Functions of Respiratory System Processes

1) Pulmonary Ventilation (Breathing) 1) Pulmonary Ventilation

2) Gas conditioning 2) External Respiration
(warm,humidify,cleaned) 3) Transport
3) Gas exchange 4) Internal Respiration
4) Produce sounds
5) Protect respiratory Surfaces
6) Site for olfactory sensations

Functions of each respiratory tract

Organizations of Respiratory System 1) Conducting Portion
1) Functional Organization : Respiratory Tract a. Air pathways
a. Conducting Portion: External Nares to Larger Bronchioles b. Conditioning air
b. Respiratory Portion: Small Bronchioles to alveoli 2) Respiratory Portion
2) Structural Organization a. Gas exchange
a. Upper: Nose, Nasal Cavity, Paranasal Sinues, Pharynx
b. Lower: Laynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Bronchioles, alveoli

Epithelium

Pseudostratified ciliated
Columnar Epithelium

Nasal cavity
Nasopharynx
Trachea

Stratified Squamous

Oral cavity
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

Cuboidal Epithelium

Small Bronchioles

Simple Squamous

Alveoli

Defense System

Nasal cavity cilia sweeps trapped debris and microorganisms toward pharynx, swallowed and destroyed
Lamina Propria contains mucous glands excrete mucus on epithelial surface
Mucous contains Lysozyme Antibacterial enzyme
Nasal Cavity Pharynx

1) Nasopharynx
a. Only air
b. Uvula (soft palate) closes off
nasopharynx during
swallowing
c. Pharyngeal tonsils a.k.a.
Nasal septum divided into Upper, Middle, Lower Adenoids traps germs
Vestibule contains sebaceous and sweat glands, hair 2) Oropharynx
follicles a. Continuos with Oral Cavity
Paranasal Sinuses(warm and moisture) located in FEMS b. Air and food
bones c. Palatine Tonsils
[Nasopharynx] Opening of Auditory tube a.k.a. 3) Laryngopharynx
Eustachian Tube a. Air and food
b. Posterior to Epiglottis
c. Separates into Esophagus and
Larynx

Trachea
1) Size
a. Diameter = 25 mm
b. Length = 10 16 cm
2) Cartilages
a. The cricoid cartilage is the only
complete ring of cartilage in the
trachea.
b. 15 20 C-shaped tracheal rings of
cartilage that reinforce the front
and sides of the trachea to
protect and maintain the airway
c. The trachealis muscle connects
the ends of the incomplete rings
and contracts during coughing,
reducing the size of the lumen of
the trachea to increase the rate of
air flow
3) Branches to form left and right primary
bronchi at the mediastinum
Larynx

Mechanism of Swallowing

1) Uvula contracts, blocking food

entering nasal cavity
2) Laryngeal muscles contract,
closing the glottis by tightening
the vocal folds
3) Larynx and Hyoid bone elevates
and acts as a mechanical lever,
causing the epiglottis to fold
down over the laryngeal opening

Cartilages 9 Cartilages

1) Unpaired
a. Thyroid
i. Laryngeal Promincence a.k.a. Adams Apple
ii. The thyrohyoid membrane is a ligament associated with the thyroid cartilage that
connects the thyroid cartilage with the hyoid bone.
b. Cricoid
i. ring of hyaline cartilage that forms the inferior wall of the larynx
ii. cricothyroid ligament connects the cricoid cartilage to the thyroid cartilage
c. Epiglottis
2) Paired
a. Arytenoid
b. Corniculate
c. Cuneiform
Bronchi

