GENERALPROCEDUREforTHESYSTEMATIC
ANALYSISOFASIMPLESALT
I.PRELIMINARYTESTS
S. EXPERIMENT
No.
1 SOLUBILITY
Alittleofthesaltisshaken
withwater.
2 ACTIONOFHEAT:
Asmallamountofthesalt
isheatedgentlyinadrytesttube.
3 FLAMETEST:
Asmallamountofthesaltismade
intoapastewithconc.HClina
watchglassandintroducedintothe
nonluminouspartoftheBunsen
flame. 3)Grassygreenflame.
4 ASHTEST:
Afilterpaperissoakedintoapaste
ofthesalt
OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1)Soluble 1)MaybeSulphate,
Nitrate,
ChlorideorAmmonium
Carbonate.
2)Insoluble 2)MaybeCarbonateor
Sulphide.
1)Colourless, 1)MaybeCarbonate.
odourlessgasturning
Limewatermilky.
2)Decripitationoccurs 2)May
withevolution beNitrate.
ofreddishbrowngas.
3)Saltsublimeswith 3)MaybeAmmonium.
evolutionofpungent
smelling
gasgivingdensewhite
fumeswithaglassrod
dippedinconcHCl.
4)Thewhitesalt 4)MaybeZinc.
turnsyellowon
heating.
5)Nocharacteristic 5)AbsenceofCarbonate,
change. Nitrate,Ammoniumand
Zinc.
1)Bluishcolourflame. 1)PresenceofCopper.
2)Brickredflame. 2)PresenceofCalcium.
3)PresenceofBarium.
4)Nocharacteristic 4)AbsenceofCopper,
colouredflame. CalciumandBarium.
1)Greenash. 1)PresenceofZinc.
 withconc.HCl/HNO3andCobalt 2)Blueash. 2)Presence
Nitratesolutioninawatchglass ofAluminium.
andburnt. 3)Pinkash. 3)Presence
ofMagnesium.
4)Nocharacteristic 4)AbsenceofZinc,
colouredash. Aluminiumand
Magnesium.

II.TESTSFORACIDRADICALS
5 ACTIONOFDILHCl 1)Briskeffervescenceof 1)Carbonateis
Toasmallamount colourless,odourlessgas confirmed.
ofdiluteHClthesaltis turningLimewater
added. milky.

2)Rotteneggsmelling 2)Sulphideis
gasturningLeadacetate confirmed.
paperblack.

3)Nocharacteristic 3)Absenceof
change. Sulphideand
Carbonate.
6 COPPERTURNINGS 1)Reddishbrowngasis 1)Presence
TEST: evolved. ofNitrate.
Asmallamountofthesalt
isheatedwithCopper
Turnings/Filterpaper
ballandafewdrops
ofconc.Sulphuricacid.
2)Noreddishbrowngas 2)AbsenceofNitrate.
isevolved.

7 CHROMYL 1)Red 1)Chlorideis

CHLORIDETEST: orangevapoursevolved confirmed.
Toasmallamountof arepassedthroughwater
thesaltapinch togetayellowsolution,
ofPotassium whichonaddingLead
Dichromateisaddedand acetateforms
heatedwithfewdrops ayellowprecipitate.
ofconc.Sulphuricacid.



2)NoRedorange 2)Absenceof
vapours. chloride.

8 ACTIONOFNaOH: 1)Pungentsmelling 1)Presence

Asmallamountof gasformingdense ofAmmonium.
thesaltisheated whitefumeswithaglass
withSodiumHydroxide. roddippedinconc.
HClandalsoturnsred
Litmuspaperblue.

2)Nopungentsmelling 2)Absenceof
gas. Ammonium.

III.TESTSWITHSODIUMCARBONATEEXTRACT
9.PREPARATIONOFSODIUMCARBONATEEXTRACT:

Asmallamountofsaltismixedwithtwicetheamountofsodiumcarbonateand20mlof
distilledwaterisadded,boiledfor10minutes,cooledandfiltered.Thefiltrateis
calledSODIUMCARBONATEEXTRACT.

S.No EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

10 BARIUMCHLORIDE 1)Awhiteprecipitate, 1)Sulphateis
TEST: insolubleinconc.HCl. confirmed.
Toafewdropsofthe
extract,diluteHydrochloric
Acidisaddeduntilthe 2)Nowhiteprecipitate. 2)Absenceof
effervescenceceasesand2ml Sulphate
ofBariumchloridesolution
isadded.
11 SILVERNITRATETEST: 1)Acurdywhite 1)Presence
Toafewdropsofthe precipitate,solublein ofChloride.
extractdiluteNitricAcidis excessofAmmonium
addeduntiltheeffervescence hydroxide.
ceasesand2mlofSilver
Nitratesolutionisadded.

2)Ablackprecipitate. 2)Presence
ofSulphide.
3)Noprecipitate. 3)Absenceof
chloride/sulphide.
 12 BROWNRINGTEST: 1)Brownringis 1)Nitrateis
Toafewdropsof formedatthejunction confirmed.
extractdiluteSulphuric ofthetwolayers.
acidisaddeduntilthe
effervescenceceases,
thenfreshly
preparedFeSO4is
addedand
thenconctratedSulphuric
acidisaddeddropbydrop
alongthesidesofthetest
tube.
2)Nobrownring. 2)Absenceof
Nitrate.

