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zgt:080-22211730/22106460
www.karnatakasahithyaacademy.org
Email: sahithya.academy@gmail.com
 ROMANTICISAM
By Kirtinatha Kurtkati
Published by
C.H.Bhagya
Registrar
Karnataka Sahithya Academy
Kannada Bhavana
J.C.Road, Bengaluru-560 002.
PlP v CPq

lU : x +72
: ` 75/-
g zt : 2016
wU : 1000
Rl : CguPig f.
Pages : x +72
Price : ` 75/-
Reprint : 2016
Copies : 1000
ISBN : 978-81-931964-5-8

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And what shoulder, and what art,
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And when thy heart began to beat,
What dread hand? And what dread feet?

What the hammer? What the chain?

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What the anvil? What dread grasp
Dare its deadly terrors clasp?

When the stars threw down their spears,

And watered heavens with their tears,
Did he smile his work to see?
Did he who made the Lamb make thee?

Tiger! Tiger! burning bright

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What immortal hand or eye
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See the blind beggar dance, the cripple sing,
The sot a hero, lunatic a king
The starving chemist in his golden views
Supremely blest, the poet in his Muse.
(Esay on Man)

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F lPzgz. F lP g tU Pq
ifPz U . ifP CAi jr AiUvA i
UAq AzAiwAi zAiiUz. F AUw MAz
w
PV Pi qvz . F w Pz Cx Pq
Vz, A P
AiUVz.
Pz Cx ifP CxQAv Vg zsz. What
oft was thought but neer so well expressed.. F P a
vz ivAzg PxP ifP CxP Eg Al.
v Egz CQAi iv. Cz gv rzg Jgq
MAz DV. P idP MUAiiU Cx qP;
id Pz CQAi Z PAiP. EzAz jwAi
MA zVz. P qAAi wP
V GAiVzg ifP
wAi MPvz. QvAi iv Cz v qAU
Ujiqvz .
Pz F iwU wjPz P. 18Ai viz P
RV Ugz P JAz FUU AiiVz. P Pq
Aq P. Dzg C F Ug PAq jw gAi DVz.
C gz LondonJA PvAi MAz r Vz:
How the chimney sweepers cry
Every blackening church appalls;

giAnP DAzz 11
 And the hapless soldiers sigh
Runs in blood down the palace walls.

Aq ifP jw-wU, CUAz z Qv

EU av E E. Ul aU Ai qU
zBRz ljU sz Za UqU zj qUPzg
ifP J sA iiP Vz JAz F Pv tAiAv
gvz . PU fwg z v. CAx v z zP
i qz . Ez M Q irz , MAz zAi
v v A i MP Aq q P vU
. atU Ai
J qUg zBRqwgQ Cx J zrPg
PgVgQ. Dzg zP z QAi Pgu
guU v. M E zrPz
, wAig v PAiP v gPAq zPP
J w Jz. zPPzg qP, Q
ZVzg CAx Q EzjU Ai iqP. P EAUAr
g z eg w Ai P Ptwz. Ug,
i d, gd, ZZ v zAiU - E MA i GzU Az,
MAiz iq GzAz nz AU , AWlU . C
QV Av P v . Dzg E Ez v Gz zs U V
zP iqv. F AU x Zz
ZUvz. PU PAq ifP z z Z DVz.
DzjAz CU QAi, C CsU AP Z. QAi
Cs CsV jtAv dP Cs DUgz .
g i And i Q z P P Q z P
gzzg Cs v giAndi E
gAiiVAi GAiv
. EAUA r g z, Uq PqU ,
AqAx UgU egi g. Dzg P Avg
giAndi V z Av.

12 giAndi
 CzsAi 2
qx v Pje

AiA qx v Pje Ejg Pr giAnP

P , Czg J g
Pt U AU jZzg . Ejg
AiAz aPgVzg P PAi PgVz gAz
gAiAw. Cg q CAx P AAzs Eg
d. Dzg P P MAz jwAi Azjv. P
zAiz wv, gr, Az AiUAz rz zgz P.
q. e gU
18Ai v
i z UjP Pz MAz Ug z
UdUz, QU v Cg q AAzsU MAAz
jwAi gvUv . 18Ai v i z PU P
gAizg CAx Ai PU Cz irzg.
Cg ZV gzz Ux(Ode), PVv (Elegy), v
(Sonnet), qA (Satire) AiAx aP P PgU. Dzg
Cg PP izjAiiVz P iv
. A vz
PgZ A i a PgZ A
i DzsgAz yPz
J Pz PU grAiiVz. 18Ai v i z P gZ A
i
wgj P gz giAnP PU Pq irz
Cz . g JA M P C A i U
Cz: a PU v QAivz sU
v Pz P P nzg. PAzg QAivz sU
C Q. A PUU EAx QAivz sU
EgV

13
Cg sU CPjzg. P v CAvgAUz sUU
C QA i qv; Dzg dUv gVAz r CPjv.
P vAPAqU C Q v, jzzU gVz CPjv.
MAz zAz vP v z iv. Dzg F P ZvAiAz
Cjl CPgt zAv wgjvz . Cjl CPgt
zAv E g
zz JA iv F PU Uwg P.
Dzg EAz zAv ArwgU Ai zAv
CPg: Pj Cz sV wgjz. Cjl
Mimesis EAV sAi `Imitation DzU Cz v Czs
Cx PzPArv. CPgt V EAz Q
CtPVv. Cz CPgtz AwPAi Eg. Dzg E
MAz iv z! F PU Cjl PAvgz
wvz P zAv gPj gu JAz Av ?
F U Gvg z P. Pz R e M U
CAvRzz U? idz CzV qz CP
CAvgU s EzVgz.
jvAiiUPzU P S v gSUU
FqUPUvz. Poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful
feelings Ez qx rz zz Pz Z.
F Az CP v U U vV. P JAzg Czsgt sU
Az
vAz . F sU
QA
ivVgv
. Powerful feelings-
F zAdz Az Pq gAz v UvVz. 18Ai
viz zssUz AiA e CgP, Ai v
AvAz P zU sAvjz. F sAi PU
DAwU jzgzjAz Cg CQAi vAv MAz
Ciz Q Egvz . Q tz sU
g z
P JA AUwAi MAz dz v MAz DQAi
WlAiiVz. Aw JAzg P wAz zg jAi gVzg
CzP gzz g EzVz. Pz MAzAz S JAzg
MAzAz P w AiiVz. 18Ai v i z Avgz P-
giAnP P - Pt Uz PqU wg Z E
Ptvz . 18Ai v i z Pz P G Uwz U

14 giAndi
giAnP Pz DAv, UjP P dUv qVv.
dz Pw v Czg Ai P - Ezg P Pv
zVqvz. P Cs Pz Uz P zg
Cu qzg giAnP PP iv U vAi
C Uvz
. U zg Czg Dgzs
A i AwAiiUvz
.
P v MAnAiiV U Dg F P CP
vwP U ifP PgtU. BP, n v l
gAx eP vveU zP MAz PvP

AiVzg . Newton was a mere materialist. Ez Pje

iv. C Az v. Mind in his system is always
passive, - a lazy looker on - on an external world. If the mind be not
passive, if it be indeed made in Gods image, and that too in the
sublimest sense - the image of the Creator - there is ground for suspi-
cion, that any system built on the passiveness of the mind must be
false as a system. [Collected Letters]

Pje F P D Pz vwPv A
i U gz szAwz.
l v svz UA x
``Natural Philosophy JAz Pg z.
e vv
Az E ng . Cz 18Ai v i z A iAv
P wPAi MAz gVg., e v vveU
wPAi UwU vUz PAqAwv. EAx Ai
v Zv Cx AUqVAi zzg v
dvAi Pz PAqg, v Ai CxUvz ,
dqUvz. giAnP P F UAi dqz CAz
gV vA v qA i t Av Ptvz . U z zsz
C Pv GAmVgz F UAi jwAz JAz z!
Uz zsz P MAnAiiVzg vAv. U
i dzAv PAi DV. C v EAAiis U
vAvVAi qzPz. qx v zz
qsr PvAi F jwAi ``Bliss of solitude JAz
tv. Pr PAq qsr U FU E. Egz
PAi rg CU av iv. EAx zs avz
GAiU Az C . E, U z zs z PAi

qx v Pje 15
 passive DV GAi. Uz AzAi Pz
R UzP Pgt Ez EgzVz.
Newton was a mere materialist. ( l P sv.)
Pje F ivU svzz UU P zs z. Pt PAqz
v JAz jU CUvzg K? ev (Subject)
v eAi (Object) Eg q AAzs Pjv Pje
AiaAwz. qxU F AiZv. Dzg C
PjeAv vvd . Pje di Dz U Pvg
vz sP MUz. C vvez , g, D E
Jg nU E JA iv E v. Dzg CzjAz EAV
PP, CzQAv ZV, EAV U s zz
. Pje
U vwPV Da Q Egz vz
AUwAiiVz. v ez z wP lz ev v
eAiU AP z. EAAiU F AAzsz vz v


v. EAAiU Cs ev rvP MUV Cz
eV jtP. EAAiU Pt vz. Cz
eAi Q Ugwz. UAzgz F Ugv
rAi zsz . g J M avP z v zyUU
o U rzAv. tU UAz PAiP.
JAx t avU U z zU U nAiiUg . g
F iwU P nQzA v: Nonsense! Every Eye sees differently.
As the eye, such the object. ev v eAiU AAzs E
wg -gVz. svUU v R.
Cz Ugw Pt MAz GPgt C. PU
iv
v Pt QA i CAz. As the eye, such
the object. C Pg Azg Cz q Pt z
Cx vz EzgCz wPAiizU Pt .
PjeU F CAi vVz. C MAz z
Pv- Dejection : An Ode - AiAi F U qP:
O Lady! we receive but what we give,
And in our life alone does Nature live:
Ours is her wedding garment, ours her shroud!

