TUBERCULOSIS

A. Pathophysiology
Predisposing Factors:
Mycobacterium
Immune compromised status
Severely malnourished
Age: young and old
Nationality: Filipino
Etiology: Precipitating Factors
tuberculosis Occupation (health care workers)
Repeated close contact with infected
persons
Economically- disadvantaged or
homeless/ poor housing
Living in overcrowded areas
Alcohol abuse/ dependent
Poor hygiene
Lack of access to health care
Low socio-economic status

Etiology:
Mycobacterium
tuberculosis

Exposure or inhalation of infected droplet

nuclei from infected clients by coughing,
sneezing, talking, laughing and singing

Tubercle bacilli invasion in the apices

of the lungs or near the pleurae of
the lower lobes

Bronchopneumonia develops in the

lung tissue and tubercle bacilli are
ingested by wandering macrophages

Many of the bacilli survived before

hypersensitivity and immunity develops

Surviving bacilli is carried into

broncho pulmonary lymph nodes via
the lymphatic system and may even
spread throughout the body

Inflammatory response occurs, TB

specific lymphocyte produces T-lytic
enzyme which lyses bacteria and
alveolar tissue
 Material (bacteria & macrophage)
become necrotic

Production of cavities filled with

cheese-like mass of tubercle
bacilli, dead WBCs, necrotic lung
tissue
Partial occlusion which
interferes w/ the diffusion
- Productive cough Drainage of necrotic materials into
of O2 & CO2
- Phlegm the tracheobronchial tree
- crackles

Areas of the lungs are

PRIMARY INFECTION inadequately ventilated

Lesions heal over a period

of time by forming scars oxygen dyspnea
and later being calcified carrying
capacity

Tubercle bacilli immunity develops

(2 to 6 weeks after infection) Hypoxia
(Maintains in the body as long as
With medical living bacilli remains in the body)
intervention:
- Pallor
- Weakness
- Early detection/ Inhibits further growth of the - Fatigue
diagnosis of the disease bacilli and the development of - Tachycardia
- Multi-antibacterial active infection (bacteria - Chest pain
therapy becomes dormant) - Tachypnea
- Fixed- dose therapy
- Dizziness
- TB DOTS (Direct
Observed Therapy) Reinfection

Good prognosis Reactivation of the tubercle

bacilli

SECONDARY INFECTION

Immune system

Bacteria becomes
resistant and survives
 Active infection develops

Ulceration of the lesions

in the lungs Hemoptysis

Accumulation of
Severe occurrence of lesions pus in the chest
in the lungs leading to abscess cavity
(empyema)

Lung consumption
- Chest pain
- Fever and chills
Alveolar tissue - Excessive sweating
leading to oxygen - Loss of appetite
- Muscle wasting
- Weight loss
- body malaise
DEATH