM: Suppose that you
make 12 equal annual deposits of
P2,000 each into a bank account
paying 8% interest per year. The
first deposit will be made one year much extra money did he make or
from today. How much money can lose by not selling the house
be withdrawn from this bank immediately after it was
account immediately after the 12th remodeled?
deposit?
SOLN: Ans P545,000 P 4,500( P / A,1.5%,15)
(1 i ) n 1 = P5,015
F A
ANS: P5,000
= P2000(F/A, 8%,12) P37,954.25
1.1x10 2 m 3
ANS: 37,954 PROBLEM: On the day his
grandson was born, a man
deposited to a trust company a
PROBLEM: What is the effective
sufficient amount of money so that
rate of interest if P1000 is invested
the boy could receive five annual
at a nominal rate of 15%
payments of P20,000 each for his
compounded quarterly?
college tuition fees, starting with
his 18th birthday. Interest at the
rate of 12$ per annum was to be
SOLN: paid on all amounts on deposit.
4
There was also a provision that
0.15
ieff 1 1 15.86% the grandson could elect to
4
withdraw no annual payments and
receive a single lump amount on
ANS: 15.86%
his 25th birthday. The grandson
chose this option. How much did
PROBLEM: A man purchased a
the grandfather deposit?
house for P425,000. In the first
month that he owned the house,
he spent P75,000 on repairs and
remodeling. Immediately after the SOLN:
house was remodeled, he was P P 20,000( P / A,12%,5)( P / F ,12%
offered P545,000 to sell the
= P10,500
house. After some consideration,
he decided to keep the house and
ANS: P10,500
have it rented for P4,500 per
month starting two months after
the purchase. He collected rent for PROBLEM: A man bought an
equipment costing P30,000
15 months and then sold the
payable in 12 quarterly payments,
house for P600,000. if the interest
each installment payable at the
rate was 1.5% per month, how
beginning of each period. The rate
of interest is 24% compounded
quarterly. What is the amount of
each payment
SOLN:
P30,000 A(1 P / A,8%,12 1)
A P3,685.96
ANS: P3,700
PROBLEM: A telecommunication
P20,000. Use double declining
balance method.
SOLN:
C5 P 200,00(1 102 ) 5 P65,536
ANS: P65,536
PROBLEM: A certain support
stand design to carry downward
loads. Compute the stress in the
square shaft at the upper part of
PROBLEM: Assume that a 25-mm
diameter rivet joins the plates that
are each 125 mm wide. The
allowable stresses are 130 MPa
for bearing in the plate material
and 65 MPa for shearing of the
rivet. Determine the minimum
thickness of each plate.
SOLN:
V
d2
4

company purchased an equipment the stand for a load of 27,000 lb. V

65M
for P53,000 and paid P1,500 for The line of action of the applied of

4 ( 25mm) 2
freight and delivery charges to the the applied load is centered on the V P 31.91kN
job site. The equipment has a axis on the shaft, and the load is
normal life of 10 years with a applied through a thick plate that P
b
trade-in value of P5,000 against distributes the force to the entire dt
the purchase of a new equipment cross section of the stand. P
t
at the end of the life. Determine d b
the annual depreciation cost by 31.91kPa
the sinking fund method. Assume t
SOLN: ( 25mm)130M
interest at 6.5% compounded
F 27,000lb lb t 9.82mm
annually. 2
12,000 2 12,000 psi
A 2.25in in

