DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS

ELECTRICAL POWER
SYSTEM

The distribution system is a part of the power system, existing between

distribution sub-stations and the consumers.
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
 INTRODUCTION(DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEMS)

Distribution systems
To distribute the
electric power among
the consumer.

Below a certain
voltage
General distribution scheme
Requirements of good distribution systems
Continuity in the power supply must be ensured.
Voltage must not vary more than the prescribed limits.(5%).
Efficiency of line must be high as possible.
Safe from consumer point of view.
Layout should not effect the appearance of locality.
Line should not be overloaded.
 Distribution system is further classified on the basis of
voltage
1.primary distribution systems
2.secondary distribution systems
Primary Distribution:-The part of the electrical-supply system
existing between the distribution substations and the distribution
transformers is called the primary system.
Secondary Distribution:-The secondary distribution system
receives power from the secondary side of distribution transformers
at low voltage and supplies power to various connected loads via
service lines.
 Distribution
system

DC AC
Distribution Distribution
system system

1.General Ring main Radial

D.C Three wire
Distribution Distribution Distribution
system
system system system
 DC Distribution system 1.General Distribution
system

2. D.C Three wire

1.General Distribution system system
Feeder are used to feed the electrical
power from the generating station to
the substation.
Distributors are used to distribute the
supply further from the substation.
Service mains are connected to the
distributors so as to make the supply
available at the consumers.(simplest
two wire distribution system)
2.D.C Three wire system
Voltage level can not be increased readily like a.c.
Method:-two generators are connected in series
-each is generating a voltage of V volts
-common point is neutral from where neutral wire is
run.
(too expensive , use to double the transmission voltage)
Demand :-consumers demanding higher voltage are connected to
the two lines.
-consumers demanding less voltage are connected
between any one line and neutral.
D.C Three wire system
 Balanced:-One line carries current I1
while the other current I2.when the
load is balanced(loads connected on
either sides of the neutral wire are
equal) .neutral current is zero.
Out of balance current:-I1 is greater
than I2 then neutral wire carries
current equal to I1-I2
-I2 is greater
than I1 then neutral wire carries current
equal to I2-I1.
(Direction).neutral potential will not
remain half of that between the 2 lines.
Single generator having twice the line
Two small d.c machines are connected
across the line in series which are
mechanically coupled to a common
shaft . These are called balancers.
load is balanced:-machines work as
the d.c motors.
Out of balance:-machine connected
to lightly loaded side acts as motor ,
heavily loaded side acts as generator.
Energy is transferred from lightly loaded
side to heavily loaded side as machine as
motor drives the machine as generator.
AC Distribution system 1.Radial Distribution system
2.Ring main Distribution system

1.Radial Distribution system

only one/single path is connected between each Distributor and
substation is called radial Distribution system.
Fault occurs either on feeder or a distributor, all the consumers
connected to that distributor will get affected.
In India, 99% of
distribution of power
is by radial distribution
system only.
Advantages:
Its initial cost is minimum.
Simple in planning, design and operation.
Useful when the generation is at low voltage..
Station is located at the center of the load
Disadvantages:
Distributor nearer to the feeding end is heavily loaded.
The consumers at the far end of the feeder would be subjected to
series voltage fluctuations with the variations in load.
2.Ring main Distribution system
Feeder covers the whole area of supply in the ring fashion and
finally terminates at the substation from where it is started.
Closed loop form and looks like a ring.
Advantages:
Less conductor material is required as each part of the ring
carries less current than in the radial system.
Less voltage fluctuations.
Disadvantage:
It is difficult to design when compared to the designing of a
radial system.
 Types of D.C Distributors

D.C Distributors

Concentrated Distributed
loads loads

Fed at both the Fed at both the

end Fed at one end Fed at one end end

Ends at Unequal End at Equal End at Equal Ends at Unequal

voltages voltages voltages voltages
 Concentrated loads:-load which are acting at particular points of the
distributor are called concentrated loads.
Distributed loads:-load which spread over the particular distance of
the distributor are called distributed load.(no load condition
practical)

D.C Distributor with Concentrated loads

Classified 1. Fed at one end
2.Fed at both the ends
1.Fed at one end(Concentrated
loads)
 Fed at one end A-A.
Applying KCL at various points we get,
i1=I1+I2+I3,i2=I2+I3 and i3=I3
the wire AB is the return wire of the distributor
r=resistance per unit length of conductor in
Voltage
section
Aa
Drop
drop tabulated
i1l1r
as, section
Aa
Drop
i1l1r

ab i2(l2-l1)r ab i2(l2-l1)r

bc i3(l3-l2)r bc i3(l3-l2)r
 In practice , the resistance of go and return conductor per
unit length is assumed to be r=2r.
r1=2r1, r2=2r2, r3=2r3
The total drop in the distributor is
=r1i1l1+r2i2(l2-l1)+r3i3(l3-
l2)
Current loading and voltage drop diagram
 2.Fed at both the
ends(Concentrated loads)
1.End at Equal voltages
A and B maintained at equal voltage
b be the point of minimum potential(the load point where
the current are coming from both the side of distributor is
the point of minimum potential.