1) Respiratory Tree 23 Orders of Division

a. The Trachea divides into 2 primary bronchi
b. As Primary Bronchi enter lungs through Hilum, divides into secondary bronchi a.k.a. Lobar Bronchi
i. 2 in Left Lung 3 in Right lung
ii. One for each lobe
c. Secondary Bronchi branch to Tertiary Bronchi a.k.a. Segmental Bronchi
d. Each Tertiary Bronchus supplies air to single Bronchopulmonary Segment
e. Tertiary Bronchus continues branching into Bronchioles
f. Bronchioles branch into the last conducting branches called terminal bronchioles
g. Terminal Bronchiole supplies air to a single pulmonary lobule
h. Terminal Bronchiole branches to form several Respiratory Bronchioles
2) Changes as Branching Progress
a. Cartilage
i. Cartilage Rings to Irregular plates of cartilage
ii. None in Bronchioles
b. Epithelium
i. Pseudostratified Columnar
ii. Columnar
iii. Cuboidal
iv. No cilia or mucous producing cells at Bronchioles
c. Smooth muscle increases as cartilage decreases and tubes become smaller
Lungs

1) Takes the entire Thoracic Cavity except Mediastinum Left Lung VS Right Lung
2) Each lobe has 10 Bronchopulmonary segments 1) Lobes
3) 2 Circulations Pulmonary and Bronchiol a. Left has 2 Right has 3
2) Fissures
a. Left only has oblique fissure
b. Right has oblique fissure and
horizontal fissure
3) Size
a. Left is smaller because the left lung
shares space with the heart
b. Right is shorter because the liver is
pushing on the right side of diaphragm

Hilum: formerly known as Hilus, is an indentation

where structures such as blood vessels enter
Pleural Cavity and Pleural Membrane Bones

1) The two Pleural Cavities are separated by the 1) Thoracic Vertebrae thoracic backbone
Mediastinum a. Holds the ribs
2) The Pleura a serous membrane contains 2 layers 2) Ribs 24 Ribs
a. Parietal Pleura a. 12 Pairs of Ribs
b. Visceral Pleura i. 10 Pairs attached to
3) Each Pleura secretes Pleural Fluid Sternum
a. Lubrication to reduce friction while ii. 2 Pairs attached to
breathing vertebrae
b. Prevents separation from chest wall 3) Sternum
a. At mediastinum
b. Posterior to Heart
c. Cartilage connect ribs and sternum

Respiratory Membrane

1) Alveolar Capillary membrane (Air Blood)

2) 2 Types of Pneumoctyes Cell
a. Type I Alveolar Wall (Diffusion)
i. Unusually Thin
b. Type II Secrete Surfactant (Reduce Tension)
i. Surfactant keeps the Alveoli from Collapsing collapse small air bubbles
3) Macrophages phagocytize any particles that eluded other defenses
Breathing

1) Inspiration
a. Normal Inspiration
i. Muscles Inspiratory Muscles
1. Diaphragm contracts (75%)
a. Volume increases superior inferior
2. External Intercostal muscle contracts (25%) Lifts the ribcage and pull sternum forward
a. Volume increases laterally
b. Volume increases anterior posteriorly
b. Forced Inspirations
i. Muscles Inspiratory Muscles + Accessory Muscles of Inspiration
1. Scalene and Sternocleidomastoid muscles of neck
a. Sternocleidomastoid originates from the sternum
2. Pectoralis Minor muscles of chest
3. Serratus anterior muscles of ribs
4. Erector Spinae of back (reduce curvature of spine)
2) Expiration
a. Normal Expiration (Passive)
i. Muscles Elastic Recoil
1. Diaphragm and external intercostal relaxes
b. Forced Expiration (Active)
i. Muscles Elastic Recoil + Accessory Muscles of Expiration
1. Internal intercostal muscles contract
2. Transversus thoracis muscle
3. External and Internal Oblique muscle
4. Rectus abdominus muscle
5. Latissimus Dorsi of back

Factors affecting Pulmonary Ventilation

1) Airway Resistance
a. Friction caused by striking the
walls of the airway
b. Smaller the diameter of the
airway the more resistance
c. Diseases like Aasthma
2) Alveolar Surface tension
a. Insufficient amount of
surfactant produced
b. Premature Infant doesnt
produce surfactant
c. High surface tension collapse
d. Respiratory Distress Syndrome
3) Lung Compliance
a. Expandability of Lung
b. Factors
i. Elasticity of Lung Tissue
ii. Surface tension of
alveoli
Pressure

1) Atmospheric Pressure P0
2)