The 1997-98 financial crisis in

Southeast Asia as a whole

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The economic history in general of Southeast Asia as a whole

The financial crisis of 1997-98 in Asia as a whole

What's happening to the tiger economies of Southeast Asia?

By Deirdre Griswold, in Workers World, 16 October 1997. Crisis of southeast Asian
economies since July. Working class poorer and more exploited, while an increasingly
narrow elite acquires wealth; overseas finance capital dominates; Soros; the IMF.
Asia's Market Woes Ricochet Into Politics
By Yvan Cohen, in the Christian Science Monitor, 23 October 1997. Overview of the
financial crisis in southeast Asia.
Indonesia invites Anwar to give talk on crisis
The Star, Saturday 25 October 1997. The Indonesian government has invited Deputy
Prime Minister Datuk Seri Anwar Ibrahim to give a talk on the region's currency and
stock market crisis. Indonesia eager to hear Anwar's views and steps taken by Malaysia to
overcome the situation so it could be applied to Indonesia's situation.
Kuala Lumpur bourse world's worst performer; regional markets hit by Malaysian tumble
Straits Times, 21 November 1997.
Mexico 'Bailout' Revisited
Militant Editorial, 15 December 1997. The IMF bailout of Southeast Asia by US and
Japan is modeledd on the Mexico bailout, and this means a cut in social programs and
also economic hardship for a broad segment of the population so that profits are
protected.
The End of a Miracle. Speculation, Foreign Capital Dependence and the Collapse of the
Southeast Asian Economies
By Walden Bello, The Multinational Monitor, January/February 1998. Economic model
and economic realities. Sidebar on Korea.
'Resist pull of economic nationalism'
By Paul Jacob, The Straits Times, 31 July 1998. The Trade and Industry Minister in a
speech for the 30th anniversary of Iseas recommended the region resist the temptation to
turn inwards even though some have now questioned the benefits of plugging into the
global network. Re. the perception that globalisation and foreigners are to blame for the
region's economic woes.
How Did the Financial Crisis in Southeast Asia Happen?
By By Ju-chang He, ShenZhen, P.R. China, 14 October 1998.
Flu grips Asian economies
 From the Militant, 15 December 1998. In response to the Asian Development Bank
(ADB) report.
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1997 Asian Financial Crisis

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Countries most affected by the Asian Crisis.

The Asian Financial Crisis was a period of financial crisis that gripped much of Asia beginning
in July 1997, and raised fears of a worldwide economic meltdown due to financial contagion.

The crisis started in Thailand with the financial collapse of the Thai baht caused by the decision
of the Thai government to float the baht, cutting its peg to the USD, after exhaustive efforts to
support it in the face of a severe financial over extension that was in part real estate driven. At
the time, Thailand had acquired a burden of foreign debt that made the country effectively
bankrupt even before the collapse of its currency. As the crisis spread, most of Southeast Asia
and Japan saw slumping currencies, devalued stock markets and other asset prices, and a
precipitous rise in private debt.[1]

Though there has been general agreement on the existence of a crisis and its consequences, what
is less clear is the causes of the crisis, as well as its scope and resolution. Indonesia, South Korea
and Thailand were the countries most affected by the crisis. Hong Kong, Malaysia, Laos and the
Philippines were also hurt by the slump. The People's Republic of China, India, Taiwan,
Singapore, Brunei and Vietnam were less affected, although all suffered from a loss of demand
and confidence throughout the region.
Foreign debt-to-GDP ratios rose from 100% to 167% in the four large ASEAN economies in
1993–96, then shot up beyond 180% during the worst of the crisis. In South Korea, the ratios
rose from 13 to 21% and then as high as 40%, while the other northern Newly Industrialized
Countries (NIC) fared much better. Only in Thailand and South Korea did debt service-to-
exports ratios rise.[2]

