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Jyothilal Nayak Bharothu, PhD Student, Dr. M Sridhar, Member, IEEE, and Dr R Srinivasa Rao,
Member, IEEE
III. SMART MANAGEMENT SYSTEM The second topic of energy efficiency and demand profile is
In Smart Grid two-way flows of electricity and information minimizing energy loss. However, using distributed energy
are supported, which lay the base for realizing a variety of generation in Smart Grid makes this problem more
functions and management objectives, such as energy complicated. In order to minimize the system energy loss,
efficiency development, operation cost reduction, demand and proposed to determine the optimal accommodation of
supply balance, emission control, and utility maximization. A distributed renewable energy generation for minimizing
common surface understanding about Smart Grid is that only energy loss by using an optimal multi-period alternating
the energy, information and communication infrastructure current power flow.
underlying the Smart Grid is smart. This is not true. The more B. Management Methods and Tools
accurate assessment is: With the development of new
management applications and services that can leverage the In order to resolve management objectives, researchers have
technology and capability upgrades enabled by this advanced adopted various methods and tools. Thus far, researchers
infrastructure the grid will keep becoming smarter. mainly use optimization, machine learning, game theory, and
For example, let us consider demand response [20], one of the auction as tools to solve various management problems. For
most important concepts supported by Smart Grid. optimization approaches [19], the commonly used
Traditionally, the electric utilities try to match the supply to mathematical tools are convex programming and dynamic
the demand for energy. Though, this may be not only programming. Since the renewable energy supply is often a
expensive but also impractical, maybe impossible in the longer time-varying process, other optimization techniques such as
run. This is because the total amount of power demand by the stochastic programming and robust programming are also
users can have an extremely extensive probability distribution, widely used. In addition, since the particle swarm optimization
which requires spare generating plants in standby mode to can solve complex constrained optimization problems quickly,
respond to the rapidly changing power usage. The last 10% of with accuracy and without any dimensional limitation and
generating capacity may be required in as little as 1% of the physical computer memory limit, it is also a widely used
time. The attempts to meet the demand could fail, resulting in optimization tool. Machine learning focuses on the design and
brownouts (i.e. a drop in voltage), blackouts (i.e. electrical development of algorithms that allow control systems to
power outage), and even cascading failures. In Smart Grid, evolve behaviors based on empirical data, such as from sensor
demand response manages the customer consumption of or Phasor measurement unit (PMU) data. used online learning
electricity in response to supply conditions. More specifically, application to implicitly estimate the impact of future energy
by using demand response, Smart Grid does not need to match prices and consumer decisions on long term costs, and thus
the supply to the demand, but in contrast, to match the demand schedule residential device usage. Used online machine
to the obtainable supply by using control technology or learning to examine the renewable energy resource use
convincing the consumers (such as through variable pricing) strategy in islanded microgrids. More specifically, a customer
thus achieving better capacity utilization. In this section, tries to decide among multiple renewable energy sources
explore smart management in Smart Grid. First classify smart which should be used to maximize profit. Although the power
management techniques according to their management pattern of the renewable energy source is not known in
objectives and then according to their management methods advance, they proved that when the time horizon is
and tackle. sufficiently large [14], on average the upper bound on the gap
between the expected profit obtained at each time slot by
A. Management Objectives using the optimal renewable energy source and that by
Within the framework of Smart Grid, many management
following their strategies is arbitrarily small. Allowing for that
goals, which are difficult and possibly infeasible to realize in
a large number of smart meters, sensors, and PMUs will be
conventional power grids, become possible and easy. So far,
deployed, believe that machine learning will play an important
the works for smart management mainly focus on the
following three objectives: role in analysis and processing of user data and grid states.
Game theory is also a strong analysis tool for SG
Energy competence and demand profile development;
management. One reason is that it cannot always suppose and
Effectiveness and cost optimization, and price
require all the users to be cooperative. Game theory can help
stabilization;
us design effective schemes to cope with this case.
