KaitlynDepew

AnnotatedBibliography

Bosch,B.&Moy,P.(2013).TheoriesofPublicOpinion.H
andbookofCommunicationScience,

vol.1.Retrievedfromh ttp://digitalcommons.unl.edu/sociologyfacpub/244

Thispaperwasveryusefulinbreakingdownsomeofthetheoriesofpublicopinionand

mediainfluence.Thepaperdescribesabreakbetweencontemporaryand20thcentury

theoriesonpublicopinion.20thcenturytheoriesincludehypodermicneedleandsilver

bullettheories.Contemporarytheoriesinvolveagendasetting,priming,andmultiple

differentformsofframing.Whodetermineswhatisnews?isagoodthingtothinkabout

whenitcomestomedia.Thereisadifferencebetweenmicroandmacrolevelsof

analysisandseparatingmassvs.interpersonalinfluence.

Duggan,M.,&Smith,A.(2016)T
hePoliticalEnvironmentonSocialMedia.R
etrievedfrom

http://www.pewinternet.org/2016/10/25/thepoliticalenvironmentonsocialmedia/

ThisarticleisaboutaPewResearchCenterstudyonsocialmediausers.Itwillbeagreat

resourcesforstatisticsabouthowsocialmediausersfeelaboutcertainthingspolitically

onsocialmedia.Someofthemajorfindingswerethatmostsocialmediausersareworn

outbytheamountofpoliticalcontentandfindinteractionswithpeoplewithopposing

viewsstressfulandfrustrating.Also,abouthalfofthesocialmediauserspolledfeelthe

politicalconversationstheyseeonsocialmediaareangrier,lessrespectful,andlesscivil

thanthoseinotherareasoflife.Italsoincludesinformationaboutthenumberofpeople

whohaveblockedorunfriendedsomeonefortheirviewsandchangedsomethingintheir

settingstoseefewerposts.
Happer,C.,Philo,G.(2013).TheRoleoftheMediaintheConstructionofPublicBeliefand

SocialChange.J ournalofSocialandPoliticalPsychology,1.Retrievedfrom

http://jspp.psychopen.eu/article/view/96/37

Thisarticlewasextremelystudyheavy,Therearesomereallygreatexamplesofstudies

wherethepublicisaffectedbythemedia(withexperimentlikeconditions).Again,itwas

expressedthattheworldisfullofanunlimitedamountofinformationbutthatthemedia

helpstoorganizeitandmakesenseofit.Themediagetstodictatewhatisaccessed.

Therearemultiplewaysofexplainingcontroversialeventsandtheirhistoriesandthere

arekeyassumptionsaboutsocialrelationships.Therewasaverygoodexampleabout

exposurechangingthewaythatatopic,disability,isreported.Itwasstatedthatmedia

coverage,processesoflogic,andclaimsofknowledgeaboutspecificcasesresultedinthe

developmentofbeliefs.Additionally,priorexposuremakesonelesslikelytochangetheir

viewswiththeadditionofnewinformation.

Ignant,C.(2016,Oct.21)H
owDoesSocialMediaShapeOurPoliticalViews?.Retrievedfrom

https://ww2.kqed.org/learning/2016/10/21/howdoessocialmediashapeourpoliticalvie

ws/

Thisarticle/videoishelpfulinexplainingthepowerofsocialmediainaffectingones

personalworldviewsandhowtotakeastandagainstit.Iteducatesonthedistortionof

ideas,thepartisanslants,theamplificationofextremevoices.Thevideoandarticletalk

aboutsomeofthethingsonecandotopreventfallingpreytothemediabytakingan

activeroleinonesintakeofnews.Theysuggesteddoingthingslikereadingsomething

onedisagreeswitheveryonceinawhile,findpeoplewhoareexpertsintheirfieldand
 followthemclosely,gopasttheheadlinesandlookforsourcesofinformation,and

factcheckbeforeoneretweetsorsharesinformationtoavoidbecomingpartofthe

problem.

Kelley,S.(1962).ElectionsandtheMassMedia.L
awandtheContemporaryProblems,27.

Retrievedfromhttp://scholarship.law.duke.edu/lcp/vol27/iss2/11/

Thisarticleisolder,prettyoutdatedforasourceaboutmassmedia,butitincludessome

reallygreatpointsabouthowmediainfluencespeoplewithafocusonelections.Itwent

throughthekindofrolethemediaplaysinelections,whatitdoesbothforandto

politicians,andhowithasimpactedthequalityofcampaigndiscussion.Electionsarenot

justdecisions,they'reawayofmakingdecisionsanditiseasiertoenforceopinionsthan

toalterthem.Thearticlestatedthatgroupnorms,groupexpectations,andpersonswhose

opinionsarevaluedaremoreinfluentialthanthemedia.Withmediasourcesthatexpose

uptopeerpressureandjudgement,thisisnowarealityandsomethingthatmakesthe

mediathatmuchmoreaffecting.