Although most of the governments of Asia had seemingly sound fiscal policies, the International
Monetary Fund (IMF) stepped in to initiate a $40 billion program to stabilize the currencies of
South Korea, Thailand, and Indonesia, economies particularly hard hit by the crisis. The efforts
to stem a global economic crisis did little to stabilize the domestic situation in Indonesia,
however. After 30 years in power, President Suharto was forced to step down on 21 May 1998 in
the wake of widespread rioting that followed sharp price increases caused by a drastic
devaluation of the rupiah. The effects of the crisis lingered through 1998. In the Philippines
growth dropped to virtually zero in 1998. Only Singapore and Taiwan proved relatively insulated
from the shock, but both suffered serious hits in passing, the former more so due to its size and
geographical location between Malaysia and Indonesia. By 1999, however, analysts saw signs
that the economies of Asia were beginning to recover

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SOUTH-EAST ASIAN CRISIS

THE ECONOMIC CRISIS OF 1997-99 OVERVIEW
Unfolding of the Crisis (June 1997)
1. Fixed exchange rate system pegged to the USD. When the Dollar rose,
consequently the ASEAN currencies grew too, resulting in lower exports.
2. Decline in Export competitiveness particularly in Electrical goods.
3. The decrease in exports resulted in increased Trade and Current Account
deficit.
4. The crisis first emerged in Thailand when as a crisis of loan repayment. This
led to fears of loan defaults and foreign short-term creditors withdrew funds
from Thai financial institutions.
5. The withdrawal of ST credit led to pressure on forex reserves and the value of
Baht. The Bank of Thailand in its attempt to save the Baht lost all its Reserves
and had to request assistance from the IMF.
6. The contagion then spread to Philippines, Malaysia and Indonesia.
ANALYSIS
Causes of the crisis in 1997
There are 2 main theses as to the causes of the crisis.
1. Weakness of Macro-Economic fundamentals
The basic weaknesses in the Macro-Economic fundamentals itself led to Low
productivity and competitiveness vis-à-vis other regions of the world.
Inadequate supervision of Financial institutions and lack of adequate disclosure by the
corporate world further worsened the situation. Weak governments lacked the political
autonomy or will to enact the deflationary policies necessary to reduce current account
deficits and domestic asset bubbles. They also contributed to the cronyism and ethical
problem that encouraged over borrowing, over lending, and over investment in the
private corporate sector as well as in state projects.
2. Overvalued Exchange Rate & Openness of Capital Account
Overvalued exchange rates tied to an appreciating U.S. dollar led to large current account
deficits and inadequate or declining long-term capital inflows. This resulted in heavy
dependence on short-term external debt and the depletion of foreign exchange reserves.
The Opening up of Capital Account led to local financial institutions over borrowing
more from foreign sources. All this made a currency devaluation inevitable and attracting
speculators eager to benefit from it. Borrowed Short-Term funds were invested in the
Stock market and in Real Estate. The overall quality of investments declined with
reduction investor confidence which was a result of bad news that the export market had
slowed down.
Impact of the crisis
The crisis led to weaker, unstable exchange rates and weakened Financial Institutions. To
tackle this, the Government imposed higher domestic Interest rates, which led to a
slowdown in manufacturing and industrial activity. This brought about huge
unemployment and an undesirable social impact – on food, healthcare and education. To
make matters worse, the financial crisis coincided with the worst drought conditions in
the ASEAN region. Since ASEAN is the fourth largest trading block in the world, the
spillover effect was on world trade (mainly ASEAN’s trading partners).
Proposed Solutions
1. Stabilizing the Exchange Rate and Debt Management
The idea here is to stabilize the exchange rate. The firms should not be allowed to take
any further debt which would imply Debt Standstill. This would stop withdrawal of
foreign lending in the long run. Loans should be rolled over and re-scheduled which will
help in servicing loans through export earnings rather than fresh debts.
Collective re-negotiation of debt should be encouraged and the Provision of Working
Capital will keep the business activities going. Moreover, the bankruptcy laws need to be
put in place and enforced properly.
2. Dealing with the Social impact
To deal with the Social Impact the availability of food and healthcare at affordable prices
has to be ensured to prevent the impact to prolong. Private organizations should play a
more active role in preventing students from dropping out of school, which will prevent
the negative social impact on human resources.
3. Strengthening the Financial sector
The Assurance needs to come that foreign capital will not leave the country at the first