IV.IDENTIFICATIONOFTHEBASICRADICALS
13.PREPARATIONOFORIGINALSOLUTION:
Theoriginalsolutionispreparedbydissolvingthesaltin_______________#
#Water(Whenthesaltiswatersoluble)
#Dil.HClorDil.HNO3(Whenthesaltiswaterinsoluble)

14.GROUPIDENTIFICATION

S. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

No
1 Toafewdropsofthe 1)Whiteprecipitate. 1)PresenceofFirst
originalsolution2ml Group.(Lead).
ofdiluteHClisadded.
2)Nocharacteristic 2)AbsenceofFirstGroup
precipitate. (Lead).

2 Toafewdropsofthe 1)Blackprecipitate. 1)PresenceofSecond

originalsolution2ml Group(Copper).
ofdiluteHClis
addedandH2Sgasis 2)Nocharacteristic 2)AbsenceofSecondGroup
passed. precipitate. (Copper).

3 Toafewdropsofthe 1)Gelatinous 1)PresenceofThird

originalsolution1 whiteprecipitate. Group(Aluminium).
mlNH4Cland2
mlNH4OHsolutionsare 2)Nocharacteristic 2)AbsenceofThirdGroup
precipitate. (Aluminium).
added.

4 Toafewdropsofthe 1)Dirty 1)PresenceofFourth

originalsolution1 whiteprecipitate. Group(Zinc).
mlNH4Cland2
mlNH4OHsolutionsare 2)Nocharacteristic 2)AbsenceofFourthGroup
addedandH2Sgasis precipitate. (Zinc).
passed.
5 Toafewdropsofthe 1)Whiteprecipitate. 1)PresenceofFifth
originalsolution1 Group(CalciumorBarium).
mlNH4Cl,2
 mlNH4OHand2 2)Nocharacteristic 2)AbsenceofFifthGroup
ml(NH4)2CO3solutions precipitate. (CalciumandBarium).
areadded.
6 Toafewdropsofthe 1)Whiteprecipitate. 1)PresenceofSixthGroup
originalsolution1 (Magnesium).
mlNH4Cl,2
mlNH4OHand2mlDi
Sodium 2)Nocharacteristic 2)AbsenceofSixthGroup
HydrogenPhosphateare precipitate. (Magnesium).
added.

V.CONFIRMATORYTESTSFORBASICRADICALS
S. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
No
TESTFORAMMONIUM
1 Toafewdropsoftheoriginal Reddish Ammoniumis
solutionSodium brownprecipitate. confirmed.
HydroxideandNesslers
reagentareadded.
FirstgroupLEAD
1 Toafewdropsoftheoriginal Yellowprecipitate. Leadisconfirmed.
solutionPotassium
Chromateisadded.
2 Toafewdropsoftheoriginal Yellowprecipitatesoluble Leadisconfirmed.
solutionPotassiumIodideis inhotwaterwhich
added. reappearsasgolden
yellowspangleson
cooling.

ThirdgroupALUMINIUM
1 Toafewdropsoftheoriginal Whiteprecipitate Aluminiumis
solutionSodium solubleinexcessof confirmed.
Hydroxideisaddedindrops Sodiumhydroxide.
toexcess.
2 Toafewdropsoftheoriginal Abrightredlake. Aluminiumis
solutionAmmonium confirmed.
HydroxideandAluminon
reagentareadded.
FourthgroupZINC
1 Toafewdropsoftheoriginal Whiteprecipitate Zincisconfirmed.
solutionSodium solubleinexcessof
Hydroxideisaddedindrops Sodiumhydroxide.
toexcess.
2 Toafewdropsoftheoriginal White Zincis
solutionPotassiumFerro precipitatesolublein confirmed.
cyanideisadded. excessofSodium
hydroxide&insolublein
diluteacid.
FifthgroupCALCIUM
1 Toafewdropsoftheoriginal Noprecipitate. Calciumis
solutionPotassium confirmed.
 Chromateisadded.
2 Toafewdropsoftheoriginal White Calciumis
solutionAmmonium precipitateinsolublein confirmed.
HydroxideandAmmonium Aceticacid.
Oxalateareadded.
FifthgroupBARIUM
1 Toafewdropsoftheoriginal Yellowprecipitate, Bariumis
solutionPotassium solubleinacid. confirmed.
Chromateisadded.
2 Toafewdropsoftheoriginal Whiteprecipitate Bariumis
solutionDiluteSulphuric insolubleinAceticacid. confirmed.
Acidisadded.
SixthgroupMAGNESIUM
1 Toafewdropsoftheoriginal Whiteprecipitate, Magnesium
solutionSodium insolubleinexcessof isconfirmed.
Hydroxideisaddedindrops Sodiumhydroxide.
toexcess.
2 Toafewdropsoftheoriginal Blueprecipitate. Magnesiumis
solutionMagneson confirmed.
reagentisadded.
**Colourlesssaltsonlybegivenforpracticals.Pointsexpectedinthepracticalexam.alonepostedhere.

RESULT
Thegivensimplesaltcontains

1.BasicRadical:__________________
2.AcidRadical:__________________

Thegivensimplesaltis:____________________________________