Emission organizes.
The research on energy efficiency and demand profile mostly
IV. CONCLUSION
focuses on two topics. The first one can be categorized as
demand profile shaping. It can help match the demand to the
In this article, the literature review of current state-of-art in
available supply. The usual way to form demand profile is
Smart infrastructure & smart management techniques is
shifting, scheduling, or dipping demand in order to reshape a
presented. These includes
demand profile full of peaks to a nicely smoothed demand
Energy subsystem, more specially,
profile, or reduce the peak-to-average ratio or peak demand of
the total energy demand. As discussed before, since electrical Power generation, transmission, and distribution.
generation and transmission systems are generally sized to This as well described new grid paradigms: microgrid
correspond to peak demand, lowering peak demand and Smart information subsystem, especially information
smoothing demand outline reduces generally plant and capital metering, measurement, and management in Smart
cost requirements, and also increases the system reliability. Grid.
Next , briefly describe these research works.
7
Smart communication subsystem, together with [10] T. Godfrey, S. Mullen, R. C. Dugan, C. Rodine, D. W.
wireless technologies, wired technologies, and end- Griffith, and N. Golmie. Modeling smart grid applications
to-end communication management. with co-simulation. IEEE SmartGridComm10, pages 291
Many management goals, which are difficult and even 296, 2010.
infeasible to understand in conventional power grids, [12] S. Gormus, P. Kulkarni, and Z. Fan. The power of
develop into easy and possible. networking: How networking can help power management.
In order to realize a reliable and stable smart grid operation, IEEE SmartGridComm10, pages 561565, 2010.
the article also focuses in system reliability analysis and [13] T. Takuno, T. Hikihara, T. Tsuno, and S. Hatsukawa. HF
failure in protection mechanism. Although smart grid enable gate drive circuit for a normally-on SiC JFET with inherent
power grid to be empowered with intelligent and advanced safety. 13th European Conference on Power Electronics and
capabilities, it also opens up many new challenges and risks. Applications (EPE2009), pages 14, 2009.
Hence some challenges and risks in both topics are also briefly [14] T. Takuno, M. Koyama, and T. Hikihara. In-home power
discussed, along with possible solution to overcome it. distribution systems by circuit switching and power packet
However, more in depth and throughout research in the dispatching. IEEE SmartGridComm10, pages 427430, 2010.
physical protection system is required to ensure the operation [15] J. Taneja, D. Culler, and P. Dutta. Towards cooperative
of smart grid to be reliable and stable. grids: Sensor/actuator networks for renewables integration.
IEEE SmartGrid- Comm10, pages 531536, 2010.
V. ACKNOWLEDGMENT [16] J. Tate and T. Overbye. Line outage detection using
phasor angle measurements. IEEE Trans. Power Syst.,
I would like to express my sincere thanks to my Ph. D work
23(4):16441652, 2008.
supervisor Dr M Sridhar & co supervisor Dr R Srinivasa Rao
[17] J. Tate and T. Overbye. Double line outage detection
for their extensive guidance.
using phasor angle measurements. IEEE Power & Energy
I thank to our Institute Executive directors Mr. T Sai kumar
Society General Meeting09, pages 15, 2009.
& Mr. D Baba for providing creative environment for this
[18] T. F. Garrity, "Innovation and trends for future electric
work. Also I am very much thankful to our Institute principal
power systems", Power Systems Conference, 2009. PSC'09,
Dr. K Ramesh for his kind permission and encouragement to
(2009), pp. 1-8.
write research paper. I would like to extend my heartfelt
[19] M. Hashmi, S. Hanninen and K. Maki, "Survey of smart
thanks to my colleagues. And finally I am very much obliged
grid concepts, architectures, and technological demonstrations
to my respected parents who inspiring me around the clock.
worldwide", 2011 IEEE PES Conference on Innovative Smart
Grid Technologies (ISGT Latin America), (2011), pp. 1-7.
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VII. BIOGRAPHIES