signs of trouble. Financial Institutions need to be properly regulated with greater
disclosure and better transparency Norms. Increase in domestic savings has to take place
as it is crucial.
4. Adjustment of Industrial Structures
The Govt. can help companies by increasing access to new technologies, reducing
taxation levels and facilitating finance for investments. One needs to take advantages of
the integrated ASEAN market for restructuring and look for opportunities within
ASEAN.
5. International Financial markets
Regulation and control of capital flow should be made to open economies. There should
be a surveillance system to monitor flow of capital. Prevention of flight of foreign capital
in key sectors, regulations governing disinvestments should be in place. There is a lot of
need for specialized Training Institutes in Finance (in the ASEAN region). A Re-look at
the policies of the IMF towards such economies is highly suggested.
6. Revitalizing the Financial Markets
The ASEAN mutual monitoring mechanism established in Feb 1998 provides an
opportunity for ASEAN Finance ministers to exchange views on status of financial and
exchange markets in their countries. One must now use ASEAN currencies for trade
among ASEAN countries. Moreover the proposed Asian Bond Market can effectively
deal with flow of debt capital.
ASEAN: Steps to Handle the Crisis
Four areas where new developments are taking place that are relevant to long-term
investment decisions.
I. The progressive openness of ASEAN economies
1) ASEAN economies are on the steady path of liberalization, privatization and
deregulation. 2.
2) ASEAN is moving toward new forms of linkage with other countries and regions.
Examples are the recently initialed Singapore-New Zealand Agreement on a Closer
Economic Partnership and the recently announced start of negotiations on a Singapore-
Japan Economic Agreement for a New Age Partnership.
3) The process of expanding co-operation between ASEAN and China, Japan and the
Republic of Korea - the process known as ASEAN+3 - is rapidly gaining momentum.
These include the joint monitoring of financial and economic movements in East Asia
and in the world and a network of currency swap and repurchase agreements to make
resources available to countries in balance-of-payments difficulties.
II Sound Financial measures
1) ASEAN plans to adopt sound financial practices and standards by 2003. Capital
markets will be deepened, particularly the bond market, to provide a wide variety of
instruments with longer maturity and ample liquidity.
2) Common currency is being given serious consideration
3) Capital account liberalization shall be properly sequenced to allow freer flow of
capitals. At the same time, certain measures can be put in place to reduce the adverse
impact of sudden shift in capital flows.
III The growing integration of the ASEAN economy
1) Under the ASEAN commitment to AFTA (ASEAN Free Trade Area) more than 85
per cent of tariff lines in the AFTA scheme already in the minimal-tariff zone and there is
a proposal to abolish all import duties on trade by 2010.
2) ASEAN countries are streamlining and harmonizing customs procedures. They are
entering into mutual recognition arrangements.
3) ASEAN is working towards the development of the trans ASEAN highway system,
open-skies regime, and ASEAN Power Grid, Trans-SEAN Gas Pipeline Network and
Telecommunications interconnectivity.
IV The expansion and diversification of ASEAN
1) Expansion of ASEAN will give investors more choices in deciding where to
locate their operations for the increasingly integrated ASEAN market or for production
for export elsewhere in the world.
2) ASEAN is making a special effort to upgrade the skills of the people of the newer
members and build their institutional capacity.
Some major initiatives taken
1. The Manila Framework
ASEAN has come up with new initiatives under the so-called Manila Framework that
includes
(i) ASEAN Surveillance Process: This has been set up to keep an eye on
macroeconomic trends and short-term capital flows. It is something of an early warning
system to signal possible trouble.
(ii) Peer Review in which the ASEAN countries exchange views with one another on
economic developments and measures being undertaken to address the crises and to
jointly formulate policy responses to pending problems.
2. The Chiang Mai Initiative
At the ASEAN Plus Three Finance Ministers Meeting in Chiang Mai in May 2000, one
of the main topics of discussion was how to develop a regional financing arrangement
that could be utilized to maintain financial stability in the East Asian region. At that time,
the discussion on the expansion of the ASEAN swap arrangement (ASA) to include all
ASEAN countries and increase its size to US$1 billion by the ASEAN central banks was
near its final stage. The ASEAN Plus Three countries decided to combine the expanded
ASA with a network of bilateral swap arrangements (BSAs) among the ASEAN Plus
Three countries to establish the first regional financing arrangement called the "Chiang
Mai I”