SOLN:
CO P53,000 P1,500 P54,500
C L P5,000
P54,500 P5,000
d P3,668
F / A,6.5%,10
ANS: P3.,668
PROBLEM: A plant bought a
machine for P200,000 and used it
for 10 years, the life span of the
equipment. What is the book value
of the machine after 5 years of
use? Assume a scrap value of
P
ANS: 12,000psi
A
31.91kNkN
PROBLEM: A common bar
[125mm 8mm 25mm 8mm]
suspended from certain support
39.89MPa
has axial load of 10kN. If the bar
has a cross section of 20mm2, find
the stress experience by the bar.
ANS: 40MPa
PROBLEM: A cylinder pressure
SOLN: vessel is fabricated from plates
10,000 N which have a thickness of 20mm.
500MPa
20 x10 6 m 2 The diameter of the pressure
vessel is 450 mm and its length is
ANS: 500MPa 3.5m. Determine the maximum
internal pressure which can be
applied if the stress in the steel is
PL TL 14k (12)(3 x12) 180
limited to 150MPa. AE (5) 4 x
P ( 2m) JG 32
12 x10 6
0.8 10 3 m
AE
0.47
0.95 103
SOLN: P(3)
ANS: 0.47
D
(40mm) 300G [(52mm) 2 (40mm) 2 ]150G
2
t 4 4
2t
P 160.57 kN
(450mm) PROBLEM: What is the minimum
150 MPa
2(25mm)
ANS: 161kN diameter of a solid steel shaft that
16.67 MPa
will not twist through more than 4
ANS: 16.67MPa in a 6m length when subjected to
PROBLEM: A steel rod 3.5m long
a torque of 13kN-m? What max
is secured between two walls. If
shearing stress is developed?
PROBLEM: The wall thickness of the load on the rod is zero at
G=85 GPa
a 3ft-diameter spherical tank is 30C, compute the stress when
4/17 in. Calculate the allowable the temperature drops to -30C.
internal pressure if the stress is The cross sectional area of the rod
limited to 9000 psi. is 1200mm2, =11.7um/(mC), SOLN:
and E=200GPa. TL

JG
13k (6)
SOLN: 4 x
SOLN: 180 (d )4
85 x10 9
pD 32
LT d 107.57 mm
4t
p( 4 12in ) PL
9000 ANS: 107.6mm
4( 4 / 17in ) AE
p 176.47 psi PL
LT PROBLEM: Determine the
AE
ANS: 176.47psi elongation in a helical steel spring
composed of 20 turns of 20-mm
T
PROBLEM: A steel bar 40mm in E diameter wire on a mean radius of
diameter and 3m long is TE (11.7 )(30 30)( 200G ) 90 mm when the spring is
surrounded by a shell of cast iron 140.4 MPa supporting a load of 2.5kN. Use
6mm thick. Compute the load that G=83 GPa.
ANS: 140MPa
will compress the combined bar a
total of 0.95 mm in the length of
2m. For steel E=300GPa, and for PROBLEM: A steel shaft 3ft long SOLN:
cast iron, E=150GPa. that has a diameter of 5in is
64(2.5k )(90mm) 3 (20)
subjected to a torque of 14kip-ft. 175mm
Determine the maximum shearing 83GPa(20mm) 4
stress. G=12x106 psi.
SOLN: ANS: 175mm

SOLN:
PROBLEM: A carnot heat engine temperature of the person are 1.2 dimensions are (5x6x7) cm at 105
receives 500KJ of heat per cycle m2 and 33C, respectively, and the kPa and 27C.
from a high-temperature source at convection heat transfer
600 C and rejects heat a low coefficient is 6 W/m2.=0.95 and
temperature sink at 40C. =5.67x10-8 W/m4-K4 SOLN:
Determine the thermal efficiency
R ' gas constant
of this Carnot engine.
R' air 0.287 m3 kPa
/ kg K
SOLN:
PV
Qconvection hA(Ts T f ) m
SOLN: R' T
W 105kPa(5 x6 x7m 3 )
=5 (1.2m 2 )(33 22)C m
TL (40 273) K m 2 C 0.287 m3 kPa (27 273K )
1 1 = 66W / kg K
TH (600 273) K
m 256.1g
Qradiation (Ts4 Tsurr
4
)
0.6415(64.15%) W
= 0.95(5.67 x10 8 ) ANS: 256.1 g
m K44

(1.2m 2 )[(33 274) 4 (22 273) 4 ]K 4

ANS: 64.15%
PROBLEM: A piston cylinder
device contains a liquid-vapor
mixture of water at 400K. During a
constant pressure process, 700 KJ
of heat is transferred to the water.
As a result, part of the liquid in the
cylinder vaporizes. Determine the
entropy change of the water
during this process.
SOLN:
PROBLEM: Heat is transferred to
= 77.2W
a heat engine from a furnace at a
Qtotal 66W 77.2W 143.2W rate of 92MW. If the rate of waste
143.2 J / s heat rejection to a nearby river is
45MW, determine the net power
ANS: 143.2J/s
output and the thermal efficiency
for this heat engine.
PROBLEM: A piston cylinder
device initially contains 0.8 m3 of
air at 110kPa and 80C. The air
SOLN:
is now compressed to 0.2 m3 in
such a way that the temperature QH 92 MJs
inside the cylinder remains QL 45 MJs
constant. Determine the work QL 45
done during this process. 1 1
QH 92

