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Forces in Beams

Application
Forces that are internal to the structural members beams and
cables are the subject of this chapter

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Introduction
Preceding chapters dealt with:
a) determining external forces acting on a structure, and
b) determining forces which hold together the various members
of a structure.

The current chapter is concerned with determining the internal


forces (i.e., tension/compression, shear, and bending) which hold
together the various parts of a given member.

Focus is on two important types of engineering structures:


a) Beams - usually long, straight, prismatic members designed
to support loads applied at various points along the member.
b) Cables - flexible members capable of withstanding only
tension, designed to support concentrated or distributed loads.

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Internal Forces in Members
Straight two-force member AB is in
equilibrium under application of F and
-F.

Internal forces equivalent to F and -F are


required for equilibrium of free-bodies
AC and CB.

Multiforce member ABCD is in equil-


ibrium under application of cable and
member contact forces.

Internal forces equivalent to a force-


couple system are necessary for equil-
ibrium of free-bodies ABCJ and JD.

An internal force-couple system is


required for equilibrium of two-force
members which are not straight.
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Sample Problem
SOLUTION:
Compute reactions and forces at
connections for each member.

Cut member ACF at J. The internal


forces at J are represented by equivalent
force-couple system which is determined
by considering equilibrium of either part.

Cut member BCD at K. Determine


force-couple system equivalent to
Determine the internal forces (a) in
internal forces at K by applying
member ACF at point J and (b) in
equilibrium conditions to either part.
member BCD at K.

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Sample Problem
SOLUTION:
Compute reactions and connection forces.

Consider entire frame as a free-body, and


apply equilibrium conditions:
ME 0 :
2400 N 3.6 m F 4.8 m 0 F 1800 N

Fy 0 :
2400 N 1800 N E y 0 E y 600 N

Fx 0 : Ex 0

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Sample Problem
Drawing the FBD for member BCD:
- Why are forces at B and C drawn in these
directions? Is there a choice on the directions?
- Why are there two force components at each
point instead of just a single force?
Think about these and discuss.
Drawing the FBD for member ABE:
- Why are forces at B in these directions? Is
there a choice on the directions?
- Why are there two force components at A
instead of just a single force?
Think about these and discuss.
Finally, the FBD for member ACF.
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Sample Problem
Consider member ABE as free-body:
M A 0: Bx 2.7 m 0 Bx 0
Fx 0 : Bx Ax 0 Ax 0
Fy 0 : Ay B y 600 N 0 Ay 1800 N

Consider member BCD as free-body:


MB 0 :
2400 N 3.6 m C y 2.4 m 0 C y 3600 N
MC 0 :
2400 N 1.2 m By 2.4 m 0 B y 1200 N

Fx 0 : Bx C x 0 Cx 0

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Sample Problem
Cut member ACF at J. The internal forces at J are
represented by an equivalent force-couple system.

Consider free-body AJ:

MJ 0:
1800 N 1.2 m M 0 M 2160 N m

Fx 0 :
F 1800 N cos 41.7 0 F 1344 N

Fy 0 :
V 1800 N sin 41.7 0 V 1197 N

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Sample Problem
Cut member BCD at K. Determine a force-couple
system equivalent to internal forces at K .

Consider free-body BK:

MK 0:
1200 N1.5 m M 0 M 1800 N m

Fx 0 : F 0
Fy 0 :
1200 N V 0 V 1200 N

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Various Types of Beam Loading and Support
Beam - structural member designed to support
loads applied at various points along its length.

Beam can be subjected to concentrated loads or


distributed loads or combination of both.

Beam design is a two-step process:


1) determine shearing forces and bending
moments produced by applied loads
2) select cross-section best suited to resist
shearing forces and bending moments

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Various Types of Beam Loading and Support

Beams are classified according to the way in which they


are supported.
Reactions at beam supports are determinate if they involve
only three unknowns. Otherwise, they are statically
indeterminate.

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Shear and Bending Moment in a Beam
Wish to determine bending moment
and shearing force at any point (for
example, point C) in a beam subjected
to concentrated and distributed loads.

Determine reactions at supports by


treating whole beam as free-body.

Cut beam at C and draw free-body


diagrams for AC and CB. By
definition, positive sense for internal
force-couple systems are as shown for
each beam section.
From equilibrium considerations,
determine M and V or M and V.

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Shear and Bending Moment Diagrams
Variation of shear and bending
moment along beam may be
plotted.
Determine reactions at
supports.
Cut beam at C and consider
member AC,
V P 2 M Px 2
Cut beam at E and consider
member EB,
V P 2 M PL x 2

For a beam subjected to


concentrated loads, shear is
constant between loading points
and moment varies linearly.

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Sample Problem
SOLUTION:
Taking entire beam as a free-body,
calculate reactions at B and D.
Find equivalent internal force-couple
systems for free-bodies formed by
cutting beam on either side of load
application points.
Draw the shear and bending moment
diagrams for the beam and loading Plot results.
shown.

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Sample Problem
SOLUTION:
Taking entire beam as a free-body, calculate
reactions at B and D.
Find equivalent internal force-couple systems at
sections on either side of load application points.
Fy 0 : 20 kN V1 0 V1 20 kN

M1 0 : 20 kN 0 m M1 0 M1 0

Similarly,
V2 20 kN M 2 50 kN m
V3 26 kN M 3 50 kN m
V4 26 kN M 4 28 kN m
V5 14 kN M 5 28 kN m
V6 14 kN M6 0

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Sample Problem
Plot results.
Note that shear is of constant value
between concentrated loads and
bending moment varies linearly.