Lule,J.(2017).HowDidWeGetHere?TheEvolutionofMedia.U
nderstandingMediaand

Culture:AnIntroductiontoMassCommunication,1.Retrievedfrom

http://catalog.flatworldknowledge.com/bookhub/reader/3833?e=lulemedia_1.0ch01_s02

#lulemedia_1.0ch01_s02

ThisarticlegoesthroughtheevolutionofthemediainAmericaandmatchesitupwith

specificdecades,centuries,andAmericanidentity.ItgoesthroughthestartofAmerica

withthenewspaperandhowitconnectedcoloniststobackhome,butthenbecamea

sourceofunificationforthecolonistsinhelpingtocreateanAmericanIdentity.Itthen
 wentthroughthedevelopmentoffilmandradio,broadcasttelevision,andcable

television.Italsotalkedaboutthesimultaneoustechnologicaltransitionsthathelpto

shapemediaindustries.Finally,ittalkedaboutmedia'smainpurposesentertainment,

informationandeducation,publicforum,andmonitoringgovernment,business,and

otherinstitutionsandhowcertainmediumsarebettersuitedforspecificpurposes.

RoleofMassMediainMoldingPublicOpinion.Retrievedfrom

https://www.academia.edu/8800132/ROLE_OF_MASS_MEDIA_IN_MOLDING_PUBL

IC_OPINION

Thisisanarticleoftheoverviewoftheinfluenceofthemediawasasemifocusonthe

developingcountryofNigeria.Thearticlelistssixmainfunctionsofthemediain

society.Itgoesoversettingtheorytheviewthatmediahasthepowertodeterminewhat

wearethinkingabout(setstheagenda).Italsogoesthroughsomemainpositiveand

negativeimpactsofthemediaitswatchdogfunctionanditsbiasedandmotivated

nature.Sincethearticleisnotverywellwrittenandthereislittlelistedabouttheauthor,

itsmainpurposewillbetoexpandthetermmediatomasscommunicationandassistin

findingresources.

Sanders,S.(2016).D
idSocialMediaRuinElection2016?Retrievedfrom

http://www.npr.org/2016/11/08/500686320/didsocialmediaruinelection2016

Thisarticlegoesovertwodistinctwaysthatsocialmediahaschangedthewaywetalkto

eachotheraboutpolitics.Itgivesexamplesofhowpeopleseemtorevelinpoliticalstrife

andhowtheconversationsonsocialmediatellmoreaboutflawswithintheAmerican

peoplethanflawsinthesocialmediaplatforms.Thisinformationcouldbequotedwhen
 talkingabouttheissueswiththemediainpresentdayespeciallyitseffectswithinthe

2016election.

Stray,J.(2016).H
owmuchinfluencedoesthemediareallyhaveoverelections?Diggingintothe

data.R
etrievedfrom

http://www.niemanlab.org/2016/01/howmuchinfluencedoesthemediareallyhaveove

relectionsdiggingintothedata/

Thisarticlewasreallyhelpfulininvestigatingtheconnectionsbetweenthemediaand

electionresults.Therewerereallygreatgraphicsillustratingthecorrelationbetween

numberoftimesacandidate'sfullnameappearsintop25newssourcesandstandingin

nationalpolls.Thisrelationshipgoesbothways,andevenhastodowithoutside

influences.Thepollscouldbedrivingthemediajustasmuchasthemediaisdrivingthe

polls.It'simportanttothinkaboutjournalistsrespondingthethepeople'shabitsas

democraticratherthancorrupt.Journalismisnowlesseventsandmorecontextand

analysisthisseparatedjournalistsfromsocialmediaaccounts.Thepressisapolitical

playersimplybecauseattentionisvaluablewhenrunningforanelection,butthere'snot

muchthatcanbedoneaboutthat.

UnderstandingMediaandCulture:AnIntroductiontoMassCommunication.(2016).University

ofMinnesotaOpenTextbooks.Retrievedfromh ttp://open.lib.umn.edu/mediaandculture/

Thissectionofthetextisaboutbehavioralsciencetohelpfigureouttheeffectofmass

mediaandcommunicationsonsociety.Thenowlargelydiscrediteddirecteffectsmodel

ofmediastudiesassumesthatmediaaudiencespassivelyacceptmediamessagesand

exhibitpredictablereactionsinresponsetothosemessages.Crediblemediatheories
generallydonotgiveasmuchpowertothemedia,suchastheagendasettingtheory,or

giveamoreactiveroletothemediaconsumer,suchastheusesandgratificationstheory.

Othertheoriesfocusonspecificaspectsofmediainfluence,suchasthespiralofsilence

theorysfocusonthepowerofthemajorityopinionorthesymbolicinteractionismtheory

explorationofsharedculturalsymbolism.Medialogicandcultivationanalysistheories

dealwithhowmediaconsumersperceptionsofrealitycanbeinfluencedbymedia

messages.