Q 700kJ kJ 0.5109 (51.09%)

S 1.75
T 400 K K SOLN:
ANS: 1.75kJ/K
PROBLEM: Consider a person
standing in a breezy room at
22C. Determine the total rate of
heat transfer from this person if
the exposed surface area and the
average outer surface
ANS: 51.09%
0 .2 1kJ
W (110kPa)( 0.8m3 ) ln( )( )
0.8 1kPa m3 PROBLEM: The food
W 122kJ compartment of a refrigerator is
maintained at 4C by removing
ANS: -122kJ
heat from it at a rate of 300
KJ/min. If the required power input
PROBLEM: Determine the mass to the refrigerator is 3KW,
of the air in a room whose
determine the coefficient of
performance of the refrigerator. SOLN: PROBLEM: If 80 g of iron shot at
Q U W 100C is dropped into 200 g of
water at 20C contained in an iron
200kJ (U 2 850kJ ) 550kJ vessel of mass 50 g, find the
SOLN:
300kJ / min 1kW
U 2 500kJ resulting temperature.
COP ( )
3kW 60kJ / min
ANS: 500kJ
COP 1.67
SOLN:
ANS: 1.67 PROBLEM: Three moles of an 80(0.12)(T2 100)
ideal gas are compressed slowly
200(1)(T2 20) 50(0.12)(T2 20)
PROBLEM: A 50 kg iron block at and isothermally from a volume of
T2 24.6C
80C is dropped into an insulated 5 to 1.5 ft3, at a temperature of
tank that contains 0.5 m3 of liquid 320K. How much work is done?
ANS: 24.6C
water at 25C. Determine the
temperature when thermal SOLN:
equilibrium reached. The specific PROBLEM: When a 2lb of brass
V at 212F is dropped into 5lb of
heat of iron is 0.45kJ/kg-C and W nRT ln 2
V1 water at 35F, the resulting
for water is 4.18kJ/kg-C.
J 1.5 temperature is 41.2F. Find the
W 3mol (8.317 )(320 K ) ln
mol K 5 specific heat of brass in Btu/lb-F.
W 9612.9 J 9.61kJ
SOLN:
ANS: -9.61kJ
0 50kg(0.45 kgkgC )(T2 80C ) SOLN:
3
0 .5 m kJ Qlost Q gain
(4.18 )(T2 25C ) PROBLEM: A 4-in wall of fire brick,
0.001 kgm3
kg C
k=9 Btu/(ft2-hr-F/in), has one Qbrass Qwater
T2 25.6C surface at 300F, the other at 90F.
Find the heat conducted through
2lb (C )( 212 F 41.2 F )
ANS: 25.6C the area of 2ft2 in 1 day. Btu
5lb (1 )( 41.2 F 35 F )
lb F
PROBLEM: A rigid tank contains a Btu
hot fluid that is cooled while being C 0.091
SOLN: lb F
stirred by a paddle wheel. Initially, T
the internal energy of the fluid is Q kAt ANS: 0.091
L
850kJ. During the cooling process,
Btu
the fluid loses 550kJ of heat, and Q (9 2 )( 2 ft 2 )
ft hr F
PROBLEM: How much heat is
the paddle wheel does 200kJ of in

300 90 F necessary to raise the

work on the fluid. Determine the ( 24 hr )
4 in temperature of 0.80 kg of ethyl
final energy of the fluid. Neglect
Q = 22,680 Btu alcohol from 15C of its boiling
the energy stored in the paddle
point 78.3C?
wheel.
ANS: 22, 680Btu
SOLN: ANS: 37.8% water
Q mct SOLN:
cal PROBLEM: How many molecules Using the energy equation W=KE2
Q 0.8kg(0.6 ) NO2
g C of can be formed using 2 KE1
(78.3 15)C molecules of NO? Q = 0.5mv2 0 -condition 1
Q 30kcal W = 0.5m(2v)2 0.5mv2 -
condition 2
ANS: 30kcal SOLN: W=2mv2 0.5mv2 = 3(0.5mv2) =
3Q
From the reaction,
PROBLEM: The weight-density of 2 NO +O2 2 NO 2
air at 32F and 29.92 in Hg ANS: 3Q
pressure is 0.081 lb/ft3. What is its ANS: 2
weight-density, in lb/ft3, at an PROBLEM: Suppose you want to
altitude where the pressure is PROBLEM: What pressure must store 1.00 J of electric potential
13.73 in Hg and the temperature be applied to 225mL of gas at energy in a volume of 1.00 m3 in
is -40F? 1atm to reduce its volume to vacuum. What is the magnitude of
100mL? the required electric field?
SOLN:
PV PV SOLN: SOLN:

mT 1 mT 2 P1V1=P2V2
P P u=1.00J/1.00m3 = 1.00J/m3

T 1 T

29.92

2

13.73

ANS: 2.25atm
E=

2u
o
=
2(1.00)
o
0.081x 273K 1 x 233K 2
PROBLEM: How many moles of
E=0.475 MV/m (a)
lb O2 O2
2 0.044 3 are present in 44.8L of
ft
at STP? ANS: E=0.475 MV/m
ANS: 0.044
SOLN: PROBLEM: Material a is a water
PROBLEM: A laboratory At STP, 1 mole will occupy 22.4L and material b is a glass with
experiment was performed to index of refraction 1.52. If the
determine the percent by mass of ANS: 2.0moles incident ray makes an angle of 60o
water in a hydrate. The accepted with the normal, find the
value is 36.0% water whose direction of the reflected ray.
observed value has an error of PROBLEM: Suppose that energy
5.00%. Find the percent by mass Q is required to accelerate a car
of water. from rest to v, neglecting friction. SOLN:
How much added energy would be
SOLN: required to increase the speed
36% * 1.05 =37.8% from v to 2v?
According to law of reflection, v a+ v b (5 kg)(9.75 m/sec 2)(100 m)
vr = =4875 J
r =a o v v (1kgm/ Nsec 2)
, hence if a=60 then 1+ a 2 b
c
r =60o mg 5(9.75)
F g= = =48.75 N
0.900 c+ 0.700 c k 1
vr = =0. 982 c
r =60 o ( 0.9 ) ( 0.7 ) c 2
ANS: 1+ ANS: 48.75 N, 4875 J
c2

PROBLEM: The wavelength of the PROBLEM: A pressure gage

red light from a helium-neon
sensor is 633 nm in air but 474 nm
in the aqueous humor inside our
eyeballs. Calculate the speed of
light in this substance.
SOLN:
Calculating the index of refraction,
we have:
633
n= = =1.335
o 474
For the velocity of light in this
index we have:
c 3.00 x 10 8 m/s 2.247 x 108 m
v= = = 2. 25 x 108 m/s
n 1.335 s
ANS: 2 .25 x 10 8 m/s
PROBLEM: A spaceship moving
away from Earth with speed of
0.900c fires a robot space probe
in the same direction as its motion,
with speed of 0.700c relative to
the spaceship. What is the probes
velocity relative to the Earth?
0 . 982 c register 50 psig in a region where
ANS: the barometer is 14.25 psia. Find
the absolute pressure in Pa.
PROBLEM: The combined mass
of car and passengers travelling at
72 km/hr is 1500kg. Find the SOLN:
kinetic energy of this combined P = Patm + Pg = 14.25 + 50
mass.
P = 64.25 psia
P = (64.25psia)(6894.8Pa/psi)
P = 443 kPa
SOLN:
mv 2
K= ANS: 443 kPa
2k
(1500 kg)(72 km/h r ) 2(1000 m/km)2 PROBLEM: During an isentropic
(2)(1kgm/ N sec 2)(3000 sec/h r )2 process of 1.36 kg/sec of air, the
temperature increases from 4.44
K=300,000 J300 kJ 1.0062 kNm
C to 115.6C. if Cp = kg K
ANS: 300kJ for a non-flow process, what is
H?
PROBLEM: A mass of 5kg is
100m above a given datum where SOLN:
local g=9.75 m/sec2. Find the H = mCpT =
gravitational force in newtons and 1.36kg/s(1.0062kNm/kgK)
the potential energy of the mass
(388.75-277.59K) = 152. kJ/s
w/ respect to the datum.
ANS: 152.2 kJ/s

SOLN:
SOLN: PROBLEM: The force of 600 N is
mg z
P= the resultant of the forces F1 and
Using the equation of Lorentz k
velocity transformation, we have: 240 N acting as shown in the
figure. Which of the following gives
the value of F1.