16 giAndi
 Jz gV z, Cz ( CAzg PAi)
zAizU CqVz. zsj zAi UU, C
tz PAiiU C . U Plz CAz
wgV qAiv. Dzg E Pq, CAzg P QAi CwgPz
Pq, Pje P e Piqvz. Az wgV
qAiz Pl zAi v tz PU,
Dzg PwAi. Pje wz wAizAi Pz MAz
vz g E av. zAi U
U, tz
PAiiU Ai gv C PwP U.
We receive but what we give. Plz U wgV gz .
Pl qAi AiizAzg Pz APwP Q JAz P
je zg U UvUAv EAi CQ Ez.
svU U P v PjeAxg
DP A zg

wP - dqz EAAiiU P U z wP -dqVgvz .
DPg, t v Czg git gZ zz
wzPAqg CzjAzU Aid? CzQAv ev v
eAiU AAzs AiiAwPU, dqU qgz. Cz
fAvUP. Ez giAnP P z DAiAzg
v .
Pje Av ev U e AiU AAzs fAvU
U U? Dejection : An Ode PvU Pje MAz Ai
ez Vvz U Gzjz. D U
V:
Late, late yestreen I saw the new Moon,
With the old Moon in her arms;
And I fear, I fear, my Master dear!
We shall have a deadly storm.
(Ballad of sir Patrick Spence)

Pje Pv C Dv vAvz Pv. F A

i tA
i
iz s dUwzg v CAx gU
zA DvAPP P MUVz. gV vgt
AzgVz. DPz ggz ZAz PvU dQq

qx v Pje 17
i zsAz q z. Dzg PAi w? CAvgA Uz Ai
U gV z v sAi Cz iqv .
Pje PvU A i PvAz DVg A idA zg Ez.
Dzg Ai ez Pv F Aid j Cxt
Uvz. DPz ZAz ( ZAz Uwg sU) Ai
ZAz (PAz tz sU) vPAizg gU vzAz D
Pv vz. ZAz Uwg sU v Qz sUU
j jw P AiVz. ZAz Q sU ZAz zg
Qz, Dzg PtU Pt sU Ai ZAzUvz. Cjg
wAi vPAig U P w P V gU vz A
z
Ai-lVAv wg az - wPAiiVz. Ez
ePz wPAi d. Dzg vgt VzU gU
z v. Cz AiiP UUvzAz e zz
wPAi qz. Dzg F A i wP Pq Cs z
jv AzAv wP DU. wP
CsUz U v AAzs fAvU .
`The old Moon, `The new Moon E UP Dgz
CAPgU - Wedding garments v shroud Ai
jsAi E gPUAz wPUAz PgAiz.
giAnP P zU wg az Pz
jsAz v v qAiwgzP EzAz
Gzgu A iiVz.
wPAi Azsz svU EAAiUU v
Plg CsU v QAi mU v
DvUU v qvg. P v PjeAxg Cz
wsAi P JAz vg. v wPAi z
PPP q FiqUAzV MAz Pzz
n g. Pje PPAv F UAz E ZVv.
GzguU sUvAi F PzAx MAz z EAV
zgAi.
EAAiit guB EAAisA gA B
gB Ai zB g B |

18 giAndi
 (EAAiU , EAAiUVAv . VAv
v g i v E UVAv
Vz. ) EAAiUAz
rz g i v
g
U PnP
Aq F vgv z P
z vv ePzz .
F Pz AWP CP. g JA P zz,
DZVz JA g CxU E. MAzPAz zz,
zgVzg EU AAzs Ez JA Z E vz Vz.
CzPV EU Aii MAz vd JA Zg E
vVz. E U vVg ivAzg Pje v
P z V EU U Zgiq CUv
PAqPAqz. v U dqVzg EAAiU
vVAi Zv Ptg, C QAiVzg EAAiU
Zv
Pt zs JA MAz vz tAiP C Az
nz.
qx v Pje Eg q v Ez JAz
Ptvz . qx Rz Pf JAzg v P w
Eg q AAzs. PAiiV U C wz. P wAi
zs z v rz sU
v Pz P n z. Poetry
is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings d. Dzg F
Cz z Cs
C Az UAi P n . Emotion
recollected in tranquility (Av wAi g PAq
s.) JA vz iv CzP erv. wAi P
C P g dzz . MAz zAz qx P
wAi. z PAq sU Az Cs P DPg vAzPl
Avg Cz Pz P Pnz C PPVz.
v sU gg AzV. CzPVAi K,
qx aP PvU Pq PxvPUv. PvU PvAi
DPg gz Az . A MAz AUwAi z Pv
CzP PvA i DPg vAz Pqvz . PvA i P AiiU
Cz qz Az AUwAi PVgQ. PvAi P v P,
Cx GzP vP U zUz, zUP. q
x sVvU Pq s zz s C, Cz sA i
Ew, Pv.

qx v Pje 19
 Pje P v PUgq EzQAv z.
Pje qx P Zv. Eg PrPAq
MAz P AU


P n
z AUw EzP QAiiVz. qx
Pq zq PAiiVzAv P DVz. Pz l, t
U
,
Czg g
, P s EU U C CAiU RavVz ,
1800 g Plz The Lyrical Ballads JA P APP
gg rAi giAnP Pz v uAiPz
vvU GRUAr. F APz PvU giAnP Pz
J PtU MUAr. giAnP Pz Rz
PtAzg Cz PAi Av sU CQAiiUz. P
dUwU rz P rAiiUz PAi CAvgA U U
P Uz .
JA. JZ. Ci (1953) JA DzsP P v UAxz
g Mirror and the Lamp JAz Enz. giAnP P
v Czg Pjv gg UAx CzVz.
giAnP P PAi QvP v Png P JA
AUw FU CP UAi ZZUU MUVz. DzsP Pz
DPAzg Ez. JAim PAzg PAi Qvz CQAi,
Cz Qv
Az gUP JAz zU giAnP Pz Qv
Ai lPAq z. giAnP Pz PAi
QvP CwAiz v MzVz d.
qx PsAi UV ZgU
PAwPgP z .
ig sAi Pz GAiVPAz, Pz s
V, AvVgPA ag zAvP w QAiAiiV F
iv gzVz. Ez jwAi Uz v zU q
s z Eggz v PP bAz CjAi JA iv
qx z. EAx tAiU PPVgz LwP
tAiU JAz zg vUgz. F tAiU Az
Egzz Mvq
A
zg Aw v P w EU q s z
CU A
iz DVz. P MAz AwP it JA iv
MPAqg Pw CzP gzz vvUvz. Cz PwAi
d Jzzg Aw CzP PvP V vgvz. Dzg Egq
zUAi AUAzg P Aw v Pw Egq

20 giAndi
MU Argz . P P wAz wAi qz g CzAz
AwP it. PP izsVg s Pq PwAi.
s v AwU q d-dP AAzsz. sAz
Aw nv Cx AwAz s nv z
Pzg Cgqg q Csdz AAzsz JA iv
. Dzg sAi g dnzz. Cz PwP
sU

P n
Av ZgU
P n
vz
. dUw w AiAz
U sAi MAz j z. sAi Cx A
Z vz
gzA v P GAiVvz . Pz U A zg sAi
U JAz zg vU.
s v v dUv e eU Cz iqv
A iwg vz ; sAi GzA zg Cxz it. Cz nz
Cx dUw zV GAiVwg v . g
sAi evU. s Cz iqwg Uv l U
s P P. dUv wzPzP, S iqzP,
t zP , v EAx Aii GzU UVAi sAi GAiU
CAiUvz. s dUv Az rv D
dUv l vAi DUvz . sAi F AU g
AzV
l U CP. EzPV Ae () v CxU AAzs
Pjv v v AiZ iq PUvz . dUwU dUw U .
sAi AP gz Pw v t AZz U U
U lv , CzgA
vAi jg qA iv
. E sU
vz Dz U. Czg jgP Pgt, s ezAx
U. Dzg Z UAgVg JAzg s v
dUv EU q AAzsz.
zg Jz MAz . g CPgU Pr Dz .
Ez Aiig zg Cx Ez U nv JAz
wAi zj. F z Cx iv MAz zAi v,
EAz zAi Cv. Ezg Cx PtU PtAxz. Dzg
P JA j gv, P z Cx. F
QAz Zg irzU EAAiUVgz gv
Czg Cx. P MAz Ewz. Cz a JAz

qx v Pje 21
AzsAi P wAi zsz. gAsP Czg Cx
v Vzz P LwP PgtUAzV Cv Uwg z.
MAz dAU zg APmU D z Cx MAzVzg,
AP EzU Czg Cx APavUz, PvUz.
v CxU q CP jwAi P g U z.
Dzg U v Czg Cx lg g Uw.
v Cx MAz DVg JAz z gP. Ewz
CAx PiU EAz. Dzg Cgq AiiU
MAzVg. MAz Cgq MAzV JAz wAit.
VzU C a v lz JA Ai
Ez. z P CxV v Pir PgAivz
d. CxAzg v z w A C, MAz zAz Cz z
g. g sU vz CAUZUVgz, Q
PU zuU
Az DVgz. K Ezg Cxz P
CAnPAq EgAxz , Czg R iv v z PqU ggvz .
v wzP sAi CAz Uw. Dzg
wzP z
v
Cx sAi Jz UvU .
Cz PgtPV CsU v vv aAvPg v DvP U

wgV gvg. vz CZAi JA zAvP Az
lvg. Gzg sAi evU jvg. Dzg F
g wzPAq vV. sAi
s gv, sAi s gvz.
gv z U s v rlPArgvz. DzsP
vv aAvP P (Lacan). MAz PqU zAv Our unconscious
is structured like language.F iv gP gg v. zP
U GAiUz sU Pl SAiiVgv.
CzU sAz sU, UU,
A wPAi Pq vUz PAq GAiVv . ew v
U U AW P F sAi PgtUvz A z zg CwAiQ
K. sAi GAiUzAv zgAiU Ez, PzAv
CP Ez.

22 giAndi
 Dzg PgZ A
i Az s z gAz Ai UAi
Zg iqPUvz. dAUz dqzU Cz
GAiV sAi dqUvz. P gZ AiiAwPV
qA izP PAi dqvA i PgtUz. F z
gAv sU, ZA iAzV , v A v
V w

Q z. s PP P izs zU, PAi PAi C QA i
MAz GPgtzU v P CzP vAv PmU, Cz
MAz AiAvzAvAi P iqvqUvz. PgZAi MAz
vz Pvz
qA i F g Er dAUz dqvA i
w
z . qx PP AlAi v i z P F
zjAi rv. qx ig DqsAi P
sAiiUPAz wz. CzP C Pq PgtAzg
id GAiV s s v ZgU w V
PnvzAz. Dzg qx z Ez MAz PgtEz.
i dg Dq s P gZ U
CAigU GAiUUz
sAiiVv. P s v AiiAwPvAz dqzU
DqsAi fAwP CzP Az zU z , AfAiiUz .
P dqv MAz ZlUzAv rPz. F iv
Pz bAz gZ U Cvz. AiiPAzg bAz Pq P
V GAiV MAz sAiiVz. Cz P sAi,
vAiU s.
Dzg F Ai Pjv Z DV Zg irz
Pje. dqzg EAAiiU AP
PrzPAq v A
v
Uv
. v zPvA
i Pz
PAq
AiiUvz
. F z sAi GAiU C dqUvz .
F U C a jg UVz:

We should lose no opportunity of tracing words to

their origin, so that we will be able to use the lan-
guage of sight without being enslaved by its affec-
tions... to emancipate the mind from the despotism
of the eye is the first step towards its emancipation

qx v Pje 23
 from the influences and intrusions of the senses, sen-
sations and passions generally..

Av s Pq Piz sP FqV
GfvUvz, AiiAwP DUvz. Language of sight JAz
Pje PgA iz F AiiAwP sAi. PtU PAqz q
F s zP iqvz. Pt zP
vAvU q. DU q Pt v Pt U
wP vVqvz. F jwAz gUPzg
z wA i qQPAq U PAz P je v.
z Ew w zU iv MAz v vv
CxAz qUqAi qAivz. P Av
w zs . v v gvg CzP v Cj GAlir
Pq PUvz . EAAiU, AzU
, Gz PU s Az
qUq iq Czg P Cx CzP ir
PqP. PqzAi zg Avz zB Az
Azz. sQAi Usz ixPz Z
Czg Dgg P. Avz zB z U
JAxz QAii gAz Azz. QU vU Eg
Csdz AAzsz s
V vz F z ng P.
z z QzAiAz wzU zg z Cx
Z DV, gUzg AAi. AzAig MAz
PvAi IvU tU
F g | Fg | Pg
z zg
JAz F Cx Pt vd wAiV
GAiVgz EGzguAiV qz.
AiiAvgzg MAz iv E Aiz.
giAndiz w gAiiVz JAim v MAz Azsz


Auditory imagination .JA jPAi jv Z Pr
Ez ivU
z. PAiiz
U

GAiVU

24 giAndi
U
D Cx Cvzs P Cxz j GAiV PAz
C v.
sU F PAiP qz U ? F U P v
Pje MAz jwAi Gvg qvg. CsU F QU
Soul JAz Pgzg P v Pjeg Pg F Q JAzg
Imagination. Imagination Ejg Pg Dvz MAz QP g.
Az Aim Pq Imagination... what the Upanishuds call the
self. JAz v.

qx v Pje 25
 CzsAi 3
P w
s v d Q

PA zg MAz fAv . EAx jP Cev Pz

gA gA i E. Cev gA gA i zAz PA zg MAz
it, CzAz PPi. Pz GzAz rz Czg
AidzgU P F Pz vqVPAq v Czg
itz ZvAiz . A i Pz Gvw A i Pjv
gAiU CAPjPg Q v tv JA U
vz GAiVvg. E Q Jz PAi w s. w s v
tvUgq PrPAq Pz itUvz. P
itAz PgzU Q Jz C it
P
vAiiUvz
. Aig PP gA gA i EAx ZgU .
art. v Artificial Egq gg Azz UV. Ez
J gz P JAzg Czg vAi U AiijU
AAig. PwAiAi MAz PAq Pz MAz
av gzg d AiiVzg av PvP JA
AUwAi U AiijU AAig. avzAvAi Pv Pq.
PzU Eg Pzz CPgt x iv. 18Ai v i z
AiPP AzAi F zAv MPAq qv.
Cz sv vvdg v lAx eU ErAi

26 giAndi
dUv MAz z AiAvV q Aiwzg.
fz Z Pq AiiAwPV PtPzg P CAx MAz
AiiAwP gZ JAz Czg DAi.
Pje F z gPjz. B CU gu Azz
d Dz vvvg v PUAz. tU
Azz fz MAz P , t U Azv wPAi
qAi P vP v dz, Dzg g tz
AUwAiiVz. zz t U
A
iAU t U A i DUvz .
JAzg, Zg, s zz F t U A i CAU DVqv .
Vq, , t v Egg tU MAz Pgz,
azAzg Aiz zzq Aivz.
CAzg - zU q LAAiP AAzs CU A
i
DU. MAz zAz Ez MAz f EAz f
wzP Cs. Pje Ez v P wU i U
JAz PgA iv. d vv aAvPg
Pgzg EAx ivU
zg . q g JA RP CAiz MAz Vqz t U U

MAz PvAi tUU sz. U, g Pq
Ez CAi Pr zg.
Cz Ezg, EAV vPgg Pz fvAi U
ivrzg
Pje z . C P z
R
UAxz g Pq CxtVz. Cz C `Biographia
Literaria JAz Pgz. CAzg Czg Cx vz fvAv
JAzUvz . vz j P EzjAz AtV zv.
zz CAUAUUAv MAz PwAi CAUAUU ggV f
AAzs lP Argv
A
v CU PArv. PAig
U C gAiv All is growth, evolution, genesis - each line,
each word almost, begets the following.... JAz v. zz
CAUAUU
g Av MAz PwAi g g sUU
LPgvz A
iv AzAi m v Cjl Pq zg.
Cjl v `Poeticsz lPz zsz U U v:
Action being one and whole... likeliving being. Dzg F PAi
Pq lPz AzszAi LPz VUV Cjl M fAv

P w
s v d Q 27
 gP GAiVwzAz vgvz. Pje
zz fvAi , tUAi Mv vz. MAz
v A , P v A P qAivz
JAzU t
U
A
i f g PtU Pnz
A
vUvz . PAig
lPU P PqU P, PPU A AUwAi U
Sv, RVgz - F PwAi LPU
, RVgz
- Unity of impression JAz rAiv. PwAi gUVAv
PwAi MlAzz AzAi R JAz CAiqv.
PPwAi fv PjeU C l
VvAzg vz. F fvAi jP giAnP
v DzsP vzAi AzjzAiAz
Pq z. Ai Aig vz lPPg
P F LPz U z ivU : we find nothing more difficult
than to break with the habit of considering an artistic work as a whole.
LPz vv PjeUAv MAz Aiiz vv Vv. 18Ai
vizAi F vv EvAz C MPAqg Cz CU
AiiAwP z vv
V PArv. v PwAi fvA i MP Aq
F LPz vv gSAi qv. AiPP P
ifP Cx , i d MP AqAv, v i d MP
jwAi Pn P. JAz AiUz Q vU
PAqz, v PAqjwAi Pn vAv qz
LPz g zUPv. A little learning is a dangerous
thing. F iv id A z. idP Uwz
Cx C
V Uwz iv. Dzg v Un
mz C Q AzV
Pz F MAz DzV jtvz. Cz Pje
P AQAi q P: He prayeth best who loveth best..Ez
i dP z iv Dzg Czg v z. i dP prayer
Uv, `love Uv, Dzg wzAzg x JAzU CU
q AAzs zV Uvz. Ez F PvAi AiQP
z JA iv zmUvz. Dzg wAi x JA
v CsP vgz J P JAz Ancient Mariner.
Pv P zgt Cs Pvir vz. A little

28 giAndi
learning is a dangerous thing JA vz Az Aii Cs
Px E. Cz P vPvz v.
F Azsz JQAv Z RUz xU LP.
AiPP Pz v CxU MAzUz MAz ifP
MAzz sV. P P Pqirz CxP ifP MU
Egvz. PAi PAzg F U GAiVU C
vg eu, PiAAi jsAi zzg,
PAi Ux

P . giAnP Pz Az s z v CxU
MAzUz PAi AiQP zAz, Dv (self) P
P Eg Plz AAzsz P Cxz MAz U
P CAnPArzg EAz U PAi DvP CAnPArgvz .
EAx Azsz sAi g ifPVzg CzP Cx
gz PAz. Dzg EAi RVgz v
CxU g, vzv. PAi CvAzV PvAi sP
jg M fAvUvz A z Pq giAnP APAiiVz.
PwAi fvU PgtAzg PAi fAv Az.
MAz v PwAi fvAi MPAqg Czg A
JAzg Czg . Pje, Vqz tUAi sAi
PwAi tUAi tv. PAi Qvz sUz C
w s dUv v gt QAz v vz. Pje
v `Biographia literaria. z F AUwAi t v 18Ai v
i z
P g e q MAz z Gzjv :
Doubtless this could not be, but that she turns
Bodies to spirit by sublimation strange,
As fire converts to fire the thing it burns,
As we our food into our nature change.

AQ v lz AQAiiV irAv PAi ws

dUw Cs

P
V irvz
. q Pv t
z
Dv. She turns bodies to spirit JAz Dvz U P
zg v EAz PvAi Ai z dUv
U A v Dv z Az Vz P Aq z
gvzAz z. ws v dUw AAzs, v

P w
s v d Q 29
CxU AAzs Pq B UAi Egz JA AAi
E lvz. v PiAAi LPz U Eg MAz
l EAi Ptvz. PAi ws v dUw AAzszAi
Ez UAi LPz A Ptvz.
Pje v P sVvz vAi
PnP
Aqz P Ez Pgtgz. sVvP PvA i Az s .
Px
P

z Pv, v v CzgA v Cx EU AzVg P.
F LP z P. Dzg sVv PAi Qv z
sAiiV
Mqqvz. PAi Qv PvUAz LP vAzPqvz
v F LP d zz
z. Pv GAiV av w U ,
gP wPU Pq PAi Av Csz MqUVgzjAz
PvAi s C v vq UV Pt z. VqAz
J, v PV vjzg Vqz fAv sUU CVgAv
PvAi s v CAPgU Pq PvAi CAUUVAi
gz. wAiAz sVvAi MAz f DPwAiiV
PAUAvU Pzg P Czg tw
iq P. sVvAi
DzsPv Egz Cz v PvAi AzsAz rPAq,
ifPvAz rPAq QAiAv MAz AiAtz
WlPUzjAz. PAi ws vU Pz g CzP
qvz. Cjl v P lPz vAi
zg Pje Cz sVvz v Ai zA z
z.
Imagination Jz A i . Cz Pzg C
A izz Avz PgA
izzg Ae JP. Dzg Ae
z CxP Imagination U AAzs. APvU
CjU Ae Cx Ae JAz z zU PgA iwzg .
Imagination z Qgz Image Cx w JA
Cx z. Dzg PPt F z Cx zuAi
qAiv v. Pje CzPAz Cx
vAzPlzz Czg Aiz ZAi Pl. C
dQU `Imagination JAz PgAiv. U dQ

30 giAndi
EzAiA AUwAi Ugwz qx Pq Ez Cxz
Imagination C Ugwzg Pje CzPAz Aiz
v Z z S rz. C v `Biographia
Literariaz 13 CzsAiz v SAi Pnz. C
Jgq UAi Imagination P gU
Ugwv. zAiz
`Primary Imagination, Jgq A
iz `Secondary Imagination:
The IMAGINATION then, I consider either as pri-
mary or secondary. The primary IMAGINATION I
hold to be the living power and prime agent of all
perception and as a repetition in the finite mind of
the eternal act of creation in the infinite I AM. The
secondary Imagination I consider as an echo of the
former, co-existing with the conscious will, yet still
identical with the primary in the kind of its agency
and differing only in degree, and the mode of its
operation. It dissolves, diffuses, dissipates, in or-
der to recreate or where this process is rendered
impossible, yet still at all events it struggles to ide-
alize and to unify. It is essentially vital, even as all
objects (as objects) are essentially fixed and dead.

dQ A i F S P Uq ZVz. PgtAzg Pje

S wAiiV vwP zz . zAizV Zv
dUw CZv U A jwAiz. Objects (as ob-
jects) are essentially fixed and dead. CZv U gz
v vz JAz C zgAi K vUwz
JAzvz . Pje PPAv CZv U A zg tz U
JA wPv. EAAie nU
fAvVgzjAz, U g, t, zzU
C fAvz ju GAl iqzjAz C
wP fAvVz dVz Jz Pje CAi.
P Pg Pg Pje F Zg d vvdz
PAl(Kant)Az vUz PArgz. Cz Ezg EAAiis
Pq MAz dz wPAiz MAz PAwPgP z
ZgVz. v PtA z q
B v.

P w
s v d Q 31
GzguU C v PtAz q MAz Vq C Pt
AiiUvz. F AiAzg Avz zg
CAvz PAiz gQ. B giAndiz
Azg F P A i Eg P. v
CZv
z dUv
EAAiU AiiUzg v dUw q fAvz
AAzs Aigz. Dzg F Zg CwgPP zU
CAsP Pqqvz. Pqz || UAUzsg avg `Lz
zVvU- EU MAz PvAiAi F U
qz:
CsPgVAi dP
F Ai Egz EgvP.
g PwAi P, Dzg jAz Pw
PwAiiUzjAz Cg dPg DUvg. DzjAz F Ai
Egz Egv P JAAx Wu Pgvz . giAnP
Pz Uz DgzsAi Az Pq F sz. Cz
EAz QAz Zg irzU Ez v wPAi Cs
z. CsAzg P wAi PtPtzAi zg EgPAi
Ugwz. CsAiizU zjz E E. Dzg
Cz eq rz giAnP P P wAi qPz zg .
v . PAx CsU P g Imaginationz JzjU V
Pt dUv v P w Pq iAi. Dzg Pje Imaginationz
zAv iv v dUv, Zv v CZv EU
q AAzs P vz zsV Ptvz. Cz
EzjAz Az Pw sA i wP e Ai
qP Ai iqvz . Pw
sA
i Pje an echo of the
former JAz PgAiv. wP eAi wzsAi
Pws JAz z CAz GavV! Dzg F
iv Cgqg q AAzs avz. P Pq
s vV . Gz gA v C A i EAAiU
lVgv . Azg z Az Cgzg PAiAv Gzj U
AvUvz . Dzg P F Avz Cs
GAiV

32 giAndi
jw gAiiVgz. Dzg
s
vV Cz Pq
Cs

DVgvz.
F z Gzjg sUz Pw sA
i (Secondary Imagi-
nation) U Pje ZgU CAz V. Pws
wP eAi wzs JAz v Cz Z
GvlVgvz v Czg PAiP v gAiiVgvz
A
z v.
PAi ws dVgvzA iv zVz. It dis-
solves, diffuses, dissipates, in order to recreate; or where this process
is rendered impossible, yet still at all events it struggles to idealize
and unify. F iv AUVz. MAz zAz d vve z
PAm Reason U Aii Pqv Cz
Pje Imagination U Pqv. Dzg ReasonU zgP wP
CvVzg Imagination U zgP z vVgvz . Reason
z PU ZgU
zgQzg Imagination F ZgU
w
PU V
irvz. F zAz rzU ieVAv
P w
s Z w
V P iqvz . wP Cs
zUAv
wPUV irz MAz gtQAi, PAi.
Pje SAiAi Rz PgvAiAzg C sAi
GRgz Cx Cz sAi MAz Uv vV
MPArgz. F zAz A M giAnP RP
g qAiz MAizAz vgvz. CjP RPz
J MAz PqU Language is fossil poetry JAz v.
sAi dUv v dUw Cs rgz PzA x MAz
PAi. s JAzg D Pz CAz J
v. s Jz Primary Imagination z AiiVzg D
sAi l P PAi Secondary Imaginationz JAz
wzg Ai Z zm U vz
. s Pq PzA v Ae U
wPU zAi. CAx sAi g jwAi, Z
Cxtz w PU

PAiiz v. w s Jz
MAz Ptz Q. Cz v PAq dUv Gfzz,
evU PAi Gfvz. CAx MAz Q vAz Pz
UwgzV Pje Pv `Dejection: An Ode vz.

P w
s v d Q 33
 Ah! from the soul itself must issue forth
A light, a glory, a fair luminous cloud
Enveloping the Earth -
And from the soul itself must there be sent
A sweet and potent voice, of its own birth,
Of all sweet sounds the life and element!

v P w v P v P w EU q AztP
zsUz F Imagination z PV. Czg P v
P w Jgq CxV A iUv A
z Pje F PvAi
P v.
w
s AztP JAxgzAz Pjv Pje
CvAv gV v GvAz F UzsUz z :
Imagination.... reveals itself int he balance or rec-
onciliation of opposite and discordant qualities : of
sameness with difference ; of the general, with the
concrete ; the idea with the image ; the individual
with the representative; the sense of novelty and of
freshness with old and familiar objects; a more than
usual state of emotion, with more than usual order;
judgement ever awake and steady self-possession,
with enthusiasm and feeling profound or vehement;
and while it blends and harmonizes the natural and
artificial, still subordinates art to nature, the man-
ner to the matter and our admiration of the poet to
our sympathy with poetry.

wsAi Q F tAi AiiVgAv Ptvz.

gg gzVg UtU Ez MAzUrz. B
Pje tAiAi F Gv AzVAi P K ir
zQPzA AP Az ngP. wsAi Uv v
QU a U Ca PgU MUAv
irz.
Imagination z evU Pje EAz QAi Pjv
Pq v Cz Fancy :

34 giAndi
 FANCY, on the contrary, has no other counters to
play with, but fixities and definites. The FANCY is
indeed no other than a mode of memory emanci-
pated from the order of time and space; while it is
blended with and modified by that empirical phe-
nomenon of the will, which we express by the word
CHOICE. But equally with the ordinary memory the
FANCY must receive all its materials readymade
from the law of association.

Fancy Jz Imagination VAv Pr vgUwAi MAz Q.

Ez dUv CZv A
z U
Uvz. PvAi MAz Vq
t zg Cz VqVAi GAivz z
v DU. CAzg
t w PU F Q Ai iq. Pz Zx
v MAz jwAi Civz Cxz U DUvz.
PzAi av v wsU q AAzsz vvAzg sz
ZA i C. sz ZA iP vvA zg . Mode
of memory emancipated from the order of time and space. a
PAz Gzgu A i qzzg U Cz jz.
Pt Pzg Rz PAw gzAv. Aiizg Pt
Ai l zAv. EAx J Gzgu U

a
PAz Pqz. q av vPvzg P UzAv.
Pje P g A i Pz vA EAx CAPgU PtUv .
Fancy U C PAig PAz MAz GzguAi
qv:
Full gently she takes him by the hand,
A lily prisoned in a jail of snow,
Or ivory in an alabaster band
So white a friend ingirts so white of foe.

`Venus and Adonis JA PvAiV U E.

v Ai PU Dq Ai PU vUzPAq JA
AUwAi t Ez. Ai vgA iAx C PU
AfAv
zz v PAz rz JAzU Af vg gAiizAv
Ptwv . P AizAx w
U E. Pje CAiz

P w
s v d Q 35
gU Egz Fancy Ai gv Imagination C. Dzg EAx
vP
v
z w
iAidAi Pq A zgAvz ZA i
PAig PtvA vz z Pje PP
vUz P
. Pz C`dzAi EAx MAz t
Ez:
Cx z AvA zgsv eAvPB
P wgv zA v ||
DPAz MAz i EAzwAi JzAi z C
Aiv. CzPV Q Cd F Ai Pjv wz:
B Ai zz U

P zz U Az
gA v. EzQAv z Gzgu JAzg Af Az
r U P JAz CAi Pje P g Ez
Fancy DVgz. Dzg CzjAz Pz vU PAz ggz .
Dzg Pje Pz Gvz A i PU zU vA i
UAi tPAiz. z AzU Ai jwU
v Pz P
z

s P. Dzg A i P
FancyAi
PVAiizg Pje j AivzzA iv
zVz. g Pzgz `Imaginative fancy JAz
v Cz M yz F iwU GzguAiiVz.
Imagination JA dQ A i PAqrz P iAAi
CzPAz szz rz Pje AiiVz.
giAndiz CwgP Mz DzsP Pg Pq
Imagination MPAq Az Vzg. PjeVAv z
Aiig CreativityAi U ivqwg. giAnP PU
Pg Imagination z Cxgz U Pq Aiazg. Cg
v Qm Eg RgVzg. v zz `Defense of
Poetry JA Azsz ``The greatest instrument of moral good is
the imagination JAz v. Ez Pje zAvz A
e. Imagination Jz P PvP z vv
, Cz zs
zAv
MAz uAiP vv DUzAz F iw gAVz.
mAx vveU P CwU Jqir PqzAz

36 giAndi
wAi P
r
zg . CzgA
v zs
Pq P P
wAiiVg.
Ai P F AAiUU MAz GvgVz.
Qm P Pq EAxz DVz. What imagination seizes as
beauty must be truth. Imagination AzAiAz Ugwz
v Vg P JAz C CAiVz. C v EAz
vz U v: - Imagination may be compared to Adams
Dream - he awoke and found it truth. Czi v Fq vlz
VzU F vlz P CU v . C Pt vgz
U v
Fq Azzzz CU Uvv. QmU AzAi
v, v AzAi. C J PvU F v
UZgUvz. nAU QAi q, VP PAsz
avU CU Ez Az v v Pqv. C MAz
PxPzAi P [The Eve of St. Agnes] zsgwAi v
AiPg Pt aPAq zsv. Cz C v. C
zAz JZv Pt vgzU C AiPg PuzjU Awgv.
Imagination may be compared to Adams Dream JA iv E
xPUvz .
PjeVAv Az Az PU Imagination z zAv
CxU qAiv PQAi Ai ZVv.
B Cz Pz C PvA i DVg P. MAz Pq Az zs ,
EAz PqAz e vz v fz Mw UwUAi
vUzPAqU Pz v CgUvqVgP. e Pz
w
PAz wz Czg vz U PU AAi Prz
F PzAi, MAz PP P ez MAz g V PArzg
FU jAi gAdAi zsAiiV PtvqVv. F jwU
gzV P v Cv
r Pv. 19Ai v i z
ix D v MAz Azsz , zs v PA
ivAi
Pz Pw
g
Av zs
z
DP z P Az JAz
z. E DvAPz PU DV. zs, vve, ez
CP SU - EU Uj vz CuAiiVzg P
EU MAzUP Cx CUAz zg GAiP

P w
s v d Q 37
JAz F DvAPz AiiVz. e AzAiz Cu v
UjAi JAz qAz z; Dzg v v w v
Gz C JAz P z zsUvzAi? P
v U , wAi U AU V P r P JAz
PUvzAz EAi DvAPP PgtVz.
Pje P iAAi vA zg Pz l Pz
A
id tvzA AUwAi C PAqPAqz ,
CzQAv z PU Cs R gv Pz jw
wU R. CzPVAi qx P wAi C
M. Pje P zs PA idPV PAq.
PAi Qv v PAi DvzAU - Egq Vzg
Pje MAzUv - P g er PiA
Ai gz. EzAz PgtPV giAnP P v P
U GPU FqUPv Jz gAz Px. PAi
DvzAU PAi CAs z PU CSwAi
vAzPl . Pje MAz PqU Pz U vv P V z
iv js P:
Finally, GOOD SENSE is the BODY of poetic ge-
nius, Fancy is DRAPERY, MOTION its LIFE, and
IMAGINATION its SOUL, that is everywhere, and
in each; and forms all into one graceful and intelli-
gent whole.

F P v Avz A i P vU



U vg Awz.
Pg t AvzAi CAPgzz. Pje
P g CjlAz Az . Pz CAUAUU
A
i LP
E Rzz. .. and forms all into one graceful and intelligent
whole. `good sense, `fancy EU evU Imagination jPArz.
zg q A i Pz z g Pz Dvz Imagination iv
PzAiz JAz E Awz. E Motion - Z F
vvz Cx CVz. Cz Pz t JAz gzj Az
v g
P. B giAnP Pz RU tz `wAi
Pjv Pje F iv g P. P wAz DU Aq

38 giAndi
Q JA iv J giAnP PUU MUAiiVv.
PAi `Ode to the West Wind JA PvAi R
A
zg w.
zz fP A
i j vv. Cz vgU

U


Ur, j
aUgU

vv. vzAwg B Cz Pje
E Motion JAz PggP. Pg F vvU PAi
QvzAi Eg UtUAz F vz UtVz.
PAi Qv Pz PtV E inz.
Pje Imagination vvz U Az CP ZZ U qz ,
Czg Cxz U K AiU Azg Cz DzsP
PAi Pq sz V Aijz. Cz Pz Dv JAz
PjeAv DvAz DzsP Q. Dzg Cz
E E JAz zs CzP E. PvPV
Pje Imagination v P z A i w
s EU U
Pq Zg iqz. wsAi U z MAz
Jgq vU Uz. e Aii w s
v JA zz slvv tAiAz. dUv
zV q eAi g ws. B F vAz
guA iW v v tAi irgP: Pu
PuAivw | vz gA gtAivAiiB ``PtPtP
zV Ptz gtAiv. MAz wPtP
zV PtPzg Cz q PtU MAz ws
Eg PUvz . Pz W t

GAiV g
w gPU U F w sA i PgtVz. W PAi PtU M
Ai l JwzA x P zzA v Ptvz . E
iAiz PqU Azg g U v
P PAAiAv Ptvz . Jgq U
i vA i PAq
gAizAz ws vz. Px i CxAz
Uz w sA
i PV, AeUA qz zU
zz Uvz ; A Pt z UAgv Z
DAi Z Uvz. MAz zAz Ez AzAi , Dzg
gxP. Pz APU, C Uz vwPv - E
Ai CP Uq PrPAq q Cxtz
Dl.

P w
s v d Q 39
 Pje Imaginationz AiAv w sA
i Primary v Sec-
ondary JA s z. Dzg C U v `zsPP gg
nPAi MAz PqU w
sA
i t
v. D t Gz UVAv
Vz.
Aiz P dUzw Puv
vAiv AvA vA Az wsA sA |
[Aii z Pt vgz g dUw Pt vgA iv Cx Aii
Q Cgzg dUv Cg vz
, Dvz Ai wg w
sU

gg.]
wsAi G dUw GP Pgt JAzU ws
PrimaryAi z, Secondary Ai z. vAiv AvA
JA w PptVz. ` JA t CAiUz
AiijU JAz UvU. Dv E PAizUz, Aiigz
DUz. Dv w sA i . `G, `Pu v, `AvA
F U Pg U z P z zAv Puz g v
.
g zz , tVzz , Az qz
Cg Uz U
Pgt.
g QAav j zsAiB ZAzzAiigAs EAgB
GiS A szsg gAii Z ||
Pz `PigAszAi F z EAx P
zstV gvz . v g V Pv P t
A
iUAz zs Ai Pz Pv , Cg Uv. Png
GAi CAxz, ZAzzAiP CgU zzAv. F
CgvAiAi Az AiiUP. wAi PA vnU
v zAi gVz. F tAiAi Az, PA,
Ai E Ai DwAiiUv . K zu z g
`Cv qUv z `v DUvz. Ez Az Ai
w AiAz Z z CAvV g P Uvz . Repetition of
the eternal act of creation in the infinite I AM. C U
tAiAi w s v AvVzP Aq dUw Z
P
PgtUvz . F Jgq V PAqg v
B V. Aw

40 giAndi
- Z - v Aw - F P Pq Aizzz.
U Pg P v AVvU AiAzg Ez. Cz
vAiv Avz w sA
i .
`Imagination its SOUL - PjeAv Pgg w sA
i
Pz Dv JAz . jw, zs v g E Pz DvAz
g g Pgg zg. Dzg PP wsU Cs
AAzs iv . Pv zsB DAzzs F

zVg P w sA
i iv Jv

. Q v tvU
PgZU PgtAz Jg Mvg. Dzg `Q JAzg
ws JAz RavV Aiig . PAzg `C
it JAzg gv CzAz J. Pje Imagi-
nation v g `w s E MAz UAi QU zg
PgZAi Azsz F QU vU V.
ws EgPzz PAiAi gv Pz JA iv
vz Vz. sv
j v `P Aiz z PAqz Av
w s devzz . Cz CzAz SU Mq
Uz Ut. D
Ut PwsAiiVgz, gvjPPz DVgz. Dzg
Imaginationz i v U . P je Cz P U
Vjz.
Cz E E MAz iwz. Imagination is the soul of po-
etry CAzg PAi Eg Imagination Pz AzAvv.
PU PP Plz AAzs Knv. Pz PAi
Aiizz U. Pz o PAi QvAz qUqAi
q A i z jAz Ai j s A i z U Pv .
giAndiz sAz DVz JAz Pzg zgAi
Gvg CjQvzz. v CxU q AAzs Cx
-U q AAzs v

qA iz P-PU q
AAzs Z v qv. giAnP PU Pje
v qx Eg zUg, jAig. Qm, v
g Eg QjAig. Dzg qx P QjAijU AiijU
a U A i i U . Qm A v q x U g z z

P w
s v d Q 41
PiAAi gz. `Egotistic Sublime (CAsz Ov)P
zV `Negative Capability AiAx zAv Al. Eg
Aiig j, Aiig v Jz R. gz PU
q AAzsz g v gU U. wPAi MAz
AUvz z Q MAz PwAi jPAiiUP gv
PUAi gU-zU AAzsz Q C. Dzg Pw PAi
Qvz CQAiizU F vz.
Dzg Imagination z v E PrAiiV. DAi
v uAi PU vAv Pl vz vv EzVz.
Cz PvU MAz vAvz Qv zgvAvv. Pv JAzg
MAz PvP
z it, CzAz vA v
z, fAvz
JA jP Z

vv. JQAv a G JAzg giAnP
vz Jz e vAPArv.

42 giAndi
 CzsAi 4
giAndi : Q v z
20Ai v i z Jgq A
i zP z

n.E. i JA P
`Speculations JA MAz UAx gz. E g PvU
`Imagism JA P Ai lQz . giAndiz
PqgAiiVz E MAz zq Azsz Cevv v
giAndiU vP CzsAi Pnz. Egq
v wU Vgzz vwPv A i, ifP aAv
U Pjv UV, DV DZ qz. C Pg
CevvA i ifP vwPv Vz : dvB Vgv.
Az P P V ifP, PtP v zsP AgUAz
C V iqv. Cz dAz .
QA
i zs z Original sin Az gU C P q

P.
f MAz Wz vzU iv C zsP
zz AiUvA i qA iv. giAndiz zP
EzP gzzz. g gAv, nAz vAv
v gv. Dzg C Aiv zAv id v
zsP AU C sVv. GzgP Q
DU gVAz g P. Dv dz P wAiAU
MAzV, P w P oU Az Ag
qA iP.
zz
v z zv Az o PAiP. qx
F AQU jz:

43
 But trailing clouds of glory do we come
From God, who is our home :
Heaven lies about us in our infancy!
Shades of the prison-house begin to close
Upon the growing boy,
But he beholds the light, and whence it flows,
He sees it in the joy;
The Youth, who daily further from the east
Must travel, still is Natures priest,
And by the vision splendid
Is on his way attended;
At length the Man perceives it die away,
And fade into the light of common day.
(Intimations of Immortality from Recollections of Early Childhood)

F PsU giAndiz vwPv v P Jgq

gvz. zjAz nAz. zPvAi Q
Pz, Aiiz QqU Aiitv, E z
, zPvAi P zgUv, Cz V, dUw QP
Q PgV Uz q P. GzAi zPvA i,
C i dU w . Pz P z Vg U
qPwg z UjAiiVg P. E U w
Ai CxAzg
P AgV UP. F PvAi g `Intimations of im-
mortality from recllections of early childhood JAz Ez. Cvv
Pz Cx Czg Az Ez. Dzg U Czg C u
v . Cvv
Az nAz CzP wgV AzP
Uz JAx Uw?
Pz sPgt, PwAi AzAi v gu E
qx Pz RPtU. Dzg F Pz Uj iv
MAz, Cvvz
C u. C PA
iz PvU

MAz aP PvAi ZU V Cvv qAiz

44 giAndi
UA AiZ CqVz. Cvvz vz JzjU gz f
xAiiV vgvz . fz g
v
A
i U Pq P Uvz
.
g f zQ, APUU FqV gtzZU
Egzz Cvv Cx zg qAiz MAz jw,
Cev vz zU PAq jw. V Cvv
qA iz
Pq Azz . Dzg giAndiz Dvz
nAz Cv, C Cv v. fz gvAi Pz
Vg Cvv qAiz Pv.
F Pvz AUw MAz ifP djAi. MAz PP
zs P F ifP djv. Dzg Q ifP Azs U
Az
q U q A i q z Q A i Gzg C Ai Q P
djAiiv. gt MAz P wP CAi JAz MP Aq
i d Czg U ifPVAi AiZ q v. gtzZAi
f EzAi E, gtz Avg GAiz, U
GAizz fP U , gP , d EAi - U g
AUwU U wAiAz id gtU PArz.
giAndi v zP AiQP VPArv. a
Pz gtz U Pz PvU . Aig Pz nU
zzg `Elegy (PVv) J PPg gt
VlP Aqz . Dzg F P AiiU Eg gt
Pjvz . P v wg z QA i Pz PAqU CUPAi zBR
P r rz. DU P MAz v z DZgu A iiUvz .
Aiiz DZguAiAv EAi P AiU. Dzg
MAz AiQP CsU Cx Eg
CsP. Avz zQ GgU CsAw.
Avz PAq CsUzg. giAnP PU
PjUzg F Csz egAv Ptvz. qx
PvAi U r i JA DzsP P
ivU:
Wordsworth is one of the few poets who can write
proleptically about their own death and speak, as

giAndi : Q v z 45
 it were, from beyond their own graves The `she in
the poem is in fact large enough to encompass
Wordsworth as well. (Blindness and Insight)

qxU Az DUz FU Cs Q Ev
JAz F P CAiVz. Cz Ezg Az Az
giAnP PUU Pq Cs
MAz DP uAiiv.
Qm, v g Eg vg t Ai A
i gtAzg .
zz
vgU


z PAq PU CAi v. F
AUw PPvAi DVgz. Dzg F PU fz GzP

Pj g ZaPArv. Ai `Ode to the West Wind
PvAiAi F U qP :
Make me thy lyre, even as the forest is ;
What if my leaves are falling like its own?
The tumult of thy mighty harmonies

Will take from both a deep automnal tone,

Sweet though in sadness. Be thou Spirit fierce,
My spirit! Be thou me, impetuous one!
Drive my dead thoughts over the universe,
Like withered leaves, to quicken a new birth!
And, by the incantation of this verse.
Scatter, as from an unextinguished hearth
Ashes and sparks, my words amng mankind!
Be through my lips to unawakened earth
The trumpet of a prophecy....

Ai F P v A i g U E . Dz g E
vVgzAzg PAi gvAi e. CzPV v v QU
jz MAz QU MPqv - Cgt v q tAz
wg gUU MPlAv. gUU P Cgt w ZUP
v JU Pz
PAq Ai wU ng vz. q t U

46 giAndi
AgP QzAv Af QAi z. `Destroyer and pre-
server! F QU
z Cgt v lvz . U q t UAi
F g g
gzz QU
vz
V Ptv . vgU
U

Gzj
Uzg aUg l. d Aiz CzgVAz
Ai l . P v Avz FU Cs wz -
I fall upon the thorns of life! I bleed. zQgU Cs
AUz jw Ez. F AUvAi zP v
SU zVqv. qtUAi v M vU EvAz
P v. FU D v G. Dzg vvAi Cj iv
Ez. Ai wAi P qAmAi gPzz vU UAi
ivqv . zQzU v irz U v Az qv

zQ GAiv. Dzg qUqAiiU zQ av Ez.
qt UU Ai xAi Cz jwAiz.
EAx jwAi Cvv qAiz v Czg U
gz Pq PptUvz. P FU MAzPAz gzz,
Dzg C Jgq wU q Pz. MAz PqU
P zP, EAz PqU zQ , - Jgq C
zBRzAiP! qt U F Jgq gz wU v
PAq dA wg QAiiUvz. B CzP Cvvz
g UwgP. Ez PAi APAiiVz. Make me the lyre,
even as the forest is. PU v gUAi PAiAi uAiiU
D. Pje v `Dejection : An Ode PvAi gUAi
`Mad Lutanist! JAz Pgz. Ai U Pq CAx tP. CAx
gz tP PAi v uAiiU P. E Jgq gPU
v: v UAi PAi uAiiU P, EAz gP A zg
Cgt UAi PAiAi MAz u. UAiAx Pz E
JAz zP Cgt MAz uAiiU Pv.
v Cgt E g d. Dzg F g U QAi
PAi uAiizg CQPz, Cgz AVv n
z.
uAi gP P v Cgt Egq
MU v
z
. P CgtzA v
v v ZgU vgUUAv Gzjwz. qt U

giAndi : Q v z 47
C GqV aUgU

r P. Dzg Eg MAz
v QrUgq vj U Cz v wPAv
iqz . ZUz Mq A v n gz. F Pt z
z -zP, Aiz-z MAzVqv, s
azg P iv zUAv. CzQAv ZV P v
f Ul P zQPP JA z F
PvAiz. Scatter... my words among mankind. P Ezg
P d v A i C g Vg v z . Q A i v g d v
CgVgvzA zsAi Ez.
F Zg E
V v gPvP
V Qm v.
MAz zAz zAi Pz J QV vU U Vg
C `Ode to a Nightingale JA PvAi GzguAiiV
qz. F PvAi z g rU P v Ez
Ai zUq ziU U, U, AzAiz g v
A
i
U, wAi sAi U zg Pq jwAi gAiv.
EUAz gU nAU QAi q Dv.
ZAz P lg JAi Q. PPU Cgg
U CU zs UAzsUAz iv UgwP. EAx
w nAU QAi vj q. D q P PAi
q Zg v sU V:
Thou wast not born for death immortal Bird!
No hungry generations tread thee down;
The voice I hear this passing night was heard
In ancient days by emperor and clown;
Perhaps the self-same song that found a path
Though the sad heart of Ruth, when, sick for home,
She stood in tear amid the alien corn;
The same that oft-times hath
Charmed magic casements, opening on the foam
Of perilous seas, in faery lands forlorm.

48 giAndi
 PAi zAi F q Q Cgzz, PgtAzg
Czg q Cgzz. zsAiUz ZPw v zPg
Pz Ez q, Ai gv JA t Pz Ez
q . FU Qm Pwg z Ez . nAU JA Q P wAi
MAz sU. P w JAAz MAz. MAz Q v Czg z

EAz gz, Dzg q iv Cz. QU Qvz, ew
Ez. Cz rU E. DzjAz P QU z, ` AiPAz
l. EwzAU zg Pw v. Q
v zAi gAiizAv MAz Q v ewAz q.
Cz Ezg, QmU F nAU Q Cgvz wPUvz.
Dzg QU fz. fg Aiiz jv Ez,
gtz EgU. Czg q Qm Av jv
Ez Egz. ZP w , zP, PvA i M t U
Pgz. Dzg QA i v


. Q v q CgVzg
F Cgvz g
zg K? Cvv s Ezg Egz.
f rzg CzP v. Qm PvU F iv Uwz.
Pv VAiU `Forlorn JA z qAi F z
iAiV nAUz q UzUZ, AiiZ, UqU
wAzZU vv PzAvUvz. Do I wake or sleep? JAz
P PAvUvz
. F q rz Cgvz Cs Pq v


JA AU iv GAivz. E, F Pt iv PAq P Pq
gxP JA izs iv GAivz.
Qm F Ai Pjv EAz PvAi gz. `Ode on
a Grecian Urn Jz D Pv. a VPg vg Ai
Cg UV MAz AUgjP vAi vA Eqwzg.
P vAi gUq Azgz avU rwzg. Qm
Pv F Azg z avU
evU ivqvz. MAz zAiz
evA i PA PUzv gtU qz. gU PU
M vgt P rwz. E vgt v AivAi
E zgz. VqU vA Avz U Cg.

giAndi : Q v z 49
E VP UjPvA
i MAz Pz avU

. F J av
i MAz
Az qAwz:
Thou silent form, dost tease us out of thought
As doth eternity : Cold Pastoral!
when old age shall this generation waste
thou shalt remain, in midst of other woe
Than ours, a friend to man, to whom thou sayst
Beauty is truth, truth beauty - that is all
Ye know on earth, and all ye need to know.

PvAi Az VAi Ez. `AzAi v, v

AzAi, E jU wAiPzz. F Azz A
vP Pq C Vz. gg U A g
l AiiV F vA i MVzg. D Ai A i Ewz
Zg UgvUAz E. Cz Qm F vAi q
wU vAi Ai E. Dzg AzAiz PwAiiz v
Ez . v A i g U z P t A i av U .
iVzPAq ZgU Pgv. Cz z
fP
z FU Gg CAA zg F AzAiAz JA
tAiP Pv Az lvz. vAz vzz Jz
iz AP. F APAi U PvU Az. vzAv
AzAi vVzg Cgq MAz DUv. Dzg E
AzAiAzg PAi iv l i. PwAi d
AzAiU Cx i AzAiU J g Jz
PvU Uv. F PvAi nU zzg EAiz avPAi
AzAi. F AzAiz ju g
A
zg F AzAi
g Pz AzAi. PwAi Ai CAiUgz,
Mv P q P U g z , R z BRU g z . Dz g
AzAigz PAi iv. PAi P AzAiz .
DzjAz F AzAi v. PwAi Egq g gAiiV
Ptz. Dzg PAi iv Egq MAz DUv.

50 giAndi
 What Imagination seizes as Beauty must be truth. Ez Qm
z iv. PwAi AzAi PAi AzAiAz
v
PV Qm F Pv MAz zAv Plvz
. v EAz
PvAi - `Ode on Melancholy Ai - ``Beauty that must die
JAz PwP AzAiz gvAi az.
v v AzAiU U F Pv v jwAi jg
av Cvv qAi iU qQPvz. Dzg
Ez Aii UAi Cvv? PAi AzAi WPzgU
P gAxz d. Dzg Cz MAz jwAi fz
Cvv. Qm PvAiAi PAPU AVv QAz
P zs.
Heard melodies are sweet, but those unheard

Are sweeter....

JAz P C v U v U Q A v Z JAz
yPv . Dzg Ez Pq MAz xAi. avz
A
i
A v g Ptz A v , A i v Ai z
AsAizz z - F CsUU vz Dz
Ez JAz MP Aqg F Cvv CAii . eP Cs
gVzg, zBRPgVzg, fz JA eAi
DAzzAiPVgvz. PAi CwAizz zPvAi
Pq Cs fAvz . Dzg P fAvz
Csz gvAi v Cz PUzgU GPAq
gvz A iv d. Dzg Cz v JA iv Azz
Uvz
.
E EAz UAi gzss Pq v Jwz. Pje
PPwAi eP LPz (Organic Unity) U Zaz.
18 A i v i z P z Ai i Aw P g z g z V
giAndi zAU Jv . F zAUAi Azjz Ai
Az iv fz LPz JA AUw AUVz.
fzz P GAi, P GAizP f.

giAndi : Q v z 51
Qm PvU F U jg Pt. wsAi DAiv
() Dvz JAz CU z. P Pq Dv v
Imagination Egqg AAzs PAq. Dzg Dvz g
g tzz . Cz f C, f C. P Cs
Cz I hate all abstraction JAz z. DvAz jvz v
vz v C DzVv. Pje P zjAi
qz g Pz v CzPV w
sA
i QP g

PAiP
Aq.
CvAv vz CQAi P gz Qm AzAi
vv
w
z. Dzg C Cvv MAz UAi jAAiz
AiiVz.
We were the last romantics JAz z P q.. Aim
F Ai v JwPAq, Cz 1931g. AimU
giAnP Pz v giAndi jwU Uwz .
Dzg giAnP P CU MAz AzAiVv. Pz
qrAi C Pvz giAnP PAz. `Three Move-
ments JA MAz PvAi giAnP Pz wU U
avv P
V gAiv.
SHAKESPEAREAN fish swam the sea, far away from land;
Romantic fish swam in nets coming to the hand;
what are all those fish that lie gasping on the strand;

PAig Pz PU AA v `Z
vAi
Az zg. giAnP PU F vt qzg
Ai QQPAqg. PU z gz g
wgz Kzgqw. Aim F ivU LwP
PAi C. Dzg giAnP PU v vAiijz
Ai z d. PAig Pz PU Dv
giAnP PUU Eg. giAnP Pz vwPv gVAz
Azz . CAv Aiiv. P vqPv. PAig Pz
vwPv
dvA i Cs
z

PgV
Azz . P Pq dvA i Cs z


UgVz. giAnP AiUz, CzQAv z CAzg

52 giAndi
Cr, wP v Cs g gAiiV AzAi
gP nP Arv. Aim v DvZj i `Autobiographies F
vA
AUwAi GTv. JAim `Dissociation of sensibility
JA zAvA v CUv QAv Zz Z g q v. giAnP
AiUz PU l zU F AzA i WlAi w V
Cszg. Cg Cvvz DPAPAi Az F CqVz.
Aim Pq F wVAi Csz C, F
Az gU iUU qPvqVz. v
C gz `Sailing to Byzantium PvAi v F Ai U
C v CPU P
r z. v g v
Az gU
U Pv d. Dzg UAzg? P MAz
PqU zAv U Azg `Refinement of senses C. U Azg
EAAiisU gv zg Uz ZUjPAiizg
K? P F Pz Cs- gz Cs -
aw Av U z Cs vj
v v U P? Qm az
PAi Csz vvAi CUAiAw d. Dzg Cz
Pq PU jAAiV, Cvzg? Aim `Sailing to
Byzantiumz Ez v jgU g j Pzl
qv.
Once out of nature I shall never take
My bodily form from any natural thing,
But such a form as Grecian goldsmiths make
Of hammered gold and gold enamelling
To keep a drowsy Emperor awake ;
or set upon a golden bough to sing
To lords and ladies of Byzantium
Of what is past, or passing, or to come.

F PvAi PAi r EzVz. EzQAv z Gather me

into the artifice of eternity JAz v Cz UgUU P x
z. F PAi rAi PvP CAvv (Artifice of eternity)
CAzg KAz jz. P Pq MAz P; PA i vv

giAndi : Q v z 53
PvP zz . Dzg PA i PvPv A
i f CAU . Aim v
PAiiV gAv dV nggz. d U
, Aii, gt E vz . zAiz U

fAvVzg Cz MAz Aiwg tAi (zz) P
v PnPArz. zAiz PU Fqj Q zz
Eg. CzPV F gP. P EAz d qA iP, D
d eP AiiUgz. vAz AUgz VtAiiUP.
Ai gz Pg AUgAzg Gzvz , Cz
dAU w, v PzP. e PU F
zg z
v v gvz . zg

zA
vvAi
q . gvPg t Ai Dvz ivU. Aim gv
VP Ugg iqwz AUgz VtAi E PAz gP
V
v. F VtAi AUgz, Dzg Ez qz.
vPrwg zgU D Ug F VtAi PtP PnzAv.
zgU z gzg F Vt sv, vi U sU
Pjv qz. zg U C jg Uz d.
Cg jg v Aw lz. F Aw v AUg
E MAz Ut lz Jz Aim CAi. Dzg F
Aw Jz qv v AwPAi jz Ut.
AUgz Vt Ezg MAz wPVz.
Dzg PvAi Cxz AwPAi Z iq AUgz
QAi wP vwPV MAz AiiUz. PvAi Pg
AUgz Vt P z, PAi z. giAnP Pz
P v C P E g gAi. Pz U ivqzA zg
PAi U ivrzAv Jz Pje CAi z.
Dzg VP Ug v C irz AUgz Q Ejg
g g. Aim Pv Cjg MAzAz zg C
GAiVz w Cg g g Jvz. w PvPv v
fvU MAzUrvz d, Dzg Cz w Pw v
PwPg gAiiVvz
. giAndi Cgq

PlVzg
Pw v zgVvz.

54 giAndi
 P g Z P A i i z z v P g Z A i i Vg z
giAndiz Ewz AUVz. PP giAndiz
Ewz AUVz. PP giAndiz PqU
izz. vA i v vg z
F Pz Pq giAnP
Pz v PrAiiV. giAnP P J
gzg v Cjl CPgtzAv Cz gz
wgV gz zs . Aig P Az C, w AiAz
eSAi m v Cjlg vwP wUAz
qUqAi q. M mz U Dzg v
Cjl Uzgv. AU Aiz Eg wU -
PVgv. FV Pz Jgq wU MAzgUAz
Pr V. FU giAndi Pq gzg Cz gz
ggz. JAim CevvAiAv Aim giAndi
Egq z gvl AzUV. giAndi v
nz CP UAi iUU v AiiUPv.
Cz FU Ew. Aig FU MAz UAi `Aiz
jw Egzj Az PP g iUU vgz PAq UAz
GAmVgzAv .

giAndi : Q v z 55
 CzsAi 5
P q zAi vz
giAndiz s
Pqz zAi vz EAV giAnP Pz
s zz FU LwP AUwAiiVz. zAi vz
z iPg - P CzU lg - n z wAi
Pt qzg. Az Pq Cz Qvg v.
U Pt qA izg Pq vzAi v P v
vgzPAqg DVzg. zAiz DZAiggVz
.JA..Aig zAiiz Dg UAi v wAi
PzPAqg. wAi AiUz zBR gAi zsnU
VzgAv. C Pq wgz zsgVzU v P Q
v Ai vqVP PAz irzgA v. F A U
Pjv JA..vgAig U gzg :
Cg zQ APz zqszsg PUAq,
v P v vPU MPAq, Pq rAi
PAPAiP v v CPAq vz Ptz
DAUsAi ( P DAU CzsP v F vgt)
z PQAi Gzjzg Cz v.
(`U, 1990:74)
.JA.Aig DU v U vgt. F PvAi
Cg gz Cx rz
1915. MAv rU F EAV

56 giAndi
Pz Cg v , PtzAi v
AP Przg. F PvAi LwP v
CU A iAw. PA zg CAvgA Uz s JAz PPlg

Aig. F PvAiAi MAz r Vz :
Loving the Muses, teaching the boys,
And planning a song or two
In my own sweet tongue - O these are my joys,
These are my pledges to you.

zz DAi UzzAi Vz. Aig ,

AV qAi zsg, CAvBPgtz vqP, Pw,
PAi Cg Pqz PAPAi q Dz - E E
P l
V. Dzg Cz. Egz Pz g z . PvAi
s EAV v PP g EAV sVvAiz. P qz EAx
P Eg E. SVAiiz P n F z Aiig
PvAi GAiVg. CAz Aig EAx PvAi
gzzzg U? V Ez giAnP P. qx
DU, Qm DU EAx PvAi gAizVv. PvAi s,
g , zs J v s z s . v
z AqwAi
U PAigU GAi Pq Dz Aizz . AijU
F zs Azz EAV vz Csz sVAi.
AUz gAzxg PPU EAx wP zs
gUArv. P zs z zv v PZ A z gA xg

EAV Uz v z U
v Gglz d V irPArz
P CzVv.
E MP
Aqg E MAz vV rgvz . Aig
Ps Ai JAi Pg t z v U
. Dzg
Ps EAV
C. fz A v sU CAvgA U v gAUU Ai
K! Cx sAi l g sAi gAiU F
CAvgA U gAUU lv A i K! wAi AiUz
v Az q PVg MAz z f E

Pq zAi vz giAndiz s 57
MAzg U Az sAvg Uv MAz Uqs z zs
gv . CAx zs MAz wg iz sAi
zAvVz. Planning a song or two in my own sweet tongue F
t Aii EAV Pz A i zgAigzA xz . Ezg CAvgA U
gAUgq gAiiV. 1915g PPAv Aii EAV
PAi MAzgq qU Aiiz vAirAi Aifv
JAz z zsg. PAid Jz Cz Pqz
Az s z iv, CAx PAid sAi AiiUz P qz
CwAi wAi iv, Cz `Muses JA z Pq 18Ai
v
i z A iz. 1915 g ijU EAV giAnP
P vdU A izVv. Dzg Ewz AU! EAUA qz U
,
vvjuV sgvzU Aii zyAi Aim Cx
JAimg P PAiwg. sgwAi zyUUAv
EAVz zgvz zVv. v zUgq
P z U C ? MAz zz Aiiz A iz EAz
zz zUvz Cx z Cx AizUz
CUvUU vPAv.
EAi `sz gdQAi Pjv ivqPVz.
zz zyU EAV P PAi z AiA
eA xg zz PlPU EAV sU Cz
irzg . Dzg Pz `PAv lPz s EAV lPz
Dv? EAV lPP `PAvz CUv g. Cz Aig
`EAV VvU AP Pq MPArv. s Dv
J AUwAi LwPV CUAi DU. F AUw
zz J sUAi, z, D Ai
q v. Aqw v
z AUw wg AiQP, Cz SV. CAx
C QU AijU EAV Pv Pv. s jz
,
s vzz CzQAv P Jz s z gdQAi. F
gdQAiAzV a P gAg M Aizv
v Cz P Csz Aiv. F sAz DVg
sU P E Az EqPUz. CzP P

58 giAndi
B E Pr A Cx CzPV sAi E
zV. B F s Az qUq A A vz AiZ
gA s zU F P jAzz. FV nU zzg
F s MAz LwP AUw JAz MP PUvz
.
Pwz EAV giAnP P zs, Pz
CgaAi zV gv.
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bAzU z C nU F zU PqP
EzP Aivngv. Aig `EAV VvU APP
gg rAi gg Pz ivU. PvU
GAiVz bAz zVg P, Dzg P qz eAii
ggz. Ez Pz P z, sAvgz P
z. sU MAz eAii, zs Ez JAz B
P i v U g w z , Cz U g w z g s Av g
AiAiiU. sAi eAii Aig UgwzjAz
F ` s CwAiiU. Aig `EAV VvU APz nU
zzg Cg sAvg giAnP P iv Pjv.
giAnP Pz Aiz v vwPv A i Jg
nU
MP Arv JAz z P. Aig v rAi g
`P qz eAii vU MVz iv Pjz . `P qz eAii
- F zAdP B Aig Pq Aiaz Ez Cxz
jz. Aig `EAV VvU sAvg d. sAvg A zg
Jgq sU q PqP. Dzg F PqP MAz
AiiAwPz g. Jgq sU gg U
CxAg
qz
PAq U .
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sAvgz Gz Pjv U zg:
..... AzAi iU brAiz, PvAiUz
Aiz, , gt, zQs , zQs , P w AzAi, id
z
RzBRU, gUzU, gxU, dAvg zU

Pq zAi vz giAndiz s 59
Avz P U


Evg zz PU Aii jwAi U
d sAi AzAi gZ A i irgg Cz z
Az
g, zsAi, Ptzz vAv Pq
PU AzQAv Az E Ai v Jz g
gPAiiVgvP zVz.
Aig F gtU PtVz v djAz
PrzVz. Dzg Az gz Cg P RU Ez
gdQAiVqvz. 1927g Cg gz MAz EAV Rz
P ivU V:
Like every other venacular, Kannada is halting
between two influences, the traditional and modern,
though the modern is, on the whole triumphing.

P q Jgq s U AW z A i Awv; MAz U

qz
s , EAz Dzs PvA i s . Egq g AW z Dzs Pv
AiAiiUzgv. sz gdQAi E V Ptvz.
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tAi E vz Vz. U
qz s E PrAiiVg.
Aig PgVz r..f. Aig DzsPvU
vg lP Aq PAzz U gAiwz g . zt `gi zsA z
g v v v vU AztP v AWz
wPVv. Ai wAig Uq vP
jP MzVzg, Aeg UAz Aig
vgzq tAi PPAqg. ....though the modern is, on the
whole triumphing lP Aig LwP Pu Uwv .
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PzAjUVAv AtV Vz. CP v PgAvg
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lt g , Ag Pq EAV v Nzg . Dzg Eg

60 giAndi
EAV v PqU vPV Elzg g v GzU
Az E V. RPg AiQP Gz v
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jQ
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vz vqVz d. P, lPU g
vzg, PzAj, tPv AzsUAx v PgU
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P
Vv. Aig
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AtV z. `AUU AUzAi PvU
AVPV. AVP P AVPzg VgzAz
Cg vjPlg. AVP P Pq giAnP Pz
MAz GsU. Dzg giAnP PU gd U gAiz
v Pg U EAx PvU gzg. B AVP
PvU P Aiig gzAw. Aig v AiQP
Cs P C QA
i MAz PvAi iv Pl (Cz EAV)
Uzg . Dzg A PUU iv AiQP Cs Pz
PAz v.
U rzg giAndiz s z vz PqUAiAzg
sVvz g . Aig EAVAz PvU
sAvjzU
CU `EAV VvU JAz Pgzg. F `Vv EAV
lyric P w
AiiV Azz . PjeVAv z Pq EAVz
VvUz. Dzg VvU P Pz P DVv.
Pje P iv sVvz PVz. PAzg
Spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings. qx F PAi
Rz Azg `Feeling. PAi CAvz F feeling
gV jwAz G qAizzg Cz C
MVz. PU Gz i jU Eg CAvgAzg
Ez JAz qx v. A i P ZV Px vP
Vv.

Pq zAi vz giAndiz s 61
F PvA i sz Uwv . giAnP Pz
P v A i P Ai Ai Q P C s z V
gAvgU Arv. qx Pz PAi AiQP Cs

PvAi Px Uvz
. CAzg Pv Px z Ai lP q.
C PvU EAx AiQP Cs z
Px z. PAi
CsP Pxz ggSU ziqvz. Az iv
Px i U PU lP lg . sVv CPg B sz DPgz
PvAiiv.
vqP lz EAi JAz Ptvz. sP sz DPg
PqzA zg ? s KP wAiV gz . CzP Az
ZAi P. CzPV Cz Gi girPvz.
Giz PrAi s v v rPvz. F A
v wAU ZAiz Dl PvAiiUvz. Pqz
AzAig P PvU Ez Ptz. `sVv J
zP B Cg Z g rzg . Ezg A i `s JA
giAnP PAz Azz EAVz `Feeling P AAiiV.
Dzg `s azz. gzAvz v v
A
iUU sgt dAvg z JAz Pz
zU PAi CAvgAUz PAiiz CAU JA Cx CzP
Aznv . evU `s Az n Az `s fz
AU
AAzs PnP Arz. E PrPAq, AzA ijU `s JAzg
PAi isAi rz vz w, Cvz Cj
Cszz gv. U zV Cx qz `s
giAndiz `Feeling z irPAq Imaginationz
gV J jP U


MU
xv. Cg `sVv
JA PvAiV F U jP:
Mq Az AiAv eq e
v zg v gAiAv s
GjAz qPAv v |

62 giAndi
 Mq Az e Ai eq w giAnP
Pz PAi AiQP Csz v avz.
CzgAvAi u v zgAi v gAi w Pq.
v z v gP PA vv Pq giAnP
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E GiU, PvAi sz ZAiP AzU.
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w Gw `Htsz wAz nAzz.
MAnAiiVz vv MAnvP v v, AiiV
jtv. Gw tvz Pz Zg Giz
Az PAiAi gAvv. v zgAi
g z P u A i G i P q C A U Vz .
P PU Pz QAi Pv CsAz CP PUvz , `Spon-
taneous overflow zAv. qx GAiVz Pq EAz
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d Vg P JA CAi Ez. s AUz gPU
d
U
U
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PsAiAv JA iv Ez. F Ps iw
C QAi qz U CzP qUq. Ezg Cz U s UrAi
U s z rrAi Av zAv CAi vw g

P. D rrAi
AvP g QAi JA iv g Vz. g QU v
BU q s z. Repetition of the eternal act of creation
in the Infinite I AM. r r V V U
vAv, PvAi PAi Cx x jAi sVv
JA iv Ez. PAzg MAz gz JA iv
giAnP PiAU MUA iiUAxz . sVvP Cx
JAzU Cz Pz g azP EgAxz.
sAz nAz Pv PAi qz s JA
iv E PV Ptvz.
giAnP PAz
s vz AzA ig PiAAi
U E zg
, Cg PiA CP vV Jz

Pq zAi vz giAndiz s 63
Pq Ez PvAz UvU Awz. AzA ig GAiVg
Gi U a Gv U
Az v Cev PU Az
vUz PAq UVAi gv giAnP jP U

sAvg
. Cz, PA Cg Pz U a PU
zgAi. 1934g AzAi PA Cg `PAzj
v `PAzj JA Jgq jPU GAiVzg:
`PAzj JA Jgq jP U

GAiVzg : PAzj
Ai Pvz CPjtAiiVgAv, PAzj zsV
Ai Pvz j, Ai gz Ai g
C P UAv iqv. QA i CAPgz DgAs zg f
vvvU CAPgz AzsAz Z iqv. Pje
v v `The union of Nature and Mind JA PAi
PAgg F nt U vg vz
. P v P w Eg i U
PAgj U CvAv Aizz .
F nt A
i U vg vA z Pv gI 1947g
P l
z Cg q JA P AU
z
z
. PA PAiiV
Aiig AVU MUUz, Aii Azs MPz PwAi
zs Aizg. gAPw AiiUz, f CPv
Uz Cg Dz. PwAi AzAiis Cg J
PvU CsUz Ez. gI PvAi Pv v
P w MAzV Uv. PA Cg Ai Cgt tU

z Azg. Dzg v Pz Dz CsAz Pw
AzAi, Cz DvAwP J jwAi, Ugw
e Cg rgP. Dzg F s CwU UzAv Av
e Pq CjU PgP. Csz Q EzU PA
Cg PwAi Dgzs v MAz iV q zjPAi
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Cg P w VvU E. P wAiqA i vzvs v MAz
iVqvz. PAZA Q JA PvAi Q DPP V
j Az PAZQU i PU Aiis qvz.
Czg v . Dzg F U g Pt vgz q

64 giAndi
JA PgU giAnP zs avz . r
U
q PA Cg PzAj nP Aqg, Czg dvA i
P nPArz. F gzs Pq MAz UAi AiVz.
`U zU PzAjAi gAUUqg vlz P
iqwz DUU AizAiz AzAi Ai e
JAz Cg zgvg d, Dzg D DUA xg PzAjAi
dQAiiUvg. Uz Dgzs MAz vAiizU F
dg PP wgV gzVz. AzAig Pw VvU
d. ez DvgV zU z Pir
wgV g t P Rgz RP Zj ez vU
Zj v. F wAi zAz s zAi PU
giAndiz CwU UzAv vqzzAz Ptvz. Aii
vz

, / J vz ; / Aii Ax E/ Axz /
JAz gI Ai P v. Dzg P ArAi AzAi
gv gPj `PwP APz vU PArAi
gU Eg q Ai U gAiU PAi v, Ax
AiizAz UvUvz. PArAi U PvP AzAi
QAv PvA i U
AZU v MP P
giAnP d. Dzg PArAi Aivz v Vg
qvz av PAi eAi APV.
giAndiAz svU zAi v Uz
v Cs v V v. PzAj v tP v U

z
,
Azs, fZjv, PxzAx g PgU nPAq.
P qz ZjPvU Uz MAz CPz izs zz d Vz.
Dzg JQAv ZV PzAjAi giAnP w
Ptv. 1934g P l z gAUg `v Ai gAit,
.P.UPPg ` g f z g j
v PAgg `Pg
UrwAi Ai Eg zAi vzAi R
AiPg. Eg evU PgAvg `OzAiz GgAi
gzsP jz. Dzg PgAvg AiPg giAnP
AiPg wv A i z . giAnP AiP Rz

Pq zAi vz giAndiz s 65
Pt Azg C v jg Az v PUz . F jg A zg
P Ug U
jg
C, Cz d zAi
MUArgAxz. `v Ai Ur jgU.
`Pg Urw Ai jgU CAxz. gAit, Ai
v Pt, Ag v e EUAz PrzgV jgAz.
v PV vg. UPPg g j
Ai Qv Pq v jg Az
vPVAi Ez. AiP AiQP e ZvtV,
dVzg jg CP PgtUAz v Vz Cx
Czg v AiP eAi AiiVz. Q v v
i dAz v PzU CU v e Ai P U Ptz
dVz. JA.J. ltg `irzu gAii
PzAjAi Pq `v Ai AiAx ifP jg
Ez. Dzg D PzAjAi PAzvz vU giAnP
AiP e E Cx g sAi zzg, D PzAjAi
Pw v AiQP AgU q gzs. F dUw
MAiz v Plz Jgq V f Dv. F
AW z Aiiz MAz Uz EAz vz . Ag
qAiz MAz AiQP dj iv. Dzg giAnP
eU dUv zsj Agvz. v Ai
gAitU z izjU Mqz P Z. `Pg
U rwAi AiU v dUv zsj Z. ` g
fz gjU Csz PuAi wPV Z.
dUwq g zsUPzg dUv vAvUP F
z CAs nzz vAz UAi AWP
AAiiUz. PgtAzg eU gzVg jgz
Aqv C. `v Ai gAit CP g F
PU Ai vAiqzPv. Cz Ezg, Q v
zAiU M gAiiVz MAzU.
Aig AWzz z (Rationality) v
giAndiU q, eU, vvvg MAz PqVzg
EAz PqU giAnP PU. P zAiz Pzzg

66 giAndi
e v vwPv U Ai Pz . Dzg zAi P
zAi jw g. z E vz PAi Cv.
AzP zs, CAzsz, Cz ifP grU gz
jz g CzVv. zAi vz Pz A i CAvgU A UAiAx
vqPAzg UzzU q vqP, lP Ptg
MAz zs P . zAi PU v P Dz Uz UzA v
rPAqg. Ai PAz vU lPlg sVvP
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ZV P , Uz z AP vUzA v zVj A iwzg .
AzAig PAv Uzz AU AtV lPl
P; Czg zqv A zg Cz vU C z vwPv A i Pz A i
PAqz; Uzz Uzv CgVPAq Pz JgPz
UrPAqz. P zsz F Aivz Cz AiAi
Dv. Dzg iAig gv rzg Gzg v z
v UzAz gAiiVlg. P zAiz CQAiiV Uz
Ai CQAiiv. iAigg gtU iv Uz -
z U F s z M . Cg PP Uz A zg aPAiiU.
EzP gzz jw w Cgz. Cg P U rzg
ZjPv Az zgV d. Dzg Cg zsP zz
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P NzUg Pq U A Cg PQ. Dzg
Cz Cg Uz ifP Az CQvz.
Ptz s V ifP AzA i n gP vj
Cv Av P V j Q v z . v v v
sPU, AwP gzsU lV gvz.
Cg P sQAz PrPAq gAi V
irwzg Cg Uz Av ZAzz Asz A
C Aiz P n vz
. `zg APz, Gglz
Vz, Dzg gvz Uq V J Cg
v CAvgzsz eAz Uvz. gU vP DPg
zgAigz , CxP Ae zgAigz , Av s Uz

Pq zAi vz giAndiz s 67
- EAx CvAv dgj, vz CsU Cg PAz
A av U v . w C g C g z A i Q A v Z
dzz, Dzg Cg U Pz CQ zgAi.
EAigU zAi vz giAndiz

s Pjv AQ V Zav. LwPV PAzg

s zz d. Cg nU zAi v giAndiU
It Jz d. Dzg F s
z wP Jz

Pjv AiaPVz. F sAz Pq vz zu
Azz d. F zu AtVzAi? AtV
zVzg zAi v Aig v rg zjAi
rAiP. zj rz D UjAi lz CAi.
Ew zjAi z qPvz, zjU Z v z
, evU g
zj UzA v Pt Plvz . zAi v giAnP vz
s AzV g zj rzz d. PAwAiizz d. Dzg F
PAwAi GzU v DU Eg. F DzAi MAz
Pv. F P U Ptz RV .JA.Aig v
`EAV VvU APP PU DAiPzg. Cg
`CjP Ai g A v , EAV P U C z P A z
DAiPU `Pqz eAii gAi. CzP
sUAz EAx PU DAiPAqgAz wAiz
vU vz . `P qz eAii - Cxvz z AdVz.
MAz s Cz GAiV dAUz AwP AzA i,
dg eUv U wAi Cz Cg UqsV
AAzslPAq Cg Cev w vz. `EAV VvU
g aAv zz AwU AAz VvUV. F
VvU sAi eAiiP MUAvzg iv C U
MUAiiUv. Cz F Czz PAiz Aig MAz
vz Ai vzAv zg. F vAzg Pq
Cg Pgt sAiV iv irP . Czz Pq
s QAiiV, Pj s AiVzg Cz PAi
sUz, AiAiiU. `EAV VvU EAU

68 giAndi
AiAiiz Cz. Czg EAV sV qQ
vUAiz, Dzg Czg Pqz U FV nU
CevV. Aig `Cv PwU F iv Cvz.
C VP PqP PqzQAv sgv VP P
Plz Z Ez.
Aiiz AwP APtz (APt JAzg PAwAi
z, PqPAi z) F P CVz. zAi
PAz AP tz P. P PAz DUU EAx
AP tU qA iv Ez . zAi Pz v s Az
EAx MAz APt qv. Dzg zAi v DU,
zAi wU zs DU, wAiiV zU.
JAx zuA iAi A i CAUU
Pzg GzAz .
sgvz
A i MAz Pv Uvz . Aig C zsA iiU
qz U C MAz AU gvz. Czg Czs AUgzVv.
AU v gAvgz Cs Pjv C g zj U jv.
AzP gAwz CwyU v Aiz Dg Pl v
v v Aig UAi zPAq GzgAv. CwyU
rz l z Gzjv. D z Gzjz
n GgrzjAz F AUAi Czsz AUgzVv.
Aig CzsAiiUz v CAx t gz JA
jPAz D AU CU Av. F PvAi t Cx K
Eg; gAvg AiiU tU. AUAi
AUgUz Ai Czg dz, Av jg. `d z
Cx Pq Ez DVz. zAi vz gAvg F
iwU Cz . zAi zVv. Dzg CzP wgV U
Uz. giAndiz sAz g qzz
MAz PAi . n DP Az q U q q z
vAvUP r AiPAiAv Cz MAz PAi.
A zg MAz A iitzAv. l zg U P. UU
wgV g ZggQ. Dzg Ai CU.
.JA.AijU Cev v, AzA ijU ez v,

Pq zAi vz giAndiz s 69
iAijU dg AwP U
, PA CjU A i
Cgt t, Ai wA
i, UAz zzj U U

q
v - Cg Av UVz. F P zAi vz
zAizAi Aijz.

70 giAndi
 Cs a
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72 giAndi