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Application
Forces that are internal to the structural members beams and
cables are the subject of this chapter
7- 2
Introduction
Preceding chapters dealt with:
a) determining external forces acting on a structure, and
b) determining forces which hold together the various members
of a structure.
7- 3
Internal Forces in Members
Straight two-force member AB is in
equilibrium under application of F and
-F.
7- 5
Sample Problem
SOLUTION:
Compute reactions and connection forces.
Fy 0 :
2400 N 1800 N E y 0 E y 600 N
Fx 0 : Ex 0
7- 6
Sample Problem
Drawing the FBD for member BCD:
- Why are forces at B and C drawn in these
directions? Is there a choice on the directions?
- Why are there two force components at each
point instead of just a single force?
Think about these and discuss.
Drawing the FBD for member ABE:
- Why are forces at B in these directions? Is
there a choice on the directions?
- Why are there two force components at A
instead of just a single force?
Think about these and discuss.
Finally, the FBD for member ACF.
7- 7
Sample Problem
Consider member ABE as free-body:
M A 0: Bx 2.7 m 0 Bx 0
Fx 0 : Bx Ax 0 Ax 0
Fy 0 : Ay B y 600 N 0 Ay 1800 N
Fx 0 : Bx C x 0 Cx 0
7- 8
Sample Problem
Cut member ACF at J. The internal forces at J are
represented by an equivalent force-couple system.
MJ 0:
1800 N 1.2 m M 0 M 2160 N m
Fx 0 :
F 1800 N cos 41.7 0 F 1344 N
Fy 0 :
V 1800 N sin 41.7 0 V 1197 N
7- 9
Sample Problem
Cut member BCD at K. Determine a force-couple
system equivalent to internal forces at K .
MK 0:
1200 N1.5 m M 0 M 1800 N m
Fx 0 : F 0
Fy 0 :
1200 N V 0 V 1200 N
7- 10
Various Types of Beam Loading and Support
Beam - structural member designed to support
loads applied at various points along its length.
7- 11
Various Types of Beam Loading and Support
7- 12
Shear and Bending Moment in a Beam
Wish to determine bending moment
and shearing force at any point (for
example, point C) in a beam subjected
to concentrated and distributed loads.
7- 13
Shear and Bending Moment Diagrams
Variation of shear and bending
moment along beam may be
plotted.
Determine reactions at
supports.
Cut beam at C and consider
member AC,
V P 2 M Px 2
Cut beam at E and consider
member EB,
V P 2 M PL x 2
7- 14
Sample Problem
SOLUTION:
Taking entire beam as a free-body,
calculate reactions at B and D.
Find equivalent internal force-couple
systems for free-bodies formed by
cutting beam on either side of load
application points.
Draw the shear and bending moment
diagrams for the beam and loading Plot results.
shown.
7- 15
Sample Problem
SOLUTION:
Taking entire beam as a free-body, calculate
reactions at B and D.
Find equivalent internal force-couple systems at
sections on either side of load application points.
Fy 0 : 20 kN V1 0 V1 20 kN
M1 0 : 20 kN 0 m M1 0 M1 0
Similarly,
V2 20 kN M 2 50 kN m
V3 26 kN M 3 50 kN m
V4 26 kN M 4 28 kN m
V5 14 kN M 5 28 kN m
V6 14 kN M6 0
7- 16
Sample Problem
Plot results.
Note that shear is of constant value
between concentrated loads and
bending moment varies linearly.
7- 17
Sample Problem
SOLUTION:
Taking entire beam as free-body,
calculate reactions at A and B.
7- 18
Sample Problem
SOLUTION:
Taking entire beam as a free-body, calculate
reactions at A and B.
M A 0:
By 0.8 m 2160 N 0.15 m 1800 N 0.55 m 0
By 1642.5 N
MB 0:
2160 N0.65 m 1800 N0.25 N A0.8 m 0
A 2317.5 N
F x 0: Bx 0
7- 19
Sample Problem
Evaluate equivalent internal force-couple systems
at sections cut within segments AC, CD, and DB.
From A to C:
Fy 0 : 2317.5 7200 x V 0
V (2317.5 7200 x) N
From C to D:
Fy 0 : 2317.5 2160 V 0
V 157.5 N
7- 20
Sample Problem
From D to B:
Fy 0 :
2317.5 2160 1800 V 0
V 1642.5 N
M3 0 :
2317.5 x 2160 x 0.15 180
1800 x 0.45 M 0
M 1314 1642.5x N m
7- 21
Sample Problem
Plot results.
From A to C:
V (2317.5 7200 x) N
M (2317.5x 3600 x 2 ) N . m
From C to D:
V 157.5 N
M 324 157.5x N m
From D to B:
V 1642.5 N
M 1314 1642.5x N m
7- 22
Relations Among Load, Shear, and Bending Moment
Relations between load and shear:
V V V wx 0
dV V
lim w
dx x0 x
xD
VD VC w dx area under load curve
xC
M M M Vx wx x 0
2
dM
lim
M
lim V 12 wx V
dx x0 x x0
xD
M D M C V dx area under shear curve
xC
7- 23
Relations Among Load, Shear, and Bending Moment
wL
Reactions at supports, R A RB
2
Shear curve,
x
V V A w dx wx
0
wL L
V V A wx wx w x
2 2
Moment curve,
x
M M A Vdx
0
x
L w
M w x dx L x x 2
0 2 2
wL2 dM
M max M at V 0
8 dx
7- 24
Sample Problem
SOLUTION:
Taking entire beam as a free body, determine
reactions at supports.
Between concentrated load application
points, dV dx w 0 and shear is
constant.
With uniform loading between D and E, the
shear variation is linear.
Draw the shear and bending-
moment diagrams for the beam Between concentrated load application
and loading shown. points, dM dx V constant . The change
in moment between load application points is
equal to area under shear curve between
points.
With a linear shear variation between D
and E, the bending moment diagram is a
parabola.
7- 25
Sample Problem
SOLUTION:
Taking entire beam as a free-body,
determine reactions at supports.
M A 0:
3m
D7.2 m 20 kN 1.8 m 12 kN 4.2 m
3.6 kN 8.4 m 0
D 16.2 kN
F y 0 :
Ay 20 kN 12 kN 16.2 kN 3.6 kN 0
Ay 19.4 kN
7- 27
Sample Problem
SOLUTION:
The change in shear between A and B is equal
to the negative of the area under load curve
between points. The linear load curve results
in a parabolic shear curve.
With zero load, change in shear between B
and C is zero.
The change in moment between A and B is
Sketch the shear and bending-
equal to the area under shear curve between
moment diagrams for the
points. The parabolic shear curve results in
cantilever beam and loading
a cubic moment curve.
shown.
The change in moment between B and C is
equal to the area under shear curve between
points. The constant shear curve results in a
linear moment curve.
7- 28
Sample Problem
SOLUTION:
The change in shear between A and B is equal to
negative of area under load curve between points.
The linear load curve results in a parabolic shear
curve.
dV
At A, VA 0, w w0
dx
VB V A 12 w0 a VB 12 w0 a
dV
At B , w 0
dx
7- 29
Sample Problem
The change in moment between A and B is equal
to the area under shear curve between the points.
The parabolic shear curve results in a cubic
moment curve.
dM
At A, M A 0, V 0
dx
M B M A 13 w0 a 2 M B 13 w0 a 2
M C M B 12 w0 aL a M C 16 w0 a3L a
7- 30