SOLN:
F1X + 240(5/13) = 600 (4/5), F1X =
387.6923 N
F1Y 240(12/13) = 600(3/5), F1Y =
581.5385 N
F12 = (387.6923)2 + (581.5385)2, F1
= 698.9223 N
= tan-1(581.5385/387.6923) =
56.310
ANS: 698.9223 N, 56.310 with
respect to the horizontal
PROBLEM: The coefficient of
friction between the rope and fixed
post is 0.30. The rope is wrapped
only once around the post. Which
of the following gives the minimum
tension in the rope at pt A
SOLN:
300/T = e0.4, T = 138.6873 N
ANS: 138.6873 N
PROBLEM: The resultant of the
concurrent forces has a
magnitude of 1200 N and acts
through the origin and points x =
3m, y = 4m, z = 5m. Which of the
following gives the x component of
the resultant force
SOLN:
d2 = 32 + 42 -52, d = 7.0711 m
Fx = 1200(3)/7.0711 = 509.1146 N
ANS: 509.1146 N
PROBLEM: From the speed of
100 kph, a car decelerates at the
rate of 15 m/min/sec along a
straight road. Which of the
following gives the distance
travelled at the end of 40 sec.
SOLN:
V0 = 100kph x 1000 /3600 =
27.7778 m/s
a = -15/60 mps2 = -0.25 mps2
s = 27.7778(40) + 0.5(-0.25)(40)2
= 911.112 m
ANS: 911.112 m
PROBLEM: The velocity of a
particle moving along the x axis is
defined by v = x4 + 2x3 3x2 where
v is in m/s and x is in m. Which of
the following gives the velocity
when x = 2m.
SOLN:
v = 24 + 2(2)3 3(2)2 = 20 m/s
ANS: 20 m/s
PROBLEM: The block shown
reaches a velocity of 10 m/s in 25
m starting from rest. Which of the
following gives the coefficient of
kinetic friction between the block
and the ground.
SOLN:
102 = 2a(25), a = 2 m/s2
Fx = max, 280 600 =
(600/9.8)2, = 0.2626
ANS: 0.2626
PROBLEM: The normal
acceleration of a particle on the
rim of a pulley 10 ft in diameter is
constant at 1200 fps2. Which of
the following gives the speed of
the pulley in rpm.
SOLN:
an = v2/r, 1200 = v2/5, v =
77.4597 fps
v = r, 77.4597 = 5, =
15.4919 rad/sec*60/2 =
147.9371 rpm
ANS: 147.9371
PROBLEM: A 350 N block is
resting on a plane inclined at 300
with the horizontal is subjected to
a constant force of 400 N acting
parallel to the inclined plane. After
the block has moved 3 m from
rest, the 400 N force was
removed. Coefficient of friction is
0.2. Which of the following gives
the distance that the block will
move further along the inclined
plane until it stop.
SOLN:
WE equation: Fs = 0.5m(v2 v02)
400(3) -0.2(350sin 30)(3+x)- Maximum
(350sin 30)(3+x) = 0.5 (350/9.8)(0- PROBLEM: For a class B amplifier 2cc
2(30 V )
2
2V
0) providing a 20-V peak to a 16- Pi ( dc ) = =
RL (16)
X = 2.714 m load (speaker) and a power supply
ANS: 2.714m of Vcc = 30 V, determine the Pi ( dc ) =35.81W
Maximum
circuit efficiency.
PROBLEM: The force system
consist of a clockwise couple of ANS: 35.81W
600 N-m plus a 300 N force SOLN:
directed to the right through the SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM
origin of x & y axes at x = 300. If -SOLVING) PROBLEM: For a class B amplifier
the system is replaced by an V L ( p) 20 V using a supply of Vcc = 30 V and
equivalent single force, which of I L ( p )= = =1.25 A driving a load of 16, determine
RL 16
the following is its x and y the transistor dissipation
intercept. 2 2
I DC = I L ( p )= ( 1.25 A )=0.796 A