Let x be supplied by point A

while y be supplied by point B,

y=I2-x
 As both the point A and B are maintained at same voltage,
drop in section Aa must be equal to drop in section Bb.
i1r1+i2r2=i3r3+i4r4
(I1+x)r1+xr2=(I2-x)r3+(I2+I3-x)r4
All current known ,
x and voltage drop
can be calculated
Current loading and voltage drop diagram
2.Ends at Unequal voltages
A and B maintained at different voltage
b be the point of minimum potential.
Let x be supplied by point A while y be supplied by point B,
y=I2-x
Voltage drop between A and B = Voltage drop over AB
If voltage of A is V1 and is greater than voltage of B which is V2 then,
V1-V2=drop in all the section of AB
The same equation can be written as,
V1-drops over Ab= V2-drops over Bb
 V1-i1r1-i2r2=V2-i3r3-i4r4
V1-(I1+x)r1-xr2=V2-(I2-x)r3-(I2+I3-x)r4
Here V1 and V2 are known ,obtain x

Current loading and voltage drop diagram

D.C Distributor with Uniformly Distributed load
Classified 1. Fed at one end
2.Fed at both the ends
1.Fed at one end (Distributed load )
Uniformly distributed load on 2 wire distributor , fed at one end
I amperes per meter
Total voltage drop is to be obtained by considering a point C(distance
x),feeding end A
Current tapped at point C is

=total current current up to point C=i =i(l )

 dx near point C , its resistance rdx
dV=i(l-x)rdx
Total voltage drop
upto point
C
2
= = = ( )
0 0 2 0

2
=( ) volts equation of parabola
2

2 1
=( )=ir = (il)(rl)
2 2 2
1
=
Upto B, x=l 2
 Power loss=I2R,elementary length dx
At point C

= [ ]2

2 2 3
= 2 2 2 + 2 = 2 ( 2 + )
0 2 3

2 3
X=l =
3
 2.Fed at both the ends (Uniformly
Distributed load)
1.End at Equal voltages
fed at point A and B are maintained at equal voltage
The total current to be supplied is il amperes.

As two end voltage are equal ,each end will supply half the required current i.e .
2
Midpoint distance l/2,point C at a distance x , current feeding is il/2 (A)

Current at C= 2 = 2

Voltage drop over length dx is,

=
2
 Upto point C is,

2
= = = [ 2 ]
0 2 2 2 2
Maximum voltage drop at midpoint x=l/2
2 2 2 1
= ir = = =
4 8 8 8 8
drop of fed at one end
Power loss ,point c

= [ ]2
2

2
2
= + 2
0 4
2 3
=
12
 2.Ends at Unequal voltages
Let point C be the point of minimum potential which at a distance x from feeding point A
The current supplied by the feeding point A is ix
The current supplied by the feeding point B is i(l-x)
V1-drops over AC= V2-drops over BC
2
In case of distributed load the drop is given by
2
for a length of l

2
=
2
( )2
=
2
2 ( )2
1 = 2
2 2
X?
 Ring main distributor with
interconnection
Cable is arranged in the Loop fashion,fed at only one
point
Use for large area hence voltage drop across the various
section become larger(excessive voltage drop).
Solution:-distant point of ring distributor are joined
together by a conductor this is called interconnection.
Thevenins theorem

=
+
 AC Distribution

Advantages of AC
Cheaper transformation between voltages
Easy to switch off
Less equipment needed
More economical in general
Rotating field
 Methods of solving A.C Distribution
problem

1.power factor referred to receiving end voltage

Resistance R , reactance X
Impedance of section PR is given by, = 1 + 1 .
Impedance of section RQ is given by, = 2 + 2 .
The load current at point R is 1 , 1 = 1 (cos 1 sin 1 )
The load current at point Q is 2 , 2 = 2 (cos 2 sin 2 )
Current in section RQ is nothing but = 2 = 2 (cos 2 sin 2 )
Current in section PR is = 1 + 2 =1 (cos 1 sin 1 )+2 (cos 2 sin 2 )
1.power factor referred to receiving
end voltage
 Voltage drop in section RQ, =
=[2 (cos 2 sin 2 )].[ 2 +
2 ]
Voltage drop in section PR , =
=[1 (cos 1 sin 1 ) +
2 (cos 2 sin 2 )][1 + 1 ].
Sending end voltage = + +
Sending end current = 1 + 2
2. power factor referred to
respective load voltages
 2. power factor referred to respective load voltages
Voltage drop in section RQ is given, = 2
=[2 (cos 2 sin 2 )].[ 2 + 2 ]
= +drop of voltage in section RQ= .
1 = 1 (cos 1 sin 1 ) w.r.t voltage
1 = 1 (cos(1 ) sin(1 )) w.r.t voltage
= 1 + 2
=1 (cos(1 ) sin(1 )) +2 (cos 2 sin 2 )
=[1 (cos(1 ) sin(1 )) +2 (cos 2 sin 2 )].[1 + 1]
Sending end voltage , = + +
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