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Sample Problem
SOLUTION:
Taking entire beam as free-body,
calculate reactions at A and B.

Determine equivalent internal force-


couple systems at sections cut within
segments AC, CD, and DB.
Draw the shear and bending moment
Plot results.
diagrams for the beam AB. The
distributed load of 7200 N/m extends
over 0.3 m of the beam, from A to C,
and the 1800-N load is applied at E.

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Sample Problem
SOLUTION:
Taking entire beam as a free-body, calculate
reactions at A and B.
M A 0:
By 0.8 m 2160 N 0.15 m 1800 N 0.55 m 0
By 1642.5 N

MB 0:
2160 N0.65 m 1800 N0.25 N A0.8 m 0
A 2317.5 N

F x 0: Bx 0

Note: The 1800-N load at E may be replaced by


a 1800-N force and 180-N . m couple at D.

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Sample Problem
Evaluate equivalent internal force-couple systems
at sections cut within segments AC, CD, and DB.

From A to C:
Fy 0 : 2317.5 7200 x V 0
V (2317.5 7200 x) N

M1 0 : 2317.5x 7200 x12 x M 0


M (2317.5x 3600 x 2 ) N . m

From C to D:
Fy 0 : 2317.5 2160 V 0
V 157.5 N

M 2 0 : 2317.5x 2160x 0.15 M 0


M 324 157.5x N m

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Sample Problem

From D to B:
Fy 0 :
2317.5 2160 1800 V 0
V 1642.5 N

M3 0 :
2317.5 x 2160 x 0.15 180
1800 x 0.45 M 0
M 1314 1642.5x N m

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Sample Problem
Plot results.
From A to C:
V (2317.5 7200 x) N

M (2317.5x 3600 x 2 ) N . m

From C to D:
V 157.5 N
M 324 157.5x N m

From D to B:
V 1642.5 N
M 1314 1642.5x N m

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Relations Among Load, Shear, and Bending Moment
Relations between load and shear:
V V V wx 0
dV V
lim w
dx x0 x
xD
VD VC w dx area under load curve
xC

Relations between shear and bending moment:

M M M Vx wx x 0
2
dM
lim
M

lim V 12 wx V
dx x0 x x0

xD
M D M C V dx area under shear curve
xC

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Relations Among Load, Shear, and Bending Moment
wL
Reactions at supports, R A RB
2
Shear curve,
x
V V A w dx wx
0
wL L
V V A wx wx w x
2 2
Moment curve,
x
M M A Vdx
0


x
L w
M w x dx L x x 2
0 2 2
wL2 dM
M max M at V 0
8 dx
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Sample Problem
SOLUTION:
Taking entire beam as a free body, determine
reactions at supports.
Between concentrated load application
points, dV dx w 0 and shear is
constant.
With uniform loading between D and E, the
shear variation is linear.
Draw the shear and bending-
moment diagrams for the beam Between concentrated load application
and loading shown. points, dM dx V constant . The change
in moment between load application points is
equal to area under shear curve between
points.
With a linear shear variation between D
and E, the bending moment diagram is a
parabola.
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Sample Problem
SOLUTION:
Taking entire beam as a free-body,
determine reactions at supports.
M A 0:
3m
D7.2 m 20 kN 1.8 m 12 kN 4.2 m
3.6 kN 8.4 m 0
D 16.2 kN
F y 0 :
Ay 20 kN 12 kN 16.2 kN 3.6 kN 0
Ay 19.4 kN

Between concentrated loads, dV dx w 0


and shear is constant and determined by
appropriate section cut and solution.
With uniform loading between D and E, the shear
variation is linear.
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Sample Problem
Between concentrated load application
points, dM dx V constant . The change
in moment between load application points is
equal to area under the shear curve between
points.
M B M A 164 M B 34.92 N m
M C M B 36 M C 33.48 N m
M D M C 236 M D 4.32 N m
M E M D 108 M E 0

With a linear shear variation between D


and E, the bending moment diagram is a
parabola.

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Sample Problem
SOLUTION:
The change in shear between A and B is equal
to the negative of the area under load curve
between points. The linear load curve results
in a parabolic shear curve.
With zero load, change in shear between B
and C is zero.
The change in moment between A and B is
Sketch the shear and bending-
equal to the area under shear curve between
moment diagrams for the
points. The parabolic shear curve results in
cantilever beam and loading
a cubic moment curve.
shown.
The change in moment between B and C is
equal to the area under shear curve between
points. The constant shear curve results in a
linear moment curve.

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Sample Problem
SOLUTION:
The change in shear between A and B is equal to
negative of area under load curve between points.
The linear load curve results in a parabolic shear
curve.
dV
At A, VA 0, w w0
dx
VB V A 12 w0 a VB 12 w0 a
dV
At B , w 0
dx

With zero load, change in shear between B and C


is zero.

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Sample Problem
The change in moment between A and B is equal
to the area under shear curve between the points.
The parabolic shear curve results in a cubic
moment curve.
dM
At A, M A 0, V 0
dx
M B M A 13 w0 a 2 M B 13 w0 a 2
M C M B 12 w0 aL a M C 16 w0 a3L a

The change in moment between B and C is equal


to the area under shear curve between points. The
constant shear curve results in a linear moment
curve.

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