SOLN:
Pi ( dc ) =V CC I dc =( 30 V ) ( 0.796 A )=23.9 W
SOLN: m a ximum P2 Q
Maximum P o=
sin 30 = 2/x, x = 4m left of origin 20 V
2 2
tan 30 = y/x, y = 2.3094m above
2
the origin
ANS: 4 m left and 2.3094 below Po ( ac )=
V 2L
2 RL
=
Po=0.5
( )
2V
2
RL
cc

the origin

PROBLEM: Calculate the

For resulting efficiency of
dc

Po=0.5
[ ]
2(30 V )2
2 16
efficiency of a transformer-coupled
Pi Po=5.7 W
class A amplifier for a supply of 12
P (ac)
V and outputs of 6V. = o

ANS: 5.7W

SOLN: ANS: 52.3%

PROBLEM: Calculate the
V CEMAX =V CE +V ( p )=12V + 6V =18 V
Q
efficiency of a class B amplifier for
PROBLEM: For a class B amplifier
a supply of Vcc = 24 V with peak
V CE =V CEQV ( p )=12 V 6V =6 V using a supply of Vcc = 30 V and
MIN
output voltages of VL (p) = 22 V.
driving a load of 16, determine
Resulting in the maximum output power.
2
18 V 6 V
=50 (
18 V +6 V ) =12.5 SOLN:
SOLN: V L ( P)
=78.54
V CC
ANS: 12.5%
 22V T J T A
=78.54 ( )
24 V
=72
PROBLEM: Determine what
PD =
JC + CS + SA
maximum dissipation will be
allowed for an 80-W silicon 200 40
PD =
ANS: 72% 0.5
/W +0.6 /W +1.5
/W
transistor (rated at 25 ) if the
25 PD 61.5 W
PROBLEM: Calculate the total reading is required above
harmonic distortion for the
following amplitude components: by a derating factor of 0.5W/
ANS: 61.5W
fundamental amplitude of 2.5 V, at case temperature of 125 .
second harmonic amplitude of
PROBLEM: A dc voltage supply
0.25 V, third harmonic amplitude
provides 50 V when the output is
of 0.1 V, and fourth harmonic
unloaded. When connected to a
amplitude of 0.05 V. SOLN:
load, the output drops to 56 V.
PD ( 125
)= Calculate the value of voltage
SOLN: regulation.
PD ( 25
) (125
25
)( 0.5 W /
)
|A 2|
D 2= 100
|A 1| PD ( 125
)=80W 100
( 0.5W /
)
SOLN:
0.25 V PD ( 125
)=30 W
D 2= 100 =10 V NLV FL
2.5 V V . R .= 100
V FL
|A 3|
D 3= 100 ANS: 30W 60V 56 V
|A 1| V . R .=
56 V
100

0.1 V PROBLEM: A silicon power

D 3= 100 =4 V . R .=7.1
2.5 V transistor is operated with a heat
=1.5 /W ) .
sink ( SA the
|A 4| ANS: 7.1%
D 4= 100
| A1| transistor, rated at150 W
( 25
) , has CS =0.5
/W , and the
0.05 V PROBLEM: Calculate the ripple
D 4= 100 =2 voltage of a full-wave rectifier with
2.5V mounting insulation has
CS =0.6
/W a 100-F filter capacitor
. What maximum
connected to a load drawing to a
THD= D22+ D23+ D24 100 power can be dissipated if the load drawing 50 mA
ambient temperature is
( 0.10 ) + ( 0.04 ) + ( 0.02 ) 100
2 2 2 40
T J =200
max
?
SOLN:
THD=0.1095 100
2.4 ( 50 )
V r ( rms )= =1.2 V
THD=10.95 100
SOLN:
ANS: 11%
ANS: 1.2V of an op=amp having specified
values of IIO = 5nA and IIB = 30 nA.
PROBLEM: Calculate the filter dc
Voltage of a full-wave rectifier with
a 100-F filter capacitor SOLN:
connected to a load drawing to a 5 nA
load drawing 50 mA if the peak 30 nA+
IIB(positive) 2
rectifier voltage is 30 V.
IIB(positive) 32.5 nA
5 nA
SOLN: 30 nA
IIB(negative) 2
4.17 I dc
V dc =V m
C IIB(negative) 27.5 nA ANS: 40
4.17 ( 50 )
V dc =30 =27.9V PROBLEM: Determine the output
100 ANS: 32.5nA; 27.5nA
voltage of an op-amp for input
PROBLEM: Determine the cutoff voltages of Vi1 = 150 V and Vi2 =
ANS: 27.9V frequency of an op-amp having 140 V. The amplifier has a
specified values B1 = 1 MHz and differential gain of Ad =4000 and
PROBLEM: Calculate the ripple of AVD = 200 V/mV. the value of CMRR is 100.
a capacitor filter for a peak
rectified voltage of 30 V, capacitor
C= 100F, and a load current of SOLN:
SOLN:
50 mA. 1 VC
fC = f1 / AVD = 1 MHz / 200 V/mV
VD = ADVD ( 1+ CMRR V D )
fC = 5 Hz

SOLN: 1 145 u
1+
ANS: 5 Hz VD =(4000)(10u) ( 100 10 u
2.41 I dc
r= 100
CV dc )
PROBLEM: For an op-amp having
VD = 40 m (1.145) = 45.8 mV
2.4 ( 50 ) a slew rate of SR = 2V/s, what is
r= 100 the maximum closed loop voltage
100 ( 27.9 )
gain that can be used when the ANS: 45.8mV
r=4.3 input signal varies by 0.5 V in 10
s? PROBLEM: If an amplifier with
gain of -1000 and feedback of =-
ANS: 4.3% 0.1 has a gain change of 20% due
SOLN: to temperature; calculate the
PROBLEM: Calculate the input change in gain of the feedback
bias currents at the non-inverting amplifier
and inverting terminal respectively
 10k, what is the maximum PROBLEM: Determine the thermal
SOLN: allowable series resistance? voltage of a diode at 27C
(common temperatures for
| | | || |
dA f
Af

1 dA
A A
components in an enclosed
operating system)
SOLN:

| ||
dA f
Af
= | 1
0.1 (1000 ) (20%) R= ( 2212 1) 140 =117
SOLN:

| |
dA f
Af = 0.2% ANS: 117
Vt =kT/q
Vt =(1.38x10-23J/K)
(273+17)/1.6x10-19C
PROBLEM: A zener regulator has Vt = 26mV
ANS: 0.2% an input voltage ranging from 15
to 20V and a load current ranging ANS: 26mV
PROBLEM: A transistor has a from 5 to 20mA. If the zener
collector current of 10mA and a voltage is 6.8V, what is the
PROBLEM: What is the knee
base current of 40uA. What is the maximum allowable series
voltage of a silicon diode at 75C?
current gain of the transistor? resistance?

SOLN:
SOLN: SOLN:
(75-25)C*2.5mV/C = 0.125V
=10mA/40uA=50 R= ( 156.8
20 mA )
=410
New Vknee = 0.7-0.125 = 0.575V
ANS: 50
ANS: 410
ANS: 0.58V
PROBLEM: A 2N3904 has VCE =
PROBLEM: A 2N5668 has VGS(off)=-
10V and IC = 20mA. What is the
4V and IDSS=5mA. What are the PROBLEM: At 20C, the reverse
power dissipation?
gate voltage and drain current at saturation current of a silicon
the half cutoff point? diode is 10nA, what is its value
when the temperature increases to
SOLN: 100C?
PD=10V(20mA)=200mW SOLN:
4 V
VGS= =2V
ANS: 200mW 2 SOLN:
100 C / 20C = 5
5 mA
PROBLEM: A zener regulator has ID= =1.25 mA
4
an input voltage that may vary New Ireverse = 25(10nA)= 0.32uA
from 22 to 30V. If the regulated
output voltage is 12V and the load ANS: -2V; 1.25mA ANS: 0.32uA
resistance varies from 140 to
PROBLEM: A silicon diode is in
series with 1k resistor and a
forward biasing voltage supply of
10V. If rd is 10, what is the
anode to cathode current and
voltage?
SOLN:
IF=(10-0.7)/(10+1k)=9.21mA
VF=0.7+10(9.21mA=0.79V
=hc/Eg =(6.626x10-34Js*3x108m/s)
ANS: 9.21mA,0.79V /(1.43eV*1.6x10-19J/eV)
= 869nm
PROBLEM: What is the
wavelength of the light produced ANS: 869nm
by an LED with an energy gap
level of 1.43 eV? PROBLEM:
SOLN:
SOLN:
ANS: