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    Burma Law Reports 1966

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    928 views938 pages

    Burma Law Reports 1966

    Uploaded by

    kerrypwl
    Burma Law Reports 1966

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 938

    ( . .

    ~oo:co<:"omo:~c.D~~tt
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    :)@IJ\l ~'QI ~COGO>'lO'l'fi'IIOJI.O ,O>'fl~l::j:UJ'>:>'>ctC: .

    ou oxp~~ ~e:~c.n&~.t B.L. (Rang.), ).S.D.


    (Yale), LL.D. (Utrecht) of Lincoln's Inn, Barrister-at-
    Law.
    Jll ~ . ~~tB.A., B.L. ,
    "" oxp~ ~.G~~ B.A., Barrister-at-Law.
    <f11 ~ ~B.A., B.L.
    ~u ~ ~ B.A., B.L.
    Gu oxp~ ~o.:>S:~ B.A., B.L.

    c.c. c: C:" oc c C: c:e ' ~


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    . ('
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    :)I ,sc~e:mS oxr=w~ ~~ ~e:~~. B.L.
    (Rang.), J.S.D. (Yale~ LL.D. (Utrecht) of Lincoln'
    Inn, Barri1te1-at-LarD.
    1 ;sc~e:mS oxr=w~ ~ ~~ooS . B.A~,. B.L.
    \"' ~c~e:mS axp:~ ~ ~ B.A., B.L.
    9' ;M~e:mS ~Gt~P ~t B.Sc., B~L., Advocate.
    ~ G9k&r.r.>:Y.)()')t M.A., Ph.D., 'D.Litt., of Lincoln lnll

    Barrister-at-LarD.
    c;. ~~~~.B.A., Bamntt-at-u., 1.c.s. (Retd.).
    ?' ~ B.A., B~L., Advocate.
    Ill

    LAW OFF.ICERS OF THE UNION OF BURMA DURING


    THE YEAR 1966

    Attorney-General
    U BA SEIN, B.S~ .. B.L., Advocate.

    Legal R~membrancer

    U KYAWTHOUNG, Bar-at-Law.

    Assistant Attorney-General
    U BA KYAW, B.A .. B.L., Advocate .

    law Officer to tbe States


    U TtN 0HN, B.A. (Hons.). B.L.. LL.B. (Lond.). Bar-at-Law.

    Government Advo.:ates
    U ToE MAUNG, B.A . B.L .. Advocate.
    U BA KYJNE. B.Sc., B.L .. Advocate, up to 8th October
    1966.
    U BA PE, B.A., B.L.. Advocate, up to roth October
    1966.
    U BA PE. B.Sc., B.L. Advocate, up to 23rd April 1966.
    U HL" THIN, B.A .. B.L., Advocate.
    U TUN LWIN, B.A ., B.L., Advocate.
    U TUN NYo, B.A . B.L.. Advocate, up to 30th July 1966.
    U KHIN MAUNG, Advocate.
    MR . S. K . GHOSH, B.A .. B.L.. Advocate.
    U Mvo KHtN, M.A. (Cantab.). Bar-at-Law. up to
    r 1 th November 1966.
    DAw MYA THAN Nu. B.A . &.L.... Advocate.
    U HNIT, B.A . B.L., Advocate.
    U KHIN SEJN, Advocate. up to 2 rst May 1966.
    U MYA SHEIN, B.A . B.L.. Advocate.
    U BA THAN, B.A . B.L. . Advocate.

    '. '.
    i:v

    U Myo HroN LYNN, M .Com., LL.B. lLond.\.


    DOCfORANDUS (Utrecht), Bar-otLaw.
    . u- WrN PE, B.A., B.L., A~voeate.
    U ZIN, Advocate.
    U KYAW GAUNC, B.A ., B.L., Advocate.

    Lepl Draftsmea
    U LuN PE, B.A., B.L., Advocate.
    DAw AYE Kn, B.A., BL., Advocate.
    u SEIN WIN HLAIN<l, B.A., B.L.
    Assistant Legal Dnfbmen
    U HLA THOUNC, B.SC., B.L., Dip. in Law (Lohd ),
    Ajdvocate.
    u SAN SHIN, B.A., B.L.
    LepJ Researeh Ofticer
    U THEIN HAN, B.A., B.L., Advocate.
    v

    LIST OF CASES REPORTED

    CHIEF COURT OF BURMA

    Ah Too v. The Uinion ol Burma


    B. Ladasaria v. U Kyi
    Babu Bhagwandas v. Messrs. A. Aboo Backer & Co.
    Daw Hla Yin and one v. U Maung Sein and two others
    - - Khin Kyi, widow of U Ba v. Daw. Ma Ma
    (deceased) and one
    - - Myat May & Co. v. Sein Tun and Pe Than and
    two others
    - - Obn Khiri v. .Y Kyin Sein
    - - Saw Nyun v. Ma Hla Kyin
    Ghanshamdas Bil~sroy v. Madanlal Saraf and three
    others
    H. T. Ahuja and others v. P. C. Ghosh (deceased)
    represented . by his wife Daw Hla Yin and
    daughter J.R
    and seven others v. P. C. Ghosh
    (deceased) and two others
    In the Matter of Ramniranjan Lhila
    the Estate of . U Kyaw Gaung
    (deceased)
    ]. Sang Ning v. U Ya Lik
    Ko Aye v. Ma Khin Saw Win and four others
    -Than v. Daw Saw Mya
    VI

    Let, Hpwa v. The Union of Burma

    Ma Dorothy v. U Han ::>?


    - Myint Kyi v. U Kyaw and another ~~o
    - Than and one v. Mathews Joseph J ?e
    - Than Kyi and six others v. Daw Ge ~~(;
    Maung Thee Myaing (a) Lon Yun (a) Kaung Tha v.
    The Union of Burma oo-
    ---Tin Nyo v. The Union of Burma JJ
    - -.- Khet v. Ma Yin J'2
    Mariappa Chettiar and two others v. Shri Vrajlal
    Narandas Desai and four others
    Mlessrs. Bhodia Brothers v. Faizar Rahman Chowdhury
    and three others
    ---William Jacks & Co., Ltd. v. Yangon Palladium
    and five others ?J
    Mingala Thukha Rice Mill Co., ltd. v. U Than Sein by
    its managing partner Tan Ku Aun . ...
    ~r. B. Ghosh v. R. R. Dey , .
    Oung Sein Chit v. The Additional Commissioner of
    Income tax, Burma, Rangoon 000

    People's Bank No. 1t v. Chen Sin Siu and ten others


    P. Yan Soo (a) Maung Thaung Nyun v. The Union of
    Burma
    Ramniranjan Lhila v. Ramnorranjandas Mahabir Prased
    Firm
    Ratanlal v. N.A.P.L Firm by Ma Aung .Kyi an~ one ...

    . State Agricultural Marketing Board v. Aung Trading Co.


    --Commercial Bank v. Thibaw Commerd;ll Sy.ndi-
    cate Ltd. and one
    - - - - - - - - - v. U Po Dan and six others ...
    The Bank of Q~ttinad Ltd. v. The Income-tax Assess-
    ment, Collection and Inspection Board, Rangoon

    - - - - - Communication v. Khin Co.
    vii
    ~t"
    The Bank of Communication v. Khyn Company
    J~~
    U Akyit Kaw v. Daw Ngwe Thein
    J'P
    - Aung Myint v. U HOe J?C>
    ---Thein v. U Than Htut and one JC>O
    -Aye Maung v. Ba Tun and one JC><;
    -Jamal v. Ma Bi J""
    -Kyauk Sein v. The Additional Commissioner of
    Income-tax, Burm.l o:>c;J
    -Kyin Kha and one v. U Sein Paw ~G
    -Maung Maung and two others v. Ma Talokma $n
    - .- Mye v. Ko Tun Yin and one Je?
    -Pe and two others v. Sao Kham noG
    -Po Daung v. People's Bank No. 19 np
    - Pyu and one v. U Ngwe Tun and one ~0
    -Tun Min and one v. People's Bank No. 22
    "JG
    - Union of Burma v. Maung Ba Mai ~00
    -------v. Maung Ba Shwe oo\>G
    - - - - -- - v. Maung Tin Scin oo~e
    - - - - - - v. U Tin Aye =>\>~G
    V. E. RM. AR. Chettyar v. U Mya Shwe ~G,r
    Zakaria Khan (deceased) by his L/R Mr. Mohamed
    Khan and two others v. The Official Liquidator.
    Chief Court Buildings. Rangoon

    '.
    VIII

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    XIX
    ~:~
    INDEX

    . f~c~oxp:;=
    CHIEF COURT OF BURMA

    Acts; ~-
    BURMA CARRIAGE OF GooDS BY SEA ACT.
    ----COMPANIES ACT.
    ---INCOME- TAX ACT.
    ---INSOLVENCY ACT.
    - - - - STAMP ACT.
    BURMESE CUSTOMARY LAW.
    CHIN SPECIAL DIVISION (EXTENSION OF
    LAWS)ACT. -
    CODE OF CIVIL PROCEDURE.
    ---CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
    CONTRACT ACT.
    COURT FEES ACT.
    EASEMENT ACT.
    EVIDENCE ACT.
    GUARDIAN AND WARDS ACT.
    LAND AND REVENUE ACT.
    LIMITATION ACT.
    MONEY LENDERS ACT.
    NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS ACT.
    PARTNERSHIP ACT.
    PENAL CODE.
    PROVIDENT FuNDS ACT.
    PuBLIC PROPERTY PROTECTION ACT.
    RANGOON CITY CIVIL COURT ACT
    - -- INSOLVENCY ACT.
    XX

    SJ1LS TAX ACT.


    SPECIFIC REUFF ACT.
    SuccESSION AcT
    .TRANSFER .OF PROPERTY ACT.
    UNioN JuoiCIARY AcT.
    URBAN ~ENT CONTROL Act.
    WRIT OF CeJRIORARl.

    . ABATEMENT Of APPEALS -Code of Civil Procedure 0. 22 R.


    2 and 4 -applicability to appeal - Abatement of appeal - no
    abatemenl though !he legal repre senlative of' the d~eased
    appellanl not brought on the record if the right of appeal
    survives to the surviving appellants- application of rhe test
    whether the respondents could sue the surviving. appellants
    in the Trial Coun in .the absence of the deceas~d appellanl.

    MARIAPPA CHEUIAR AND TWO OTHERS 1;). SHRI


    VRAJLAL NARANDAS DESAI AND fOUR OTHERS 780

    AcT or: Goo oR Y1s MAJOR -Carriage of Gunnies by Sea -loss of


    the gunnies - Suit for compensation- whether the written
    contract of agreemenr is enforceable in law- Act of God as
    defence- whether 1he agreement is void under s. 23 or 56 of
    the Contract Act.

    THE STATE 1\GRICULTURAL MARKETING


    BOARD '1?. AUNG TRADING CO. 262

    ADVERSE PossESSION - Suit for ejectment- plea that pennission was


    given by the owner to construct permanent buildihgs -
    Easements Act - a sufficient defence against the ejectment
    -Suit for ejectment -plea of adverse possession constitution
    of adverse possession- physical exclusive. ~pen and hostile
    with intention to hold for himself as owner.

    U PE AND rwo OTHERS '0. SAO PO KHAM tav HIS


    AGENT DAW TIN MAY. SAO TUN PHA (MINOR)
    BY HIS FRIEND SAW PO KHAMI 816

    F-
    al':'iJoS
    AMENDMENT OF WRITTEN STATEMENT - City Civil Court Act, s.25
    - amendment of written. statement.

    MA DOROTHY 'll U HAN 13

    APPEAL AGAINST AN ORDER OF DETENTION IN THE BORSTAl ScHOOL


    - Whether the appeallies to the Court of Sessions.

    LET HPWA '\?. THE UNION OF BURMA II

    APPLICATION FOR SucCESSION CERTIFICATE- Grant of succession certifi-


    cate- a temporary arrangement-enablfng the grantee to realize
    the assets - nominee to receive gratuity from Goverment -
    whether he/she gets an absolute title' to it - Whether such
    momination a testamentary disposition under Bumiese buddhist
    Law - different from life insurance and provident funds -
    separate living whether ruptures fllial relations. .

    KO AYE 'tl. MA KHIN SAW WIN AND FOUROTHERS 1350

    APPLICATION TO SET ASIDE AN EXPARTE DECREE - running of time


    meaning of substituted service.

    MR. 8 GHOSH t>. _R.R. DEY 244

    APPLICATION TO SET ASIDE EXPARTE DECREE- Summons


    duly served on the wife- onus to establish sufficient grounds .
    for non- appearance running of time where the defendant is
    duly served with summotlS.

    U AUNG MYINT v. ~ HOE . 278

    ARREST BEFORE JuDGEMENT- Code of civil Procedure 0.38, Rule 1


    -arrest before judgment- whether an agent can be arrested
    before judgment in a soit against his principat

    V.E.RM.AR. CHETTYAR '{?. U MYA SHWE 569

    BONA FIDE REQUIREMENT OF THE PERMISES .foR CoNSTRUCTION 'BUILD-


    ING - Urban Rent Control Act. 1960- land in possesion of
    Receiver- sale of land by the original owner- whether the
    buyer obtained good title over the land wheth~r the trans-
    feree can claim rent from the occupant of the premises -
    XX 'II

    . . : ~,.,
    bona fide requirement of the premises construction of
    building. .

    U AKYIT KAW 'Q. DAW NGWE THEIN '271

    BURMA COMPANIES ACT - Wifiding up of company - Burma Col)l


    panies Act,s. 235 - inquiry into the conduct and acts of di
    rectors-surrender and forreiture of .shares encails reduction
    of capital can, do with t~e sanction of the Coun -com-
    mission of acts of misfeasance .- assessment of compensa-
    tion on the loss suffered by the Company - neither wrong
    nor unreasonable - acts . 4lf directors do not call for ben-
    efits of s.281 Bwma Companies Act. .

    ZAKARJAKHAN . .by bis L/R MR. MoHAt." o KHAN


    AND TWO OTHERS '?1. THE . OFFICIAL LIQUIDATOR.
    CHIEF COURT BUILDING RANGOON 304

    BURMA INCOME- TAX ACT Specific Relief Act, S. 45 jurisdiction


    of the Court limited toca~es . of.clear breach,.9f duty to do
    or forbear from doing - Burma Income ~x Act, s. 30.
    proviso 4 -exercise of discretion by the Jncom-tax Assesss-
    ment, Collection and inspection Board -correctness not to
    be challenged - party not to be directed has to exercise the
    discretion.

    THE DANK OF CHETTINAD UMITEO \'.THE


    INCOME - TAX ASSESSMENT. CO.LLECTION
    AND INSPECTION BOARD, RANGOON 806

    BURMA INCOME - TAX Aci -Certiorari- application for a writ of


    The Bunna Income- tax Act.,s.23 exercise' of revisional
    power by the Additional Commissioner of Income -
    tax merging..of tbe appellate orde.r. of the Appellate Assistant
    Commissioner . and that o(the assessment order of the
    .Jncome-ta~ Offic~r-1~ be questioned . only under s. 33A -
    proviso to s . 33 . subject to. .t~e ~ubstantive pan of the .
    section.

    OUNG . SEIN CHJT i7. JHE ADDITIONAL COM


    MISSIONER .OF INCOME- 'rAX. BURMA. RAN-
    GOON . goo F
    . .'
    ~':<ijoS
    OuRMA INCOME - T.~x. s 66 {2) - the best of judgment assessment-
    Inc9me of the assessee trom undisclosed sources- construc-
    tion of the President Ctnema - rehance: .on valuatiop .of.
    assessors and other reports in nUlking the assessment- whether..
    it can be said the assessments were made perversely or in
    the absence of evidence - estimated irtcome used up jn the
    construction lor that year itself - Burma Income- tax
    Act.s. 37 - burden of proof.

    U KYAUK SEIN 11.THE ADDitiONAL COMMIS..


    SIONER OF INCOME- TAX BURMA 1142

    Bu~Mr.SF. Buoou~r SPOuSES - impleading tlie wife cts ~ pacty de~


    fendant - loan taken for the benefit of the joint family
    business- liability of the wife tor the ..debt contracted by
    the husblfnd.

    STATE COMMERCIAL BANK ~. U PO DAN


    AND SIX OTHERS 252

    llu~MESf. CuSTOMARY LAW -Succession - application by the grand


    children of the father of adoptee-application by the younger
    sister of the adoptee- propinquity ofthe relationship of the
    rival applicants to the adoptee.

    MAUNG KHET ANI> TWO OTHERS '0 MA YIN 27

    CHIN SPECIAL OtviSION(Ex rF.t-ISION OF LAws)Law- Suit for recovery ~>f


    share capital- a receipt granted acknowledging the receipt
    of money- no stipulation regarding the time for payment -
    Article 120 of the limitation Act- Chins Special Divisions
    (Extension of Laws) Act- Notitication No.23 of .the ct,in
    Affairs Council - granting of relief on the principles of
    justice, equity and good conscience. .

    J. SANG NING '0. U YA UK . 776

    CIVIL PROCEDURE Cooe - application to set, aside an ex-parte decree


    in a summary suit under 0. 31 of the C:P.C;- decree against
    a dead person - nothing to set aside.

    BABU BHAGWANDAS ~ MESSRS A ABOO


    28 BACKER AND CO..
    XX iv
    alt:<ijoS Q>?Eij<"Pt'.)
    CODE OF CiviL PRoceDURE- dismissal order for default of appear-
    ance whether the Court should proceed under 0 17,
    R.2C.P.C

    RATANLAL 11 M.A.P.L. FIRM BY MA AUNG KYI


    AND ONE. 248

    CODE OF CIVIL PROCEDURE. 0 Vl , Rule 17 - amendment of plaint


    under pennission for- whether permissible.

    MESSRS. WILLIAM JACKS A~ CO. Lro. '13.


    YANGON PALLADIUM AND FIVE OTHERS..

    CoDE OF CIVIL PROCt'DURE, 0. VI Rule 17 - amendment of


    pleadings - at any stage of the proceedings - whether pro
    posed amendments to be underlined in red i~k - principles
    for guidance in allowing amendments.

    THE BANK OF COMMUNICAYIONS ~- KHJN


    COMPANY 811

    Cooe oF C1v1L PROCEDURE ORDER VIII, Rule I -whether the detend


    ant bound to present wrinen statement -'fanning of prelimj~
    nary issue.

    DAW SAW NYUN tl MA HLA KYIN 760

    CODE OF Clvn. PRocEI!>URE ORDER XXI, Rule 29- stay of execution-


    suit by land lord against tenant for recovery of arrears of
    rent- suit by tenant for recovery of money given as security
    - application for stay of .execution by tenant.

    DAW OHN KHIN 'tl U KYIN SEIN

    CODE OF CIVIL PROCEDURE ORDER 21. RuLe 4Q- EXECUTION OF DECR~E


    - application for imprisonment of the judgment debtor -
    0. 21. R. 40 C. P. Code and Proviso to s.5 I CJ,.C-wh.e.n
    the Court has power order imprjsonment

    U . AUNG THEIN '\?. U THAN HTUT AND ONE 281


    ~~:~~
    CoDE OF CtvtL PROCCDURE 0.26 Rule 5- issue of conunission for
    examination of witness residing abroad- whether evidence
    relavant and essential for the proper decision of the suit-
    whether application is 'bona fide.

    MA THAN ANO ONE ~ MATHEWS JOSEPH. 239

    CODE oF CtvtL PROCF.DURE , 0 .33 R.6- application to dispauper- 0.33


    R. 2 (I)- obtaining leave to sue as pauper under- duty-to
    show that all the property consists of the items set out and
    valued in the schedule to the petition - fraudulent suppression
    in the disclosure of assets - dismissal of the petition.

    U PO DAUNG 'U. PEOPLES' BANK NO.I9 821

    CoDE OF" CtvtL PROCEDUltE , 0 .38 R. 5 and 6- test for furnishing


    security or in default attachment before judgement in a
    promissory note suit

    DAW MYAT MAY AND CO. 1l SElN TUN AND


    PE THAN CO. AND TWO OTHERS 7

    CooE OFCtvtt PROCEDURE CoDE,0.41 Rule 27- additional eviden<:e-


    admission after the appreciation of evidence on record to
    enable to pronounce judgment or for any substantial cause-
    whether it can be exercised before the appeal is heard on
    merits.

    DAW HLA YIN AND ONE " U MAUNG SEIN AND


    TWO OTHERS. S39

    CoDE or Ctvtt PROCEDURE, ORDER 41 Rule 31 - Judgment of the I"


    appellate Court - what it should contain.

    U AYE MAlJliiG '11 U BA TUN AND ONE 284

    CODE c.r Ctvtt PROCEDURE S.24 - transfer of suits and execution


    proceedings.

    u MAUNG MAUNG ANOTWO OTHERS 1).MA TALOK


    MA ~
    XX VI

    CoNTRACT ACl:- Suit for specific perfonnance of Contract - oral


    contract between the parties-whether the contract has been
    proved - whether the appellate Court is justified in
    disagreeing with the finding of the.trial Court-intention of
    the party detennining factor-whether or not time was the
    essence of the contract-whether the suit is time- barred.

    U JAMA 11 MA BI . 288

    CONTRACT ACT - Suit for Recovery of loan on a promissory not -


    debt barred by Limitation-acknowledgment of the loan with
    a promise to pay- whether the document is a pro-note or
    an. acknowledgment of the debt- a promise to pay a barred
    debt comes under s. 25 sub-s (3) of the contract Act whether
    to be stamped under No. 5 (c) of schedule I of the Bunna
    Stamp Act as amended by Act No. 28 of 1957 whether
    admissible in evidence.

    THE BANK OF COMMUNICATION 1l KHYN


    COMPANY 255

    CouRT FEES AcT,s.5- reference py Registrar of the Original Side-


    No. II of Schedule I of the Court fees Act- complete assets
    !lnd properties of the deFea~ed to. be shown in the Annex-
    ure A-S . 191 (I) of the tourt Fees Act- applicant to file a
    valuation of the property, in the fom1 set forth in the Third
    Scnedule- Rule 4 of the; Rules of Procedure in the Grant
    of Letters of Administration of the Rules and Order of the
    High (chief) Court- aftid~vit of valuation and affidavit or
    certificate of valuation of immovable property to accompany
    the application.
    JN THE MATTER OF THE ESTATE OF U KYAW
    GAUNG ,_ DAW NYUNT. 769

    CouRT FEES ACT,- Transfer of Property Act,s 53 -a representatiye


    suit for declaration that a deed of gift is not binding
    upon the plaintiffs - ..-nether a suit for mere declaration is
    maintainable -whether Court fees is payable under s. 7 (iv)
    (c) of the Col!rt Fees Act- suit by creditors burden of proof
    fraud on the creditors- shifting of the burden to the debtor.

    1-J.T AHUJA AND SEVEN OTHERS 'p.. P.C.GHOSH


    (decea$ed) AND TWO OTHERS . 22R
    a3+:'tirl5
    CouRT fEES Acr, Article 17 Clause vt of Schedule II -suit for
    ejectment of a licensee -plaintiff at liberty to put his own
    valuation - erroneous framing of issue ground for revision.

    U PYU 1\ND ONE 1l U NGWE TUN AND ONE. 51

    CRIMINAL PROCEDURE CODE S .33 Penal Code s.420 conviction


    under- fine or in default to suffer imprisonment - Code of
    Criminal Procedure s .33 - imprisonment in default of pay -
    ment of fine not to exceed one-fourth of the period of
    imprisonment which magistrarte is competent to pass
    Penal Code. s. 65 imprisonment in default of payment of
    fine not to exceed -one~fourth' of the tenn of imprisonment
    for the offence.

    THE UNION OF BURMA ~ MAUNG BA SHAWE. 1136

    CRIMINAL PRoceDURE Cooe PENAL CoDE s.325-Trial of warrant ~


    as summons case - whether irregularity curable bp s. 537
    Criminal Procedure Code - enhancement of sentence.

    THE UNION OF BURMA ,, MAUNG TrN SEIN. 1139

    CUSTODY OF A MfNOR SON Guardian and Word Act, s. 25- appJica


    tion by mother for custody of her minor soh-minor too
    young to be capable of forming an intelligent opinion of
    or expressing his vei~- insanity of father- applicant's financial
    means to .look . after the child- application . not unfit and
    incapable of retaining the custody of the child.

    MA MYINT KYI ll U KYAW AND ANOtHER SS I

    ExecUTION OF CONSENT- decree Money - Lender's Act, 1945- carry


    ing on ~oney lending business after the enforcement of the
    Act but ceasing after a certain period - whether a money
    - lender within the meaning of the Act- carrying on the
    business of money - !_ending after expiry of mo~ey- lending
    certificate - whether to be regarded as a mo!1ey-lender as
    defined in S.2(6)- s.9 of the Money -lenders Act- Prohibiting
    Court from passing any order.on the application of a money-
    lender for execution of a decree - registration ot" money -
    28 lender to be in force- whether relief can be granted. when
    XX viii
    ~':~aS
    licence ~xpires before. making any. order.

    B. LADASARIA ,,. U KYI 535

    EviDENCE Acr-s. l45and 155 (3)- witness unworthy of credit-


    falsity .of statement proved by contradictory statement - by
    examination of Investigating Officer or admission of. the
    witness .statement as exhibit.
    . .
    P. YAN SQO tA) MAVNG THAUNG NYUN 'U.
    THE UNION OF BURMA. 43

    FRAUDULENT TRANSFER- Suit for declaration that the . tfimsf~r of ~


    bouse was void against the creditors - presumption of :fraud
    in case of a voluntary settlement- transferor largely indebted
    .at the rime of settlement- transferee tt> show go.od faith as
    weJI as payment of consideration - whether a gratuitous
    consideration such as natural love and affection is a "valuable"
    consideration.

    U . TUN MIN AND. ONE "t'- PEOPLES' BANK N0.22,


    RANGOON . 826

    (NSOI.VENCY BUJtMA INSOLVENCY Acr S. 4(2)- placing h.is claim by


    a c-laimant before the insolv.ency Court-determi11ation of the
    question.- whether . its decision is final and binding between
    the partie~ - whether the .claimant can re-agitate the mer-Its
    of his claim by bringing a regular suit-whether the remedy
    lies if by way of appeal under s.75. Bunna Insolvency Act-
    grant Of leave to appeal - under whether the Court can
    exercise in favour of a creditor - competency of appeal
    under s.4 and 75(3) of the Bunna Insolvency Act avoidance
    of transfers under s.53, Bunna Insolvency Act-grossly inad-
    equate consideration in the transfer of the house in question
    - whether the tiansf'!r was bona fide- bona fide transfer on
    account of pressore 6f a creditor- absence of collusion and
    of kitowledge of the embar.rassing circumstances of the
    debtor- whether the transfer ftaudulent within the meaning
    of s. 53.
    MESSRS. BHODIA BROTHE-RS '" FAIZAR
    &AltMAN CHOWDHURY AND 'THREE OTHERS . 784
    2d~:~o5
    INTEREST- Suit for recovery of money being the value of bags of
    . groundnuts - no agreement or evidence of usage of trade to
    justify the award of interest- whether the provisions of the
    interest Act are appljcable - whether interest is payable
    under s. 61 of the sales of Goods Act.

    UNION OF BURMA '0. U. TIN AYE 1356 .

    LANQ AND R.EVENU ACT - SS 46 - 48 Mortgage by Deposit of title


    - deeds - sale of one the mortgaged properties by the
    revenue authorities for arrears of sale tax due.

    PEOPLES' BANK 1'{0.11 'It CHEN SIN SIU ANI;>


    TEN OTHERS 36

    LEssEE's DUTY To PAY RENT WITHOUT OEMAHf> FROM THE l.asoR.


    -Suit for Recovery of Rent from tenant- Urban Rent Control
    Act, 1960 - Transfer of Property Act- notic- no provision to
    give- Transrfer of Property Act, s. 108 (l) to pay rent-
    duty of lessee.

    U MYE '0 KO TUN YIN AND ONE 297

    LIMITATION ACT , - Suit for recovery of possession of a house site-


    infructuous sale deed- evidence of possession of the site as
    purchaser not as lictnsee - adverse possession from the
    date of invalid sale- Limitation Act, Article 144.

    MA THAN KYI AND SIX OTHERS "U DAW GE 556

    MALICIOUS PROSECUTION AND ARREST - Suit for recovery of damages


    for malicious prosecution and arrests -passing of a cheque
    which was dishonoured - prosecution for cheating whether
    reasonable or probable cause for- acceptance of cheque
    and creditiing it into accounts. relating to all contracts-
    cheque found useless - apprehension that fraud had beer
    practised- prosecution in a criminal court -whether answerable
    in a suit for damages for malicious prosecution -competent
    legal advice on disclosure of true and relevant facts-whether
    a valid protection against action for malicious prosecution.

    RAMNIRANJAN LHILA 11 RAMNIRANJANDAS


    MAHABIR PRASAD FIRM . 561

    '.
    .
    XXX
    ~~:~oS GY:l~oS,-::
    MoNEY LENDERS Acr, I 945 - Suit for recovery of .money due on
    promissory note- application for dismissa of suit before
    the conclusion o( the trial -Money lenders Act (194 5)- fram-
    ing of several issues- neither expedient nor wise to dismiss
    suit on one issue.

    GHANSHAMDAS BILASROY ANB THRF.E OTIIJ::Rs U


    MAQANLAL SARAF 1128

    NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS Acr s. 4- promissory note- intention of the


    parties.

    KO THAN ~ DAW SAW MYA . 234

    PARlNERSIIIP ACT- Suit for recovery of Money due on accounts


    taken-balance sheet prepared by qualified accountant -failure
    to point out its incorrectness - no proof of irregularity
    of erroneousness- whether sufficient to attach. liability on
    the defendant.

    H.T. AHUJA AND OTHERS 'o. P.C GHOSH (deceased)


    represented by his wife DAw HLA YIN AND DAUGHTER 223

    PENAL CooE, s. 376- sentenced to undergo 4 years' rigorous impris-


    onment and to suffer 20 lashes of whipping- whether appeal
    lies to the Court of Session or to the Chief Court.

    AH TOO V. THE UNION OF BURMA .

    PENAL CooE - framing of charge under s.450 - additional charge


    under s. 326 possible.

    MAUNG THEE MYAING (a) LON YUN (a)


    KAUJ'iG THA '!'- THE UNION OF BURMA . 18

    Pusuc P-ROPERTY pROTECTION Acr, s. (6)(!)- while committing theft


    of petrol belonging to the People's Oil Industry - arrest
    of accused - legality or other- wise of the arrest- whether it
    c~n affect the question the accused is or is not guilty of
    the offence charged - whether the conviction is vitiated.

    UNION OF BURMA ~. MAUNG BA MAl. 300


    xxxi
    ~':~oS - ~~
    ~ANGOON INSOLVENCY Acr, s. 9 (e)- commission of an act of insol
    vency by the debtor under - Rangoon lnsovency Act, s. II
    (b} - order of adjudication under - burden to show that the
    Court has jurisdiction to entertain the petition -definition of
    " ordinarily resided" - proof that the debtor nonnaUy or
    usually ate, drank and slept at the place - requirement by
    law pf clear and unequivocal evidence to adjudicate a
    person insolvent-proof that the property in question is a
    dwelling - house Pr.oof that it belonged to the respondent
    during the requisite period of time.

    IN THE MATfER Of RAMNIRAJAN LHILA '0


    DAW THAN 763

    RIGHT Of PRIVATE OEfENcr - reasonable apprehension of grieVOus


    hurt being caused deceased nashinc forwards holding a
    torch.

    MAUNG TIN NYO '0 THE UNION OF BURMA 22

    STAY OF EXECUTION -application by the unsuccessful claimant tiding


    a suit under 0 . 21, R. 6;J C.P.C

    U KYIN KHA AJlD ONE 12 U SEIN PAW S6

    SuiT FOR RECOVERY OF DAMAGES FOR LOSS PADDY - occurence of loss


    in a collision - a moving v~ssel running down a stationary
    vt:Ssel -applicability of doctrine of res ipsa loquitor- burden
    on the part ofthe moving vessel to show no negligence on
    her part - judgment of a criminal Court- whether relevant
    and binding on a civil Court -liberty of a thrid party to sue
    the owner of either vessel.

    MINGALA THUKA RJCE MILL CO., Lm. BY lST


    MANAGING PARTNER TAN KU AUN 1) U THAN
    SEIN . 794

    UNION Juou.:IARY Acr, s. 6- construction of will -plain and unarr.-


    biguous language - whether it shall ~eive its literal con-
    struction use ofambiguous words -duty of Court to ascertain
    the intention of the testaor- consideration of surrounding
    circumstance, testator's family relationship, testator's use of
    words in a praticular sense - construction settled - duty of
    XXX ii
    ai~:~
    Court to carr-y out the expressed in~ntioa of the testator -
    whether .tbe Jaw favours lntesteoc)'eltlter wholly or 98!1Jal~

    DAW KHJN KYl widow of U Ba (deceased) AND


    ONE 'Q DAW MA MA . :541

    UNION JUDICIARY Act s IS- cause of action - not arising -


    wholly within the locat jurisdiction of the Court - leave to
    sue- the very foundation for exercise of jurisdiction - leave
    to sue whether a fonnal matter of procedure -suit based on
    contract.

    STATE COMMERCIAL BANK 1:l THIBAW COM _


    MERCIAL SYNDICATE Lro. AND ONE 1311
    ij
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    XXXIV

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    'CRIMJNAL APPEAL

    Btfure U Thtt Pe, J. tC.C.


    1<)66
    AH TOO (APPELLANT) Fb9
    v.
    THE UNION OF BURMA (RESPONDENT).

    Penal Cork. s. 376-ient~d to undergo 4 years' rigorous imprison-nt and to


    suffer zo lashes of whipping-whether appeall~s to the Cour.t of Session or to
    the Chief Court.
    Held : The words "sentence of imprisonment for a term exceeding four
    yean" clearly connote that an appeal lies to this Court only when the sub-
    :ttantive sentence of im'prisonment is m~re than 4 years. The section wiU haw
    no application to a sentence of not more than 4 years' imprisonment although
    Such a sentence is passed in COnjunction With SOme Other form Of punishment
    like whipping or fine for the simple reason that w}ripping or fine ia not a eentence
    of imprisonment.
    Maung Tun Tha v. The State. I.L.B.R. (1<)0002), p. 57 ;
    Khuda Bakhsh v. The Stau. A.l.R. (t9t8) La h., p. 384 ;
    Kaijan v. The Stott, A.I.R. (1934) Oudh, p. 433 (z), referted to.

    None for the appellant.


    None for the respondent.

    U THET PE, J.-The appellant Ah Too was convicted.


    ~nder seCtion 376 of the Penal Code and sentenced to
    undergo 4 years' rigorous imprisonment and also to suffer
    20 lashes under section 4 (a) of the Whipping Act by the
    First Additional Special Power Magistrate, Kawkareik.
    Criminal Appeal No. 179 of 1965.
    t Appeal from the or~er of the JSt Additional Special Power Masisuate of
    Kawkareik, dated the t3tb day of May 1965, passed in his C.R. Reg. Trial
    No. roof C):6s.
    J
    c.c. On appeal to the Court of Session, Moulmein, the learned
    16
    Sessions judge took the view that the appeal lay to this
    AH Too
    v. Court, and not to the Court of Sessions. under proviso (b)
    TM
    UNION oF
    to section 408 of the Code of Criminal Procedure and
    BURMA. accordingly submitted the memorandum of appeal to this
    Court.
    Now, proviso (b) to section 4o8 of the Code of Criminal
    Procedure reads:--
    .. (b) when in any case ~n Assistant Sessions judge or a
    Magistrate specially empowered under section 30 passes any
    sentence of imprisonment for a term exceeding four years,
    or any sentence of transportation. the appeal of all or any
    of the accused convicted at such trial shall lie to the High
    Court; ..

    The words "sentence of imprisonment for a term exceed-


    ing four years " clearly connote that an appeal lies to this
    Court only when the substantive sentence of imprisonment
    is more than 4 years. The section will have no applica-
    tion to a sentence of not more than 4 years' imprisonment
    although such a sentence is passed in conjunction with
    some other form of punishment like whipping or fine for
    the simple reason that whipping or fine is not a sentence
    of imprisonme~t. The same view has been adopted in
    Mg Tun Tha v. The State (1). Khuda Bakhsh v. The State (2)
    and Kajjan v. The Stale (3). I therefore hold that the
    present appeal will lie to the Court of Session, not to
    this Court.
    In the result. the appeal is transferred to the Court of
    Session, Moulmein, for disposal and the Session judge is
    directed to accept the appeal as having been instituted in
    his Court on the date o~ which the memorandum of
    appeal was presented in this Court.

    (r) I.L.B.R. {1900-o~)'. p. 57 (:z) A.I.R. {r918) Lah p. 384


    GT A.J.R. (19J4) Oudh., p. 4JJ (:z).
    CIVIL REGULAR c.c.
    ~
    Before U Kyaw Zan U, j. Ja,., .a8.
    BABU BHAGWAND AS (PLAINTIFF)
    v.
    MESSRS. A. ABOO BACKER AND Co. (DEFENDANTS).*

    Civil Procedure Code---<Jpplication to set aside an ex. parte decree in a summary


    suit under 0. 37 of tlu C.P.C.-'-decree against a duld p"son-110thit~~:
    to s(t aside.
    Held : A decree against a firm in the name of the finn must be deem~
    to be a decree agamst all the pytn~rs.. But the decree which had been passed
    after the d~ath of both the p~s:tners of the defendant firm without bringing their
    legal representatives on tJ:le ;record. must be regarded as a nullity and has no
    e~:istence in law. When a decree is in fact no decree at all there is nothing to
    be set aside and the present appli~tio~ to s~l aside will not ther~forelie.
    Kesho Prasad Si,gh v. Shamnandan Rai, A.I:R. (1926) Pat. 504;
    Ma Min Thin v. Maa"g Po Win.,-A.I.R. (1917) Lower Bunna ~~ ;
    . Jadu Nandan Ram v. P.arsown Gi,ni"C Co. Ltd., A.I.R. (1930) All 636;
    Lachihmon Singh v. Mt: Chatter Kaur, A.I.R. b927) Lah. 66j ;
    S.A. Nathan v. S.R ..Samson, 9 Ran. 480 at 491 (F.B.), referred to.

    !yfr. Rishi Ram for the plaintiff.


    U Hla Pe (2) for the d~f~ndants...

    U KYAW ZAN U. J.~is order relates to the applica-


    tion of one M. I. Abdul Hamid dated the 4th December
    I 964 which arose und~t the following circumstances : -
    On I 3th October 1964 the plaintiff Babu Bhagwandas
    sued the defendant Messr~. A. Aboo Backer: and Company
    under the summary procedure provided by Order XXXVII
    of the Code of Civil .frocedu~:e for recovery of K 54.800
    due on a promissol)1 npte. On 19th October 1964 sum-
    mons in the prescri~e&!orm was duly served on ~he. de-
    fendant firm. Then' on 29th October I964 A. Mohamed
    Ebrahim, a partner of the defendant firm, appeared and
    filed an application for time to engage a laWy-er to defend
    the suit. Time was gran~ed till 5th November I 964 but
    no one appeared for the d~fendant firm on that date. The
    Civii Regular No. so of 1964.

    '. '.
    c.c. proceedings were thereupon placed before the Court for
    1966
    orders and my predecessor passed a decree as prayed for
    BHA~~As by the plaintiff with costs on uncontested scale on 9th
    . M..;Rs. A. November 1964. Then on 4th December 1964 the present
    AJJoo BAClCER applicant describing himself as the legal representative
    ANo Co. of the partners of the defendant firm instituted the instant
    application to set aside the ex parte decree passed against
    the defendant firm and to grant him leave to defend the
    suit. Various objections were raised by the plaintiff
    against the application with the r~sult that the Court '
    ordered an enquiry, in the course of-which it was brought
    out that the defendant firm was originally constituted by
    two p-artners, namely. A. Mohamed Ebrahim and
    M. I. Omar by a registered deed of partnership dated the
    7th Juy 1950 and that M. I. Omar died on 17th November
    1962 and A. Mohamed Ebrahim expired on tth Novem-
    ber I9~4
    The only serious argument which has been submitted
    on behalf of the plaintiff against the app1ication is that .
    a summary suit under Order XXXVII of the Code of Civil
    Proceaure, where a defendant can only appear and contest
    the claim with the permission of the Court, is unlike a
    suit of ordinary nature and that a decree passed thereon
    cannot be set aside by reason of the absence of the defend-
    ant. In a summary suit. m~re absence of the defendant
    who has been duly served with summons in the prcscrihrd
    form is of course no ground for setting aside a decr<'e. 1\ut
    it cannot be disputed th.u the Court has the discrf.Jion t ~1
    set aside su~h. a dCLTl't utHI~jl{ulc 4. ~rder X~XVI 1_ of tilt'
    Code of Clv~:l Procedure 1f there exist special nrcums-
    tances. However, before any .action under Rule 4. Order
    XXXVII is contemplated it must in the first instance be
    considered whether the present application to set aside
    the decree will lie in the circumstances of the ~ase.
    A firm unlike a corporation is not a legal entity and
    has no existence in Jaw apart from its partners. It is noth-
    ing but a name for the partners of which it consists c.c.
    When a suit is brought against a firm the suit must be ~
    regarded as having sued an the partners. It follows there- BHA~~AS
    from that a decree against a firm in the name of the firm M -v.
    ESSRS . A.
    must be deemed to be a decree against all the partners A!looBA<:XER
    In the present case, the result of the enquiry shows that AND Co.
    at the time of the insti~ution of the suit one of the partners,
    namely, M. I. Omar was already dead. But the plaintiff's
    suit was not invalid In
    view of the provisions of Rule 4,
    Order XXX of the Code of Civil Procedure as the other
    partner A. Mohamed Ebrahim was then still alive. How-
    ever, when the Court passed the decree against the defend-
    ant firm on 9th November 1964 none of the partners were
    alive, the other partner, namely, A. Mohamed Ebrahim
    having died on 4th November .1964. The decree which
    had been passed in the present case after .t he death of both
    the partners of the defendant firm without bringing their
    legal representatives on the record must be regarded as
    a nullity. The diary entry dated 6th November 1964
    show that the Court was informed of the death of
    A. Mohamed Ebrahim on 4th November 1964 and the
    plaintiff must therefore be fully aware of his death before
    the decree was recorded. It is settled law that a decree
    passed against a dead person is null and void. Kesho
    Prasad Singli v. Shamnandan Rai (1), Ma Min Thin v.
    Maung Po Win (2). ]adu Nandan Ram v. Parsota11 Ginning
    Co. Ltd. (3). La'hihman Singh v. Mt. Chattar Kaur (4).
    In S. A. Nathan v. S. R. Samson (5) Page. C.J. has this to
    say in connection with the decree against a dead person :-
    "the executing Court can only execute a decree', and
    if what purportS to be a decree has been passed by a Court
    not duly constituted in accordance with Jaw such an adjudica-
    tion is not a decree at all in the eye of the Jaw. Such a

    (t) A.l.R. (19z6) Pat S04 (3) A.I.R. (1930) All 636.
    (z) A.I.R. (1917) L 8 IJZ (4) A.I.R. (1927) Lah 663.
    (S) 9 Ran 48o at :l91 (F.B.).
    c.c. decree' in the strict sense of the term is a nullity, a mere .
    16 nothing,' that need not be set aside and ,may be disregarded
    BA.BU by any Court to which it is presented. So also is a decree
    .BHACWANDAS
    v. that has been passed against a dead person."
    ~.A.
    ~B~ At page 505 of the same report Carr, J. had also made
    the following observation-
    "Where a decree has been passed against a person after
    hi.s death we might safely say that it is a nullity, but I
    should myself prefer to avoid the use of the dangerous word
    nullity, and to say simply that the decree is inexecutable
    because it has been passed against nobody. and is therefore,
    executable against nobody. If it is sought to execute . the
    decree against the estate of the deceased person in the hands
    of his legal-representatives it is open to those . representativ.es
    to contest execution on the ground that they are strangers
    to the suit, ?nd are, therefore. not bound by the decree; and
    they can riglltly d;tiin\ . that the estate passed to them
    at t.he moment of the deceased's death before the decree was
    passed. and that, therefore, there is no. estate liable 10 be
    seized in execution."

    I am in respectful 3greement with their remarks and


    hold that since the decree passed in the presellt case being
    one against dead persons is a nullity and has no existence
    in law. When a decree is in fact no decree at aJI there
    is nothing to be set aside and the present applicatioo to
    set aside will not therefore lie.
    ln the result the application of M. I. Abdul HamiC.:
    dated the 4th December 1964 is dismissed. In the cir-
    cumstances ( f the case there will be no order as to costs.
    CIVIL REGULAR

    Befort U Tlut P~. J.

    DAW MYAT MAY AND Co. (PLAINTIFFS) c.c.


    t966
    Y.
    , 7~

    SEIN TUN AND PE THAN Co. AND TWO O"J:"HERS


    (DEfENDANTS).

    CiiJil ProcttJure Code. 0. 38. R. s and 6-telt for furnishing ucurity or in default
    attachment lkfore judgement ;, a promissory note suit.
    1
    Held: .The jurisdiction of the Coun to attach the defendanu' property
    before the rights of the panies are finally adjudicated upon is extrlordinary
    and urgent in nature. One useful test to ju~tify for adoption of such a courae
    is whether the plaintiffs would suffer an irreparable injury unless the order
    asked for is granted and tht the mischief or inconvenience which is likely to
    arise in consequence of withholding the relief will be greater than that from
    rrant~g it. .
    The mere apprehension of the plaintiffs that their dues might remain unpaid
    without any concrete evidence is not a ground for calling upon the defenoants
    to furnish security much less to order the attachment before judgment.
    Heldfurtlli!r : The words used in ~ule s, Order 38 of the Civil Procedu:e
    Code' indicate that it applies to cases where the defendants a~e about to dispose
    of their propenies not in cases of completed transctions.
    Hari BakJuh v. Babula/ and anotlli!r, A.I.R. (1928) Lah., p. 7?%.
    Betumarul Rai and othtrl v. Nabokutnar Singh a~rd other~, A.I.R. (1938)
    Pat p. t6t. referred to.

    U Ba Shun for the plaintiffs.

    Mr. V. San C. Po for the defendants.

    U THET PE, J.-


    This is an application under Order 38.
    rules 5 and 6 of the Civil Procedure Code to direct the
    defendants to furnish security and in default to attach
    before judgment three pieces of land with three modern ..
    cottages and one three-storeyed pucca building standing
    thereon valued at K 3.oo,ooo belonging to the defendants.
    II Civil Regular Suit No. # of 1963.
    0

    c.c. The plaintiffs, who had sued the defendants for re-
    1966
    DAW MYI\1" covery of K 69.500 said to be due on a promissory note
    MAy AND alleged that the defendants are not possessed of any pro-
    Co.
    v. perty other than those mentioned above which they had
    SEIN TuN
    AND given in mortgage to the State Commercial Bank and that
    .P 'I'HAN Co. they had sold two acres out of eight acres from one item of
    AND TWO
    OTHERS. mortgaged lands which would go to show that they are
    bent on disposing the properties with the permission of
    the mortgagees and utilizing the proceeds for their own
    benefit thereby would deprive the plaintiffs of the fruit
    of the decree which they might eventually obtain in the
    present suit.
    .Jt is true that the defendants had mortgaged their pro-
    perties with the State Commercial B~nk which had filed
    a suit against them for recovery of K 1.42,036/67 in Civil
    ~egular Suit No. 24 of 1964 of this Court. The properties
    are ad,-nittedly. on the own show~ng of the plaintiffs.
    worth not less thaJJ K 3.oo.ooo which even after deducting
    1
    the mortgaged debt due to the State Commercial Bank is
    more than sufficient to cover ~he claim of the plaintiffs.
    The sale of two acres out of eight acres from one piece
    of land by the defendants would not reduce the total value
    of the properties to such an extent as to prejudice the
    plaintiffs' claim.
    The jurisdiction of the Court to attach the defendants'
    property before the rights of the parties are finally adjudiT
    cafed upon is extraordinary and urgent in nature. One
    useful test to justify for adoption of such a course is
    whether the pl:lintiffs would suffer an irreparab~ injury
    unless the orde; asked for is granted and that the missl:lief
    or inconvenience which is likely to arise in consequence
    of withholding the relief will be greater than that from
    granting it. The present application was made as early
    as 30th October I 964 and it cannot~ at the time of hearing.
    which took place on the 3rd January 1966, be serjously
    contended by the plaintiffs that the defendants are in that c.c.
    1966
    period of more than one year contemplating to dispose
    , ' .t he d'tsposa } o f t he1r
    o f or negouatmg . properties
    . ' and t hat DAW M.YAT
    MAY ANo
    there exists the real fear of a grave danger that the defend- c:..
    ants are dishonesdy trying to cheat the probable fruits SEI~N;;uN
    of the judgment. They could only stress about the sale Pe '1'ttAN Co.
    by the defendants of tWo acres out of eight acres in one ~~~~~~
    piece of la~d. which as pointed above is not likely to effect
    the claim of the plaintiffs. The mere apprehension of the
    plaintiffs that their dues might remain unpaid without
    any concrete evidence is not a grotino for calling upon
    the defendants to furnish security much less to order the
    attachment before judgment.
    Besities the words used in rule 5. Order 38 of the Civil
    Procedure Code indicate that it applies to cases - where
    the defendants are about to dispose of their properties
    not in cases of completed transactions. It appears from
    the reply of the State Commercial Bank in Civil Regular
    No. 21 of 1964 of this Court that the defendants had paid
    the sale proceeds of two acres of land amounting to
    K ts.ooo on the 29th of january 1964 which was much
    earlier than the date of this application namely. 30th
    October 1964.
    Thus it has been ruled in Hari Bakhsh v. Babu La/ and
    another (1) that,
    "Rute 5 contemplates attachment of property which the
    defendant is about to dispose of or remove fro,m the juris.
    diction of the Court and not of the property alre11dy disposed
    of.''
    In Bedanand Rai and others v. Nabokumar Singh,
    Plaintiff and others (2) it was observed that,
    " Before the provisions of R. 5 of 0. 38 could come into
    play, the Court has to be satisfied that transfers were going
    to be made by the defendant after the suit had been filed and
    that such transfers were with the obj~t of obslructing the

    (I) A.r.it. (&9s8) Lah., p . nz. (2) A.l.R. (1938) Pat, p. 161.

    '.
    00

    c.c.
    1966
    plaintiff if he won the suit in executing the
    decr,ee ; and
    mere allegation~ to this effect are of no avail but the facts
    DAW MYAT must be positively proved by satisfactory evidence."
    MAY AND
    Co.
    " Even assuming that the defendants had sold two acres
    ~
    SIDN out of eight acres in one piece of land after the institu.tion
    PEA'!n~~o. of the suit it was done in. order to pay up part of the
    oTHERS. mortgaged debt due to the St~te Commercial Bank. There
    is nothing to suggest that the disposal w;:ts made with
    intent to o1>struct or delay .the execution of any decree
    that may be passed in favour of the plaintiffs. In 'this
    connection it will be relevant to refer to the decision in
    Nowroji Pudumjee Sirador v. The Deccan Bank Ltd. (3)
    where it was held that,
    " Merely because the defendant attempts to sell some of
    his immoveable property, while proceedings against him are
    pending, it does not follow that he is disposing of the pro-
    p~rty with intent to obstruct ,or delay the execution of any
    . decree that may be passed in the suit."

    Lastly I would respectfully adopt, the observatiqn of


    Lord Williams, J., in Dutga Das Das v. Nolin Chandra
    Nandan and others (4) which reads,
    "Finally neither injunction nor attachment ought to be
    lightly granted. It would be a serious thing if persons In
    possession were restrained from making use of the property
    merely because a suit had been instituted about it. It is
    only where i't is essential that property should be kept in its
    existing condition pending suit, that the Court should
    interfere."

    In the result the application of the plaintiffs under


    Order 38, rules 5 and 6 of the C~vil Procedure Code fails
    and is dismissed. In the circumstances of the case there
    wfli be ~o order as to costs.

    (J)A.I.R. (1921) Born., p. 69. (4) A.I.R. (1934) Cal., p. 694 at 698.
    CRIMINAL APPEAL

    Before U Thet Pe, J.


    tC.C.
    LET HPWA (APPELLANT) 1966

    v. Yan. 31

    THE UNION OF BURMA (RESPONDENT).*

    .Appeal against an order of detention i~ the Borstal School--whether the appeal


    lies to the Court of Sessions. .
    Held : The appeal against an order of detention in the Borstal School
    by a District Magistrate lies to the Court of Scssi~ns, not to the Chief Court.
    Marmg Tha E and another v. The State, 14 Ran . p. 143 referred to and
    followed.

    - for the appellant.

    U Net (Government Advocate) for the respondent.

    U THET PE, ].-This is an appeal by <?ne Let Hpwa,


    who has been ordered to be detained in the Borstal School
    for a period of five years by the District Magistrate, Pa-an.
    The appeal against an order of detention in the Borstal
    School by a District Magistrate lies to the Court of Ses-
    sions, and not to this Court. In Maung Tha E and another '
    v. The State (1), it has been held that:
    "It is provided by s. 13 of the Prevention of Crime (Young
    Offenders) Act that in respect of any order passed by a magis-
    .tr'ate under Part II of the Act (which includes an order for
    detention in a Borstal Scheol) an appeal shall lie to the Court
    of Session ~ An order of detention in a Borstal School is not
    a sentence of imprisonment, and against such an order for
    any period passed by a magistrate there is a right of appeal

    Criminal Appeal No. 206 of 1965.


    t Appeal from the order of the District Magistrate of Pa-an, dated the 30th
    day of April 1965, passed in Criminal Regular Trial No. 12 of 1965.
    (1) 1 Ran., P L-+3
    OJ
    c.c. to the local Co~,trt d. Selsion. The only circumstance 111
    1966 which the appeal against such an order will lie to the Hi&b
    Lft HPWA Court is under proviso (b) to s. 4o8 of the Criminal Procedure
    tl. Code when a co-accused, ~ho has been tried together with
    Ttm UNJON the juvenile affected by the o-rder, has been sentenced to
    OfBUaMA.
    imprisonment for a term exceeding four years."

    This appeal will therefore be transferred to the Court


    of Sessions, Moulmein for disposal and the Sessions judge
    i.s directed to accept the appeal as having been instituted
    in his Court on the date on which the Memorandum of
    Appeal was presertted in this Court. A copy of this order
    will be sent to. the appellant for information.
    CIVIL REVISION
    Ik/DTt U Thet Pe, J.
    MA DOROTHY (APPLICANT)
    / c.c.
    v. Jg66

    u HAN ,(.I~.ESPONDENT) . Ftb. 25

    City Civil Court Act, s. zs-ammdment of written statmtent.


    Held; The petitioner has by the. proposed amended written statement
    Taised two additional p leas namely: (a) that the document filed as promissory-
    note is in.fact a bond and (b) that the mortgage being a simple mortgage ia
    'i nvalid for want of a registered deed. The construction of a docwnent whether
    itis a promissory-note or a bond is a matter of law which can be raised at any
    stage o~ the proceedings. It will not mvolve the reopening of the entice~
    The tvo additional pleas put up by the petitioner can be decided on arguments
    alone without adducing any further evidence.
    The tower Court is di rected that the proposed amended written statement
    of the petitioner be admitted.
    Ma .Than Yin v. Tan Keat Khang (a) Tan Keit &in, (1951) B.L.R.,p. r6r
    (H.C.);
    Ma Thein Yin v. U Nyu11 and four others, (1953) B.L.R., p. 26o (H.C.),
    distinguished.
    Daw SmtJ '' Ramafi(Jthan Chettyar, (1955) n.L.R., p . 49 (H.C.);
    K. La.:o:man Rao v. Bha'CJani Singh and anothn-, A.I.R. (1950) Hyder;~bad,
    p . 43:
    Allhil Rmrjan Das Gupia v. B .N. Biswas, A.I.R. (1950) Cal.,p. 472';
    N~isingh Prasad Paul v. Steel Products Ltd., A.I.R. (1953) Cal., p. rs;
    Secretary of State for ~ndia v. /. M. Loll, ( 1945) F. C.R. , p. 103;
    Gujadhar Mahton v. Ambiha Prasad Te?:uari and others, A. I.R. (1925) (P.C.),
    p. 169 at x?o, referred to.

    U Ko Ko for the applicant.


    U Ba Than (1) for the respondent.

    U THET PE, J.-In Civil Regular Trial No.. 25 of 1964


    .Gf.the City Civil Court, Rangoon, the respondent-pl~intiff
    sued t he petitioner-defendant and three others for recovery
    of K 29,900 said to be due on an equitable m ortgage. On
    completion of necessary pleadings by the parties the suit
    Civi I Revision No. 2-1 of 1965 against the order of the Chief Judge of tho
    City Civil Cour:t of ltingoon in Civil Regular Trial No. 25 oJ 1964 dated the
    A . 28th June 1<)65.

    '. '. '.


    c.c. went- to trial. After the respondent-plaintiff had closed
    1966
    his case the petitioner and her co-defendants proceeded
    THY to examine their witnesses. Then the Court granted an
    v. adjournment to examine one of the petitioner's vvitnesses
    UHAN.
    who was absent on the date fixed for hearing. At this
    stage the petitioner applied for the amendment of her
    wrinen statement which was however rejected by the
    learned Chief Judge on the ground that it was belated and
    that the proposed amendment, if allowed. would involve
    the reopening of the entire case. The learned Judge
    further remarked that the proposed amended written state-
    ment had . not been filed with the application for amend-
    ment. This last remark of the learned Judge appears to be
    incorrect as the proposed amended written statement is
    found on page 48of the trial proceedings.
    It has been argued at the outset by the learned
    Advocate for the respondent that this revision does not
    Ji~ on the authority of Ma Than Yin v. Tan Keat Khang (a)
    Tan Keit Sein .(I). It must however be at once pointed out
    that this application is one under Section 25 of the City
    Cfvil Court Ad and not under Section liS of the Code
    of Civil Procedure. The powers of this Court under Sec-
    tion 25 of the City Civil Court Act are much wider than
    those exercisable under Section I I 5 of the Code of Civil
    Procedure and the propriety or otherwise of an order
    passed by the City Civil Court can be called into
    question by this Court. Vide Daw Saw v. Ramanathan
    Chettiai (2).
    The sheet anchor of the respondent's argument against
    the application is the decision in Ma Thein Tin v! U Nyan
    and four others (3) where it was held that.
    "leav~ to amend pleadings is a matter in the discretion
    of the Court and the Court would ordinarily be justified .in
    refusing to allow amendment to raise new issues especially

    (1) (1951) B.L.R. p. 161 (H.C.). (2) (1955) B.L.R. p. 49, (H- C.).
    (3) (1953) B.L.R. p . 26o, (H- C.).
    when the parties .have closed their respective .cases. and .only .
    arguments remain to be heard. The applicant c~nnot .be
    ..;9f6.
    permitted to convert the original defence jnto. another of a MA Doao-
    fundamentally different and inconsistent c})ara<:ter-.~ :. THY
    v:
    UHAN.
    The facts occurring therein can easily be. distinguished
    from those obtaining in the case under review. hi that
    ciecision the proposed amended written state ":len~ . was re-
    jectGP on the ground that it would bring about a 'com,plete
    change of front in the defence. In the inst<:t~t case ':'Vhat
    the petitioner proposes to do is to add furthergrounds of
    defence over and above the defence set up .. i~. the original
    written statement. The addiqon of new grounds by the
    defendant in support of he.r case for rejection of the plain~
    tiff's suit cannot be said to alter her case cpmple~ely . .
    .. In ~ Laxman Roo v. Bhavani Singh and another (4)
    .it has been decided that,
    ..
    . "In a .case where it is not . likely to cause injuslice or
    w'here. it docs not take the defendant by surprise and \~here
    by the amendment a plaintiff is only allowed to rely upon
    a new ground of relief. it would not amoun~ t.o an alteration
    of the character of rhe suit or the introduction of a new
    . case and therefore amendment of the plaint aan be allowed."

    The same view has been expressed in Akhil Ranjan Das


    Gupta v. B. N. Biswas (5). These decisions relate to cases
    where the plaintiff has sought the amendment hut the
    principle of law involved therein wilT apply mutatis
    mutan.dis to the defendant asking for amendme~t:.
    Then )n Nrisinyh Prasad Paul v. Steel Products itd. (6)
    it has been laid down that,
    "Amendment of a plaint and amendment . of a .written
    st.atement are not necessarily governed by exactly .the same
    principles. Some impottant general principles are certainly
    common tQ both, such as the applicatio.n for amendment

    (.~) A.I.R. (t9SOJ Hyderabad, p. 43 (5) A.l.R. (1950) Ca{. p.4;z.


    (6) A.I.R. (1953) Cal., p. 5

    '.
    oG
    whether of a plaint or a written statement must be bona fide

    -
    MA DORO-
    THY
    0.
    and must also be (or the purpose of determining ' the real
    controversy between the parties and where it is just. But
    the rule that the plaintiff cannot be allowed to amend his
    U HAN. plaint so as to alter materially or substitute his cause of
    action or the nature of his claim has necessarily no counter-.
    part in the law relating to amendment of t~e defe~ce or.
    the written statement. Adding a new ground of defence
    or substituting or altering a defence does not raise the same
    problem as adding, altering or substituting a new cause of
    action. Hence the Courts are inclined to be more liberal
    iR allGwing ct.mendmcnt of defence than of plaint and ques-
    tions of prejudice are less likely to operate with same. rigo~r
    in the former than in the latter case."

    The facts of this case however do not require that


    should express my opinion as to whether that decision lays
    down good law 9r not. It is however a clear instance
    where courts are inclined to take a rather lenient view
    of the applic~tion of amendment h.v a defendant.
    Another objection to the propo~ed -amendment is that
    it is rather belated and that it would involve reopening
    of the whole case. It must however be borne in mind
    that the words" any stage of the proceedings" in Rule 17.
    Order 6 of the Civil Procedure Code clearly connote that
    "the amendment can be m.ade at any stage of the proceed-
    ings. Thus it has been s.aid in Secretary of State for Jndta
    v. 1. M. Lall (7) and Gujadhar Mahton v. Ambika Prasad
    Tewari and others (8) that an amendment"can be consider~
    ed even in appeals before the Federal Court or the Privy
    Council.
    The petitioner has by the proposed amended written.
    staternenf raised two ad9itional pleas namely (a) that the
    document filed as. promissory-note is in fact a bond and
    (b) that the .mortgage being a simple mortgage is invalid
    for want of a registered deed. Now, the construction of
    a document whether it is a promissory-note or a bond is a
    (7) (1945) F<C.R. p. 103. (8) A.I.R. (19as) (p.c.,) p. r69 at 170.
    I

    matter of law which can be raised a~ any stage of the c.c.


    l6
    proceedings. It will not involve the reopening of the
    entire case. The two additional pleas put up by the peti- MA 'l'HY
    DoRo-

    tioner can be deeded on arguments alone without adduc- UHAN. .,.


    ing any further evidence.
    For the .aforesaid reasons the order of the lower C9un
    is hereby set aside and I direct that the proposed amend-
    -ed written statement of the petitioner be adJ,llitted and
    that the suit shall proceed according to law. The peti-
    tioner-defendant shall however pay .K 51 as costs to the
    respondent-plaintiff.

    '.
    00

    CRIMINAL APPEAL
    Before U Kyaw Zan U, J,
    -;~ .
    tC.C.
    1966 M_AUNG. TflEE .MYAING (a) LON YUN (a) KAUNG THA
    Feb. j. . ... (APPELLANT)
    .::
    v.
    . .
    THE ..VNION. OF BU~MA {RESPONDENT).
    . . . . .. .
    Petiai Code-]ram!'rigof charge under s: 450-additional.ha7ge und" r. :1~6 Possible.
    Held ; The appellant was charged only under s. 450 of the Penal Code,
    anq the leamcd.Gover':lment Advocate submitted tha~ he should have also.. been
    charged 'Under s. 326 of the Pc~al Code for causing grie,ous hurt. It is not
    unde(stood why he was. not cha rged under s. 453 and s. 326 ofthc.Pcnal Codt"s
    for committing lurking house-trespass and for causing grievcus. hurt. There is
    evidence to show thar he came up the house coveripg with a longyi to con~eal
    .himself. In ord(lr tQ ~c.onstitute lurking hcu~e-trespass as defined ins. 443 of
    t.he Pe.n al Cod~, the offender must take scme active means to conceal'
    his presence. .
    Sital v. T{le State; I.L.R. (1942) 17 Lucknow 513;
    In re Natesa Mu.daliar, I.L.R . (1945).'1\'ladras 896;
    Makhru Dr1~adh v.' 7'hr State, l.L.R. s Pat. 464, referred t~.

    - for the _appellant.

    U Hnit (Government Advocate) for the respondent.


    ) .
    U.KYAW ZAN U,j.-This is an appeal against the con-
    viction under section 450 of the Penal Code for committing
    house trespass in order to the committing of an offence
    punishable with transportation for life and sentence of
    .five years' rigorous imprisonment passed hy the 3rd Addi-
    tional Magistrate (Special Power) of T:woy in his Criminal
    Regular ~rial No. 4 of 1965.

    Criminal Appcnl No. 175 of 1965 .


    t Appcnl from the orut' r of the 3rd Addl. (Speci;d Power) Magistrate o f
    Tavor, dated the Rth dn y of April 1<)65 , passed in Criminal Regular Trial /';o. l
    4 of r965. F-:
    I
    On the First Information Report lodged by Daw Ma Pu c.c.
    Jg66
    (PW 1), the appellant was sent up for trial under section
    MAtiNG
    458 of the Penal Code for committing lurking house-tres- THEE

    pass by mg ' h t, havmg


    ' rna de preparauon
    ' 10r
    & .
    causmg h urt. LoNYUN
    MYAINC(a)
    (a)
    Daw Ma Pu deposed the house was well lighted when KAuNc THA
    the appeUant came up with a dashe and cut U In Si (P.W 2), THE " UN JON
    . oF BuRMA-
    her husband aged about 55 years. The ap~llant also cut
    her daughter Ma Than Mya (PW 3) on her wrists. Accord- .
    ing to U In Si, the appellant is distantly related to him.
    His daughter was shampooing him when the occurrence
    t~ok place. U ln Si said when he tried to s!latch the
    dashe from the appellant he managed to get his exhibit
    lonayi as well. There is no reason to disbeUeve t;he
    evidence of Daw Ma Pu, U In Si and Ma Than Mya who
    corroborated one another. According to the medical
    ev1dence, U In Si received one incised wound on head
    fracturing the skull, one incised wound on . right hand
    cutting the bone and one incised wound on left hand. The
    medical officer stated that Ma Than Mya's fingers are per-
    manently disabled as the result of the dah cut wound
    on her wrists. The injuries on both of them were un-
    doubtedly grievous injuries.
    The appellant was charged only under section 450 of
    the Penal Code, and the learned Government Advocate
    submitted that he should have also been charged under
    section 3-26 of the Penal Code for causing grievous hurt.
    I do not understand why he was not charged under sec-
    tion 453 and section 326 of the Penat Code for committing
    lurking house-trespass and for causing grievous hurt.
    There is evidence to show that he came up the house
    covering with a longyi to conceal himself. In order to
    constitute lurking house-trespass as defined in section 443
    of the PenaJ Code, the offender must take some active
    means to conceal his presence. In Sital v. The Sta,te (r)
    Where it was contended that t~e .conviction under section
    (1) I.L.R. (194:l) 17 Lucknow_.S IJ.
    )9 .

    457 and also under section 380 of the Penal Code was
    illegal it was held-
    MAt!NO
    THIIE " The offence of lurking house-trespass or house-breaking
    MYAING (a)
    LoN YVN (a) is committed whether the subsequent offence is committed
    KAVN~; THA or not. The section looks merely to the object wi~h which
    IJ.
    TBEUNlON the house-trespass or house-breaking is committed ; it does
    OF BtiRMA. not take into consideration the offence, if any, committed
    thereafter. There is no reason( therefore, why Section 457
    should be considered ~ bar to a conviction for the offence
    committed after the house-tresE__~ or house-breaking."

    Bennett, J. referred to section 235 (1), Criminal Procedure


    Code, which provides inter alia that if in one series of
    acts so connected together as to form the same transaction,
    more offences than one are committed by the same person,
    he may be charged with, and tried at one trial for, every
    such offence and relied upon Illustration (b} to this sub-
    section which reads :
    "A commits house-breaking by day with intent to commit
    adultery, and commits in ~he house so entered adultery with
    B's wife. A may be separately charged with, and convicted
    of, offences under sections 454 and 497 of the Penal Code."

    See also In re Natesa Mudaliar (2). Both these authorities


    declined to follow Makhru Dusadh v. The State (3) which
    was decided earlier by the Patna High Court. I thought
    of remanding the case .for retrial, but in view of the sent-
    ence which has partly been undergone and which appears
    to be reasonable, I have decided not to do so to avoid
    further delay in the disposal of the case. I do not think
    the appellant was prejudiced or the trial was not fair. He
    was convicted and sentenced on 8th April 1965 .and I do
    not propose now to order a retrial. I do not think it will
    be quite proper to do so in the circumstances of the case.
    According to the appellant there is enmity between
    him and the complainant and her members of the family
    (2) I.L.R. (1945) Mad 896. (3) I.L.R. s Pat 464.
    J:>

    as they had once given evidence against him in a criminal c.c.


    J6
    case in which he was convicted arid sentenced to imprison-
    ment, but there is no j.ust cause to disbelieve them. He ~=
    did not d:ny t~e long!i to l?e his though he denied the lJ,~AfuC:.<(J>
    dashe. H1s solitary w1tn~. for the defence was not help- KAUNc THA
    ful at all though he is related tO him. There is practically TH vUNION
    no defence. In the circumstances the appeal is dismissed. or BuRMA.

    '. '. '.


    CRIMINAL APPEAL '
    Before U Sein Thiim, :J.

    tC.C. MAUNG TIN NYO (APPELLANT)


    Jl)66
    Feb.u, v.
    THE UNION OF BURMA (RESPONDENT).*

    Right of private dlfence-"easonable apprehension of grievous hurt being caused-


    d~ceased rushing forwards holding a torch.

    Held: The point that remains to be considered is whether the appellant


    was in such a predicament as to cause reasonable apprehension on his part
    that death or grievous hurt wou ld otherwise be the cons<.-quence if he had not
    exercised hisrighti n the manner he did. It is clearly in evidence that as soon as
    the deceased saw the appellant the former.rushcd forward holding a torch in his
    hand. The deceased was in such an agitated frame of rnincl, besides being
    inebriated that it coulsi safely be presumed that he didaim a blow atthe appellant
    with the torch. As both of them were face to face with each Gther the part
    of the body aimed ac by the. deceased could not be other than the front part
    of the head of the appellaf!t. It is common knowledge that three-cell battery
    flashlight is quite a heavy article about one foot in length and nearly two inches
    in diameter with a .reflector made of heavy glass at the top measuring about
    six inches in girth. In the circumstances it would be safe to infer that the
    appellant reasonably anticipated grievous hurt at the moment when the deceased
    trained his torch at him.
    The State v. Hla Maung, B.L.R. (1946), p. so;
    Maung Kyaw Zan v: The State, 9 L.B.R. 191;
    Aung Bwint v. The State, R.L.R. (1947) p. so, referred to.

    U Hla Nyun, U Tin Maung for the appellant.

    U Ba Pe (Government Advocate) for the respondent.

    U SEIN THINN, J.-It appears that on the 3rd Lazan


    of Tabotwe, 13.25, B.E. (23-6-63) there was a ceremony
    at the house of one Ko Nyan 5ein of Ywasaik village which
    Criminal Appeal No. 94 of 1965.
    t Appeal against the order of the Special Judge, Sagaing, dated the 1 sth June
    1965, pas~ed i n Criminal Regu lar Trial N~. 14 of 1963 . F-91
    J?

    was attended by the villagers of the neighbouring villages. .c~


    1
    Among them were the appellant Tin .Nyo, a .resident of --
    Pauk Sein village, and the deceased Saw Ngwe who be- MA~;o TIN
    longed .t o Gwe-gyi village: At about la~p:l~ghting time THE tJmoN
    while Maung Saw Maung (P\Y 1), broth~r of the deceased, oF BuRMA.
    was on sentry 'duty at the village gate the deceas.~d went
    past _the kin-post accompanied- by .two -poiicemen. The
    deceased told Maung Saw M.~ung that, a Gwe-gyi folk held
    out a dah at him. Maung Saw Maung. then .followed up
    ~he .decea~ed to the ~1ouse of Pauk ._ Aye .(PV{ 7) where the
    decea_sed looked .for the fellow who threatened him with
    a dah. Not finding him there the tWo policemen w~nt
    aw~y but 't he deceased continued his se.arch and arrived
    at the house of one Ko Htwe .acco.mpanied by Ko San
    Maung, Ko Tin Hla (P'vV 2) and .Ko . K~ung Kyi (PW 9).
    They found so111e persons on a. cot in .(ront of Ko Htwe's
    hou-se. Seeing sorne one sitting on a bench inside the house
    the deceased flashed his torth-lignt .towards him and dis-
    covered that he was the appellant . Tin Nyo. What
    actually took place after that was rather obscure from
    the evidence obtaining on the r~~ord of .the trial Court.
    But it can safely- be made out that the deceased on finding
    the appellant rush~ into the _house and in a " melee "
    that followed he sustained a stab wound resulting in hjs
    death.

    In the )ower Court the appellant set up .a two pronged


    defence, one of alibi " and another of ?elf~efence.' The
    trial j udge overruled the plea of " alibi ''. Regarding the
    plea of self-d~fence the lower Court has nothing to say
    except to tonvict the appellant under section 304 of the
    Penal Code on the ground that he might have acted on
    provocation given by the deceased. In the course of his
    argument .before me the l~arned counsel for the appellant
    . has aban-doned the plea of " alibi ", but strenuously con-
    tB tended that the act of the appcl.l ant fell squarely within
    J9

    ~-~6 the ambit of section 100 of the Penal Code. The follow-
    -9- ing grounds were advanced in support of the plea: .
    MAUNG TlN -.
    NTo . (1) The deceased was a dangerous character with
    "
    THE UNtoN ~en-year jail term for murder to his credit.
    oF BuRMA. (2) The decea~ed was inebriated at. the time of the
    incident.
    (3) The deceased was desperately jn quest of the
    appellant bent on doing .harm.
    (4) The d.eceased. when he went up to the appellant
    was holding ~ thr.ee-cell battery torch-light which, if used
    as a weapon of offence, could cause grievous hurt to the
    person att~cked .
    '(5) The ~eceased sustained only a single stab-wound
    which was the result of a random blow given by the
    appellant in his fear .and excitement.
    I have no doubt that the facts and circumstances
    stated above are not unwarranted by ~he evidence Qbtain-
    ing on the record of the trial Court. But while these
    facts ' by .themselves may be sufficient to establish right
    of private defence it would .be necessary to further con-
    sider if they could be said ..to have occasioned such a
    reasonable apprehension of either death or grievous hurt
    on the p~rt of the appellant as would justify causing death
    ; to the de~eased. No hard and fast rules could possibly
    be fixed regarding the test to be applied in such cases
    arid each case must be determined according to its own
    merits. But some general principles have been laid down
    of which the most famous is that of the eminent jurist
    Mayne, quoted with reverent approval 'in The State v.
    Hla Maung (1), to the effect. ~hat when the assault has
    once assumed a dangerous form every allowance should
    be made for one, who, with the i.nstinct of self-preserva-
    tion :strong tipon him, pursues his defence a little further
    than to a perfectly cool bystander would seem absolutely
    (r ) R.L.R. (1946), p . so.
    J~

    necessary. Also it is a trite saying that when exercising . c.c.


    966
    . ht o f pnvate
    t hc ng . def ence It
    . Is
    . . d'ffi
    1 cuI t to expect t he -'
    person to weigh "with golden scales" what maximum MAN~o TIN
    amount of force is necessary_to keep within that right. T.H (/UNioN

    In the present case the appellant gave only one single oF BURMA.
    blow and a random one at that. He did not do anything
    further but ran away as soon as he had the chance. No
    doubt the blow was with a dagger. But considering the
    fact that daggers are commonly used by the village folks
    he could not be expected!, in a moment of peril, to refrain
    from. employing the use of such a dangerous weapon.
    Therefore the only point that remains to be considered
    is whether the appellant was in such a predicament as to
    cause reasonable apprehension on his part that death or
    grievous hurt would otherwise be the consequence if he
    had not exercised his right in the manner he di~. It is
    clearly .in evidence th~t- as soon as the deceased saw the
    appellant the fo;:mer rushed forward holding a torch in
    his hand. The deceased was in such an agitated frame
    of mind, besides being _inebriated that it could safely be
    presumed that 'h e did aim a blow at the appellant with
    the torch. As both of them were face to face with each
    other the part of _the body aimed at by the deceased could
    not ~e other than the front part of the head of the appel-
    lant. It is common knowledge that a three-cell battery
    flash light is quite t:1 heavy article about one foot in length
    and nearly two inches in diameter with a reflectors inade
    of heavy glass at the top measuring about six inches in
    girth. In ~e circumstances it would he safe to infer that
    the appellant reasonably anticipate grievous hurt at the
    moment when the deceased trained his torch at him. In
    the case of Mauny Kyaw Zan v. The State (2) where the
    deceased rushed at the accused, armed with a heavy
    weapon and showing every intention to assault the accused
    it was held that the accused might reasonably anticipate
    (z) 9 L.B..R. 191.
    c.c. grievous. hurt if the deceased's blow fell on him and con
    1966
    sequently h'e had .a right to use his spear to defend himself
    MAuN;o TtN against the blow, even. to causing deceased's death, and
    TR "uNroN that his act was fully justified under. section 100 of the
    oF BURMA. Penal Code. No doubt there is this difference that in the
    case cited above the deceased was armed with a heavy
    weapon whereas . in the present case before me the
    deceased was holding a _threeceil battery torchlight. But
    the difference :?eem hardly material in vjew of the fact
    that the nature and the size of t:he artide which the
    deceased was holding was such that, if 'usCd .as weapon of .
    offence, under the circumstanc~s prev.ailing' in this case
    it couid surely cause grieyous . hur.t to the .victim.
    On .a careful' resume of all the f~cts and circumstances :
    obtaining on tl~~-. record 6 f -~he 1~\~;~r. (;ou;~ I find. that at
    least it is a matter' for dotibt ir' the ~-ppdtant. had exceeded
    the right of private defence: :As-: poiri.te<i put in:. .the off
    quoted ruling Aung Bwint.v ., .The-St~te (3) ' the test is not
    whether the acc.1,1Sed has pl_"Qyed..beyond r.easonable doubt
    that he comes .\vithin a~y ~xc~pti'on to the Penal Code,
    but whether in setting l.lP his defence he has established
    a reasonable doubt in. the case of the ,prosecu~io~ and has
    thereby earned his right of an acquitt::1t. Applying this
    principle to the present case J. am of opinion that the
    appellant should be given the benefit of doubt. This
    appeal is therefore allowed. The findi.ng and or~er passed
    by the l<?wer Court will acconfiiigfy' be' set ~aside and the
    ap.,pellant will be acqu'itted so far as this c~se is concerned.
    Tile case is classified _as mi$taken-..
    CIVIL SECOND APPEAL
    Before U Sein thimr,J.

    MAUNG KHET AND TWO OTHERS (APPELLANTS) tc.c.


    J966
    v. Feb. 8.
    MA YIN (RES~ONDENT)

    Succmion-applieati6n by the Jrrand children of the fa the; of adoptee-application


    by the j>Ormger sister of the 'adDptt"e-propinquity of the relationship of tl1e
    riool apPliWrts to the adoptee. ;
    Held : The 11dopt~ left behind a near relative in the person of the
    1'ellpon4ent who is no other thin hisown ' natu~l sist~r. The. appellants on
    the other hand are the grand children of the deceased Paung Pone arid as such
    the deeree of propinquity between them and the d~~d is re.moter than the
    ;~laii~nsh.ip be~ecn the ~spondent an<iher brother. 'I)lete is also an addi-
    tional reason why the respondent ought to succeed.to the estate of her brother.
    It appears 'that she had all along been living witli her brother and that she hnd
    attended him in his illness. .The last funeral rites of the deceased were al~o
    performed by her.
    Maung Pan v. !Ja Hnyi, U.B.R., vol.II (189701) p. 104;
    Ma Than v. Ma Stin, L.,B.,R., Vol. V (IC;c9-10) p. 89;
    Ma San Hla Ma v. Kyaw Tun and two, I Cha~.Tu~'s L.C.,p. 2.79, referred to

    U Mya Sein for the the appellants.

    - for the respondent.

    . U SEIN THINN,. J.-Simple as are the facts out of which


    the present appeal arises a law point of considerable
    .interest p~esent be(ore me. Tht: applicants are the grand-
    children of one Paung Pone who, during his life time, had
    ~opted Maung Tin; brother of the respondent, as his
    Kittima son. After the death of Paung Pone his adopted
    -son M~un~ T~n inherited .his estate. Mal:Jng Tin remained
    .a bachelor till his death a few years ago. . The question
    Civil 2nd Appenl No. 36 of 1962. .
    t Against the decree of the District Court of Taunggyi, in Civil Appeal.
    No. 3 of 1Q6z, dated the 18th June 1962.

    '.
    JO
    c.c. now arises as to who should succeed to his estate, the
    JQ66
    contest being l,)etween the _grand-children of the adopting
    MAUN{! parent Paung Pone on one .side and the younger sister of
    KH!!T AND
    Two oTHERs the adoptee Maung Tm
    on the other. . . .
    MA YIN. One of the principles governing the rules of a~9ption
    is clear in that the adopted child drops out of his own
    family and loses all right of inheritance therein. In
    Maung Pan v. Ma Hnyi (1) it was observed that an adoptee
    drops even more completely than a dece<l:sed child out of
    the original family, for the deceased may leave children.
    a
    of. his own who are admitted to certain share, which .
    does not seem t~ be the case with the chiidren of the .
    adoptee. It was also. held in the case of Ma Than y. .
    Ma Sein (2) that" u,nd_e r Burmese Buddhist law the right of .
    inheritance of anadopted ctlild are not limited to inher-
    itance. from his or her adopted parents but extend to
    inheritance from collaterals in the adoptive family. Thus
    the law seems quite settled in so far as the right of inher-
    itance of the adopted child is concerned. But not so
    certain is the law when it comes to thequestion regarding
    inheritance to the estate of the adoptee . .
    On the basis of the incident of adoption that the
    adopted child drops out from the original family more
    completely than that of a deceased person it would appear
    that on his death. his natural relatives would not be entitled
    to any share in his estate on the ground that they have
    ~ecome, in tpe eye of law, total strangers to the deceased.
    But the theory t}:lat .the adopted child completely drops
    out of the original fa~ily is apparently founded on the
    following considcr<ition which were explained . in Maung.
    Pan 's case cited above inth~ following terms:
    "The adopted ~hild drops out of his. own family and is
    provided for in that <Jdopting him. The expectations and
    arrangements of the :members. of the family he has left are
    framed accordingly, _and it '_"ould be manifestly inequitable

    (1) U. B.R .. Vol. II (1897-01~, p. 104. (z) L.B.R., Vol. V. (1909-Io), p. 89 . . f .'
    Je

    to let the child adopted into another family come back into c.c.
    his own and disappoint the reasonable calculations for the 1966
    future which have been made therein. The number of MAuNO
    prospective co-parceners in the inheritance of the original !~~7~
    family is reduced by adoption, and the adoptee cannot be o.
    permitted to come back and, as it were, to be born again." MA YIN.

    Thus the legal fiction by which the adopted child


    becomes a stranger to his natural relatives is meant only
    to safe guard the interest of the remaining members of the
    family out of which the adoptee has been dropped and it
    should not therefore be extended beyond- what 'Yas
    originally intend~d for. In other words the adoptee should
    not be .regarded as a stranger to his natural relatives for
    the purpose of determining the question as to who should
    inherit his estate, although for the reasons stated above he
    should justifiably be regarded as a stranger for the purpose
    of shutting out all his claims in his original family.
    Again, the right of an adoptee to inherit. from the
    collaterals in the adopted family is based on the considera-
    tion that adoptee loses all rights of inheritance in his
    natural family and it seems inequitable that he should
    obtain in return only a limited right of inheritance in the
    famjly into which he was adopted. It is also recognised
    that such right on the part of the adoptee would not cause
    hardship to the relatives of the adopting parents since they
    are in no respect worse off than if a natural child has been
    born. Thus it seems clear to me that neither the theory
    that the adoptee drops out completely from the natural
    family nor the recognition of his right to inherit from the
    collaterals of the adopted family could be taken to mean
    that for all purposes the adoptee must be identified with
    the interest of the adopted family alone.
    There is dearth of direct authority on the question
    whether or not the relatives of .the adopting parents would
    .OA be entitled to inherit on the death of the adoptee to the
    exclusion of his natural relatives. No doubt in Ma San
    t>O

    <;.c. Hla Ma v. Kyaw Tun and two (3) it was ruled that the
    1966
    mother of an adopted child succeeds to his property to the
    MAuNcNo
    K HET A
    exclusion
    of his brothers or sisters by adoption. But in
    Two oTHERS that case it was not contended that the brothers and sisters

    MA "vJN. by adoption had no rights of inheritance from their


    adopted brother. They were excluded merely because by
    Buddhist Law a parent inherit before brothers and sisters.
    The only reference. so far as I am aware, to such a question
    i~ to be .found in " The Leading Cases of Buddhist Law "
    by May Oung where the learned a:uthor after discussing
    the right of an adopted child to inherit from his collaterals
    in the adopted family has this to say at page 144, " Con-
    versely, the relatives of the adopting parents would be
    entitled to inherit on the death of the adopted chifd without
    nearer heirs" (underline is mi~:te).
    ;.
    The learned counsel for the appellants relying on this
    excerpts contends that his clients are entitled to inherit
    the estate of the deceased to the exclusion of the respondent
    Ma Yin. But eveR applying this principle to the present
    case before me I am of opinion that the appellants' case
    must fai~. For the .rule cited above only says that relatives
    of adopting parents would be entitled to inherit on the
    death. of the adopted child provided the adopted child did
    not teave behind nearer heirs . l:n the present case before
    me, the adoptee left behjnd a near relative in the person
    of the respondent Ma Yin who is no other than his own
    natural sister. The appellants on the other hand are the
    grand children of the deceased Paung Pone and as such
    tAe decree of propinquity between them and the deceased
    is remoter than the relationship between the respondent
    and her brother. As pointed out by the learned Judge of
    the lower appellate Court there is also an additional reason
    why the respondent Ma Yin ought to succeed to the estate
    of her brother. It appears that she had all along been
    living. with her brother and that she had attended him in
    (3) I Chan .1"un's L.C. p. 279
    hi$ illness. The last funeral rites of the deceased were c.c.
    1966
    also per-formed by her. In the circumstances. I would
    hold that the lower appellate Court is justified in holding K~;m!t,
    that the respondent Ma Yin is entitled to succeed to the Two oTHas
    estate of her brother Maung Tin. In the result this appeal MA "YrJo:.
    fails and is hereby dismi~sed with costs. Advocate fee
    fixed at one gold mohur.
    CIVIL REGULAR SUIT

    Before U Thet Pe, J.

    c.c. MESSRS. \VILLIAM JACKS AND Co. LTD. (PLAINTIFF)


    1966
    v.
    Jan. 28.
    YANGON PALLADIUM AND FIVE OTHERS (DEFENDANTS) .

    Civil Procedure Code 0. VI, Rule 17-amendment of plaint under-permission


    for-whether permissible.
    Held: The plaintiff's suit by its original plaint was one against the Yangon
    Palladium firm and its partners, whereas the suit under the proposed amended
    plaint would be one against the late Daw MaMa represented by her heirs and
    legal rcprcscntatiyes. The original plaint dicl not contain any allegation thnt
    t.h cclaim of the plaintiff was due by either Daw Ms Ma o1 he1 e::slatc. More-
    over, Daw Ma Ma was never a partner of the Yangon Palladium firm
    and therefore she cannot be brought on the record through her heirs and legal
    representatives without changing the nature of the suit.
    Mukhi Jeramdas Jethanand and others v. Tilmmal i\1ulchand and another,
    A.I.R. (1935) S ind 194;
    Firm Ahmed Moosa Brothers v. Firm Lillaram Takamdas, A.I.R. (1942)
    Sind 93;
    Shri Nath Seth v. Nand La/ and others, A.I.R. (19~8) Oudh 44;
    K. Venkatasuryanarayana v. Akuthota Ramayya and another, A.I.R. (1921)
    Mad. 98, referred to.

    Mr. C. A. Soorma for the plaintiff.


    U Maung Maung and U Hla Sein for the defendants.

    U THET PE, J .-This is -an application for amendment


    of plaint under Rule 17, Order VI of the Civil Procedure
    Code.
    The brief facts which have given rise to the present
    application are th~se :-on the 24th of December 1963,
    the plaintiffs, Messrs. William Jacks and Company Limited
    sued the firm known as Yangon Palladium and 5 of its
    f
    Civi I Regula!' Suit No. 63 of 1963.
    partners, Dew Mya Thein, Daw Nyunt Wai, U Mya Han, c.c.
    1966
    Daw Than Nu and U San Lwin for recovery of K 63 .575
    MISSaS.
    72 pyas due for works done in respect of the Palladium \VILLI AM
    Cinema. Then on 28th February. 1964. the plaintiffs jACKS AND
    C<>., LTO.
    obtained leave to bring on the record the name of another o.
    YANGON
    partner. Daw Ma Ma Gyi. w ho was thought to he' deod P.\LLADIUM
    AND PlY.
    but was in fact alive, at the time of the institution of the OTHW.
    suit, as a party-defendant. The partiesthereafter proceed-
    ed with the trial of the suit. during the progress of which
    the plaintiffs came to realise that their cla im could only
    be recovered from the late Daw Ma Ma, the owner of
    the Palladium Cinema, and not from The Yangon
    iPalladium firm and its partners. It appeared that the late
    ID.aw Ma Ma was survived by 8 children, namely. the 6
    qriginal defendants, who were the partners of the Yangon
    Palladium firm, and Daw Aye Myint and U Shwe B'aw.
    The plaintiffs thereupon sought to amend the cause t itle
    of the plaint by striking out the name of the Yangon
    Palladium and adding the names of Daw Aye Myint and
    U Shwe Baw respectively to and from the array of defend-
    ants. The plaintifts further proposed to sue the defend-
    ants as heirs and legal representatives of the late Daw
    Ma Ma. This move of the plaintiffs was, of course.
    stoutly resisted by Daw Aye Myint and U Shwe Baw on
    the ground that the amendment would alter the nature
    of the suit and that it would take away from them a
    legal right which had accrued by lapse of time. The
    other defendants, on the other hand, filed a joint petition
    agreeing to a decree for K 55.88o being passed against
    them as heirs and legal represE'ntatives of the late Daw
    MaMa .
    Now, it is clear that the . plaintiffs' suit by its original
    plaint was one against the.. Yangon Palladium firm and its
    partners, whereas the suit under the proposed amended
    plaint would be one against the late Daw MaMa represent-
    ed by her heirs and legal r.eprcscntatives. There can be no
    c.c. room for. doubt that the nature of the suit would be
    966 altere~ if the proposed amendment were to .be allowed.
    MIISSIIS.
    W!LLI.\M
    The original plaint did not contain any aHegation that the-
    ]i\CKS AND claim of the plaintiffs was due by either Daw Ma Ma or
    co., LTO.
    her ..estare. No doubt 6 of the 8 heirs and legal representa-
    "
    YANCON tives 0f Daw MaMa are partners ofthe Yangon Palladium
    PALLADIUM
    AND FlY.! firm bUt that does not enable the plaintiffs to sue their
    OTH1111.
    mother Oaw Ma Ma who had nothing to do with the
    partnership.
    1n Mukhi ]eramdas ]ethanand and others v. Tikamaf
    Mulchand and another (1) it was held that:-
    .. Under Order J, Rule JO a person may be added as a
    party to a suit in the following cases:
    (1) When he ought to have been joined as plaintiff or
    defendant, and not so joined, or (2) when without his
    presence, 'lhe question in suit cannot be completely
    decided.
    Where by allowing a person to be impleaded as a party
    th~ ru~tureof the suit win be altered the application should
    not be allowed."

    In Firm Ahmed Moosa Brothers v. Firm Lilar-am Tikamdos


    (2) the amendment to change the suit against the firm to
    one against an individual who happened to be a partner
    of the firm was reje.cted as it would alter the nature of
    the suit. In the .present case, the late Daw Ma Ma was
    never a partner of the Yangon Palladium fir-m and I fa if
    to see how she can be brought oR the record through her
    heirs and legal representathes without changing the nature
    of the suit. In Shri Nath Seth v. Nand La/ and others (3)
    it has also been held that : -
    "A party should not ~e added so as to change the nature
    of the suit. But when no new question will be raised by
    the addition of a person as a party and on the other hand.

    (r) A. l.R. ( 19JS) Sind 194. (~) A. l.R. (1942) Sind 93


    (3) A.I.R. (1948) Oudh H F-l
    the addition of the person is necessary to avoid a multiplicity c.c.
    of proceedings and to protect the rights of the . defendant 966
    he should be impleaded. MissAS.
    Wri.uAM
    JACKS AND
    See also K. Venkotosuryunorayona v. Akuthoto Romayya Co., LTo.
    and another (4)- YANGON "
    ln the result the application for amendment of plaint PALLADIUM
    AND FJVE
    fails and is dismissed with costs. Advocate's fees K 34 OTHERS

    .08 (4) A.Ut. hta1) Mad. ,a.


    CIVIL REGULAR
    B~fore U Thet Pe, ].

    c.c. PEOPLES' BANK No. I I (PLAINTIFF)


    IC)66
    jan. r.
    v.
    CHEN SIN SIU A~D TEN OTHERS (DEFENDANTS) .

    M9rtgage by Deposit of tit/1'-deeds-snle of one tire mortgaged prop~rties by the


    rwenue authoritil'sfor arrl!ars of srzle tax due.
    lleld: Under s. 48 of the Land and Revenue Act the auction purchaser at
    a revenue sale obtains the auction property free from encumbrances, if the sale
    is conducted under s. 46 which relates to a s11le for 2rrears ofland revenue only.
    The revenue sale is in respect of arrt'.ars of sales tax due and such sale cannot
    therefore attract 'the provisions of section 46 to 48 of the I.and and Revenue Act.
    R.M.V.V.Af. Ch~ttyar Firm v. M. Subrllmaniam and anolfzer, I.L.R. V
    R~tn. 458, followed.
    Abdur Ra11j Chowdry v. N.P.L.S.P. Chettyar Firm, VII Ran. 113;
    Maung Mya Din v. K.P.A.P. Ch,tty'!r Firm (1940) R.L.R. 230, referred to.

    U Saw Taik Leong for the plaintiff.

    U Myint Soe for the defendants No. 7. 8 and 9

    U THET PE, J.-This is a suit for recovery of


    K 2,04,92626 due on a mortgage by deposit of title-deeds
    or jn default for sale of the properties under mortgage by
    Peoples' Bank No. I I (formerly the Bank of Communica-
    tions) of No.. 666, Merchant Street, Rangoon,
    It is the case of the plaintiffs that on the 30th of
    August 1946, at Rangoon, Defendant Nos. I to 4, namely,
    Chen Sin Siu, Kyon Hock Phan, Chen Choon Yone, Kung
    Hsio Tao were given overdraft facilities to the e~tent of
    K 30,ooo the defendant No. 5 Chen Lan Sheng to the
    extent of K 9,000 on the per~onal guarantee of defendant
    No. 6 Kung Tze Fun (a) Kyon Ah Kam ; that on the same
    day the defendant Nos. .I to 6 created a mortgage by
    Civil Regular Suit No. 81 of 1958.
    deposit of title-deeds in respect of 6 items of properties,
    namely:, (i) the house and site known as No. 32, Ady Road,
    Rangoon ; (11..) t he house and tts
    . freehold s1te
    . k nown as BANK
    PE:OPLES'
    No. 11
    No. 105. 23rd Street, Rangoon : (iii) the house and its v.
    freehold site known as No. 6o8, Dalhousie Street, s,NcsH:' AND
    Rangoon; (iv) the house and site at Dalla known as No. 40. TEN oTHERs.
    Pyinmagon, Dalla; (v) the house and site at Kanoungto in
    Kanoungto South Circle No. 40. Dalla Kwin ; and (vi). the
    house and site at Seikkyi Ywa, Rangoon; that on 31st July
    I958 the total amount of the principal sum and int~rest
    due on the defendant Nos. I to 5 was found to be
    K 2,04.92626" pyas, that the mortgaged properties were
    sold by the revenue authorities for arrears of sales tax
    . due by Foke Kyan Syndicate to which the defendant No. 6
    belonged as a part~er, that at ~he auction sale held by the
    revenue authorities the defendant No. 7 Miss Milan Lee
    purchased item No. (iii} ofthe mot:tgaged properties which
    was offered by defenda~t ' No. 8, U Kam1g .Tin and
    defendant No.9, Miss Cfl:in Foon Yoon and was accepted
    by the defendant No. ro, the State Commercial Bank as a
    subsequent mortgage, that the defendant No. I r, Daw Mya
    Sein purchased items No. (iv) and (v) and that defendant
    No. 12, Ko Thaung Yi bought item No. (vi) of the
    mortgC\ged properties with notice of the plaintiff's
    mortgage. that the defendants ,Nos. 7, 8, I I and i2 bought
    those properties subject. to the plaintiff's mortgage, that
    the defendants had not repaid the mortgage loans in spite
    of repeated demands and that they were entitled to the
    usual mortgage decree -with costs and interests a t the
    usual Court rate from the date of the suit until realisation.
    It appeared that subseq~ent to the in~titution of the
    suit defendants Nos. 8 and 9 paid off their mortgage debt
    to defendant No. ro who were, therefore, struck off from
    the .proceedings by my predecessor o~ rs~ August, 196r.
    Only the defendants Nos. 7, 8 and 9 appeared and contested
    the suit. The other defendants failed to put any
    c.c. appearance in spite of due _service of summonses and the
    ' 966 suit against them .accordingly proceeded in their absence.
    )?OPUS'
    BANK No. , , The defendants Nos. 7. 8 and 9 submitted a joint
    C::~ written statement by which they pleaded that item
    StN S1U AND No. (iii) of the mortgaged properties was in fact purchased
    TEN OTHfJIS .
    free. of encumbrances by defendant No. 8 at an auction
    sale held by the Collector of Rangoon in his Revenue
    Proceedings No. R-E-33F of 1952-53. that the plaintiffs
    were estopped from claiming any right to the property,
    that the suit was barred by time and not maintainable in
    its prese~t form.
    On these pleadings my predecessor joined the following
    issues:
    1. Were mortgages of the properties described in
    paragraph 5 of the plaint effected by the
    defendants Nos. 1 to s and 6 in favour of the
    plaintiff as alleged in the plaint?
    2. Did the Collector of Rangoon have the power to
    convey title, free from all encumbrances, to
    the properties sold by him in the respec~ive
    Revenue Recove~ Proceedings?
    ~ Did the plaintiff substantiate its claim to the
    property before the CoJiector of Rangoon at
    the time the aforesaid Revenue Proceedings
    were held ; if the plaintiff failed to do so, does
    this failure estop it from making any further
    claim to the property?
    4 Is the suit time barred?
    5 Is the suit maintainable in law?
    6. To what relief, if any. is the plaintiff entitled?

    Issue No. 1

    In view of the testimony of Mr. Paukeit (PW 1) arid !


    !
    U Kauk {PW 2) which had not in any way been challenged F-li
    j
    i
    ,

    by the defendants there can be no room for doubt that c.c.


    1966
    the defendants Nos. I to 6 had created a mortgage by
    PEoPUS'
    deposit of title-deeds as alleged by the plaintiffs. In fact, BAKK No. x x
    . ~

    there was no serious dispute about the existence of the CHEN


    SJN Sn1 AND
    mortgi:lge at the time of hearing. The answer to this TEN oTHERS.

    issue will therefore be in the affirmative.

    Issue No.2
    The Collector of Rangoon has, in his Revenue Proceed-
    ings No. R-E-33/34 of 1952-53 auetioned and sold item
    No. (iii) of the mortgaged properties, namely, the house
    and its site known as No. 6oS, Dalhousie Street, Rangoon,
    to defendant No. 8 for r~covery of arrears of sales tax
    due by the defendant No. 6 in respect of sales of' Iiquors
    and the question that poses for consideration is whether
    the defendant No. 8 as the auction purchaser acquires the
    . property free of encumbrances. Under section 48 of the
    Land and Revenue Act the auction purchaser at a revenue 1
    sale obtains the auction property free of encumbrances,
    if the sale is conducted under section 46 which relates to
    a sale for .arrears of l~nd revenue only. In the instant
    case the arrears of sale tax due by the defendant No. 6
    cannot by any stretch of imagination be said to be arrears
    of land revenue and the $ale conduct for arrears of such
    sales cannot therefore attract the provisions of sections 46
    to 48 of the Land and Revenue Act. It has been argued_
    by th~ learned Advocate for the defendant Nos. 7 to 9
    that since section I I (3) of the Sales Tax Act, 1952, enacts
    that the arrears of sales tax shall be recovered as arrears
    of land revenue the auction sale made in the present case
    should be held to be covered by the provisions of sectiom
    46 to 48 of the Land and Revenue Act. The complete
    JB answer to this argument is to be found in the decision in
    c.c. R.M.V.V.M. : Chettyar Firm v. M. Subramaniam and
    1966
    another (1) where it was held at:
    PEOPLES'
    BANK No. n " . . section 194 of the City of Rangoon Municipa..
    v. Act empowers the Corporation to recover the arrears of its
    CHEN
    StN Stu AND taxes and other dues ' as if they were arrears of land revenue,
    TEN 0TitRS.
    but that does not mean that sections 46 to 48 of the Burma
    Land and Revenue Act apply to all Municipal sales, so as to
    confer on the auction purchaser in every case a title free
    from incumbrances. These sections can only apply where
    the dues t~ the Municipality are in the nature of land revenue
    or land rate in lieu of Capitation-tax." . . .

    s;nce the words, " the arrears shall be recovered as arrears


    of land revenue " occur in both section . I94 of the City of
    Rangoon Municipal Act and in section I I (3) of the Sales
    Tax Act, I952, the pr:inciple enunciated in the decision in
    R:.M.V.V.M. Chettyar Firm v. M. Subramaniam and
    another (r) will apply with equal force to a recovery
    proceeding under the Sales Tax Act. See also. Abdur Raul
    Chowdry v. N.P.L.S.P. Chettyar Firm (2) and Maung Mya
    Din v. K.P.A.P.' Chettyar Firm (3) where it was ruled that:,
    "The provisions of section 46 and the following sections
    of the Land and Revenue Act are available only when the
    revenue officer is seeking to recover arrears of land revenue
    (or analogous tax) accruing in respect of the land against
    which he is proceeding under those sections: that is to say,
    when he sells land under section 47 he can do so only in the
    attempt to recover arrears of land revenue accruing from
    that very ~nd."
    For. the aforesaid reasons the answer to the issue will be
    in the negative.

    Issue No. 3
    This issue. has not been pressed at the time of hearing
    by the defendants. It must be borne in mind that the
    (r } i'.L.R. V Ran. 458. (z) VII Ran. I 13.
    . (3) (1 940) R.L.R. ZJO.
    plaintiffs were not partie.c; to revenue proceedings opened c.c.
    1966
    hy the Collector of Rangoon and I do not see how they
    C3n be estopped f rom rna k .mg any c la1m
    . to t h e property PJ!OT'LFS'
    HANK No. 11

    sold in that revenue proceeding. The answer to the issue c~~


    will therefore he that the plaintiffs arc not estopped from StN StuANo
    '!'liN OTHiiRS.
    making any claim to the property.

    Issue No. S

    This issue wHl be taken up before Issue No. 4 regard-


    ing limitation. It has hcen said on behalf of defendants
    Nos. 7 to 9 that the instant suit is not maintainable in the
    present form inasmuch as the plaintiffs should. in the
    first instance. set aside the revenue sale made by the
    Collector. This submission, with due respect, is mis-
    concched. The plaintiffs are not interested to avoid the
    revenue sale outright. What they have said in the present
    suit is that the auction sale made by the Collector was
    subject to their mortgage. Their contention is that not-
    withstanding the sale their interest in the property is not
    in any way affected. No authority has heen cited and
    I can find none to show that a suit to avoid the revenue
    sale '"ould he necessary before a mortgage could enforce
    his mortgage. The ans\ver to the issue will therefore be
    in the affirmative.

    Issue No.4

    Since the suit is not one for setting aside the revenue
    sale but one to hold that the interest of the mortgage over
    the mortgaged property is not affected by the revenue sale
    Article 12 of the Limitation Act will have no application
    vide M. Raj v. Nanak and others (4); Fazlar Rahim v.
    [(horsed A/am and others (5) and Benarsi Das v .
    .OA
    (4) A.T.R. (1933) Lah. p. 10. (5) A. T. R. ! 117P ) Cut . 333
    c.c . Mt. Bhawoni Kauer (6) The answer to the issue ts m th~
    1966 neaative.
    PEOPI..S'
    BANK No. n In. the result t here Wl11 be the u sua}. preliminary
    c.!'iN mortgage decree forK 2,0i.926;26 pyas with costs against
    Sm sw .mo the defendants. The plaintiffs wiD be entitled to further
    T EN" oTitas. interest at the Court tate from the date of suit to the date

    of realization.

    (b) A.I.R. ( 1942) Pat. 386.


    CRIMINAL APPEAL
    Before U KytnD Zon U, J.

    P.. YAN 500 (a). MAUNG THAUNG NYUN (APPLICANT) t c.c.


    966.
    v. Felt. 3
    Tt-IE UNION OF BURMA (RESPONDENT).

    Evidmce A'f-s. r45 tltld 155 (3)-wimess IIIIIAIOitlly of credit- -falsity of si#U-
    """' ,tnHtl by conlratlidDTY statnnmt-by estnninatirm of lntJmigiMg"
    0/ficn 01 IUlmimotr of the fllilniSS statemmt liS n:ftllit.
    Heltl : The pro.ecution tried to show that be was JlOt worthy of any credit
    as he bad made a contradictory statement to the pollee. hut it did not prov.e his
    alleged statement to the police under s. rss (3) read wi1h s. 145 of the Evid~ e
    Act. He had denied making such a statement. It was the duty of the ptoo!
    secution to prove the falsity of his aUeged statement ifhe was to be contradicted.
    It appears that the Trfal Coun did not correctty foflow the procedure laid
    down in s. 14S of the Evidence Act.
    Neither the police investigating officer was questioned nor any po{ti(ln of the
    witness's alleged statement to him was exhibited. The Pubtic Prosecutor
    failed to impeach his character under s. ISS (J) read with s. I~S of the E\'idence
    Act.
    D~ Kha Lay Ma v. The Union of Burma, (1962) B.L.R. 18o (C.C.);

    Balak Ram and others v. Sta~. I.L.R. (1953) 2 All. 197;


    Tlu State v. Jiwan Das, l.L.R. (1939) 20 Lab. 305, referred to.

    Mr. T. P. Wan for the appellant.


    U Hnit (Government Advocate) for the respondent,

    0 KYAW ZANU. J.-The appe11ant was convicted under


    section 302 (2) of the Penal Code for causing the death
    of one J(o Hla Myint (a) U Tin, the husband of Ma Ohn
    Mya (PW I) with a stick and sentenced to suffer 10 years'
    rigorous imprisonment. The evidence for the prosecution
    is rather meagre. The occurrence took place at about
    Cri minal Appe,al No. 192 o f 1965.
    t Against the order of the Add itional Sessions (Special} J udge o f Rangoon,
    dated the z91h day of May 1965, passed in his Crim ina l Regular T rial No.4
    of t964 .

    '. '.
    99
    c.c. noon~ The appella!lt a~d the deceased were neighbours
    1
    966 and were in good terms bu.t the trouble. started when their
    P.)YMAN Soo two small sons quarrelled. According to Ma Ohn Mya
    (a 1 1\UNC
    THAUNG (P\V 1) her son aged about 3 years was beaten by the son
    NruN
    " of the appellant and when her husband, the deceased,_
    UN:OS:..oF 2bused and asked the boy why he had beaten his son the
    BcRIIu. appellant came out of his house and asked the deceased
    why he had abused his child. The deceased did not deny.
    The appellant then went into his house and brought the
    ~xhibit stick. She _ said that while .the deceased was sitting
    at .the entranc.e of his house the appellant s truck him with
    the stick ~n .the head twice and gave a third blow on the
    shoulder. ~er evidence that the appellant struck the
    dec:eased three times is without any support. The learned
    tri~ll judge made a note that the exhibit stick bore two
    marks like dah-cut marks; Ma Ohn Mya, however. denied
    that her husband. ~he deceased, was armed at the time .
    . I. must ignore the evidence of Daw Khin Sein (PW 2) as
    she is not a truthful witness as i.t is shown in her own
    evidence. In Daw Kha Lay Ma v. The Union of Burma
    (t) I held that "if a witness is proved to have made a
    statement to the police, though unsworn, in distinct con-
    flict with his evidence on oath, his testimony is negligible.
    The principle is that the person who makes inconsistent
    statements is unreliable and his evidence should be
    ignored." lt was also held in that case .that " when a
    person makes a statem~nt to the police and denies same
    in the witness-box such statement is inadmissible either
    in favour of or against him." The prosecution stands on
    the evidence of Ma Ohn Mya, the widow of the deceased.
    alone. Hct evidence is bias and very much exaggerated.
    According to the medical evidence. the injuries on the
    deceased could have been received as the result of one
    blow with a stick though they could be received by two
    blows also. With the exception of the injury on the
    'f.
    tr) (1962) B.L.R. rSo (C.C.).
    c:c.
    head fracturing the skull. the other injuries were mere 1966
    abrasions. It is therefore very likely that he was given P. YAN Soo
    only one blow on the head with a stick. There is evidence (a) MAUNC
    THAUNC
    also to show that when he was struck he fell on the NYUN
    v.
    ground. TH'
    UNION Of
    The app~llant denied that he struck the deceased with BURMA,
    a stick. He deposed that when the deceased went into
    the house he feared that he might bring a weapon so he
    picked up the exhibit stick and when the deceased came
    out with a doh _and cut him he defended himself with the
    stick. He said when the deceased cut him twice someone
    from behind struck the deceased with a stick. This story
    might be true as it is supported by Maung Sein Ngwe
    (DW 5) and Maung Win Aung (DW 4). Maung Win Aung
    deposed that he saw the deceased cut the appellant with a
    doh and the latter defended himself with a stick. The
    prosecution tried to show that he was not worthy of any
    credit as he had made a contradictory statement to the
    police, but it did not prove his alleged statement to the
    police under section 155 (3) read with section 145 of tb_e
    Evidence Act. He had denied making such a statement.
    It was the duty of the prosecution to prove the falsity of
    his alleged statement if he was to be contradicted. It
    appears that the trial Court did not correctly follow the
    procedure laid down in section 145 of the Evidence Act.
    ln Balak Ram and others v. State (2) it was pointed out that
    the whole of the witness's statement before the police does
    not become admissible in evidence, but only that pan of it
    to which his attention has been called and that, therefore,
    that part alone should be accepted or admitted into
    evidence. It will be us~ful to quote the relevant portion
    of the judgment for guidance.
    " Only those portions of the statement as ha.ve been used
    to contradict that witness will form part of the judicial re-
    cord. The rest of the statement cannot be relied upon by
    (z) I.L.R. (1953) 2 All. 197.
    c.c. ,either side in determining the guilt or innocence of the
    Jg66
    accused and cannot be used by the Judge. Thus if it is desired
    P. YAN Soo to con~radict a witness by any statement previously made
    (a) MAVNG
    THAUNG
    b}' him the record should show clearly that the attention
    NYuN . of the witness was drawn to that part of the previous state
    0.
    THE
    .ment which was intended to be used to contradict him, that
    UNION OF' he was given an opportunity to explain the apparent discre-
    BURMA.
    pancy between his present statement and that part of his
    previous statement to which his attention was drawn that
    his explanation, if any, was duly recorded. Such part of
    his previous statement, if not already proved . . .. should
    lbe subsequently by evidence which, in the case of a state~
    ment recorded under section 162 of the Code of Criminal
    Procedure, will usualJy be the statement of the investigating
    officer."

    See also The State v. Jiwan Das (3) where it was held
    that-
    " when a witness .is confronted with a portion of his police
    statement, which he repudiates. the police officer recording
    his statement should be questioned specifically with regard
    to that portion of the statement " and that the ' ' practice
    of merely asking the police offiter perfunctorily whether a
    particular document represents the .witness's statement as a
    whole should be condemned'."

    [n the insunt case. neither the police investigating


    officer was questioned nor any portion of the witness's
    alleged statement to him was exhibited. Hence the
    evidence of Maung 'Win Aung (DW 4) stands as it is. The
    learned Public Prosecutor failed to impeach his character
    under section 155 (3) read with section 145 of the Evidence
    Act. If he had successfully done so his evidence could not
    haw girrn any support to the defence and would have be-
    l onw worthless. The medical officer was of the opinion
    that after the receipt of the injury on the head the deceased
    would be incapacitated, that is to say, he would not be
    able to defend 'himself and would be helpless. If this is
    (3) L LR. ( 1939) zo Lab. 305.
    so the appellant's defence that he acted in the exercise c.c.
    of his right of private defence of the body must be true 966
    looking at the dab .marks on the exhibit stick as pointed P(a)
    . Y"'
    " Soc
    MAuNe
    out by the learned trial judge. If the stick bore dah T!!Au,.;c
    nYUN
    marks he (appellant) must have been struck first by the tl.
    nar
    deceased. UNJON o ....
    It is needless to p<>int out ~hat in a criminal case the suRMA.
    burden is on the prosecution to prove the. guilt of the
    accused beyond all re~nable doubts. In the instant
    case, there is only the evidence of the widow of the
    deceased that could be considered legally and I have point-
    ed o~t that her evidence is not acceptable at all. On the
    other hand the appellant has put up a reasonable defence
    supported by evidence which cannot be sai4 .to be .false
    or contradictory.
    In the result. the conviction and sentence passed by
    the trial Court against the appellant are set aside and he
    is directed to be acquitted.

    '. '. '.


    CIVIL REVISION
    Before U Tkt Pe, J.

    u MAUNG MAUNG AND TWO OTHERS (APPLICANTS)


    v.
    c.c. MA TA:LOK MA {REsPONDENT)
    966
    Feb. :z6.
    Civil P.rocedure Code's. 2.4-tramfer. of suits '!lid e:~ecrtiio.n proceedings.
    lftld: The suit befo~erhe z.nd }udge is one for dcclar.ltion that the Court
    auction sale being null and void did not pass title to the respondent
    whereas the proceedings against the applicat)ts relate to the que.~tion of re.nt
    due by them as tenant:s of the respondel\t. The question i nvolv~~ thereirl.llJ'C
    not akin either inpointof law or in point of fad . Threeapplicationsare
    therefore dismissed.
    . A.T..K, P.L. Muthiq Che~/JI . v. L .A.R. Aruna Ch!!l~rn Clzetty, ?. ~.B.R.
    1i9 at .133;
    Maung Mo v. Po Min z L :B.R . .28t;
    Marmg Ya v. Maung Lu Gyaw, (94~) . R.L.R7 sr.z (F. D.);'
    G.M. Uajulu v. M. GOfJinda Nair, A.I.R. (1938) Mad. 745;
    Vaman Vasudeo Chitalev v. Raglmnatl1 Ganesh Thal<ar: A.I.R. (1949}
    Bom. :z.63;
    O.S. Mohiyuddin Sahib v. Yusuf Abdul Razuh, (1951) B.L.R . 2.1 (H ..C.);
    Ahamuat v. Kalu, A.f.R. (1915) Lower Burma, to, referred to.

    U Khin Maung ( 4) for the applicant.

    U Ba Than {I) for the respondent.

    U THET PE, J .-Since this application and the Revision


    Applications Nos. 52 and 53 .of 1965 have been, by
    consent, heard together, the present order will form the.
    common order for all the applications.
    This application is filed by U Maung Maung while
    Civil Revision Nos : 52 and 53 are initiated by U Kyaw
    Myaing and U . Chit Maung respectively.. They are
    Civil Rcvisicn Nos. 51-52-53 of 1965.
    Ag3_inst the ord'!r of the Chief ]lidge, City Civil Court of ,nangoon in Civi r
    M isc. Case Nos. 103-104-I05 of 1965 dated the 29th September 1965. f:l
    admittedl}r-tenants .of the responden~ Ma Talok Ma, who c.c.
    1966
    had . obtained rent decrees against aJI of them. She had
    . out execution
    taken . prooeedings agamst
    t hem and ha.d MAUNe
    U MAUNO
    .u~o
    also sued, U Maung_Maung and U Kyaw ~ain~ for further Two :.THEJtS
    .arrears of rent before the learned 3rd .an 4th Judges of MA TALOK
    the City Civil Court. It transpired that so e six other MA.
    persons instituted a suit against the responde and two
    others before the learned 2nd Judge for deciara ion that
    they were the real owners of the premises, which .the
    present applicants are occupying as tenants, inasmuch a's
    the Court auction sale from which tfte respondent de1ived
    her title to the property was null and viod. The .
    applicants thereupon moved the learned Chief Judge, .;b ut
    without success, to transfer an the suits and execllJtlori
    proceedings pending against them fr9m t~e files of ,the
    3rd and 4th judges to the fiie of the 2nd judge.
    The power of transfer under section 24 of the Civil
    Procedure Code is a discretionary one, which must of
    course be exercised under proper judicial principles.
    Occasions may arise where transfer may be justified. on
    ground of convenience to the parties. A .T.K.P.L. Muthia
    Chetty v. L.A.R. Arunachalam Chetty (1). No such ground
    of convenience to the parties or witnesses can exiSt in the
    present case inasmuch as all the proceedings are pending
    in the same Court although they may be in lhe files of
    different judges. Transfer may sometimes be sanctioned
    when a litigant is under a reasonable apprehension that
    the trial .judge has a pecuniary or other interest sufficient
    to create bias.. Maung Mo v. Po Min (2). There is no
    suggestion by the applicants of .such an apprehension.
    Then, the proceeding may rightly be transferred on growtd
    of interest of justice if a party has obtained unfair
    advantage by the mis-use of legal process in a particular
    Court. Maung Ya v. Maung Lu Gyaw (3). The instant
    (1) 7 L.B.R. 1a9 at 133 (a) a L.B.R. a81.
    b) (1941) R.L.R. 512 F.B.
    c.c; case is not one of this nature. Or else the transfer may
    ~ be necessary to avoid the possibility of conflicting decisions
    u P.tAuNo by two Courts on the same question. G. M. Rojulu v.
    MAUNC: AND .
    "tWo arHEJts M.: Govindan Nair (4). Voman Vasud(;'o Cllitaley v .
    M~-'ALoK Raghunath Ganesh Thakar (5) and 0. S. Mohiyuddin Sahib
    MA. v-. Yusuf Abdul Rozak (6). The suit before the learqcd
    2nd Judge is Qne for declaration that the Court auctjon
    sale:llei~g nuU :afl(l void did not pass title to the respondent,
    -w~reas the proceedings against the applicants relate to
    the questioa of rent due by them as tenants of the
    respondent. - The questions involved therein are not akin
    ei~her in point of law or in point. of fact, BeSides, it must
    be pointed out that the applicants as tenants are estopped
    . ~nder section I 16 of the Evidence Act from denying the
    title of the respondent, who is their landlady a.nd I fail to
    see how. the question of title involved in the suit before
    the .2nd Judge can have any relevance to the proceedings
    pending against them.
    Furthermore, the applic::ants as tenants are under a
    statutory liability to pay the rent to the landlady in view
    of the provisions of section 'Io8 (I) of the Transfer. of
    Property Act, even though .the lessor may have no title to
    the leased property. Ahamuat v. Kalu (7).
    For the aforesaid reasons the applications fail and are
    accordingly dismissed with costs. Advocate fees K 3i

    (4) A.I.R. (1938) Madraa 74S (6) (1951) B.L.R. Z4 (H.C.).


    (5) A. I.R. (1949) Bombay :t63. (7) A.I.R. (1915) Loer. Bunna 10.
    CIVIL REVISION

    Before U Tllet Pe, J.

    u PYU AND ONE (APPLICANTS) tC.C .


    ,66
    v. Frb. 16.
    u NGWE TUN AND ONE (RESPONDENTS).

    Court Pen Act. Article 17 Clauu VI nf Schedule 11-tvit for ejte"*"l of


    licrmu-~11intiff 111 libnty to fmt ltir own Vllllllltiort-n701ftOW fre,;~ of
    issue troultd fur revisi<-n.
    Hefti: A auit fur ejectment against a lic;ensee is governed by Article 17,
    Clau.' c (vi) of Schedule II of the Court Fees Act ..
    Neither the HiJ(h Court nor the Chief Court had made any rulea undec
    ' 9 It therefore follows that s. 8 and 9 of the Act are inappliable to the suit
    or the present nature. . In such a 5Uit the plaintiff ia at liberty to put his OWD
    valuation on his plaint for the purpose of jurisdiction, although the Court can
    refuse to accept such valuation if it finds that it is not boll4 fole or made with
    improper motive, such as a deliberate design to gi.,e the Court ~ jurisdiction
    "hich it has not.
    Toe-tal Al,tttl (a) Salin oud Ollt v ..\faMt Ti11 (s96o) B.L.R. 97 (II.C.) ;
    K l;,.,. Raj v. Durri R.L.R. ( r941) 49S (i-';8.), referred to.
    ll ~/ l furlh!!r : It cannot be gainsaid th11t the framing of iaues ia one of the
    most important aspects of a suit. It has a ''ita! bearing on the trial and deci~ion
    nf the caac inasmuch as the parti6 will thereafter be guided by the i.a ues joined.
    If the Court erroneously framed an i~ue which does not arise for the effectual
    disposal of the suit, it must be regarded a~ having committfld a material irrcgu~
    larity in the c:s:ercisc: of jurisdiction which must he amenable to the revision
    pow~rs of this Court.
    Prnmvlllulas v. Slulnlttrdas A.l.R. (r929) Nag. 347;
    Venkubai v. IAIIJimum v~koha (t888) 12 Bom. 617 ;
    Siuoprasad Ram v. Tricomdas COfJerji Bhoja (r9rs) 42 Cal. 926-27
    I.e. 9' 1;
    Banu-I and othtrs v. Ntruamlmal Dnt/ otlurs. A.I.R. (1921) Sind 159
    (F.B.), referred to.

    U Tin (Syriam). for the applicants.


    U 'fin Maung for the respondent<>.

    Civil Revision No. r of r965.


    t Against the order of the Subdi\'i.~unal Colurt of Syriam in Civil Regular
    L1B Suit Nu. t of 1964, dated r8 th November '96i
    !JJ
    c.c. U THET PE, J.-ln Civil Regular Suit :No. 2 of 1964.
    966
    of the Sub-divisional Court of. Syria~n, petitioners sued the
    U PYV
    AND ONJl respondents for ejectment from the premises known as.
    tl.
    U NcwE house No. 35. Alaungsithu Street, Thongwa, on the ground
    TuN that the latter, who were their licensees, had failed to
    4ND om.
    vacate from the premises in spite of demands. The re-
    spondents resisted petitioners' suit on various grounds
    amongst whic:;h it was contended that the tri~l Court had
    no pecuniary jurisdiction to entertain the suit inasmuch
    as the subject-matter of the suit w~ worth more than
    K 30,000. The learned Subdivisional Judge thereupon
    framed a preliminary issue, namely. "What is the valu~
    of the house and site for the purpose of jurisdiction?
    and ordered an enquiry, although the petitioners submitted
    that such an enquiry was irrelevant. Being aggrieved
    with the order, petitioners instituted the present revision.
    Now it has been ll;lled in Toe-wal Ahmed (a) Salin and'
    one v. Maung Tin (1) that a suit for ejectment ag~inst a
    licensee is governed by Article J7,. Clause (vi) of Schedule
    II of the Court Fees Act which provicles as follows :
    I 7 Plaint or memorandum of appeal in each of the follow-
    ing suits:-

    tvi) every other suit where it is not Twenty Kyats.
    possible to estimate at a money-
    value the subject-matter in dispute,
    and which is not otherwise provid-
    ed for by this Act."

    As regards valuation of suit, we must look to the Suits


    Valuation Act. Section 8 of the Ac~ relates to certain
    suits in which court-fees are payable a.d valorem. Sec-
    tion 9 deals with certain suits which do nof admit of being
    satisfactorily valued and for which the High Court has
    with the previous sanction of the Government made rules
    (t) (tg6o) B.L.R. 94 <H.C.).
    regarding valuation. Neither the High Court nor the c.c.
    1966
    Chief Court had made any rules under section 9 rt there-
    U PYu
    fore follows that sections 8 and 9 of the Act are inapplic- ANO ONK
    able to the suit of the present nature. In such a suit the v.
    u NCWP.
    plaintiff is at liberty to put his own valuation on his plaint TltN
    AND ONI~.
    for the purpose of jurisdiction, although the Court can
    refuse to accept such valuation if it finds that it is not
    bona fide or made with improper motive, such as a delibe-
    rate design to giv~ the Court a jurisdiction which it has
    not. Thus in Khem Raj v. Durgi (2) it has been held
    that-
    "A suit for restitution of conjugal rights is one in which
    the value of the subject-matter in dispute cannot be estimated
    satisfactorily in terms of money : conseq_u ently it is a suit
    which may he brought upon payment of the fixed fee of
    ten rupees mentioned in .Art. 17 (vi). Schedule II, of the
    Court-fees Act. In .such a suit the value as determinable
    for the computation of court-fee and the value for the
    purpose of jurisdiction are not necessarily the same. For
    the purpose of framing ffis plaint, the plaintiff must, 5o far
    as the case admits, insert therein a statement of the value
    of the subject-matter of the suit for the purpose of jurisdic-
    tion, which valuation determines the forum.
    In a suit for restitution of conjugal rights the plaintiff
    may. for the purpose of jurisdiction, put any value he likes
    on the relief sought and thus determine the Court in which
    the suit is to be instituted. provided that the valuation is
    made bona fide and not in order to effect an improper
    purpose."

    The principle enunciated therein will apply with equal


    force to the present case for ejectment of licensees which
    also docs not admit of heing satisfactorily valued. Be-
    sides. the copy of the sale deed filed by the petitioners
    shows that the house was purchased hy them from the
    respondents for a sum of K s.ooo and the valuation of
    the suit at this amount must therefore he deemed to be
    (:z) R.L.R. (t941) _.<}S (F.B.).
    c.c. proper and reasonable. \Vhen the petJttoners had pro-
    966
    perly valued their suit in accordance the trial Court erred
    u PYu
    in fixing an issue regarding valuation and insisting upon
    AND ONI

    "
    U Ncwm an enquiry which, in fact. is not necessary.
    '1\IN
    AND ONI!, It cannot be gainsaid that the framing of issues is one
    of the most important aspects of a suit. It has a vital
    hearing on the trial and decision of the case inasmuch
    as the parties will thereafter be guided by the issues joined.
    If the Court erroneously framed an issue which does not
    aric;e for the effectual disposal of the suit, it must be re-
    garded as having committed a material irregularity in the
    exercise of jurisdiction which must be amenable to the
    revision a) powers of this Court'. In Premsukhdas v.
    Shankerdas (3) Jackson, A.J.C. has this to say-

    " It has been contended on behalf of the plaintiff that


    under Section J 15, Civil Procedure Code there can be no
    revision of the order. It has. however, been held in Venkubai
    v. I-11kshman Venkoba (4) that in any case where the Court,
    having a mistaken and wrong apprehension of the questions
    at issue, proceeds to determine an issue which does not reall)'
    arise in the case and bases its decision of the c:asc on its
    determination of that issue, it acts with material irregularity
    in the exercise of its jurisdiction. The same view has been
    taken in Sivaprasad Ram v. Tricomdas Coverji Bhoja {5) and
    I am of opinion that revision of the order is possible."

    In Banumal and others v. Newandmal and others (6) it has


    been decided that framing of an issue on a point which
    did not properly arise was a material irregularity in the
    exercise of jurisdiction from which a revision lO the High
    Court lay.

    In the result the revision application s ucceeds and the


    order of the learned Subdivisional Judge dated the 18th

    (J} A.I.R. (19:&9) Nagpur 347 (5) h915) 4:1 . Cal. 926-27 I.C . 917.
    (4) (a888) 12 Bom. 6r7. (6) A.I.R. ( 1921 ) Sind. 159 (F.R.)
    f
    Nov.ember 14 directing an enquiry over the issue regard- c.c.
    966
    ing valuation of the suit is hereby set aside and I direct that
    UPYU
    the suit shall proceed after framing proper and relvant AND ONil
    issue. Petitioners are entitled to the costs of this applica- "
    UNcw.
    tion. Advocate fees K 34 'I'IN
    ANDONI.

    =-111

    '.
    CIVIL REVISION

    Before U Thet Pe, J.

    'c.c. u KYIN KHA AND ONE (APPLICANTS)


    1966
    Feb. 5 v.
    u SEIN PAw (RESPONDENT)

    Stay of execution-application by tire unluc~sful daimont filillfl a mit under


    0 . zr, R. 63 C.P.C.
    Htltl : It ia elementary principle of law that a sale in execution Conveya only
    the right, title and interest of the judgment-debtor to the auction purchaser.
    Since the unsuCcessful claimant in the proceedings under Rule s8, Order 21
    of the Ci-iil Proc.e dure Code, who institutes a suit under Rule 63, Order 21 ia
    not ajudgmentdebtor, or a person claiming under him, against whom executi~
    ia taken, his right in the attached property will not be affected by the sale.
    K.N.R.M. Cltettyar v. Ma Slrule Hla atul others 19+0 R.L.R. p. 749 ;
    Mo1uimed Hajee Val~i Molulmed v. Vednath Sillflht~nd othm A.I.R. (1938)
    Ran. 21 referred to.
    H. S. Voadtiya v. Tire Vijaya Bank Ltd., A.I.R. (t9SI) Mad. p. (Jzr)
    distinguished.

    U Maung Maung Myint for the applicants.

    U Than Maung for the respondent.

    U THET PE, j .-In Civil Regular Suit No. 104 of 1 961


    of the Rangooq City Civil Court the respondent U Sein
    Paw obtained a decree against U Toe .for K ro,ooo, in the
    execution of which the respondent attached the house
    known as 28, Padamya Street, HJedan Quarter, Kamayut,
    Rangoon. The present applicants U Kyin Kha and U Han
    Sein thereupon sought to remove, but without success,
    the attachment by a claim petition under Rule sB, Order 2 I.
    of the Civil Procedure Code. They then filed a suit for
    declaration against the respondent 'decreehoJder under
    Rule 63, Order 2 I of the Civil Procedure Code and asked
    Civil Revi~ion No. 47 of J96S
    for stay of the e?(ecution proceedings that were pending ~-f6
    9
    against the judgment-debtor U Toe. The learned Chief --
    Judge towh om- t h e1r
    . . .
    app11cat10n was rna deref used. to stay U A."''O
    KYIN KHA
    oNs .
    . the execution. Hence this revision. u Slit~P,.w.
    It is elementary prlnciple of law that a sale in execu-
    tion conveys only the right, title and interest of the
    judgment-debtor to the auction purchaser. - Since-. the
    unsuccessful claimant in the proceedings under Rule 58,
    Order -2 I of the Civil Procedure Code,_who institutes a
    su'it under Rule 63, Order 21 is not a judgment-debtor, or
    a person claiming under him, against whom execution is
    taken, -his right in the attached property will not be
    aft:ected by the sale. In K.N.R.M. Chettyar v. Ma Hla Saw
    and: others (I), wqich follows the Bench decision of
    Mohamed Hajee Valli Mohamed v. Vednath Singh and
    others (2), it was held that:
    " A claimant who has filed a declaratory suit with regard
    to property which has been attached in execution proceed-
    ings, to which he is not a party, cannot obtain a temporary
    injunction staying the sale. Since the amendment of
    Order 39. Rule r of the Civil Procedure Code by the High
    Court a Court has no power to stay the sale at the instance
    . o'f a third party. The sale of the property attached in the
    execution proceedings cannot impair his interest in the
    property, for only the right, title and interest of the judgment-
    debtor are conveyed to the purchaser and if the claimant
    succeeds in his suit, his own interests cannot be deemed to
    be disposed of by the sale. The inherent p6wers of the
    Court cannot be invoked either, for it is not necessary in
    the ends of justice, or to prevent abuse of the process of the
    Court to stay execution when the claimant's rights are not
    affected by the sale."

    I am not unmindful of the single Judge decision of


    H. S. Vodayar v. The Vijaya Bank Ltd. (3) where it was
    held that a sale in execution of a decree against the

    -.A . (r) (19-40) R.L .R. p. 749- (z) A.LR. (1938) Ran., :u .
    (J) A.l.R. (1951) Madras, P- 321.

    '-
    c .c. .judgment-debtor should be stayed .under section 151 of the
    1966
    Civil Procedure Code pending the <Jisposal of a suit under
    uANn
    KYIN KHA
    oNt:
    .
    Order 21, Ru1~ 63 by a c1a1mant
    . to the property. The .
    u SE:'PAw. . reasons given by the learned Judge for adopting this view
    which appear on page 3n are that :.
    '.' A Court of justice, equity and good conscience must have
    powers to pass such orders as may be neces~ary 'for t~e ends
    of justice, 01 to prevent abuse of the process of the Court,
    . under section 151, Civil Procedure Code. If, 'for instance, an
    attach~d family heirloom, or elephant or gem .or pait:tti~g .
    having :a great sentimental value for the claimant, is to be
    sold while his claim suit against a claiin order is . pending,. it
    may become impossible for the claimant to recover it, an<:f. .
    ther~ will be great . injustice caused to the claimant if he
    eventually succeeds in his suit. That will apply also to many
    other cases."

    With due tespect to the learned Judge, if a rare


    heirloom or gem or . painting f~r which no substitute can
    be found is involved, there is nothing to prevent the
    exctuting Court under its inherent powers to take appro-
    pria~e. steps in the interest of justice. But in a case
    where immoveable property which cannot be . either
    removed or ~iqde~ away is -in question it wiH not be
    neces-Sary i n the interest of justice or to prevent abuse of
    the process of the.Court to invoke the inherent' powers to
    stay the execution when the sale would in no way affect
    the right, title and interest of the claimant.
    In . the result, the application for revision fails and is
    dismissed wi~h cost's. Advocate fees K 34
    .
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    lB

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    . " No Court shall proceed with the trial of any suit in


    whiCh the .matter in issue is also directly and substantially
    in issue in a previously instituted suit between the same
    parties, . . litigating under the same title; where such
    .s uit is pending in . . . any other Court in the Uruon of
    Burma having jurisdiction to u.mt the relief claimed :

    '. '.
    1')0

    Odco:"?'JtV~couu Jai Hind Inm Mart ,'J,, TulsiramBhagwandas (2)


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    ~Therefore. the principle underlying section 10 seems to
    be that the policy of the Legislature is opposed to two Courts
    with parallel jurisdiction proceeding simultaneously with two
    suits when there is a possibility of the two Cour~ coming to
    different conclusions and thereby resulting in conflict of deci-
    sions. If that policy vnderlying section 10 is kept in mind.
    then it would be easier to come to a decision with regard to
    different cases that arise for decision:

    (a) A.l.R. 1953 Dom. 117. F.


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    (l) A.I.R. 1929, Patna, p . xu. (3) 44 I.C.P., 456.


    (:z) A.I.R. 1934, Rangoon, p. 42. (4) A.I.R. 1950, Lahore, p. 199.
    (s) 1954, B.L.R., P93 (6) A.I.R. 1945, Mldras, p. 111.

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    CIVIL REFERENCE

    Bejou U Thet Pe, J.


    c.c.
    H. T. AHUJA AND OTHERS (PLAINTIFFS) 966
    v. Apl. 23.

    P. C. GHOSH (deceased) represented by his wife DAw HLA


    YIN AND DAUGHTER (DEFENDANT).*

    Suit for recovery of Money due llll accounts taken-balance shtet prepar~
    by a qualijied aceouniant-failure to point our itt ineorrectness-no proof
    of irreruJo.rity or erroneousneu- whtther st4ficient to attach liability on
    the defendant.

    Held : The defendant P. C. Gh~h was a working partner in the partnership


    business and was therefore access to the account books of the partnership firm.
    the balance sheet prepared by Mr. A. S. Hakeem was incorrect he should
    able to ,point it out either to Mr. Hakeem or to the Court. This he had
    failed to do. There is also nothing on the record to show that the balance
    sheet prepared by Mr. Halceem, a qualified accountant, either irregular or
    erroneous. Under these circumstances the defendant P. C. Ghosh cannot be
    allowed to say that the balance sheet prepared by Mr. Hakeem is not sufficient
    to attach liability upon him.
    Dogar Mal and others v. Sunam Ram and others, A.I.R. (1944) Lah. p.
    s8, referred to.

    R. Basu for the plaintiffs.

    Tin Maung for the defendant.

    U THET PE, J.-This is a suit for recovery of


    K 51,74392 due on accounts taken. It is the case of the
    plaintiffs that they and the defendant P. C. Ghosh carried
    on the partnership business under the name and style of
    Messrs. Ahuja Radio House at No. 126. Sule Pagoda Road
    and Ahuja Ghosh and Co. at No. 254/264, Barr Street.
    Rangoon ; that the capital of the partnership business was
    Civil Regular Suit No. 7 of r96z.

    '.
    JJ9
    c.c. K r,oo,ooo to which defendant P. C. Ghosh contributed
    1966
    K 26,428 ; that one of the clauses of the Partnership Deed
    !!:oT.:= provided that the .nett profits and losses after payment of
    " outgoings shall be shared or borne by the partners accord-
    P. C. GHOSH f . . 1
    (oECEASE[I) ing to the amount o capital respective y su scn
    b 'bed by
    ~~~::- them. That the partnership was dissolved by mutual
    w;rv. '?~ consent on the rst june 1959 by a Deed of Dissolution
    AND by which the partners agreed to go into and accept the
    DAUGHTER. h
    partnership accounts outstanding on t e 31st May 1959.
    That on going through the accounts it was found that the
    defendant P. C. Ghosh had to pay K 29,49183 being the
    amount he had overdrawn and his share of contribution
    to the loss incurred by the partnership business for the
    period ending 31st May 1959 That the defendant
    P. C. Ghosh was also liable to pay income and super-taxes
    amounting to K 9,39802 for financial years 1946-47 to
    1953-54 and also K 9,75988. for financial years 1954-55
    and 1955-56. That the interest payable on these amounts
    from 31st December 1959 to 30th Januazy 1962 was
    K 3,09419 thereby bringing the total amount due by the
    defendant P. C. Ghosh to K 51,74392.
    The defendant P. C. Ghosh filed a written statement
    by which he denied the correctness of the amount claimed
    by the plaintiffs and further contended that the suit against
    him was not maintainable inasmuch as the partnership
    was not registered. That the partnership stilr' subsisted
    as he was compelled to sign the Deed of Pissolution by
    reason of coercion, threat, mi!_!representation and fraud.
    That the suit against him was barred by limitation.
    During the pendency of the suit the defendant
    P. C. Ghosh died and his wif~ and da1,1gliter were brought
    on the record as his legaJ representatives. One of the
    plaintiffs, namely, M. T. Ahuja. was dec~red an insolvent
    and the Official Receiver. was accordingly substituted in
    his place.
    J.J.)

    On the pleadings filed by the parties my learned c.c.


    966
    predecessors joined the .{Q&lowin;g issues: H. T. AltuJA
    ISSUES. AND OTHERS
    v.
    1. W~s the late P. C. Ghosh compelled to sign the P(o~C::.:O:,"
    Deed of Dissolution of Partnership under iiEJ'R.ESEHT
    .
    misrepresentat1on. f rau d. coeroon
    and t hreats wzn
    DBYtaS
    ~w
    practised by the rst plaintiff? Hr;_'~rN
    2. Is the suit not maintainable for want of oAucHTtR.
    registration of the plaintiff-firm and of the
    Partner.shlp Deed and for the allegations m~de
    in paragraph 1 of the written statement?
    3 is the claim against the defendants barred?
    ~- 1s the amO\~_nt K .51 7i39l claimed by the
    plaintiffs as shown in paragraph 6 of the
    amended .plaint correct?
    Issue No. z
    The burden on this issue is on the defendant but there
    is not a shred of evidence to substantiate the allegation
    that he was compelled to sign the Deed of Dissolution by
    coercion, threar.-misrepresentation or fraud. Jn fact none
    of his legal representatives had chosen to go into the
    witness box in support of the defendant's allegation. The
    issue must therefore be answered in the negative.
    Issue No. 2
    Since the plaintiflc; had produced the Deeds of Regis-
    tration of the firm Exhihits H " and " H {1)" the
    contention regarding non-maintainability of the suit for
    want of registration cannot be sustained. This issue will
    be answered accordingly.
    Issue No.3
    This issue has not been pressed by the learned Advocate
    for the defendants at the time of hearing. The suit having

    '. '. '.


    Jfi
    c.c. been instit11ted within three years from the date of dis-
    1966
    solution of the partnership business is clearly within time
    ~oT.o~~ vide Article xo6, Limitation Act. The answer to the issue
    "G
    P. C. HOSK
    will therefore be in the negative.
    (DBCEASED)
    REPRESENT- Issue No. 4
    ED BY HIS
    WIF1! DAw The learned Advocate for the defendants strenuously
    HLA YJN
    AND argued that the plaintiffs' claim having been based mainly
    DAUGHTER .
    on the balance sheet prepared by Mr. A. S. Hakeem could
    not be said to have been proved against the defendants.
    He submitted that .the accounts prepared in the ordinary
    course of business are admissible in evidence but such
    accounts cannot form the hasis of defendants' liability
    unless there is evidence to show that the defendants have
    in any way admitted its correctness. I have no quarrel
    over the proposition that under section 34, Evidence Act
    the entries in the account books kept and prepared in the
    ordinary course of business by itself do not prove the
    li~bility of a party to the suit hut in the present suit it
    must be borne in mind that the defendant P. C. Ghosh was
    a working partner in the partnership business and was
    therefore accessible to the account books of the partnership
    firm. If the balance sheet prepared by Mr. A. S. Hakeem
    was incorrect he should be able to point it out either to
    Mr. Hakeem or to the Court. This he had failed to do.
    Besides the Exhibit documents " A ,. and " F " clearly
    indicate that the accounts of the firm had been gone into
    by Mr. A. S. Hakeem with the joint consent of the
    defendant P. C. Ghosh and the zst plaintiff H. T. Ahuja.
    There is also nothing on the record to show that the
    balance sheet prepared by Mr. A. S. Hakeem, a qualified
    Accountant, is either irregular or erroneous. Under these
    circumstances the defendant P. C. Ghosh cannot be allowed
    to say that the balance sheet prepared by Mr. A. S. Hakeem
    is not sufficient to attach liability upon him. In this
    connection it will be relevant .t o refer to the decision in
    JJ?
    Dogar Mal and others v. Sunam Ram and others (x) where c.c.
    it was held that: 1966
    " The partnership account books being accessible to all the H. T. AHuJA
    . kept more or Iess un der the surve1'11ance AND v.
    partners, and bemg OTIIERS

    of them all, are prima facie evidence against each of them, P. c. GHOSH
    and, therefore, also, for any of them against the others. <:;=:~
    Consequently, in a suit by some of. the partners against the TEo BY HIS
    others, it is not open to the defendants to ask that the ~~!~~
    partnership account books relied on by the plaintiffs be AND
    formally proved or to contend that they were not prima DAtJGHTER.
    facie evidence against them."

    I am therefore 'Of the view that the defendant P. C. Ghosh


    owed K 29,49183 to the plaintiffs for the amount he had
    overdrawn and for his share of contribution towards the
    1oss of the firm. As regards the amount of income-tax
    which the plaintiffs had claimed fro~ him, namely,
    (K 9,7S988+ K 9,39802) K 19,15790 there is an
    admission by the plaintiffs that a refund of K 19,65012
    had been benefited by the firm vide Exhibit " L " which
    was not available at the time when Mr. A. S. Hakeem
    went into the accounts and was therefore not taken into
    consideration by him when the balance sheet was drawn
    up. Since the defendant P. C. Ghosh . had contributed
    K 26,428 towards the total capital of K 1,oo,ooo he is
    entitled to a sum of K 5,19310 out of K 19,65012, the
    entire amount of refund of income-tax. Thus the total
    amount owed by the defendant P. C. Ghosh to the plaintiffs
    was (K 48,64973-K 5,19310) K 43.45663. Interest on
    that amount at three .per cent per annum for two
    years
    and one month will come up to K 2,71668. The gross
    amount payable by the defendant P. C. Ghosh is therefore
    K 46,17331.
    In the result there shall be a decree forK 46,17331 in
    favour of the plaintiffs with proportionate costs against
    the defendants.
    :B (x) A.I.R. (1944) Lah., p . s8.

    '. '.
    '.
    JJO

    CIVIL REGULAR SUIT

    Before U Thet P~, 7.

    c.c. H. T. AHUJA AND SEVEN OTHERS (PLAINTIFFS)


    r96(>
    v.
    Apl. :13.
    P. c. GHOSH (deceased) AND Two OTHERS (DEFENDANTs) .
    Trmlsjer of Proputy Act, s. 53- a representative suit for declaratio11 th4t
    a deed of g(ft is not hindint: UJXI the p/ai1ltiffs -tohetJrer a mit for taere
    dularatioll is 'mnmtainoble- whether cpurtfus is payable tmdet' s. 7 (iv) (c)
    of the Court Pees Act -suit by crtditors -burdeu of proof of fraud on the
    creditors-shifting of the burden to the dehtor.
    llild : A suit under s. 53, Transfer of Property Act fur more declaradcn
    is not maintainable and that the coun fees payable is governed by s. 7 (iv) (1) of
    the Court Fees Act and that the plaintiffs. must pay oourt fees according to
    the amoW\t or the conseque.n tial relief which tlicy are now claiming.
    Vella)lya Konar Qnd onotkr v. Ramaswami KMar 4nd anotJrer, A .I.R. (1939)
    Mao. 094 ; A.K.,1.C. T. V. Chettyar v. R.M.A.R.S. Firm and ethers
    I .L.R. u Ran. 666; Asgar Ali v. C.V..R.M. J.'irm, I.L.R. 14 Ran. 81 ; Maun.r
    Ba Maulrg v. Maung Ba Yin (~1}4o) .R.L.R. 59 (F.B.), referred to. Held
    further : ln a suit filed by creditors under s. 53, Transfer of Pcopeny
    Act the initial burden of. proving that it is a fuud on the creditors rests on them,
    but if they can adduce facts Which are sufficient to show prima facie that the
    intention of the dehtor was to dclay or defeat the creditors, the debtor must
    meet their case and expiain his conduct.
    Moharmrurd !Jhaq and others v. llfohammtul 1'usaf and another (19Z?) I.L.R .
    R Lah. 544 , referred ro.

    R. Basu for the p.laintiffs.


    Tin Malll2g tor the defendants.

    U THET PE, j.-This -is a representative suit for


    declaration under section 53, Transfer of Property Act
    that a deed of gift executed by the defendant P. C. Ghosh
    in favour of the other defendants who are his wife and
    adopted daughter is not binding upon the .Plaintiffs to the
    extent ~f K 59,25.17I.
    "Civil Regular Suit Np. r6 of 1962.
    JJe
    It is the case of the plaintiffs that they and the
    defendant P. C. Ghosh carried on the partnership business ~~f6
    under the name and style of Messrs. Ahuja Radio House H. T . AJtoJ...
    at No ' 1 26, Sule Pagoda Road and Ahuja Ghosh and SEvENANI> OTHERS
    Company at No. 254/264, Barr Street. Rangoon ; that one "
    . tJ\ h P. C. GHOSH
    of the terms o f t he partnersh1p was at t e partners (oCAsto)
    should enjoy or bear the net profits or losses according TWo A~:.,us.
    to the respective amounts of capital subscribed by them ;
    that the partnership was dissolved by mutual consent on
    the 1st june 1959 by a deed of dissolution by which the
    partners agreed to go into and accept the partnership
    accounts outstanding on the 31st May 1959; that on
    going through the accounts it was found that the defendant
    P. C. Ghosh had to pay K 29.49r83 being the amount
    which he had overdrawn and his share of contribution
    towards the losses incurred by the partnership business
    for the period ending 31st May 1959; that the defendant
    P. C. Ghosh was also liable to pay. income and super-taxes
    amounting to K 19, I 5790 and also K 3.094 19 as interest
    thereby bringing the total amount payable to K 51.74392 ;
    that on 3rd August 1961 the defendant P. C. Ghosh
    collusively and with intent to defeat his creditors executed
    a deed of gift purporting to convey his sole property,
    namely, a two-storeyed putca building known as No. 15.
    Sooniram Park, Rangoon. with its site valued at K 25,000
    in favour of the other defendants, who at the time of the
    transfer knew that the defendant P. C. Ghosh was indebted
    to the plaintiffs and that the plaintiffs were. entitled to a
    declaration t~at the deed of gift was not binding upon
    the plaintiffs to the extent of K 51,74392.
    During the progress of the suit but before the hearing
    was started t!he defendant P. C. Ghosh died and the other
    defendants were brought on the record as his legal repre-
    sentatives as well . Then, one of the plaintiffs, namely,
    H. T. Ahuja became an insolvent and the Oflicial Assignee
    was accordingly substituted in his place as a plaintiff.

    '.
    '.
    c.c. The defendants contested the suit on various grounds
    J966
    amongst which it was contended that the plaintiffs' suit
    H. T~HuJA for bare declaration without consequential relief was not
    sEVEN oTHERS maintainable and that the suit was not properly valued

    P. c.vGHosH for the purpose of court fees. They further denied that
    (o~~Eo) the deed of gift was executed with intent to delay or
    Two oTHERs. defeat the cr~ditors.

    On these pleadings the following issues were joined :


    r. Is the suit properly valued and paid for the
    purpose of _court fees ?
    2. Whether the suit for bare declaration is main-
    tainable without consequential relief?
    3 Was the deed of gift. dated the 3rd August T96r
    made by the late P.. C. Ghosh in favour of th<'
    2nd and 3rd defendants with the intent to
    delay or defeat his creditors to the knowledge
    of the aforesaid alleged donees without
    consideration ?

    Since the present suit is an offshoot of Civil Regular Suit


    No. 7 of 1962 of this Court, the learned Advocates for
    the parties agreed to adopt the evidence recorded therein
    as the evidence of this case and to base the decision of
    the instant case on that of the other one.

    Issues No. 1 and 2 will be considered together.


    . .
    It has been sub!Jlitted on behalf of the defendants that
    the court fees should have been paid ad valorem inasmuch
    as the suit is one for declaration with consequential relief
    and that a suit under section 53. Transfer of Property Act,
    which entails avoidance of transfer by the debtor cannot
    be said to be one of declaration, pure and simple. The
    learned Advocate for the plaintiffs on the other hand
    contended that the suit under section 53, Transfer of Pro-
    perty Act is one for declaration without any consequential F-2:
    relief. In this connection he reHed upon the decision in c .c.
    r6
    Vellayya Konar and another v. Ramaswami Konar and --
    another (1) where it was held that a suit brought by a H . T~~uuiA
    creditor under section 53, Transfer of Property Act, for a sEvEN OTHms
    declaration that an alienation by the debtor is void against P . c . Guostt

    the cred1tors . . f 11 f d
    IS not a suit or cance anon o a ocurnen
    t (DECEASED)
    AND

    securing money or other property falling under Two o T HERs


    section 7 (iv-A) but a suit to obtain a declaration where no
    conseq_uential relief is prayed falling under Article 17A of
    Schedule 2 as amended in Madras.

    With due respect to the learned Judge who had decided


    the case, the fact that the plaintiff in such a suit has asked
    for avoidance of the transfer to the extent of his and other
    creditors' claim clearly indicates that it is not a suit for
    declaration pure and simple. Although the success of such
    a suit will not have the effect of cancelling the instrument
    of transfer executed by the debtor it will necessarily
    result in the avoidance of transfer to the extent of the
    total claim of all the creditors, both present and future.
    In A .K.A.C.T.V. Chettyar v. R.M.A.R.S. Firm and
    others (2) it has been held that :

    " When a suit is brought under the provisions of Order 2 x,


    rule. 63, of the Civil Procedure Code by an attaching creditor
    to establish his right to attach and bring to sale certain
    property, and in order to succeed it is nece.ssary to
    avoid a transfer of the property on the ground that the
    transfer has been made with intent to defeat or delay the
    creditors of the transferor, the suit must be brought in the
    form of a representative suit for the benefit of all the creditors
    of the transferor. The valuation of the suit for the purpose
    of jurisdiction is the value of the property transferred, and
    not the amount of the attaching creditor's decree. If the
    creditor succeeds in the suit the decree enures for the benefit
    of all the creditors of the debtor, both present and future."
    ~28 ( r) A. l.R. 1939 Mad. 894 (a) I.L.R. 12 Ran. 666.

    '-
    J?J
    The above decision had been approved by a Bench in
    ,~6~ Asgar Ali v. C.V.R.M. Firm (3). See also Maung Ba Maung
    H. T. AHUJA v. Maung Ba Yin (4) wJiere it was held that a creditor
    AND cannot sue for a bare declaration that a transfer bas been
    SEVEN OTHJ!JIS
    Cl made by hts
    debtor fraudulently wtth
    mtent to de f eat or
    P.(oECEAsED)
    C . GHOSH de"l ay h"1s ered'1tors.
    AND
    TWo oTHERS. ' When a suit under Order 2 I , Rule 63., Civil Procedure
    Code which is ordinarily governed by Article I7 (1) -of
    Schedule II of Court Fees Act turns into a suit under
    section 7 (iv) (c) of Court Fees Act, if a plea under
    section 53 Transfer of Property Act is made therein, there
    is the more reason to hold that a suit instituted under the
    provisions of section 53. Transfer of Property Act falls
    under section 7 (iv) (c) of the Court Fees Act. l therefore
    hQld that a suit under section 53, Transfer of Property Act
    for mere declaration is not maintainable and that the Co~rt
    fees p~yable is governed by section 7 (iv) (c) of the Court
    Fees Act and that the plaintiffs must pay court fees accord-
    ing to the amount of the consequential relief which they
    are !low claiming.

    Issue No. 3
    Jn a suit filed by creditors under section 53, Transfer
    of Property Act the initial burden ~f proving that it is a
    fraud on the creditors rests on them, but if they can adduce
    facts which are sufficient to show ;prima facie that the
    intention of the debtor was to delay qr defeat the creditors,
    the debtor must meet their case and explain his conduct.
    In the present case, it is clear from the evidence of
    Mr. A. S. Hakim (recorded in Civil Regular Suit No. 7 of
    1962 of this Court) rhat the defendant P. -C. Ghosh was
    supplied with a copy 'or the balance sheet on the
    2nd December 1959 and that he was therefore aware of
    the fact that he owed substantial sums of money to the
    (3) l.L.R. 14 Ran. 81. (4) (1940) R.L.R. 59 (F.B. ).
    plaintiffs before the execution of the instrument of gift c.c.
    1966
    dated the 3rd August r961. It is also not in dispute that
    H. T. AHliJA
    the defendant P. C. Ghosh was not possessed of any pro- M'D
    SEV111 OTHERS
    perty other than the building which he had gifted to his v.
    c. GHOSH
    wife and adopted daughter. It must therefore be assumed P.(DEC.\S!>)
    that the defendant P. C. Ghosh intended to defeat or delay AND
    TWO OTHERS,
    creditors when he conveyed his sole and only property to
    hi~ wife and adopted daughter. See Mohammad Tshaq
    and olhers v. Mohammad Yusaf and another (5).
    tn view of the decision in The Bank of Chettinad Ltd.
    v. U Taw (6) the plaintiffs will be allowed to suitably
    amend their plaint in the light of the answer to the issues
    Nos. 1 and 2 and pay the deficit court fees within one
    month from this date. failin~ which their suit will stand
    dismissed with costs. If the plaintiffs amend their plaint
    and pay the deficit court fees. there will be a decree
    declaring that a deed of gift dated the 3rd August 196 c is
    not binding upon the plaintiffs to the extent of
    K "f6,I7)-"31. being the amount decreed in Civil Regular
    Suit No. 7 of 1962 of this Court \vith costs.

    (5) (19'171 LL.R. 3 Lah. SH (6) (1957) B.L.R . s6 (S.C.).

    '.
    J\>9

    C{VJL REVISION

    Before U Thet Pe , J.

    c.c. KO THAN (APPLICANT)


    /966
    v.
    Mar 9.
    DA w SAw MYA {RESPONDENT)

    N;gotiabft- Instruments Act s. 4- prom1ssory. not~ -intenll.on oj the parties.


    ff,[d: A c-~rc-fu E an'alys is of the dQcument shows that the panics intend
    it to be a " cord of two items of debts due by the petitioner to th~
    respondent with n promise to pay within 11 certain period. The parti~
    n~ver intended the document in question to be a promi$sory note.

    (Nawab Majnr Sir) Mohammad Akb~r Khan v. Attar Singh and othas
    A.I.R. (19~6) P.C. 171 at 174 ; Lala .Karam Chand and another v. Firm
    Mian Mir Ahmtd Aziz Altmad and another, A.I.R. (1938) P.C. 121 ;
    Kulsnmbai v. A . K . Mandtitrallu. Firm, A. J. R. (1939) P.C. Sind :t8r ~
    referrcci tc .

    Ba Tin for the applicant.


    Rishi Ram for the rcsponcient.

    U THET PE, J.-In Civil Small Cause Suit No. A-49 of


    1964 of the Rangoon City Civil Court, the respondent
    Daw Saw Mya obtained a decree for K 500 against the
    petitioner Ko Than. It was the case of the respondent
    that the peti~ioner, who had been selling. clotho~ c.oJillllis-
    sion basis i'n her stall.in Thingang)ru~ Municipal Bazaar..
    approached her for an advance of K 500 to enable him
    to open a food shop as the business in clothing was slack
    and that a sum of K 500 was accordingly advanced to
    the respondent.. who thereupon executed an acknowl-
    edgment of a debt and that the . petitioner had failed to
    repay the amount in spite of repeated demands.
    Civil Revision No. 17 of 1965 agairu;t the dec:ree of the )rd Additional
    Judge, City Civil Court of Rangoon, in. Civil Small Cause Suit No. A-49 of
    1964, dated the sth May rQ6s.
    Petitioner. on the other h.3nd. denied having taken any c.c.
    19{)6
    loan from the respondent. He pleaded that he had never
    Ko "''HAM
    sold any cloth belonging to the respondent on commission tlo

    basis and that he was occupying the stall as her sub-tenant DAW SAw
    MYA.
    at the daily rent of K 2 which he had been paying
    regularly. After hearing the parties and their witnesses
    the learned 3rd Additional judge who took up the trial
    of the suit accepted the respondent's case and decreed her
    suit.
    It has been strenuously argued on behalf of the
    petitioner that the deed acknowledging the debt.
    Exhibit " ro '' was in fact a promissory note which being
    insufficiently stamped was not admissible in evidence and
    that the suit having been based on the said qocument
    should accordingly be dismissed .
    A promissory note is an instrument in writing contain-
    ing a promise to pay a certain sum of money to a particular
    person. No particular set of words is prescribed by law
    how a promissory note should be written. out an instru-
    ment in order to be a promissory note must fall within
    the four corners of the definition contained in section 4
    of the Negotiable Instruments Ad. The question as to
    whether the document is a promissory note or not mu!>t
    be decided on the intention of the parties which is to be
    gathered from the reading of the document as a whole.
    Funher. a promissory note being a negotiable instrument
    which is .meant ro pass from hand to hand must be certain
    in its construction and free from ambiguity. In other
    words; in construing a document the test to be applied
    is whether the parties intend the instrument to be a
    promissory note and whether the document in question
    is negotiable. If the answer is in the negative. the docu-
    ment is not a . promissory note but a mere agreement
    acknowledging the debt with the promise to pay. In this
    connection. the Judicial. Committee of the Privy Council
    c.c. has ruled in the case of (Nawab Major Sir) Mohammad
    1966
    Akbar Khan v. Attar s;ngh and others (r) that :
    Ko THAN
    (), "Such documents must come into existence for the pur-
    DAW SAW
    MYA.
    pose only of recording an agreement to pay money and
    nothing more. though of course they may state the consi-
    deration. Receipts and agreements generally are not intended
    to be negotiable. and serious embarrassment would be caused
    in commerce if the negotiable net were cast too wide."
    The above decision has been affirmed in Lola Karam Chand
    and another v. Firm Mian Mir Ahmad Aziz Ahmad and
    another (2). In Kuisambai v. A. K. Mandviwalla Firm (3)
    it has also been held that:
    .. In order that a document should be a promissory note
    within the meaning of section 4 not only must it be a promis
    sory nOle in form but it must in addition be intended by the
    parties to be a promissory note. i.e. it must be intended to
    be negotiable and to pass from hand to hand."
    Now. the document in the present case reads:

    o c oe c C' o 'l c
    O)(l)O')C ~ox;:a:m:ot::nm n
    l \ J -. t ~
    I
    1
    ;
    I
    A.l.R. (1936) P.C. 17r at 174
    (r) (2) A. I.R. (1 938) P.C. 121.
    (3) A.l.R. (1939) Sind 281. '
    F -~
    J??
    The document recites the existence of a previous debt of c.c.
    1966
    K .2oo, which the petitioner was unable to .pay, and pro-
    Ko THAN
    ceeds to state that petitioner received K 500 from the (/.

    respondent who made the advance at his request so as lo DAW SAw


    MYA.
    enable him to open a food shop and that the amount will
    be repaid within six months (rom the date of execution
    at the monthly instalment of K r.oo. It further narrates
    that the previous debt of K 200 will also be repaid within
    the period of six months. It is dear therefrOm that the
    document is not an undertaking to pay the definite sum
    of K 500 inasmuch as it also says about the liability of the
    petitioner to pay the previous debt of K.'2oo. Then there
    is the clause which recites that the sum of K .soo will be
    repaid in monthly instalment of K 100 which however
    runs counter to the stipulation that the entire amount will
    be satisfied within six months from the date of execution.
    Such an instrument cannot, by any stretch of imagination.
    be passed from hand to hand as a negotiable instrument.
    A careful analysis of the document shows that the parties
    intend it to be a record of two items of debts due by the
    petitioner to the respondent with a promise to pay within
    a certain period. The parties never intended the document
    in question to be a promissory note. Thus, the main plea
    of the petitioner regarding the maintainability of the
    respondent's suit on account of the invalidity of, the
    document. Exhibit " m " fails and cannot accordingly be
    accepted.
    Another submission made on behalf of the petitioner
    is that the Court erred in allowing the respondent to cite
    the Handwriting Expert after she had closed her case. It
    must at once be pointed out that the parties agreed to the
    taking of the expert opinion on the handwriting of the
    petitioner~ vide diary order dated r6th November 196<1 of
    the trial proceedings. The petitioner cannot therefore be
    allowed to turn round and say that the course adopted by
    ,:3A the learned trial Judge was improper. Besides. the need

    '. '. '.


    c.c. for calling in the aid of the Handwriting Expert arose only
    1966
    when the petitioner denied his ~ignatures on the exhibit
    KoTHAN documents after the close of the respondent's case and the
    II.
    DAW SAW
    MYA.
    trial Court was therefore perfectly right in obtaining the
    expert opinion in his search for the truth.
    As regards the merits of the case. there is sufficient
    materials on the record for the trial Court to come to the
    conclusion that the petitioner had in fact taken an advance
    of K 500 from the respondent and it would be wrong for
    me sitting as a Court of. revision to interfere with that
    finding unless it is either perverse or obviously wrong.
    S. S. Mohamad Hanifa v. K. 0. Mohamad Kasim (4) and
    Sultan Ahmed v. Nasara ]aman (5).
    Inthe result the application for revision fails and is
    accordingly dismissed with costs. Advocate fees K 34

    (4) (1950) B.L.R. 2~ (H.C.) (s) (195o) B.L.R. 369 (H.C. ).


    CIVIL REVISION

    B~fort U Thn Pt. J.

    MA THAN AND ONE (APPLICANT) c.c.


    1966
    v.
    Mar. 3 1
    MATHEWS JOSEPH {RESPO~DENT).*

    Cod~ of Civil Procedure 0. 26 Rule 5 - isrut of commission for examination


    of witness residing abroad- whtthtr ttJident:e relttJOn t and mential for tht
    proper decision of tht suit -whether application is bona fide.
    Held: Under Rules. Order XXVI of the COde of Civil Procedure. the
    issue of commission for examination of witnesses residing abroad can only
    be sanctioned if the evidence of the witnesses is relevant and essential for the
    proper decision of the suit. A party should not easily be deprived of the
    evidence which is necessary and essential to his case unless his application
    is malafick. The futile attempts made hy the putitioners to have their evidence
    taken d~ bmt esse before the departure of the witnesses to India and East
    Pakistan would go to show that their application for the issue of commission
    was bona fide and not actuated by any motive to delay the disposal of the suit.
    P. A. M. Abdul KadtT and ttn others v. S . M . M . Molridmr Firm by Pro.
    p r~~lor S. M. Nagoor Metra and six others, ( 19SS) B. L.R. 123 H.C.; M ..J. Sheth
    f!# Ca. v. Ramiza Bi and another, A.l.R. (1938) Mad. 647 ; Issac MmGSseh
    MqeT v# Sllbb4 Rllo ond ather1 (J9Sz-S'3) Vol .LVII C.W.N. 6os ; Messrs. The
    AUric CorjHWatiarl v. Mnm. Mtrcar~Jile Bonk of /r~dia Limited (1957) B. L.R.
    z88 (H.C.), referred to .

    .U Aw for the applicants.


    ,
    Kyaw Zan for the respondent.

    U THET PE, J.-ln Civil Regular Suit No. 966.of -1963


    of the Rangoon City Civil Court, petitioners sued the
    respondent for recovery of K 3.908 due as rents, mesne
    _profits and damages. The petitioners' case, in short, is
    that the respondent had been in occupation of three out of
    four rooms in the two-storeyed building known as No. 31,
    137th Street, Rangoon since the end of December 1961 as
    Civil Revision No. 41 of rQ6s, apinst the orde.r of the and Judge of the
    City Civil Court of Rangoon in Civi I Regular Suit No. 966 of 1963, dated 2nd
    August 1965. .

    '.
    c.c. their tenant, and that the respondent had failed to vacate
    1966
    from the ground floor .room although the tenancy had been
    MATHAN
    AND ONE
    .terminated with effect from the end of December I9<)2 and
    tl.
    MATtlWS
    that they had incurred the loss of K I .558 in payment of
    jOSEPH. labourers' wages as a result of the respondent's refusal to
    allow the workmen access to the rooms which at the time .
    of the respondent's occupation required minor works to
    be completed. The respondent contested petitioners' suit
    on various grounds amongst which it. was co_ntended that
    he was in occupation pf one groundfloor room on~. and
    that he had never denied access . to the petitioners"
    workmen at any time. On these pleadings. the trial Court
    framed six Issues, three of which read:
    I. Are the plaintiffs owners/landlords of the suit
    building and was the defendant formerly
    occupying three rooms in .the suit building as
    alleged in paragraph 10 of the plaint? .
    2. Has the defendant oc.cupied rhe . two rooms on
    the upper floor? If so, froin which date and
    is the defendant liable to pay rent for the two
    ~ooms for the period of his .o ccupation?
    3 Did the plaintiffs suffer loss on t he grounds
    mentioned in paragraph 6 of the plaint and
    paragraph 8 (iii) of the plaint and can the
    plaintiffs ask for d.lmages-1

    At the hearing, -the petitioners cited amongst other


    witnesses one ML A. R." Ghose who had once resided in
    one of the ground.floor rQ0ms of the house in question and
    one Abdul Mon~ff. one of the ~orkmen who was alleged .
    . . to have heeh denjed free :access to the rooms by the
    .respondent. These Witnesses could not however .be
    examined for various r~asons with . the result- that
    !\. R. Ghose left Jor India on 25th July 1964 and Abdul
    Monaff departed for East Pakistan on 16th August 1964.
    The 'a ttempts of the petitioners to have their de bene esse c.c
    1966
    examination taken before their departure did not meet
    MA THAN
    with success owing to the shortness of notice given about AND ONE

    the date of their departure and also to the illness of the "
    MATHEWS
    learned Advocate for the respondfmt. The petitioners JoSEPH.

    thereafter applied for issue of commission for examination


    of the said witnesses under Rule s. Or~er XXVI of the
    Code of' Civil Procedur-e. After hearing objections raised
    hy the. respondent, the learned 2nd Judge who had seisin of
    the case rejected the petitioners' application .on the ground
    that the~e had heen inordinate delay in applying .for the
    issue of commission.
    It is true that the petitioners applied for the issue of
    commission only on 27th May 1965 although the witnesses
    had left Burma on 25th July 1964 and z6'th August 1964.
    But they had explained that the delay was due to the fact
    that permanent addresses of the witnesses could not easily
    be obtained. No one can deny that there had been an
    exodus of Indian nationals from Burma in recent months
    and these refugees would have a hard time in their search
    for permanent home and the delay in applying for the
    issue of commission cannot under the circumstances be
    said to be unreasonable and without cause.
    It has been said on behalf of the respondent that no
    revision lies against an interlocutory order of a subordinate
    Court relating to the issue of commission. A complete
    answer to this argument is to be found in the decision in
    P. A.M. Abdul Kader and ten others.v. S.M. M. Mohideen
    Firm by ProprietorS. M. Nagoor Meera and six others (I)
    where it was held that the revision against an order refusing
    to issue commission for examination of a witness residing
    abroad was competent under section 25, Rangoon City
    Civil Court Act.
    The issue of commission for examination of witnesses
    residing outside Burma will naturally occasion the delay
    (1) (1955) B.L. R. 123 H.C.
    c.c. in the disposal of the suit which cannot be allowed to
    966 happen without adequate reasons especially when the
    MA THAN
    AND ON"e Courts are at this juncture trying their level best to reduce
    fl.
    M.\THBWS
    their respective files. Under Rule 5 Order XXVI of the .
    JOSEPH. Code of Civil Procedure. the issue of commission for
    examination of witnesses residing abroad can only be
    sanctioned if the evidence of .those Witnesses is relevant
    and essential . for the proper decision of the suit. . Th.e
    Wisdom of this rule is based on the principle that the
    iefusal to allow a party to adduce evidence which is
    relevant and essential to his case would be tantamount to
    the denial of justice. In short, a party Will be erttitl~
    to the issue o{ commission if .he can establish that the
    evidence proposed to be taken is essential and necessary.
    It bas been held in M. f. Sheth & Co. v. Ramiza Bi a.n d
    another (2) and in Issac Menasseh Meyer v. C. Subba Rao
    and others (3) that where a party has clearly established
    that the evidence of a witness is necessary, ~ut he is not
    within his control or resident within the jurisdiction of
    the Court, he is entitled as of right to a commission and
    that the Court has no further discretion in -the matter.
    Although I am not prepared to the extent of laying down
    that a party is entitled as of right for the issue of commis-
    sion when the requirements of Rule 5, Order XXVI are
    fulfilled, 1 am of opinion that a party should not easily
    be deprived of the evidence which is necessary and
    essential to his case unless his applh:;ation. is mala fide. ln
    this connection, it has been ruled in Messrs. The Asiatic
    Corporation v. Messrs. Mercantile Bank of India
    Limited (4}:
    .. That iri the matter of issue of commission to examine
    certain witnesses in a distant coontry, especially where his
    examination would cause delay. the Court must be fully
    convince~ that the evidence of such a witness is really rele~
    vant and necessary for the proper decision of the case."
    (z) A.J.R. {1938) Mad. 6.47. {3) (1952-SJ) Vol. LVII C.W.N. 6oS"
    (4) (19~7) B.L.l( z88 (H.C.).
    J9?

    In the instant case the learned Advocate for the c.c.


    19,66
    petitioners had stressed that it was essential and necessary
    M.\ THAN
    to obtain the testimony of A. R. Chose and Abdul Monaff Az.;DONB
    on which the success of his suit really hinged. He con- o .
    MATHEWS
    tended that A. R. Ghose who had occupied one of the JosErH.
    rooms of the house in question would be able to testify
    whether the respondent was in occupation of three rooms
    as alleged by the petitioners or only one room as contended
    by the respondent and the evidence of Abdul Monaff was
    also essential in deciding. the q\lestion of damages cl~imed
    by the petitioners inasmuch as he was one of the workmen
    to whom free access. to the room was denied by the
    respondent. These allegations of the petitioners had not
    been traversed by the 'respondent and it must therefore-
    be taken as substantially correct. Besides, it must not
    be forgotten th~t the petitioners had made genuine, though
    futile, attempts to have their evidence taken de bene esse
    before their departure to India and East Pakistan, which
    would go to show that their application for the issue of
    .commission .was bona fide and not actuated by-any motive
    to delay the disposal of the suit.
    Under these circumstances I am of opinion that the
    lower Court erred in rejecting .the petitioners' .request for
    issue of commission .which i's hereby set aside and l direct
    that the petitioners shall be permitted to issue commission
    for examination of A. R. Ghose and Abdul Monaff. I
    would also .like to . suggest to the learned trial Jud~e that
    pending the return of the commission papers the hearing
    of the suit should proceed by examination of other wit-
    nesses so as to prevent undue delay in the disposal of the
    suit. In the Circumstances of the case the parties shall
    bear their own costs so far as this application is concerned.
    38

    . . .
    J99

    CIVIL REVISION

    Before U Thet Pe, J.

    c.c. MR. B. GHOSH (APPLICANT)


    1966
    Mar. 12.
    v.
    R. R. DEY (RESPONDENT) .

    Application to stt aside ari e.x parte decree-TW~rring of time meaning of substituted
    service.
    Held: Time will run ft:om the date of the decree if the defendant had
    been duly served with summons, but if the summons has not been duly served
    I imitation will be computed from the date of knowledge of the ex paru de~ree.
    Held ftn'ther: Substituted service may be due service under the Civil
    Procedure Code but it is clearly not due service within the meaning of An ide
    164, Limitation Act. The expression " substituted service" clearly connotes
    that it is not due service, to serve that is due to the defendant or that is due
    according to the provis ions of law for the purpose of service.
    K .K.N. K.A .R. Chettyar Firm v. Aga M. Sheera:tree, (1939) R.L.R. p 6o6,
    referred to.

    Khin Lay for the applicant.


    B. K. Sen for the respondent.

    U THET PE, J.-In Civil Regular Suit No. Khagwe-304


    of 1964 of the Rangoon City Civil Court the petitioner-
    plaintiff sued the respondent~efendant for ejectment of
    the premises known as room No. 6 in house No. 8, Wun
    Min Lan, Bauktaw. On 3rd March 1963 and 21st April
    1963 two attempts were made to serve the
    summons on the respondent but without success.
    The petitioner therefore applied for and obtained
    permission of the Court on 25th April 1963 to take out
    substituted service of summons. Then the suit was heard
    and decreed ex pane on the 15th May 1963 as the
    Civil Revision No. 40 of 1965 against the decree of the Additional 3rd
    Judge ofthe City Civi ICourt of Rangoon, passed in Regular Suit No. Khagwe-
    304 of 196~.
    respondent failed to put in appearance before. the Court c.c.
    1966
    on the date fixed. Thereafter the petitioner took out
    MR. B.
    execution of the decree and ejected the respondent from GHOSK
    the premises on 3rd July 1963. The respondent thereupon R. R."D t;v .
    lodged an application on 22nd July 1963 to set aside the
    ex parte decree on the ground that he became aware of
    the decree against him only when he was ousted from
    the premises by the Bailiff. The Court therefore ordered
    an inquiry in the course of which it was brought out that
    the r~spondent was in fact absent from Burma at the
    relevant period during which successive attempts were
    made to serve summons on him and that he was then on a
    visit to India after he had obtained leave for four months
    from the Indian Embassy, where he was working. . On this
    finding the Court took the view that the respondent was
    really unaware of the existence of the suit that was pend-
    ing against him and that it w~s sufficient cause for his
    non-appearance on the hearing date and accordingly set
    aside the ex parte decree. Being aggrieved with t~at order
    the petitioner has brought the present revision.
    In this application for revision, which is rather limited
    in its scope, the only point that poses for consideration is
    whether the application of the respondent to set aside the
    lex parte decree in the trial Court is barred by time. The
    relevant article of the Limitation Act applicable to an
    application of this nature is Article 164. which prescribes
    a period of 30 de~ys from the date of the decree or where
    the summons is not duly served, when the applicant has
    knowledge of the decree. In other words, time will run
    from the date of the decree if the defendant had been duly
    served with summons, but if the summons has not been
    duly served limitation will be computed from the date of
    knowledge of the ex parte deere~.
    It has been argued on behaff of the petitioner that the
    periodof limitation must be reckoned in the present case,
    from the date of the decree inasmuch as the summons on

    '.
    c.c. the respondent made by substituted service on the
    1966
    direction of the Court must be deemed to have been duly
    MR. B .
    GHOSH served on him, and that the application for setting aside
    v.
    R.R. DV. the ex parte decree having been made more than 30 days
    from the date of the decree is barred by time.
    It must be pointed out that substituted service may be
    due service under the CiviJ Procedure code but it is clearly
    not due service within the meaning of Artide 164, Limita~
    tion Act. The expression " substituted service " dearly
    connotes that -it is not due service." the service that is due
    to the defendant or that is due according to the provisions
    of law for the purpose of service. I am fortified in this
    view by the decision in K.K.N.K.A!R. Chettyar Firm v.
    Ago M. Sheerazee (1) where a Bench of the late Judicature
    of Rangoon has held that :
    "Summons by substituted service effected in proper form
    is not necessarily due: service f?r the purpose of Art. 164 of
    the Limitation Act.
    The word 'effectual' in O 5 r, 20 (2) of the Civil Procedure
    Code does not mean due service : it means that the Court
    heilr!ng the case may pro<.:ecd with the suit as if the sum.
    mons had been personally served on the defendant. In art.
    164 of the Limitation Act and in O 9, r. 13 of the Civil
    Procedure Cocte due service oi summons' means not only
    that the summons was served in proper form according to
    the directions laid down in the Code but also that the
    summons was served under circumstances which en?.b!ed the
    Court to be satisfied that the defendant had knowldge of
    the decree against him, except in the case where the defend-
    ant h11.d purposely put it out of his power to have s~ch
    knowledge.
    ln O 9, r. B of the Civil Procedure Code the words pre-
    vented by ;my sufficient caiJse from appearing' mean causes
    other than Jack of kno.wledge of the proceedings. so that
    this rule is jn the same terms as art. 164 of the Limitation
    Act."

    (1) (1938) R.L.R., p. ~C'6.


    I~ the present case it is not in dispute that the c.c.
    r6
    respondent was away in India at the time when the
    substituted service of summons was taken out against him MR. B.
    GHOSh
    and it is therefore but natura_l that the respondent would u.
    R. R. DEY.
    be in complete ignorance of the existence of the suit that
    was pending against him and of the decree which was
    subsequently passed ex parte. The appliCation of the
    respondent is under the circumstances within time
    inasmuch as it was filed within 30 days from the date of
    knowledge of the decree.
    For the aforesaid reasons, this application for revision
    fail_s and is accordingly dismissed with costs. Advocate
    .fees K !7.

    238

    '. '. '.


    CIVIL MISCELLANEOUS APPEAL

    Before U Thet Pe, J.

    c.c. RATANLAL (APPLICANT}


    zg66
    Mor.t. v.
    M.A.P.L. FIRM BY MA AUNG KYI AND ONE
    (RESPONDENTS}

    Code of Civil Procedure-dismissal order far default of appearance whether


    the Court should proceed under 0. 17, R. z C. P~~
    Held: The dismissal order of the Additional Chief Judge for defa.ult of
    appearance by the petitioner on the date fixed for filing of affidavit of docurnenJs
    must be deemed robe one made under Rule z or J, Order XVII. .In a case
    where the default under Rule:' 3 is coupled with the defau.lt under Rule z as
    well, the Court should proceed only under Rule 2.
    Maung Khant Gyi and four v. Ma Thet Hninandsix. 3 Ran. 63 ; Amarsingh v.
    Chaturbhuj and others, A.I.R. (1957) Raj. 367 ; Ma Hla Nyun v. Ma Aye
    Myint and others, A.I.R. (1937) Ran. 437 ; Pratif.){ldi Bhayankaram Pichamma
    v. Kamisetti Sreeramu/u and others, A.I.R. (1918) Mad. 143 (F.B.), referr-
    ed to.

    ~. Chaube for the applicant.


    S. A. A. Pillay for the respondents.

    U THET PE, J.- In Civil Regular Suit No. 102 of 1964


    of the City Civil Court, Rangoon, the petitioner sued the
    respondents for recovery of K 5,000 due on a promissory
    note. On 1st July 1964 the learned Additional Chief
    Judge who took up the trial of the suit ordered the parties
    to file affidavits of documents by 15th July 1964. The
    parties were not ready with their affidavits on that date
    and asked for further time, which was extended till
    29th July 1964. On the date thus fixed, both the peti-
    tioner and his Advocate were absent and the suit was, on
    the oral application of the Advocate for the respondents, c.c.
    1966
    dismissed with costs.
    On 31st July 1964 the petitioner applied under Rule 9, RATA;~"'
    Order IX of the Civil Procedure Code to set aside the order F~~A~~-~A
    dismissing his suit, but the learned Chief Judge who then Ac:-~c KYt .
    had seisin of the proceedings as the learned Additional ANo oN.
    Chief Judge was assigned to duty elsewhere, dismissed the
    application on . the ground that the order dismissing the
    petitioner's suit being one under Rule 21, Order XI, Civil
    Procedure Code could only be appealed against or reviewed
    on the authority of Maung Khant Gyi and four v. Ma Thet
    Hnin and six (I}. Hence this revision application.
    It has been argued on behalf of the petiti~ner that the
    learned Chief judge had misinterpreted the order dated
    the 29th July 1964 passed by the learned Additional Chief
    judge as being one under Rule 2 r, Order XI, Civil .Procedure
    Code inasmuch as the order to file affidavit of documents
    was not purported to be made .under Rule I I, Order XI.
    which requires that there should be an application for
    dis~overy of documents by one of the parties. His conten-
    tion, in short, is that the order of the learned Additional
    Chief Judge in requiring his client to file affidavit of docu-
    ments must be deemed to be one under inherent powers of
    the Court as provided by section 151 of the Civil Procedure
    Code, and that the provi~ions of Rule 2 I, Order XI, will
    have therefore no application to the order of dismissal in
    the instant case.
    Now, Rule 2 I, Order XI, Civil Procedure Code reads:
    "Where any party fail~ .to comply with any order to
    answer interroga~ories or for discovery or inspection of docu-
    ments, he shall, if a plaintiff, be liable to have his suit
    dismissed for want of prosecution, and, if a defendant, to
    have his defence, if any, struck out, and to be placed in the
    same position as if .he had not defended, and the party
    interrogating or seeking discovery or inspection may apply
    (1) 3 Ran. 63.

    ',
    c.c. to the Cow:t for an m:d.er to that effect, and an order may
    1966
    be made accordingly."
    RATANLAL
    M.A:P.L. It is clear therefrom that a suit-can be dismissed under
    FIRM sv MA this rule only on three grounds~ namely, (i) the refusal to
    AUNG KYI ..
    ANo oNE. answer interrogatories under Rule I I ; (ii) t~e refusal to
    make discovery of documel)ts 1:1.nder Ru_le I2; and (iii) the
    refusal to permit inspection of documents under Rule 18.
    The same viW has been expressed in Amarsingh v.
    Chaturbhuj and others (2).
    Now, Rules II anq 18 undoubtedly have no application
    to the present case. Rule 12 also will not apply inasmuch
    as there is no c,:~pplication by the respondents for discovery
    of documents when the Court ordered the parties to file
    affidavits of clon;ments. It must therefore be assumed
    that the dismissal order qf the learned Additional Chief
    Judge for defavlt of appearanc~ by the petitioner on the
    date fixed for fili_ng of affidavit of documents must be
    deemed to be one made under Rule 2 or 3, Order XVII.
    In a case where the default under Rule 3 is coupled with
    the default under Rule 2 as well, the Court should proceed
    only under Rule 2. 1 am fortified in this view by the
    decision in Ma Hla Nyun v. Ma Aye Myint and others (3).
    In Prativadi Bhavankaram Pichamma v. Kamisetti
    Sreero.mulu and 'others (4) it was held that :
    There is no conflict between Rr. and 3. O 17. They are.
    2
    ind~pendent and mutually exclusive. Where the requisites of
    R. 2 are satisfied, that rule and not rule 3 should be applied
    although, i>~ addition to the absence of the party, circum-
    stance exist which would satisfy the requiremems.of R. 3
    Rule 2, O 17, deals with cases of absence of parties arid -R. 3
    with failure to do what was ordered. If the party fails to
    appear, R. 2 applies and the Court should not a5sume that
    he is .gvilty of default and apply the stringent provisions of
    R. 3 R. 3 applies only to cases where die parties are
    (1) A.! R. (1957) Raj. 367. (4) A.I.R. (1918) Mad. 143 (F. B.).
    (3) A.I .R. (1937) Ran. 437 -
    present and have not satisfied the Court as to the existence of c.c.
    t966
    any adequate reason for their not having done what they
    were directed to do.'' RATANLAL
    tl.
    .' M.A.P.L.
    FIRM BY MA
    Of course, the Court is at liberty to proceed under AUNC KYI
    Rule 3 to decide the suit forthwith when there are sufficient AND ONE.

    materials on record. In the instant case it is clear from


    the order of the learned Additional Chief Judge that the
    suit was dismissed for default and not on merits of the
    case. Since the dismissal order could only be interpreted
    as being made under Rule 2, Order XVII, the provisions
    of Rule 9. Order IX will apply so that the petitioner can
    ask for restoration. The learned Chief Judge therefore
    erred in holding that such an application is incompetent
    and this order is accordingly set aside with costs. I
    further direct that the application shall be re-admitted by
    its original number and proceed to hear according to law.
    Advocate fees K 34 .

    '. '. '.


    \

    J~J

    CIVIL FIRST APPEAL

    Before U Thet Pe, J.

    c.c. SfATE COMMERCIAL BANK (APPELLANT)


    1966
    v.
    Mar. 18.
    U PO DAN AND SIX OTHERS (RESP9NDENT).

    Burm~se Buddhist Spouses-impleading the uife as a party defendant--loan


    taken for the benefit of the joint family business-liability of the wife for
    the debt contracted by the husband. '"
    Held: The defendants U Maung Maung Saw and Daw Khin Than are
    admittedly Burmese Buddhist spouses and the latter will have an interest in
    the properties that belonged to her husband. The appellant Bank had therefore
    rightly impleaded the respondent Daw Khin Than as a party-defendant.
    The loan in suit was taken for the benefit of the joint family business in which
    the respondent U Maung Maung Saw appeared to be an active member and
    the circumstances of the case indicated that the respondent Daw Khin Than
    must be deemed to have consented to the acts of her husband. Therefore
    the respondent Daw Khin Than is liable for the debt contracted by her
    husband.
    U Pe v. U Maung Maung Kha, to Ran. p. 261 (P.C.); N.A.V.R. Chettiar
    Firm v. lv/aung Than Daing, 9. Ran. p. 5Z4 (S.B.), referred to.

    C. A. Soorma for the appel1ant.

    None for the respondent .

    U THET PE, J.-In Civil Regular Suit No. 10 of 1963


    of the District Court of Moulmein the appellant State
    Commercial Bank sued the respondents U Po Dan, his son
    U Maung Maung Saw, daughter-in-law Daw Khin Than and
    grandchildren Maung Thet Kyaw, Maung Du Du, Ma Kyu
    Kyu and Ma Tin Tin Saw for recovery of K 3,11,369-69
    due under an equitable mortgage. It appeared that money
    was in fact borrowed by U Po Dan and his deceased wife
    , " Ci vi I First Appea l No. 70 of 15. Ag<~inst the dec:ree of the District
    Judge r>f the Coun of M oulmein in Civil Regular Suit No. 10 of 1963,
    date~ 30th J une 19fi5.
    Daw Kyin Hlaing, who held power of attorney executed c.c.
    1966
    by U Maung Maung Saw, for himself and .for his minor
    Children aS Well,-tO run the joint family busineSS, in Which S~!!c~M-
    their son; daughter-in-law and grandchildren has certain BANK
    v.
    interest. The lower Court after hearing the parties u Po DAN
    .AND SIX
    decreed the appellant's suit against all respondents except- oTHERs;
    ing respondent Daw 'l<hin Than on the ground. that she
    did not own any of the properties mortgaged and that she
    had never granted a general power of at~orney to the
    respondents U Po Dan and his deceased wife Daw KJinj
    Hlaing to act on her behalf. Being aggrieved with that
    order dismissing the suit agaitlst Daw Khin Than the State
    C<:>mmercial ~ank - has -b;roqght ..the present appeal. The..
    respondent .paw; lqiin Than against whom this appeal has
    been mainly dlrected however' failed to put in appearance
    with the result that hearing had to proceed in her absence.
    Under the Burmese Buddhist Law the husband and wif~
    held during the subsistence of their marriage the interest
    in all the payin, Jettetpwa. and Hnitpasone properties
    belonging to either or both. Vide U Pe v. U Maung Maung
    Kha (r). In the present case since the respondents
    U Maung Maung Saw and Daw Khin Than are admittedly
    Burmese Buddhist spouses the latter will have an interest
    in the properties that belonged to her husband U Maung
    Maung Saw. Out of the various items of properties
    mortgaged with the appellant-Bank four belonged
    absolutely to U Maung Maung Saw, and the remainder to
    U Maung Maung Saw jointly with his parents and children.
    The appellant-Bank had therefore rightly impleaded the
    respondent Daw Khin Than as a party-defendant inasmuch
    as Rule I, Order 34 of the Civil Procedure Code enjoins
    that all persons having an interest in the mortgaged
    security or in the right of re.demption should be made
    parties to a mortgage suit.
    (x) ro Ran. p, ~6r (P.C .) .
    c.c. The lower Court has fpund as a fact that the loan in
    1966
    suit was taken for the benefit of the joint family business
    STA'tJI CoM-
    MERCIAL in which the respondents U Po Dan, his deceased wife
    BAHt< Daw Kyin Hlaing and U Maung Maung Saw appeared to
    "
    U PoDAN be active members and the circumstances of the case
    AND SIX
    OTHERS . indicated that the respondent Daw Khin Than must be
    deemed to have consented to the acts of her husband and
    parents-in-law. In this view of the matter the present
    case is coVered by the decision in N.A.V.R. Chettiar Firm
    v. Maung Than Doing (2) where it was held that a debt
    contracted by the husband could be made liable under
    .certain circumstances by the wife.
    In the result the appeal is allowed with costs and I
    direct that there shall also be a decree in favour of the
    appellant against the respondent Daw Khin Than as wen.

    (a) 9 Ran. p . 524 (S.D.).


    CIVIL REGULAR SUIT
    Bfr>re U Kyaw Zmr U,J.

    THE BANK OF COMMUNICATION (PLAINTIFF) c.c.


    19(>6
    v. Mar. JO.
    KHYN COMPANY (DEFENDANT).

    Suit for Recot"'Y of Loan on a promissory not--debt ba"td by Limitation-


    aclmowltdt:mmt of the /tJQn with a promise to pay-'wlretlrer tire docununt
    is a pro-note or a11 acltnGaJinlgmmt of the dtbt-a promise to pay a ba,td
    debt comes under s. 25 st~b-s. (3) of the ContrQel Att - fflhethtr to bt stamPtd
    undir No. s (<:)of ~elrftlule I of the B11rma Stamp Act as ammdtd by Act
    No. 28 of 1957 fllltttlrer .admiuible ;, et~itknce.
    Held: Reading the do<:ument (marked D) as a whole it is held that it is
    a promise to pay a barred debt onder sub-s. (J) of s. 25 of the Contract Act
    because it(i)is in writing,(ii)signed by the defendants( iii) expressing a promise
    to pay,(iv) the barred debt referred to therein. It is more than a mere ack-
    nowledgement under s. 19 of the Limitation Act. It is primarily an admowl-
    edgment with an express promise to pay the t imebarred debt due on the pro
    missory note marked A dated 9th July 1954 and the defendants had notieeofit
    Mortgage /nsur1111ce Corporation l.imited v. CrJmmiJSiontrs of Inland RttJmue.
    (1881) 20 Q.B.D. 645 ;Mohammed Altbar Khan v. Att4r Singh, 63 I.A. 279
    (P.C.) ; Conpatdas Kaludas Gosai v. Harioallabh Onkarji TritJedi, I.L.R.
    (1942) Nag. 126 ; Ghulam Murtaza v. Mt ..Fasiunnissa Bibi, l.L.R. 57 All.
    434 ; GofJind Dos and others v. Sarju Das, J.l.R. 30 Cal. 268 ; Satyaketu Datta
    v. Ramtsllt:ha~tdra Sm, I.L.R. 6o Cal. 7t4, referred to.
    Htld afso : The document. marked B have been held to come under
    sub-s. (J) of s. 25 of the Contract Act which begins with the words "An
    agreement", and is to be stamped under No . .5 (c) of the schedule I of the
    Burma Stamp Act, as amended by Ac:t No. z8 of 1957. As it now stands it
    is not admissi'ble in evidence (or not he'ing sufficiently stamped hut under
    Proviso (a) to s. 35 of the Burma-Stamp Act retd with s. 33 (t) of the Act
    and Proviso (b) to sub-s. (2) of the said se~tion and also paragraph 263 of
    the High (Chief) Coun Manual it can be admitteii in eviden<:e on payment
    of the deficient duty togefheT with the pernlty required.
    Uavid Suthnland Clerk v. Rose Crimslratc, A.I.R. (t9a3) Lah. 481 ; Pra-
    smma Kumar Pal and Sanatan Kunaa v Panaulla Miji and atrotlr~r. A.I.R.
    ( 1923) Cal. 659, refened to.

    Saw Taik Leong for the plaintiff.


    Aye Moung for the defendant.
    Civil Regular Suit No. s8 of r96r.

    '. '.
    c.c. U KYAW ZAN U, J.-The material facts are these:
    1966
    THE BANK
    On 9th July 1954 the piaintitf bank lent K 75.200
    oF CoM- with interest to the defc;ndant fi.rm on a promissory note
    MUNICATION
    o. marked A.
    KHYN
    COMPANY. After the debt had become barred by the law of Limita-
    tion the defendant firm wrote to the pl;~intitf bank on
    15th July 1958 acknowledging the previous loan on the
    promissory note and the interest due expressing at the
    same time that they " promise to pay " within a short
    time. This letter marked B is stamped with a twenty-pya
    stamp. When the defendant firm failed to pay as
    promised the plaintiff bank sent a legal notice on 2nd May
    1961 (filed) wherein it is.stated:

    " . . . That the aforesaid on demand promissory note


    became time-barred and the said Khyn Company signed an
    acknowledgment dated rsth July 1958 acknowledging that
    they owed my said clients the sum of K 75,20000 plus in-
    terest up to date due on the On Demand Promissory Note
    dated 9th july, 1954 and at the same time promised to repay
    the same within a short time.
    Please treat the aforesaid notice of mine as claiming the sum
    of K 85,93165 (Kyat eigthy-five thousand nine hundred
    thirty-four and pyas sixty-five only) as due on the acknowl-
    edgment and promise to pay a time-barred debt dated 15th
    July 1958."

    As no payment was made in spite of the aforesaid


    notice the present suit was instituted for the " recovery
    of K 85.934-65 due on acknowledgment of and promise
    to pay a barred debt" with interest thereon at the usual
    court rate from date of suit till realization with costs. In
    the plaint it was stated that demands had been made for
    payment but to no avail.
    The defendant firm in their written statement admitted
    execution of the promissory note marked A but denied
    consideration. As regards the letter marked B dated
    15th July 1958 they stated that it is not an acknowl c.c.
    1966
    edgment but a promissory note which is not admissible
    THE BANK
    for not being sufficiently stamped. No reference whatso- oF CoM-
    M UNICAT ION
    ever was made in the written statement to the demands (1.
    made by the plaintiff bank. This document marked B KHYN
    COMPANY .
    dated I sth July 1958 is as follows:

    Dear Sirs,
    We, the undersigned, acknowledge that we owe the sum
    of K 75.200 (Kyats Seventy Five Thousand Two Hundred
    Only) plus interest up to date to the Bank of Communica
    :ions, Rangoon, due on the Promissory Note dated 9th july
    1954 executed by us, and we hereby promise to pay the same
    within a short time.

    .Yours faithfully,

    Ba Hla
    15th .July J958
    KHYN Co."

    By consent the following three issues were framed and


    before taking oral evidence the 2nd and 3rd issues were
    argued as preJiminary legal issues. This order relates to
    these two issues.

    ISSUFS.
    I. Was the promissory note dated 9th July 1954
    executed for consideration?
    2. Is the document marked "B" dated 15th July
    1958 a pro-note or an acknowledgment of the
    debt due on the barred pro-note dated 9th July
    I954?
    3 Is the document marked " B " dated 15th Juiy
    I 958 admissible in evidence for not being
    sufficiently stamped 7
    c.c. Reading the document (marked B) as a whole I am of the
    r6
    opinion that it is a promise to pay a barred debt under
    THE BANK
    OF COM- sub-section (J) of section 25 of the Contract Act because
    MUNICATION
    u. it (i) is in writing (ii) signed by the defendants (iii) express-
    KtrYN ing a promise to pay (iv) the barred debt referred to therein.
    CoMPANY.
    Shorn of the words not relevant for the purpose of this
    suit sub-section (J) of section 25 runs as follows:

    An agreement made without consideration is void, unless-


    it is a promise; made in writing and signed by the person
    t.o be charged therewith, to pay a debt of which the
    cr~itor might have enforced payment but for the J~w for
    the limitation of suits.

    If the parties meant it to be a promissory note they would


    have used the usual promissory note form beginning with
    the words "On Demand We, the undersigned" etc. as in
    the note marked A. If the document marked B was meant
    to be a promissory note it would have been without
    consideration but for the reference made to the previous
    promissory note marked A which was a barred debt.
    Quoting the observations of Pollock, B., in Mortgage
    Insurance Corporation Limited v. Commissioners of Inland
    Revenue (I) where the learned Baron said:

    "I think it is dear that for the purposes of the Stamp


    Act it cannot have been intended that a document :should
    be treated as in part a promissory note and in part as agree-
    ment. It must be either one or the other. The question
    is, what- is the dominant, the substantial effect of the instru-
    ment? In this respect the prior decisions assist me in form-
    ing a conclusion. The Courts have said that in order to
    determine the question two things must be enquired into--
    what is the intention of the parties, and what is the 'instru-
    ment in the common acceptation of men of business, or
    persons among whom it is commonly used." F
    (1) (1881) 20 Q.B.D. 645.
    and alluding to Mohammed Akbar Khan v. Attar Singh (2) c.c.
    1966
    Niyogyi, J. in Ganpatdas Kaludas Gosai v. Harivallabh THE BANK
    Onkarji Trivedi (3) said: oFCoM-
    MUNICATION
    .. the test is not that the instrument contained a promise "
    I<HYN
    to pay but whether or not the .parties clearly intended the COMPANY.
    document to serve as a negotiable instrument.
    It is consequently necessary to look into the terms of the
    document and the surrounding circumstances to see whether
    it was intended to be a promissory note in the sense of its
    being intended to be used as a negotiable instru~ent. It is
    a well recognised rule of construction of documents that
    they must be construed as a whole, that every part of the
    documents must receive attention and that the intention
    should be gathered-from the whole context of the instrument
    so as to make one. entire and consistent construction of the
    whole:"

    I entirely agree .that issue No.2 in question must be decided


    on the .]ntention and the real characteristics of the docu.
    ment marked B. Emphasis was
    made on the barred debt
    and the express promise to pay the same. The legal
    notice referred to above and the plaint are more than clear
    that it was meant to be a document acknowledging dear
    previous barred debt with an express promise to pay the
    same. Unlike an . acknowledgment of liability under
    section 19 of the Limitation Act, which must be made
    before t~ expiration of the period prescribed for _payment
    of the debt, the express promise for payment under
    section 25 (3) of the Contract Act must be made after the
    expiration of the period prescribed for payment of the
    debt. Ghulam Muitaza v. Mt. Fasiunnissa _B ibi (4). In
    Gobind Das dnd others v. Sarju Das (5) it was held that
    where it is sought to recover a time-barred debt on the
    strength of a subsequent promise tp pay made in writing
    by the debtor; the document relied on rimst contain an
    (z) 63 I .A. 279 (P.C .). (3) I.L.R. (1942) Nag. u6.
    48 (4) I.L.R. 57 Ali.4J4 (s) I.L.R. 30 Cal. 268.

    '. '- '-


    fio
    c.c. express promise to pay under section 25 (3) of the Contract
    JC)66
    Act. See also Satyaketu Datta v. Rameshchandra Sen (6).
    THE BANK
    OF C OM I am of the opinion that the document marked B is
    MUNICATION
    u.
    more than a mere acknowledgment under section 19 of
    KttYN the Limitation Act. It is primarily an acknowledgment
    COMPANY .
    with an express promise to pay the time-barred debt due
    on the promissory note marked A dated 9th July 195<4 and
    the defendants had notice of it.
    The next point to be determined is whether this docu-
    ment dated 15th July 1958 and marked B is admissible in
    evidence for not being sufficiently stamped. I have held
    above that it comes under sub-section (J) of section 25 of
    the Contract Act, which begins with the words "An
    agreement ". It is stamped with a twenty-pya stamp.
    An " agreement " under the Burma Stamp Act as amended
    by Act No. 28 of 1957 is to be stamped with a three-kyat
    stamp under No. 5 {c) of Schedule I of the Act. There is
    however a conflict of authorities on the point. In David
    Sutherland Clark v. Rose Grimshaw (7) the Bench of the
    Lahore High Court referring to section 25 (3) of the
    Contract Act held that:
    " a written promise to pay a barred debt is not required
    by any of the provisions under the Indian Stamp Act to be
    st amped."

    With due respect to the learned Judges I do not agree.


    think the words "An agreement" appearing at the begin-
    ning of the section were overlooked. The Bench of the
    Calcutta High Court in the same month of the year in
    Prasanna Kumar Pal and Sanatan Kunna v. Panaulla Miji
    and another (8) however held that a document under
    section '25 (3) of the Contract Act is an agreement within
    the meaning of No. s. Clause (c) of Schedule I of the Indian
    Stamp Act. I am inclined to e1gree with the view of the
    (6) I. L.R. 6o Cal. '1'4 (7) A.J.R. (19a3) Lah. 4 sr.
    (8) A.I.R. ( t 91J). Cal 659.
    fio
    Calcutta High Court. The document in question as it
    now stands is not admissible in evidence for not being
    THF BANk
    sufficiently stamped but under Proviso (a) to section 35 0 , CoM
    of the Burma Stamp Act read with section 33 (I) of the MUNICATioN
    v.
    Act and Proviso (b) to sub-section (2) of the said section c KaYM
    and also paragraph 263 of the High (Chief) Court Manual OMPANY.
    it can be admitted in evidence on payment of the deficient
    duty together with the penalty required. The learn~
    Registrar of this Court as the Officer to whom the duty is
    delegated in this respect shall comply with the require-
    ments of law and the rule mentioned above and resubmit
    the record at an early date to the Court for consideration
    of the remaining issue No. x;. If the plaintiff bank fails
    to pay the deficient stamp duty and the penalty within
    the time fixed by the learned Registrar the document
    Marked B dated 15th July 1958 shall stand rejected as
    inadmissible in evidence.
    Costs shall follow the event.

    ',
    '. '.
    CiVIL REGULAR SUIT
    Btfo't U Thtt Pt, J.

    c.c. THE stATE AGRICULTURAL MARKETING BOARD


    1966
    (PLAINTIFF)
    Mar. 17.
    v.
    AUNG TRADING Co. (DEFENDANT).

    ClUtiO~ of Gunnitt by s-IMs of 1M gunnitt-luit fo, comp~uation


    tllhtthn tlu t~tritt~l cont,act of DgTtC'IMftt is ttiforceoblt ill law-Act of
    God ar dtftnct-- whtthn tht agrttmtnt is t;oid rmdtT 1. 23 or s6 of tht
    Contract Act.

    Hfld : The manner in which the document was executed would ro to


    ahow that the panies never intended that it should be a contract of agreemem
    without which there is to be no binding contt2ct between the panies. The
    facu of the case clearly indicate that the parties intended to make, and believed
    that they had made a binding oral agreement on the carriage of gunnies to
    which Ex. (o) fonns only a part. In thls view of the matter, the queation as to
    whether the document in question is enforceable in law or not does not arise
    at all. Shattluwlal Narayandal Muntlatk v. Tht New Mofuuil Co. Ltd. and
    othtrs, A.I.R. (1946) P.C., p, 97, referred to.
    Htld ju,thtr : An act of God is available as a defence only when tt as
    impossible to provide against the occurrence and it is not enough to show thai
    it was not reasonably possible to provide against it. Inclement weather
    conditions were not unexpected on the west coast of Arakan especially during
    the monsoon aeaaon and it cannot therefore be said to be so unexpected that
    no human foresight could reasonably anticipate it. The sinking of L.C.T .
    No. 495 in the pn:sent case on account of strong wind cannot be said to be due
    to w major or an Act of God.
    MtJnindra NtJth Muhlrnjtt v. Mathuradas Chatturbliuj, A.I.R.(r964) Cal.
    p. 175 ; Cushing v. Pttn Walkn and Sorr (Warrington and BuTton) Ltd. ( 1941 )
    (a) All. E.L.R., p. 693 at p. 695, n:ferred to.
    Held further : Assuming that the contract between the parties comes within
    the purview of the Burma Carriage of Goods by Sea Act, there is no provision
    in the Act prohibiting the def~ndants from foregoing any benefit bestowed
    upon them by the Act, where a person of full age with competent understanding
    entus into a contract freely and voluntarily which is not expressly prohibited
    by law, it cannot be said that the contract is ether illeg~l or against publ ic
    policy.
    HtJisbury's 14ws of Englmtd, 19~, 3rd Edition Vol. 8 p. 143, referred to.
    Civil Regular Suit No. 87 of 1957.
    H~d further : At the time when the parties entered into the contract of c.c.
    carriage, the defendants as carriers by !lea must have anticipllted that there &966
    were certain perils of sea journey especially durinR the monsoon season ,.,hen
    TmSTATt
    the sea is usual'y rouRh and stormy. Therefore the defence of. frustration AGRICUL-
    of contract is not available to the defendants. TURAL '
    MAitiClmNG
    K. M. Modi v. Mohamed Siddique and ont, (1947) R.L.R. 413 ; Rantoon 80AJID

    to.
    Tihpltone Co. Ltd. v. Tit~ Union of Burma, (JC).48) B.L.R. p. 5:t7, referred "
    AUNG
    TaAoJNGCo.

    fl.fyo Khin for the plaintiff.


    Tun Maung for the defendants.

    U THET PE, J.-The State Agricultural Marketing Board


    (hereinafter referred to as the plaintiffs) sued Aung Trading
    Company of Akyab (hereinafter referred to as the
    defendants) for recovery of K 1,27,056. It is the case of
    the plaintiffs that by a writing dated 27th May 1957 and
    signed by the defendants at Rangoon, the defendants
    offered to transport 200 bales of gunnies from Rangoon
    to Akyab in their L.C.T. No. 495 and that the plaintiffs
    after accepting the said offer delivered zoo bales of gunnies,
    which were however lost in toto when the defendants'
    L.C.T. No. 495 sank off the west coast of Baronga Island
    on the Istday of june 1957; that the defendants undertook
    absolute liability for the loss of the said gunnies from
    whatever cause and that the defendants had refused to
    compensate the value of the gunnies which amounted to
    K 1,2],056.
    The defendants. while admitting the execution of the
    writing dated the 22nd May 1957. contended that it was
    not admissible in evidence as it was not properly stamped
    and that it was not enforceable .in law as it was a unilater~l
    agreement. They then questioned the valuation of the
    gunnies and pleaded that the absolute liability agreed to
    by the defendants was subject to Act of God or vis major
    which was responsible for the total loss of L.C.T. No. 495
    '! 48 with the plaintiffs' bales of gunnies on xst june 1957.

    '.
    fie;
    c.c. On these pleadings my learned predecessor joined the
    t966
    following issue~ : -
    THESTAT1!
    ACRICUL-
    TtiRAL ISSUES.
    MARJ(8TJNC
    BoARD I. Whether the agreement or. memorandum dated
    (1.
    AUNG the 22nd May I 957 is admissible in evidence
    TRADING Co. ,
    and/or enforceable in law?
    2. Whether the defendants' liability was subject to
    Force majeure or act of God?
    3 Whether the sinking of L.C.T. 195 was due to
    Force majeure or act of God?
    4 What was the value of the 200 bales of gunnies
    involved in the suit?
    5 To what relief, if any, is the plaintiff entitled?

    ADDITIONAL ISSUE.

    I. Whether the agreement is void under section 23,


    29 or 56 of the Contract Act?

    Issue No. I.

    It has been asserted by the plaintiffs that the document


    dated the 22nd May 1957 was not an agreement contem
    plated by the parties and that it comprises the
    memorandum of the defendants' offer to transport 200
    bales of gunnies from Rangoon to Akyab on conditions
    mentioned therein, and that the contract was complete
    only when the plaintiffs accepted the offer and delivered
    200 bales of gunnies. In other words the plaintiffs' -case
    was that the agr~ement between the parties was an oral
    one.
    It cannot be disputed that an agreement of this nature
    needs no writing and the real test whether there is a ~om
    pleted contract between th~ parties without drawing up
    a deed is to see the inteJ)tion of the parties whether
    there is to be no binding contract till a formal
    document is executed or whether the document is c.c.
    1966
    merely to be a record of the bargain which the parties are
    THE STATE
    under contemplation.. Thus it has been ruled by the AGRICUL-
    TURAL
    judicial committee of the Privy Council in Shankarlal MARKET INC
    Narayandas Mundade v. The New Mofussil Co. Ltd. and BoARD '
    tl.
    others (I) that: AUN.G
    TRADING CO.
    "By the law of India, an oral contract is valid and enforce-
    able; but in such a cas~ it is .a question of construction
    whether the execution of the further written contract is a
    condition or term of the bargain, or whether it is a mere
    expression of the desire of the parties as to the manner in
    which the transaction already agreed to will in fact go
    through."

    In the present case it is dear from the testimony of


    U Maung Maung Gyi (PW 2) and U Tin Maung (DW I)
    who has once worked with the plaintiffs that the procedure
    adopted by the State Agricultural Marketing Board in the
    transport of their gunnies was to call upon the carriers
    registered with them \\:'henever there were gunnies to be
    consigned and that the carrier concerned was to sign on
    the document similar to that of the Exhibit o and after
    that the gunnies were handed over to the carrier for
    transport. U Maung Maung Than, the agent of the
    aefendants, admitted in his evidence t~at he had to see
    only the clerk, not the officer concerned before the docu-
    ment Exhibit o had to be signed by him. The manner
    in which the document was executed would go to show
    that the parties never intended that it should be a contract
    of agreement without which there is to be no binding
    contract between the parties. The facts of the case
    clearly indicate that the parties intended to make, and
    believed that they bad made, a binding oral agreement on
    the carriage of gunnies to which Exhibit o forms only a
    part. In this view of the matter, the question as to
    tA (r) A.I.R. (gs6} P.C., p . 97

    '.
    c.c. whether the document in question is enforceable in Jaw
    1966
    or not does not arise at all. Then the document having
    ~R~;'~ been impounded under section 33 Stamp Act is admissible
    MA~c in evidence in view of the proviso(a) to section 35 Stamp
    BOARo Act. The issue will therefore be answered in
    the manner
    "
    Autotc indicated above.
    TltAoiNC Co.

    Issue Nos. 2 and J will be considered together.

    An Act of God or Vis Major is an operation of natural


    forces which no human foresight can provide against, and
    of which human prudence is not bound to expect the
    possibility. It is a direct and violent as well as a sudden
    and irresistihle act of nature as a prudent man could not
    by any amount of ability foresee would happen or if he
    could foresee that it would happen, could not by any
    amount of care and skill resist . In other words an act of
    God is available as a defence only when it is impossihle
    to provide against the occurrence and it is not enough to
    show that it was not reasonably possible to provide against
    it. The facts of the present case must, in .the light of the
    above principle of Jaw, be scrut~nized whether the sinking
    of L.C.T. No. 495 was due to an Act of God.
    According to .the story of Capt. U Thaung Nyunt,
    (DW 3), Master of the ill -fated L.C.T., the weather
    worsened from the 3oth May 1957 when the velocity of
    wind reached up to gale force and big waves began striking
    against the side of the vessel with the result that sea water
    got into the engine room which was eventually flooded
    in spite of va1iant attempts of the crew to pump the water
    out. The vessel then began listing iin the rough sea
    although the cargoes were jettisoned to correct the Jist and
    finally sank on the Ist June 1957.
    lt must be borne in mind that during the monsoon
    weather stormy conditions along the west coast of Arakan
    is not uncommon and gales of considerable intensity are
    by no means unusuaL There is the lone statement of c.c.
    1966
    Capt. U Thaung Nyunt to the effect that the velocity of
    TH5TATB
    wind reached up to fQrce five. It is significant that the ACRICUL
    TUR,<\L
    defendants had not chosen to support their Captain's MARKETING
    version by any weather report issued by the Meteorological BOARD

    Department. Captain U Thaung Nyunt did not explain "


    AuNC
    TMotNC Co.
    what he meant when he said that the wind reached force
    five. Be that as it may, even assuming that an excep-
    tionally strong wind had swept at that time, such inclement
    weather conditions were not unexpected on the west coast
    of Arakan especially during the monsoon season and it
    cannot therefore be said to he so unexpected that no
    human .foresight could reasonably anticipate it. In
    Manindra Nath Mukherjee v. Mathuradas Chatturbhuj (2)
    the law on the subject of vis major or Act of God was
    exhaustively discussed and it was decided that:
    " An act of God is an operation of natural forces so
    unexpected that no human foresight or skill could reasonably
    be expected to anticipate it. In the town of Calcutta during
    the monsoon season stormy weather is not unusual and
    storms of considerable severity are by no means unprecedent-
    ed. Wind velocities of from 31 to 48 miles per hour are
    sometimes experienced in Calcutta and gusts of from 28 to 33
    miles per hour are not uncommon in the monsoon season.
    Therefore. a gust of wind with a vel01:ity of less than 27
    miles per hour in the town of Calcutta during the monsoon
    season cannot be said to be so unexpected that no human
    foresight could reasonably be expected to anticipate it and
    .cannot be regarded as vis major or act of God:
    ln Cushing v. Peter Walker & Son (Warrington & Burton),
    Ltd. (3) Hallett, l has thus remarked:
    " Counsel for the plaintiff submits, and counsel for the
    defendants concedes, that, before wind can amount to an act
    of God, so th.a t the defendants escape liability for the action
    of the wind, the wind must not merely be exceptionally
    (~) A.t.R. (1946) Cal. p. 17S
    (J) (1941) (~) All E.L.R., p. 693 at p. 695.

    '. -.
    jio
    c.c. strong, but must be of such exceptional strength that no one
    1966
    could be reasonably expected to anticipate or provide agains~
    THE STATE it. I do not think that it is necessary to examine such
    AGRICUL-
    TURAL authorities as there may be, but, having regard to what has
    MARKETING been decided in respect to other natural phenomena, such as.
    BOARD
    f). for instance, an exceptionally high tide, or an excepticnal
    AUNC downfall of rain. I think that counsel for the defendants was
    TRADJNcCo.
    correct in making that concession."

    For the aforesaid reasons the sinking of L.C.T. No. ~95


    in the present case on account of strong wind cannot be
    said to be due to vis major or an Act of God. The answer
    to issue Np. 3 would therefore be in the negative. In view
    of the answer to issue No. 3. the issue No. 2 does not arise
    for consideration.
    Additional Issue No. I.

    It has been submitted on behalf of the defendants that


    the Burma Carriage of Goods by Sea Act has given them
    certain protection as carriers by sea and that the contract
    which imposes liability on them otherwise than as provided
    by that Act must be regarded as void under section 23.
    Contract Act. The learned Advocate for the plaintiffs
    countered that the Burma Carriage of Goods by Sea Act
    has no application in the instant case inasmuch as no Bill
    of Lading as stated in section 4 of the Act, had been issued
    in respect of the goods carried by the defendants. The
    document in question, namely. Exh ibit" c ( :>)"which was
    issued by the defendants in respect of the gunnies which
    they agreed to transport, is clearly a freight receipt and
    not a document of title. lt is therefore rather doubtful
    whether the contract of carriage between the parties falls
    within the ambit of the Burma Carriage of Goods by Sea
    Act.
    Even assuming that the contract between the parties
    comes within the purview' of the Burma Carriage of Goods
    by Sea Act, there is no provision in the Act prohibiting
    the defe~nts from .forgoing any benefit bestowed upon c.c.
    1{1
    tbem by the Act. Where a person of full age with com
    petent understanding enters into a contract freely and THI!STATE
    ACRICVL-
    voluntarily which is not expressly. prohibited by law, it TUJIAL
    MAIIKETINC
    cannot be said that the contract is either illegal or against BoAliD
    public policy. In Halsbury's Laws of England (4). it has "
    AUNC
    been said: TltADtNc Co.
    As a general rule, any person can enter into a binding
    contract to waive the benefits conferred upon him by an
    Act of Parliament, or. as it is said, can contract himself out
    of the Act, unless it can be shown that such an agreement
    is in the circumstances of the particular case contrary to
    public policy. statutory conditions may, however, be im-
    posed in such terms that they cannot be waived by agree-
    ment, and. in certain circumstances, the legislature has
    expressly provided that any such agreement shall be void."

    The plea under section 29, Contract Act, which has


    been referred to in the issue has not been p~ at the
    time of argument. So far as the defence of frustration of
    contract as provided under section 56, Contract Act, is
    c-oncerned, I am of opinion that it is clearly untenable
    inasmuch as the plaintiffs had already carried their part
    of the contract by handing over the bales of gunnies to the
    defendants who were under a duty to hand it over to the
    plaintiffs' representatives at Akyab, and whose failure for
    its delivery could not, as noted above, be attributable to
    an -Act of God. Frustration of contract is a premature
    determination of agreement lawfully entered into between
    the parties owing to circumstances so fundamental as to be
    regard~ by the law both as striking at the root of the
    agreement and as entirely beyond what was contemplated
    by the parties when they entered into the agreement vide
    K. M. Modi v. Mohamed Siddique and one (5), and Rangoon
    Tf/ephone Company, Limited v. The Union of Burma (6).
    (4) Halsbucy's Laws of England, 1954, Jrd Edition, Vol. 8, P '43
    {s) (1947) R.L.R. p. 413. {6) (rC}48) B.L.R. P 527.

    '.
    c.c. At the time when the parties in the present case entered
    1966
    into the contract of carriage. the defendants as carriers by
    THE STAT
    AGRICUL
    sea must have anticipated that there were certain perils of
    TUML sea journey especially during the mon~oon season when the
    MARKETING
    BoARD sea is usually rough and stormy. I am therefore of the
    A~~o view that the defence of frustration of contract is not
    TRADING Co. available to the defendants. The answer to the issue. will
    be in the negative.

    Issue No.4.
    U Maung Maung Gyi has computet! the value of the
    ~nnies at K 1.27,056 and his comput-ation has not been
    challenged by the defendants in his cross-examination.
    Th~ Exhibit "o" document by which the defendants under-
    took to bind themselves also discloses that they would
    compensate the amount as fixed by the Chief Movements
    Officer whenever any loss and/or damage occurred to the
    gunnies .or twines consigned. The answer to the issue
    will therefore be that the value of the gunnies is K 1.27.056.
    In the result the piaintitfs' suit is decreed with costs.
    CIVIL FIRST APPEAL

    Before U Tlrn Pe, 7

    u AKYIT KAW (APPELLANT) c.c.


    JC)66
    v. MGr. Jl.

    DAW NGWE THEIN (RESPONDENT).

    Urban RIJtl Omtrol Act, ro-Imrd in posusimr of Receiwr-wle of. Ian(l


    by tM origiul ownn-lrlther tM buyn obtJJinltl good title Cl'lln tM lmrd-
    fDMtlrn tM trans/nee can cl4im rent from tM occupant of tM premius-
    bona fide mt~~irm~~P~t of tM prrmises cmrstruchim of building.

    H'ld : Although the suit land was in po$Session of the Receiver at the
    time when it waa purc::ha~;ed by the respondent the original owner Daw Khin
    Thein Thein, to whom the possession of the property was restored by the
    Court subsequently, never lost her title O\'er the property and the respondent
    must therefore be deemed to ha\e ohtained good title over it by vinue of her
    purchase from Daw Khin Thein Thein.
    Orr v. MutJ.ia CMtti, I.I~.R. 17 Mad. p. sor at 504 ; Emtmt M ortgage
    and Agmce Co. Ltd., mul another v. Malrammed F=vl Karim, A. I R. (1926)
    Cal. p. J9S at 39z , referred to.
    Held also : The' provision of s. ss (6) (a) read with s. 109, Transfer of
    Property Act clearly authorize the transferee of the property leased to claim
    rents accruing therefrom with effect from the date of transfer and the transferee
    accordingly comes within the defin it ion of" landlord" ins. z (c) of the Urban
    Rent Control Act, 196o.
    U ~yo v. Abba Kouim and one, (1959) R.L.R. p. 281 ; A .S.P.S.K.R.
    Korrupan Cltmyar and one v. A. Clrokka/irrgam Chtrtyor, (1949} B.L.R. 46
    (S.C.) ; IJafD Pu v. Ko Don, (1955) D.L.R. 33 (H.C.), ~eferred to.
    Held furtlrn : The respondent hall said that she really did intend to
    contruct the building on the land and that she had the means to do so. There
    is nothing on the record to controvert her statement. Then there is the statutory
    reC)uirement of executinl! a bond which should dispel any ma/g jid' on the part
    of the ret:pondent in seeking ejectment of the appellant from the suit premises.
    DDID DDtD Tlri v. U Thein Maung Gnd Co., Ltd., and mre, (1956) B.L.R.
    p. 1-4 (H .C.); U Tun Pe v. U Marmg Tin tmd/our othru, (1959) B.L.R. p. 16
    Civil Fint Appe21 No. 144 of 1()64. Against tlu. decree of the Additional
    Third judge of the City Civil Court of Rangoon in Civil Regular Suit No. B/2JS
    of 14, dated znd December 1964.

    '.
    J?J
    c.c. (S.C.) ; U Lu Gak v. Maurrg Thaurrg Tm aruJ tllr~e otlrers, (196o) B.L.R.
    1966 p. 156 (S.C.), referred to.
    U AKYJT
    KAw Ba Tin for the appellant.
    v.
    DAW NCW.I!
    THlN.
    Tun Tin for the respondent.

    U THET PE. J.-In Civil Regular Suit No. !"; 235 of


    1964 of the Rangoon City Civil Court, the respondent
    sued for ejectment of the appellant from a piece of land
    known as Holding No. I2tm o block No. 32, Kamayut.
    measuring 318 of an acre under section 12 (i) (d) of the
    Urban Rent Control Act, 1960. It was the case of the
    respondent that the appellant was in occupation of the
    premises as a tenant of its original owner and that she
    became its own.er by virtue. of her purchase from the
    original owner and also the landlady of the appellant by
    operation of law and that the premises were bona fide
    required for construction of the building. The appellant
    on the other hand denied the ownership as well as the
    tenancy put forward by the respondent and pleaded that
    the premises were not bona fide required for construction
    of a building inasmuch as the respondent was already
    possessed of a house nearby. On these pleadings the lower
    Court framed the following issues.

    ISSUES.
    1. Whether the plaintiff is the owner of the suit
    land?
    2. Whether the defendant is the tenant of the
    plaintiff?
    3 Whether the plaintiff bona fide requires the land ?
    4 To what relief is the plaintiff entitled?

    After hearing the parties and the witnesses the learned


    trial Judge gave a favourable finding on all the issues to
    the respondent and accordingly decreed ~ler suit. Hence c.c.
    rC)66
    this appeal.
    U AxYlT
    It has been strenuously argued on behalf of the KAw
    11
    appellant that the trial Court erred in coming to the DAw NcWJi
    conclusion that the respondent was the owner of the TKEIN.

    premises. It would therefore be necessary for me to trace


    the history of the holding in question. The land in dispute
    forms part of a larger plot known as holding No . .12/A
    measuring 3079 acres which originalJy belonged to one
    Sultana Khanum Kia who alienated the entire plot to Mrs.
    Sukhwanti Nath (a) paw Khin Thein Thein on 24th August
    1955 forK 45,000 vide Exhibit D. Daw Khin Thein Thein
    in turn sold a portion of the plot which forms the subject
    matter of this litigation, to the respondent by a registered
    instrument on 8th December 1960 for a sum of K 13,992.
    It appeared that on 22nd August 1958 the Central Com-
    mercial Bank of Burma instituted a mortgage suit against
    four persons one of whom was Mrs. Sukhwanti Nath (a)
    Daw Khin Thein. Thein in CivH Regular Suit No. 79 of
    T958 of this Court. One of the mortgaged properties was
    admittedly holding No. I 2/A which Daw Khin Thein Thein
    had puchased from Sultana Khanum Kia. On 8th January
    I 960 the Official Receiver was appointed the Receiver
    of the mortgaged properties. On 22nd June 1962 a pre-
    liminary mortgage decree was passed on the joint applica-
    tion of the parties, paragraph 6 of which reads:
    " That the plaintiff and the 2nd and 4th defendants fimher
    agree that during the period allowed !or redemption, the
    plaintiff will be at liberty to dispose of the properties men-
    tioned in paragraph 12c of the plaint to wit:

    ALL THAT piece or parcel of freehold land situate in


    the Registration of Sub-District of lnsein in Lot No. 32,
    Kamayut Town Quarter, Inscin Township, Insein District,
    measuring 3 acres or thereabouts together with ali ease-
    ments and appurtenances attached thereto.'

    '.
    c.c. either wholly or in plots upon price agreed between the
    11)66
    . plaintiff . and 2nd defendant and to apply the sate proceeds
    U AKYlT . thereof in reduction of the decretal amount due by the said
    KAw
    " defendants to the plaintiff." .
    DAW NCWE .
    THEIN. On 28th january 1963 on the joint application of the
    parties the order appointing the Official Receiver as the
    Receiver of the said plot was vacated so that it might be
    disposed of either wholly or in plots upon the price agree-
    ~able to tbe parties. Then on 6th january 1964 the)ast
    and remaining item of the mortgaged properties which- is
    . nqt relevant to the present proceedings was released from
    the possession of--the Receiver and res_tored to the parties.
    It is clear therefrom that the parties arrived at an amicable
    settlement and the final decree was never drawn up in
    that suit. .
    It is true that when the respondent purchased the suit
    land from Daw Khin Thein Thein hy a registered deed on
    8th December 1962. the OfficiaJ'Receiver was in poc;c;ession
    of the same as Receiver in the mortgage suit filed by the
    Central Commercial Bank of Burma. But it must be borne
    in mind a Receiver is appointed hy the Court for the sole
    purpose of taking charge of the property which is the
    suhject matter of the suit with a view to protest it until
    adjudication is made who is entitled thereto. The
    appointment of the Receiver does not in any way affect
    the proprietary right or interest of the rightful owner. It
    does not have the. effect of transferring the proprietary
    . right or interest of the owner to the Court or the Receiver
    arpointed by it and the real owner is therefore under no
    impediment to deat- with the property subject, of course,
    to the .right of the Court to manage it through the Receiver.
    It would be of interest to refer to the decision in Orr v.
    Muthia Chetti (t) where it was observed that :
    " The terms receiver and manager are synonymous.
    and though the appointment of a receiver may, in certain
    (I} r.L.R 17 Mad. p.SOJ, at so. F-2~.
    cases, operate to change possession, yet it has no effect what- c.c.
    14}66
    ever on the title of either party to the property which is
    placed in the possession of the receiver: U AKYlT
    KAw
    The following observations in Eastern Mortgage and DAW
    "NCWE
    Agency Co . Ltd.. and another v. Mohammed Fozlul Karim TKEIN.

    (2) are also apposite :


    " The object sought by the appointment of a Receiver is
    the safeguarding of property for the benefit of those entitled
    to it. His possession is on behalf and for the benefit of all
    the parties to the suit in vlhich he is appointed, and is the
    possession of all the said parties according to their titles.
    The property in his hands is in custodia legis for tbe person
    who can make a title to it. The title of the real owner is in
    no way affected either in theory or principle by his appoint
    ment."
    In the instant case although the suit-land was in posses-
    sion of the Receiver at the time when it was purchased
    by the respondent the original owner Daw Khin Thein
    Thein. to whom the possession of the property was restored
    by the Court subsequently. never lost her title over the
    property and the respondent must therefore be deemed to
    have obtained good title over it by virtue of her purchase
    from Daw Khin Thein Thein.
    Now regarding the question as to whether the appellant
    is tenant of the respondent. the provision of section
    55 (6) (a) read with section 109 Transfer of Property Act
    clearly authorize the transferee of the property leased to
    claim rents accruing therefrom with effect from the date
    of transfer and the transferee accordingly comes within
    the definition of " landlord in section 2 (c) of the Urban
    Rent Control Act, 1960. In this connection it would only
    be necessary to refer to the decision in U Mya v. Abba
    Kassim and one (3) where it was held that :
    "Under section 55 (6) (o) of the Transfer of Property Act
    ~SB the appellant who had purchased the property from the
    (2 ) A . J.R. (1926) Cal. p.J8s at 392.. (3) (1959) B. L .R . p . 281 (H C .).

    '.
    '.
    c.c. previous owner wa~ dearly 'entit~ tO the rents and profits .
    1966
    accruing therefrom from Jhe date of the sale and .tbus comes
    U A1CYIT within the ddinition of land lord in section 2 (c) of the
    I<Aw
    o. Urban Rent Control Act and that the respondents are undoub
    DAW N.Gw. tedly tenants within the meaning of that in section 1 (g)."
    THEIN.

    The learned counsel .for the appellant further submitted


    that since the Central Commercial Bank was collecting
    rents from the appellant the lower Court should not have
    held that the respondent was the landlord of the suit land.
    A rec:eipt in the name of one Ma Sein Sein was filed with a
    memorandum of appeal but this receipt did not say that
    the rent had been coHeaed in respect of the land in dispute
    or that it had any t.hing to do with the appellant. Apart
    from that the appellant had never .contended in the trial,
    Court that the Central Commercial Bank, and not the
    respondent, was the real landlord and he could not there-
    fore be allowed to put up an entirely n~w case at this stage
    of the proceedings. It is settled law that a party should
    be allowed to win or lose on a case set out in his pleadings
    and it is not the function of a trial or an appellate Court
    to make out a case different from the one set out in the
    pleadings. A .S.P.S.K.R . Karrupan Chettyar and one v.
    A. Chokkalingam Chettiar (4); Daw Pu v. Ko Don (5).
    As regards the question whether the premises were
    bona fide required for construction of the buildings, the
    real tests are (a) whether the owner intends to build and
    (b) whether he had the means to build. If these conditions
    are fu Ifilled the owner is entitJeJ. to a decree under section
    12 (I) (d) Urban Rent Control Act although such a decree
    might have the effect of ruining the tenant. It has been
    repeatedly held that motive is not a deciding factor in the
    matter of any bona fides. There is a spate of authorities
    over this point and I need only to refer to the decision in
    Daw Daw Thi v~ U Thein Maung & Co., Ud., and one (6) ;.
    (-4) (1949) fi.L.R. 46 (S.C.). (S) (r9ss) B.L.R. 33 .(H.C.).
    (6) (1956) B.L.R. p.14 (H C).
    U Tun Pe v. U Maung Tin and lour othea (7) and U Lu ~Ji6
    Gale v. Maung Thaung Tin and three others (8).
    In the present case the respondent had said that she u KA~
    really did intend to conStruct the building on the l~md and Dw "NcWII
    that she had the means to do so. There is nothing on the THEIN.

    record to controvert her statement. Then there is the


    statutory requirement of executing a bond which should
    dispel any mala fide on the part of the respondent in
    seeking ejectment of the appellant from the suit premises.
    Lastly as regards argument that the appellant had
    already put up a substantial structure on the lana a com-
    plete.answer is to be found in the decision in Ko Tun Sein
    and two others v. Ko Wa Nab (9) where it was held:
    " That the law h;ls been sett.fed since 1899 that Lessors
    are not estopped in equity from bringing ejectment by reason
    of tenants having erected permanent structures upon the land
    leased to the knowledge and without interference by the
    Lessors."

    In the result the appeal fails and is accordingly dis-


    missed with costs. Advocate fees K 51 .

    (7) (1959) B.L.R. p .t6 (S.C..). (8) {r96o) B.L .R. p. ~ (S.C..).
    (9) h 9SI) B.L.R. p . 19J(S.C . ).

    '. '. '.


    CIVIL MISCELLANEOUS APPEAL
    Before U Thet Pe,J

    c.c. u AUNG MYINT (APPELLANT)


    1966
    v.
    Mar. ,a.
    u HOE (RESPONDENT)

    APPLICATION TO SET ASIDE EXPAIITE DECREE-summon; duly served


    on the wife-onus to eSioblish sl4/{icit11t grounds for non-appearance running
    of time where the d~fendant is duly strtlt.d wirh summons.
    Held : Since the summons was duly served on the w1fe of the appellant
    he must show the existence of sufficient. cause for not appearing on the hearing
    date. The onus is on the appellant, who wanted the decree paSsed against
    him ~x portr set aside, to establish that there were sufficient grounds why there
    had been no appearanc" by him on th" dat" fixed for hearing.
    Radlul Moluln Datt v. Abbtu Ali Biwxu and others, A.l.R. (1931) All. 294
    (F.B.); U Aung Gyi v. T-M Govtmmmt of 8u1ma (1940} R.L.R. su (F. B.) ;
    Nagt:thwar Bux Rai v. Blmlror Dayal Singh, A.I.R. (1924)Par. 446 ; Vitta
    V~nkatachalam and another v. Sivapuram Subbayya, A.I:R. (1928) Mad.
    6ss. referred to.
    Held further : In cases where the defendants have been duly served with
    summons time will run from the date of the c.Jecree and not from the date
    of the knowledge of the decree. A decree against the appellant was passed on
    16th March 1965 and the application for setting aside the ex port~decr~e having
    been made more than Jo days. thereafter is clearly out of time.
    Manindra Chandra Datta v . Churamani Thapa and others A.I.R. (1949)
    Assam s. rderred to . .

    Thein Han (1) for the appellant.


    Mya Tin for the respondent.

    U THET PE. ].-This is an appeal against the order


    rejecting an application to set aside the ex parte decree
    by the defendant. In Rangoon City Civil Coun the
    respondent instituted a suit against .the appellant for
    recovery of K 2.000. On 18th February 1965 summons
    Civil Misc. Appeal No. -41 of 1965. against the order of the 3rd judge,
    City Civil Court of Rangoon in Civil Regular Suit No. 516 of 1964. dated
    toth August 1965.
    w~s served on his wife Ma Hla HI a Kyi. but on the date c.c.
    1966
    fixed for hearing. i.e. 16th. March 1965 no one appeared
    for .the appellant and the stiit .was accordingly heard and UAUNG
    MvtNT
    decreed ex parte. Then on I. ~th June 1965. the appellant o.
    UHOE.
    applied for. setting aside the .ex parte - deer~ on the ground
    that he was a.w ay ih Bassein when.: the. suit against him.
    was heard and.decidtd. The learned 3rd Judge who had
    seisin of the ~pplication dismissed iton the 'sc6re that .the
    appellant had . failed to show sufficient cause . for not
    appearing when the. suit. was calie<l for hearing.
    It has been urged: on behalf of_ the appellant thaf the
    lower Cou-rt erred .in dismissing his application \Yithout
    giving .him an opportunity to cite :wimesses--in suppOrt of
    his case. . It must.at once be pointed out that neither the
    appellant nor his counsel had -ever asked the lower Court
    to allow him to call ~tnesses; The diary order dated
    r.6~h;July 1965 ofthe trial .Court proceedings shows that
    counsel for .the _appelJant requested a date for arguinent
    after submitting to the . Court that' the appellant; would
    not file any reply to the objection of the respondent.
    lt is settled law that under .Rule 13. Order IX. Civil
    Procedure Code an ex partedecree against a defendant can
    only be set aside when one of the two conditions is
    satisfied, namely (a) when the summons was not duly
    served or {O) when the defendant was prevented from
    appearing on sufficient cause. Radha Mohan Dart v.
    Abbas Ali Biswas and others (1) . and U Auilg Gyi v. The
    Government of Burma (2). ~ow, Rule 15. Order V, Civil
    Procedure Code provides that summons on a defendant
    can effectively be. served on the a~ult member of his
    family. In the present case, since the summons was
    duly served o_n the wife of the ,appellant he must show
    the existenc~ of sufficient cau$e. for not appearing on the
    hearing date. The onus is on the appellant, who wanted
    the decree . passed against him . ex parte set aside. to
    B
    ( 1) A . I.R. (1 931 ) AF. 294 F.B. (2) (1940) R . L .R . 512 F. B.

    '. '. '.


    c.c. establish that there were sufficient grounds why there had
    ~6
    been no. appearance by him on the date fixed for bea-ring
    U AUNC .
    MYIN1' vide Nageshwar Bux. ~ai v. Biseshwar Dayal Singh :(3),
    fl.
    UHoE. Vitta Venkatachalam and another -V. Sivapuram Subbayya -
    (4) The appellant in the instant case . had not -.filed .any
    affidavit or.asked the Court to allow him to-call witnesses
    in support of his application, and I -am -therefore of
    opinion . that the lower Court has rightly rejected it on
    the ground that the appellant had failed to establish .
    sufficient . cause . for his non-appearance. -
    Then; there is the questionof limitation regarding the
    appeilant's application. In cases 'where the defendants
    have -been duly served with summons as is in the present
    case time will run from the date of the decree and not
    from the date of the knowledge of the decree: Manindra
    Chandra Datta v. Churamani Thapa . and otlzers (5). A
    decree against the appellant was passed on 16th Mar~h
    1965 and the application for setting aside the ex parte
    decree ha~ing been made more than 30 days thereafter is
    clearly out of time.
    In the result, the appeal fails and is accordingly
    dismissed with costs. Advocate fees K 34

    (3) A.I.R. (19Z-i) Pat. 446. (4) A.J.R. ( 1928) Mad. 6ss.
    (5) A . I.R. (1949) Assam s.
    CIVIL MISCELLANEOUS APPEAL .

    Btfort U 17rtt Pt, J,

    U AUNG THEIN (APPELLANT) c.c.


    r#
    v. Mar. u.

    u THAN HTUT AND ONE (RESPONDENT)


    EXT;CUTION OF DECREE-application f or imprisonment of tht iutlgmttlt
    . llt61M-0. :u R . 40 C.P. Codt and Pr'otJisfl to
    s. 51 C.J>.C.-f.l1htn the-
    Court has power to ordtr imfjritonment
    Held : Under Rule 40, Order 21. Civil Pr0<:1edure Code a decree-holder
    caMot eKeeute his money decree- by imprisonment of the judgment-debtor
    except in certain circumstances specified in the proviso. to s. 51 which .is manda-
    tnry in character. It is therefore incumbent nn the deeree-holder to establish
    the circumstances justifying imprisonment or the jud,gment-debtor. The
    appellant had failed to discharg~ .the burden placed upon hirn to 5how that the
    respondent had neglected or refused to pay the decretal amo~nt or some
    substantia.! part of it.
    Ch. Harpal Singh and others v. Lala H ira Lai, A.J.R. (1955) All. 402 at
    p. 4~4 ; K.V. Muthu Pathar v. R. S . Mani Rao, A.I.R. ( 1956} Mad. s8o at
    p .582; Atta Karim v. Mt. Bibi Habiba Soghra, A.J.R. (1951) Pat. 355
    referred to.

    Wan Hock for the appellant.

    Myint Myint Khin for the respondent.

    U THET PE, j.-ln Ovil Regular Suit No. 965 of the


    Rangoon City Civil Court the appellant sued and obtain
    a decree for K 3,500 with costs against the respondent.
    The appellant then took out execution of the decree and
    sought an order for imprisonment of the respondent in
    civil prison from the executing Court, which after due
    enquiry, rejected his request on the ground that the
    respondent had not refused or neglected to pay the
    Civii Msc. Appeal No. :s of 1965. Against the decree of the City Civil
    Court of Rangoon in Civil Execution Case No. 697 of 1964.

    '. '.
    JOJ
    c.c. decretal amoun~ ~r some substantial part thereof. It is
    Jg66
    against this ord~r the present appeal has been instituted.
    UAuNG
    THEIN Under Rule 40, Order 2r, Civil Procedure Code a
    "
    UTttAN decree-holder cannot execute his money deer~ by
    HTUT AND
    ON I.
    imprisonment of the judgment-debtor except in certain
    circumstances specified in the proviso to section. 51 which
    is mandatory in character. The executing Court has no
    power to order the imprisonment unless a judg~ent
    debtor comes within the mischief of the said proviso.
    The object of the rule is apparently to prevent creditors
    from unduly harassing indigent debtors~ It is therefore
    incumbent on the decree-holder to establish the
    circumstances justifying imprisonment of the judgment-
    debtor. Thus, it has been. remarked in Ch. Harpal Singh
    and others v. Lala Hira Lal (1):
    . . . It was for the decree-holder to get such facts
    on the record either by his own evidence or by cross-exam in.
    ing the judgment-debtor or his witnesses as would lead to
    the satisfaction of the court on one of the points mentioned
    in clauses (a) to (c) to proviso to section 51. Failure of the
    decree-bolder to do so cannot go against the jl,ldgment
    debtor.''
    It has also been said in K. V. Mu.t hu Pathar v. ~. S. Mani
    RaCJ (2):
    It is not for the judgment-debtor to prove the 'negative .
    but for the decree-holder to prove the 'positive', and for the
    court to find in favour of the contention of the decree-holder
    and to record its reasons for ordering arrest."
    In Atta Karim v. Mt. Bibi Habiba Soghra (3) it has been
    held:
    "According to section 51. Civil Procedure Code, as it stands
    after the amendme.rat by Act XXI (2.1) of 1,936. the onus of
    proof is on the decree-holder to establish that the judgment-
    debtor had sufficient means to pay the decree within the
    meaning of sub-clause (b) of the proviso to section sC'
    (1) A.LR. h9sS) All . 402 at P-404 (2)A.I.R. <~<is6) Mad. s8o ~t p. s82.
    (~) A.I.R. (1951) Pat. 355
    In the present case the appellant had alleged that the c.c.
    966
    respondent was possessed of a Land:Rover motor-car
    UAU NG
    which was worth more than- K zo,ooo but he had not THEIN
    adduced any evidence to support his allegation. The v.
    UTHAN
    respondelll, on the other hand, denied that the vehicle HTUT AND
    ON~.
    belonged to. him. The executing . Court held that it
    belonged to the respondent's second wife Daw Win Kyi
    who had already sold it for K 8,200. Since the appellant
    had failed to discharge the burden placed UpOn him to
    show that the respondent was in fact the owner of the
    vehicle the value of which would satisfy the decretal
    amount it could not be said that the finding of the
    executing Coun was erroneous.
    The executing Court further found that the respondent
    was jobless and had been subsisting on the allowance of
    his adopted mother and that his sha{e to the extent of
    K 5,000 in Yadana Su-pone Company which had already
    been nationalized by the Government could not yet be
    realized. In these circumstances there are sufficient
    materials for the executing Court to hold that the
    respondent bas no means to pay the decretal amount and
    that he has not neglected or refused to pay the decretal
    amount or some substantial part thereof.
    In the result the appeal fails and is accordingly
    . dismissed. In the cir(:umstances of the case there will be
    no order as to costs.

    '.
    CIVIL SECOND APPEAL

    c.c. u AYE MAUNG (APPELLANT)


    1966
    v.
    Mar. 19,
    u BA TUN AND ONE (RESPONDENT).*

    Code of Civil PTocedure, O'd" 41 Rule 31-Judgment of the tst appet/ate


    CouTt-what it should contain.
    Held : The judgment of the learned District judge is not really a .Judgment
    within the meaning of Rule Jl, Order 4' . Civil Procedure Code which requires
    that the judgment of an appellate Court must contain points for determination,
    the decision thereon :and the reasons for tJte decision. The object of thi;
    rule is to enahle this CGurt in second appeal to judge whethe r the lower appellate
    Court has properly appreciated and decided the c-ase. The first appellate
    Court in affinning the decision of the Court below need not of cowse encumber
    its judgment with unnecessary details but it must independently w,eigh the
    evidence on the record and arrive 11t its own conclusion. Mere e"pression of
    concurrence with the finding of the trial Court without giving any reason is
    nor a propn judgment.
    Sailaja11anda Pandey and one v. Lakhichand Sao and others, A.I.R. ( 1951)
    Pat. 502 ; Ma Saw and others v. Ma .Bwin Byu IV Ran. 66, referred to.

    Hla Mauns (1) fort~ cij>pell~nt.


    :. - .
    Than Mormg for the respondents.

    U THET PE, J.-This second appeal by U Aye Maung


    arose under the following circumstances. In Civil
    Regular Suit No. 8 of 1963 of the Township Court of
    Yamethin, appellant sued for ejectment of the respondents
    from a barrack standing on a _piece of land known as
    Holding No. a /I, Wahtoc Block No. 28, Yamethin, under
    .section 12 (1) (a) and (e) of the Urban Rent Control Act,
    1960. It was the case of the appellant that _respondents
    Civil Second Appeal No. 4 of 1965. Against the decree of the District
    Court of Vamethin in Civil Appeal No. 11 of 1964, dated 17th November 1951-
    arising out of Civil Regular Suit No. 8 of 1963 of the Township Court of
    Vamethin.
    had been in occupation of the premises in suit as tenants c.c.
    19(16
    of one U Sa, the original owner thereof, at the rental of
    K 3oper inensem, that the appellant became the owner of 'itA~~
    the prenfls~s by virtue of his purchase from U Sa with a u B: TuN
    registered deed dated the 6th March 1956, that the AND oN.
    appellant bona fide required the premises for construction
    of a building for which purpose he had obtained the
    required .permission of the Yamethin Municipality on
    2oth December 1962, that the respondents were in arrears
    of rent for a period of four years, and that they had failed
    to ~cate from the premises in spite of a notice sent by
    registered post on uth October 1962.
    The respondents, on the other hand, pleaded that the
    barrack in question did not belong to the appellant as it
    was built by them with his knowledge and consent and
    that the appellant did not require the premises bona fide
    for construction of a building inasmuch as he was possessed
    of another house where he was residing. Then the legality
    of the notice was also questioned by the respondents.
    On the pleadings filed by the parties, the learned
    Township judge framed no less than nine issues. After
    hearing the witnesses he dismissed the appellant's suit with
    costs. The appel1ant thereupon went up on appeal to the
    District Court of Yamethin in its Civil Appeal No. I I of
    1964 which affirmed the judgment and decree of the trial
    Court. Hence this second appeal .
    Before going into the merits of this appeal, it would
    be necessary to comment on the judgment of the lower
    appellate Courn. In the appeal before the District Court
    me memorandum of appeal shows that various grounds
    were raised against the judgment and decree of the trial
    Court and that amongst other grounds it was contended
    that the trial Court erred in not coming to the conclusion
    that the respondents were his tenants and that the premises
    were bona fide required for construction of a house and
    6A that the notice was valid in 1aw. The learned District

    '.
    c.c.
    19{16
    Judge in d~liv~ring his judgment simply restated the find-
    ings of the learned trial Judge and. merely concluded that-
    U AYB
    MAUNe there were .no grounds to distu~b th~ judgment and de~ree
    "
    U BA TuN of the 'trial ' ~ourt without spc~ifically dealing with the
    AND ON. points raised by the appellant. This judgment of the
    learned District Judge is not really a judgmen.t within the
    meani.ng of Rule 31. Order 41, Civil Procedure Code which
    require-; that the judgJTlent of :an appellate ~oun must
    contain points for deter~inatio~. th_e decision thereon the
    reasons for the decision. The. object ~f this rule to is
    enable this Courr in .second appeal to judge whether the
    lower appellate Court has properly appreciatect and decided
    the case. The first appellate ' Court in affirming the d~ci
    sion of the Court below need not of course encumber its
    judgment with unnecessary detaiJs but it must indepen-
    dently weigh the evidence on record and arrive at its own
    condusion. Mere expression of concurrence with the
    . finding of the tr~al Court without giving a~y reas~n ~~
    not a proper judgment. In thiS: conne~lon, it has been
    held in Sailajananda Pandey and another v. Lakhichand Sao
    and others (I) that:
    "The Legislature has ~ ntrusted 'a very important duty to
    the first appellate Court. It is for that Court to decide finally
    all questions of fact on which the disposa r of. the su~t m.i ght
    depend. It must appear from the judgment of the lo wer
    Appellate Court 1hat it has made an honest endeavour to
    .make a proper appraisement of the merits of the cases P.Ut
    forward by the part ies, and it . should never appE'.ar to the
    litigant puhlic or to the superior Court th.at it has agreed
    with the trial Court. simply because it was nor incl ined to
    take much trouble over the case.
    If th~ lower Appellate Court does not examine the fa~ts
    and the evidence for itself and does not even mention the .
    points which the case raises, it will be certa!nly failing in iis .
    duty."

    See.also Ma Saw and others v. Ma Bwin Byu (2).


    (1) A. l.R. {1 951 ) Pat. 50 2 . (2) IV Ran. ~6:
    For the aforesaid reasons, I hqld that the judgment of c.c .
    1966
    the lower appellate Court does not conform to the provi-
    sions of Rule 31, Order 41, Civil Procedure Code. It is ~~~
    therefore set aside and the case is remanded to the District u 8 ,.v.TuN
    Court for pronouncement of a judgment in accordance AND oNE.
    with law. If the learned judge presiding in the District
    Court is a different Judge or if he be the same judge but
    has forgotten the arguments placed before him, it will be
    open to him to ask the parties to reargue the appeal. The
    costs of this appeal will abide the result. There will be a
    refund of the court-fees in respect of the present appe.tl
    to the appellate under section 13 of the Coun Fees Act.
    JOO

    CIVIL SECOND APPEAL.

    Before U Sein Thinn, J.

    c.c. U JAMA (APPELLANT)


    1966
    Mar. 13.
    v.
    MA BI (RESPONDENT).*
    Suit for specific parformaiiCe of Contract - oral contract between the
    parties--whether th! contract .has been prooed- tJJ/uther 1M appellate COilrt
    is justified in disagreeing with the finding of tlie trial Court-intention of
    the parijl determining factor - whethf!! or not time was the essence of the
    contract--whether the suit is time-barred.

    Held : It is an admitted fact that the alleged contract was 1n.ade orally
    bemeen parties whose relationahip vras not such as to inspire trust towards
    each other. The transaction involved property the value of which was quite
    substantial. It wouid therefore be ludicrous to $Uppose that the contract in
    question was effected orally and that no step whatsoever had been initiated for
    the last four years or more since the defendant first started betraying sign that
    she was not going to fulfil the terms ofit. 'TI1erefore the trial Court was justi-
    fied in holding the contract to have been not proved. This finding wea arrived
    at by the lower Court in spite of the te~timony of three witnesses ~hom it had
    seen and heard before it. The first appellate Court which did not see and hear
    these witnesses was therefore not justified in holding that this evi dence could
    override the facts and circumstances appearing on the record of the lowH
    Court in favour of the defendanr.
    Cllinnaya v. U Kha, 14 Ran. p. 11 ; U Htan Hmat (Appellant) v. Daw
    Gon (llespondent), B.L.R. (1957) (H.C.) p. 73 ; Ma Tin Ti11 v. Daw Kan Slli
    (1948) B.L. R. s82, referred to.
    Held further: It was the Intention of the parties whi ch must be considered
    as a factor ien detrmining whether or not time was the essence of the contract.
    It is in evidence that the plaintiff first wanted to have the transaction completed
    on the next day. It was only at the request of the defendant that an agreement
    was reached by which the defendant promised to implement her part ~f the
    contract within fifteen days from the <late of the original contract. Thus it
    seems clear that among3t themselves the parties: have definitely chosen a time
    limit within which the terms of the contract were to be completed. There is
    nothing vague or indefinite about the time fixedsineeit was cle-.arly laid down
    as fifteen days. Therefore the cause of action arose as early aa the a8th
    Nowmber 1959 when the defendant failc:d to perform her part of the contract.
    As the suit was filed only on the zsth January 1964 it waa clearly time -~.
    Civil Second Appeal No. 1 of r965_. Against the decree of the District
    Court of Kyaukse in Civil Appeal No. 3 of -1964, dated the 15th October 1964.:
    JOe
    I
    Ramkrislma and another v. Laxminarian and another, A.I.R. Nag. (1929) p. c.c.
    1966
    164 ; K. Saryanarayanamurthi " S atyanarayanamurlhi, A.I.R. (1925) Mad. I
    211 referred to.
    UJAMA I
    v.
    MA Br.
    I
    Hla Nyun for the appellant.

    ]. Emanuel for the respondent.

    U SEIN TurNN. J .-The plaintiff-appellant U Jama sued


    the defendant-respondent Daw Bi specific performance of
    contract iQ the Subdivisiona:l Court of Meiktila, his case
    as set out in the plaint being as follows :
    On the 13th November 1959 the defendant Daw Bi
    entered into an or~ contracr by which she agreed to seU
    out a tenanted house and its site, hereinafter referred to
    as the suit property, to the plaintiff for a sum of K 2 , 500.
    In pursuance of this agreement Daw Bi accepted an
    advance of K 809 and having handed over her title-deed
    surrendered possession of the suit property to the
    plaintiff. It was also stipulated that on payment of the
    balance of K :r ,700 the defendant would execute a
    registered conveyance in favour of the plaintiff.
    Thereafter the plaintiff on s~veral occasions called
    upon the defendant to implement the contract but to no
    avail. On the 14th Marcq 1962, the defendant served a
    notice calling on the tenants of the suit property to pay
    up the arrears of rent due tq her. The plaintiff by way
    of replying to the notice on behalf of the tenants sent a
    letter to the defendant stating that he was the owner by
    virtue of the contract which he had entered into with the
    defendant. In spite of this objection the plaintiff again
    sent anoth~r notice dated the I rth November 1963. this
    time calling upon the tenants to quit the suit property.
    Hence this ~it by the plaintiff for specific performance
    of the contract for sale of the suit property by accepting
    the sum of K 1,700 being the balance of purchase money
    remaining unpaid hy him.
    Jeo
    c.c. The defence set up by the defendant was one of totat
    1966
    denial. According to her no contract whatsoever was
    U]AMA
    ever entered upon between her and the plaintiff in
    "
    MA Bt.
    respect of the suit property. It was also asserted that .
    the title deed in respect of the suit property was lost by
    her and that the matter had not only been advertise-d tn a
    local newspaper but was also reported to the police:
    Thus the main issue in the case was whether or not
    the defendant entered into a <;:ontr:act as alleged hy the
    plaintiff. The plaintiff was abte to produce the title deed
    which was alleged to have been made over to him by the
    plaintiff at the time of the transaction. Evidence was
    alsp led to show that it was in the house of Ma Thein Yin
    (P-W r) that the contract was made and that besides the
    parties to the contract Ma Thein Yin. Saya U (PW 2) and
    Ko Twa In (PW 3) were present when the transaction took
    place. It was also asserted that the plaintiff made ;:m
    endorsement at the back of the title deed evidencin~ the
    p~ment of K Boo as advance money and that taxes for
    certa~n period were paid by the plaintifL
    The defendant, on the other hand, would have the
    Cour~ hold that the title-deed was lost from her possession
    sometime in the year 1962 when she sh.ifted her residence.
    Documentary evidence was produced to show that she
    advertised abotJt the loss of it in "Bahosi " daily . U Kyi
    Aye (OW 3). a Police Station Writer. was also examined
    to prove her report to the police regarding t he Joss of her
    titled-deed. Some tax-rece.i pts were also tendered as
    exhibits to show that she bore the taxes for the suit
    propeny.
    The trial Court after discussing the evidence adduced
    by the parties came to ~he conclusion that the alleged
    contract for sale of the suit prQperty. was not proved. It
    was however pointed OIJt th<\t some sort of transaction
    involving payment of K Boo and resemJ>ling that of a
    mortgage by deposit of title-deed did ta~.e place bet:weeP
    the parties. But in view .of the inordina.te delay. io tiling c.c.
    1966
    the suit the learned t-ri31 judge was of 9pin.ion that the
    U]AMA
    transaction could not have beeR a contract for ~al.e of the v.
    suit property. It was .also held. though hardly necessary MA Br.

    in view of the fi.nding already arrived at! that the suit


    was time-barred. The st.~it was accordingly dismissed.
    each party being ordered to bear it's o~n costs.
    On appeal to the District Court, Kyaukse. the learned
    District Judge did not concur .. . with the finding arrived at
    by . the trial Court that the contract for sale was, not
    proved. Observing that theJacts that the defendant was
    a hie to produce ' tax-receipts. that she had advertised an~
    rep9rted about the loss of her title-deed. and that the
    tenancy of -two rooms in the suit house was given by
    herseif personally . to . tl1e tenants, could not override the
    evidence given by the persons who had witnessed the
    transaction between the parties the learned District Judge
    held that there . was a contr.act for sale between the
    p<~rties. He however agreed with the trial Court that
    the suit was , tim~. barred and accordingly dismissed the
    . appeal with ca..<;ts throughout. Hence this second appeal
    before me.
    The main ground of app~al before me now is that the
    lower Courts erred in holding that the plaintiff's suit was
    time-barred. But as this appeal could be disposed of on
    another ground not relating tD the question of limitation
    ,, would defer. discussing this matter. The first point to
    be considered in this appeal is whether the first appellate
    Court was justified in disturbing the finding arrived at by
    the trial Court that the alleged contr:act for s~le was not
    proved. . In view of the fact that ihe oral evidence
    obtaining on the record of the lower Court was inconclu-
    sive either way. unless it can be shown that the decision
    of the trial Court was plainly wrong it was not compete.n t
    for ' the first appellate .Court to intefere with it. This is
    t11e principle which was clearly laid do.wn in the case of
    c.c. Chinnaya v. U Kha_ (1) and which was followed by this
    1966
    Court in U Htan Hmat (Appellant) v. Daw Con
    U ]A.MA
    t/. (Respondent) (2) where the foilowing headnote appear:
    MA Br.
    " Where there is a conflict of oral evidence, and the issue
    in the case depends upon the credibility or the witnesses
    a Court of appeal ought to bear in mind that it does not
    see or rehear the witnesses and should not interfere with a
    decision arrived at by the trial Judge unless it comes to the
    conclusion that the trial Court was plainly wrong."

    Thus in the light of the principle propounded above it


    would be necessary to determine whether it could be said
    that the finding of the trial Court was one in which the
    error was palpably discernible as the evidence adduced by
    the parties was conflicting.
    The alleged contract between the parties being an oral
    one a heavy burden rested upon the plaintiff to prove his
    cas~. No doubt the payment of K 8oo as advance money
    was alleged to have been endorsed in writing at the foot
    of the rev~rse of the exhibit title deed. But the e~try
    was made in pencil without any signature appended to it.
    The year of the transaction was also wrongly mentioned
    as 1921. Therefore the trial Court seems justified in
    considering it as a " piece of work done in the sly ". The
    only question that remains to be considered is the
    sufficiency or otherwise of the oral testimony of the
    witnesses regarding the existence of the oral contract
    between the parties , First of all the plaintiff U Jama
    would have the Coun hold that no instrument was
    executed to evidence the transaction as he trusted the
    defendant Daw Bi who had been intimately known to him
    for many years previous to the making of the contract.
    This is however not warranted by the fact and circum-
    stances obtaining on the record of the case. For it is in
    evidence that parties came to know each other only a few
    (t) 14 Ran. p. '1 - (z) B.l.R. (957) (H.C.) p. 73
    months before the alleged transaction and that the c.c.
    1!)66
    plaintiff did not even know the exact locality of the
    U ]AM.\
    defendant's house. Therefore the odds are against the tl.
    plaintiff's story that he handed over K Boo to the MA Sr.
    defendant without requiring the latter to acknowledge
    receipt of it in writing. No doubt Ma Thein Yifi: (PW r).
    Saya U (PW 2) and Ko Twa In (PW 3) tried to corroborate
    the statements of the plaintiff regarding the agreement
    entered into between the parties. But here again their
    evidence is not free from doubt. For instance there is
    discrepancy between the evidence of Ma Thein Yin and
    that of the other witnesses, regarding the manner in
    which they all arrived at her house. Equally inconclusive
    is the evidence tendered by the defendant. The trial
    Court accordingly observed that " as the evidence adduced
    by the parties are conflicting it is rather difficult to say
    which side is true. " In such a dilemma the lower Court
    would be competent to invoke the principle laid down in
    Ma Tin Tin v. Daw Kan Shi (3) to the effect that it should
    consider which story fits in with the admitted circum
    stances and resulting .probabilities.
    In the present case before me it is an admitted fact
    that the alleged contract was made orally between the
    parties whose relationship was not such as to inspire
    complete trust towards each other. The transaction
    involyed property the value of which was quite
    substantial. It would therefore be ludicrous to suppose
    that' the contract in question was effected orally and that
    no step whatsoever had been initiated for the last four
    years or more since the defendant. first started betraying
    sign that she was not going to fulfil the terms of it. I am
    therefore 'inclined to the view that the trial Court was
    justified in holding the contract to have been not proved.
    This finding was arrived. at by the lower Court in spite of
    . the testimony of three witnesses whom it had seen and
    (3) (1948) B:L.R. 582 . .

    '.
    c.c. heard before it. The fjtit appellate Court which did not
    1966
    see and hear these Witnesses was therefore not justified in
    ,,..
    U]AMA
    holding that this evidence could override the facts and
    MA Br. circumstances appearing on the record of the lower Court
    in favour of the defendant. In this connection the reason
    why the trial Court should be considered in a much better
    position to correctly weigh these evidence than the flrst
    appellate Court could be summed up in fbe following
    words of Viscount Sankey Whkh were quoted with
    approval in the case of Chinnaya cited above.
    ~Witnesses without any consicious bias towards a con-
    clusion may have ~n their demeanour, in their manner, in
    ~heir hesitation, in the nuance of their expressions, in even
    the turns of eye-lid, left an impression upon the man who
    saw and heard them which can never be reproduced in the
    printed page."
    . .
    The learned counsel .for the _appellant makes most of
    the fact that his client have been paying t~xes for the
    suit. property. But it is also common groond that the
    defendant had also paid taxes for certain periOd. As the
    plaintiff ,started paying taxes only subsequent to the
    advertisement appearing in the " Bahosi " daily I do not
    thi~k this fact should weigh heavily against the defendant.
    In any case as the plaintiff has not been able to bring
    home his allegations regarding the execution of the
    contract I would hold that the trial Court was correct in
    coming to the finding it did.

    Coming to the question of Iimitati<>n the whote matter


    hinges on the point whether or not time was the essence
    of the alleged contract. From the plaintiff's own showing
    it is dear that Daw Bi undertook to perform her part o f
    the contract within fifteen days from the date of the
    alleged agreement. Much reliance has been placed by the
    learned counsel for the appellant on the ruling in the case
    of Ramkrishna and another v. Laxminarian and another c.c.
    1966
    (4) where it was observed that ordinarily in agreements
    UJAMA
    for sale of property time is not of the essence of contract.
    But this is not a general rule which is always applicable "
    MA Br.
    to all cases in which sale of property is involved. Each
    case must be determined on its own merit. In the same
    case alluded to above it was also remarked that parties to
    a contract could expressly or impliedly by their conduct
    made time the essence of the contract. In K. Suryanara-
    yanamurthi v. Satyanarayanamurthi (5) it was also held
    that though ordinarily time is not the essence of contract
    to sell land yet it can be made so by the parties.
    Therefore it was the intention of the parties which
    must be consider~ as a factor in determining whether or
    not time was the essence of the contract. In the present
    case before me it is in evidence that the plaintiff first
    wanted to have the transaction completed on the next
    ~ay . It was only at the request of the defendant that an
    agreement was reached by which Daw Bi promised to
    implement her part of the contract within fifteen days
    from the date of the original contract. Thus it seems
    clear to me that amongst themselves the parties have
    definitely chosen a time limit within which the terms of
    the contract were to be completed. There is nothing
    vague or indefinite about the time fixed since it was
    cle~rly laid down as fifteen days. My attention has also
    been invited to (A.l. R. 1944 Mad. 2 18) where it was held
    that the stipulation regarding the execution of the deed
    to be done when the brothers returned to the village was
    held to be too indefinite to be regarded as fixing a date
    for the performance of the contract. But the present case
    before me is plainly distinguishable in as much as; the
    time fixed was not indefinite. A concrete fifteen days
    was stipulated within which the contract was to be
    performed. Therefore agreeing with the concurrent
    tB (4) A.l. R . Nag. ( 192.9 ,) p. 164. (s) (1 9 as ) Mad. 211 A.I.R.

    '. '. '. '.


    c.c. finding- of the two Courts below I would hold that the
    1966
    U ]A.MA.
    cause"of action in this case arose as early as the 28th
    v. November 1959 when the defendaQtfailed to perfonn her
    MA. Br.
    part of the contract. As the suit was filed only on the
    15th january 1964 it was clearly time-barred.
    In the result this appeal fails and is here~y dismissed
    with costs_,throughput.
    Advocate's fee fixed at three gold-mohurs.
    CRIMINAL REVISION
    Before U. Thet Pe, J.

    U MYE (APPLICANT) c.c.


    1966
    v. Apl. 9
    KO TUN YIN AND. ONE (RESPONDENTS}

    Suit for Recot.oery of Rent from tenant-Urban Rent Control Act, 196<>--
    TraiU/er of Pr:~perty Act-notice-no prooisii:m togit:e-Transfer of Property
    Act, s. ro8 (t)--to pay rent-dutY. of lessee.
    Held: There i:~ no provisic:in ei.th~r in the Urban Rent Control Act, or
    ln the Transfer of Property Act requiLing the landlord to give notice before he
    can in:~titute a suit for recovery of rent from his tenant. Under clause (1) to
    s. ro8 of the Transfer of Property Act a lessee is under a duty to pay the rent
    without any demand from the 'les~or.
    Alliblwy Adamji Sheikh Jiwonji v. Gordhandas Jmuibhoy, A.I.R. (1929)
    Sind 13 ; Haji Nasiruddin Karirz Maho;.,~d and others ,., Patel Hoji Umnji
    Adam Co., A.I.R. (1<J41) Born. 286, referred to.

    Kyaw Htoon for the appliqmt..


    San Thein for the responden~ ..

    U THET PE, j.-In Small . Cause Suit No. 461 of


    1964 of the Rangoon City Civil Court petitioner sued the
    respondents for recovery of K 190 .due as arrears of rent.
    It is the case of the petitioner that the respondent was in
    occupation of the southern p'ortion of the premises known
    as House No. 494 (White Hall), Strand Road, Rangoon, as
    his tenant and that the respondent was in arrears of rent
    for the period from April 1963 to October 1964 at the rate
    of K 10 per mensem, which is the standard rent fixed by
    the Assistant Controller of Rents. The respondent on the
    other hand pleaded that the notiCe sent to him by the
    petitioner was invaiid and that the amount of arrears due
    CiviiRedeion No. 16 of 1965. Against the decree of the 4th Judge of
    SA Rangoon City Civil Court in Civi ISm II Cause Suit No. 461 of 1()64.

    '. '. '.


    _.eo
    c.c. was only K 153, and not K 190 as alleged by the petitioner,
    1966
    inasmuch as he had vacated from the premises in suit with
    1.:1 Mn
    .,.
    KoTuNYJN
    effect from the 1oth july 1964 .
    AND ONI!.
    After hearing the parties and their witnesses, the
    learned 4th Judge who had seisin of the case, dismissed
    petitioner's suit on the ground that the notice sent to the
    respondent giving only 24 hours to pay up the arrears of
    rent contravened the provisions of the Urban Rent Control
    Act, 1960. He had not however mentioned any specific
    provision of the Act which was alleged to have been con-
    travened. Section 12 (l) (a) of the Act, which the learned
    Judge probably had in mind , deals with one of instances
    where a landlord can claim ejectment of his tenant from
    the leased property. It has no application to a suit by
    a landlord for recovery of arrears of rent from his tenant.
    There is no provision either in the Urban Rent Control
    Act or in the Transfer of Property Act requiring the land-
    lord to ,give notice before he can institute a suit for recovery
    of rent from his tenant. Under clause (1) to section 108
    of the Transfer of Property Act a lessee is und,e r a duty
    to pay the rent without any demand from the lessor. In
    this connection, reference may usefully be made to the
    decision in Allibhoy Adamji Sheikh ]iwanji v. Gordhandas
    Jeenabhoy (I) where it was held that :
    " Section 108. Cl. (1), T.P. Act. makes it obligatory on the
    tenant to pay or tender at the proper time and place the
    rent due to the lessor or his agent and there is nothing in
    the ~ection to require the lessor to make a demand."

    A similar view has been expressed in Hajj Nasiruddin


    Karim Mahomed and others v. Patal Haji Umarji Adam
    & Co. (2) the relevant head notes of which read:
    "Under S. to8 (1) a lessor is bound, in the absence of a
    contract or local usage to the contrary, to tender the rent
    to the lessor or his agent in that behalf at the proper time
    ( 1) A. I.R. (192 9) S ind '3 ( z) A.I.R. (1941) Born. 286'
    and place. There is nothing in that section to require the c.c.
    1966
    lessor to make a demand for the rent."
    UMYE
    tl.
    As regards the merits of the case there is nothing in Ko TeN YIN
    section 25 of the Rangoon City Civil Court Act which AND ONE.

    would require this Court to remand the case to the lower


    Court for a finding on the actual amount due hy the
    respondent. There are sufficient materials on the record
    and I propose to go into the merits as well so as to shorten
    the litigation. The respondent admitted having received
    the notice given by the petitioner wherein a sum of K 190
    had been dema11.ded as arrears of rent. If the actual
    amount payable was only K 15-3 as contended by him he
    should have protested then and there. This he had not
    done. For this reason I am of the opinion that there is
    substance in the claim preferred by th~ petitioner.
    In the result this revision succeeds and I direct that
    there shall be a decree forK 190 in favour of the petitioner
    against the respondent with costs in both the Courts.

    '. '.
    CRIMINAL APPEAL

    Before U Thet Pe,J.

    c.c. UNION OF BURMA (APPELLANT)


    1966

    Apt. 22. v.
    MAUNG BA MAl (RESPONDENT).*

    Public Proputy Protection Act, s. 6 (1)-wllile committing theft of petrol


    belonging to the People's .Oil InduJtry-arrest bf accused- legality or other-
    tcise of the arrest -tuhether it can.affect the question the accused is or is not
    guilt.'' of the offence charged -tuhetlzer the conviction is 'llitiated.
    Held: The. tria l Court had held tl~at the respondent was arrested while
    committing theft of petrol belonging to the People's Oil Industry. His arrest
    under the clreumstances cannot therefore be saicl either irregular or illegal.
    Even assuming that the arre~t .of the respondent is illeg-. .1, whic.:h is not
    the legality or otherwi.;e of the arrest cannot in any way affect the que!otion
    whether the accused is or is not guilty ,9fthe offence with which he was charged
    ~nd the conviction of an accu!oed .will not be vitiated simpiy because the arrest
    is illegal. "
    Tlu Stat11 v. Thu Daw1 01 L .O.R. 6o; The State'' Ravalu Kui:adu, I.L.R.
    26 Mad. 124; The State v. Madho Dhobi, I.L ..R. 31 Cal. 557, referred to.

    Thein Han (Government Advocate) for the appellant.

    Ko Ko Gyi (3) for the respondent.

    U THET PE, J.-In Criminal Regular Trial No. 155 .of


    1964 of the 2nd Additional Magistrate, Chauk, the
    respondent was convicted and sentenced to imprisonment
    till the rising of the Court and a fine of K I 50 or in default
    to undergo six months' rigorous imprisonment under
    section 6 (1) of the Public Property Protection Act. On
    , Criminal Appeal No. 306 of 1965 . Appeal from the order of the Sessions
    Judge of Magwe, dated the 1st A.prilr96s, passed in Criminal Appeal No. 48
    of 1964. F
    appeal to the Coun of Session, Magwe, the respondent c.c.
    1966
    was acquitted on the ground that the trial was illegal and
    UNION OF
    void inasmuch as the arrest of the respondent was in BURMA
    1/.
    contravention of section .7 of the Public Property Protec- MAuNe
    tion Act. The Union Government has now preferred the HAMAl.

    present appeal against the order of acquittal.


    The respondent was a driver in People's Oil Industry,
    Chauk. On 28th March 1964 U Maung Maung Khin,
    Assistant Security Officer, Chauk, People's Oil Industry,
    after receipt of information that the respondent was pilfer-
    ing petrol from the motor vehicles belonging to the People's
    Oil Industry, shadowed lorry No. B-8545 driven by the
    respondentwho stopped the vehicle in front of the house
    of one U Hla Maung. The respondent then alighted from
    the lorry and started extracting petrol from the fuel tank
    or' the vehicle by means of a flexible pipe and some jerry
    cans supplied by one Maung Hla Shwe. At this juncture,
    U Maung Maung Khin who had brought a camera with him
    took some snap shots of the respondent who was then
    handed over to U Ba Shin, a Corporal of the Police Force,
    Chauk, together with some 12 gallons of petrol seized
    from him. U Hla Maung and Maung Hla Shwe 'were also
    sent up for trial with the respondent. But since they are
    not parties to this appeal, it would be unnecessary for me
    to refer them any further. In the trial Court the res-
    pondept pleaded that he was merely trying to clear the
    fuel system of the vehicle which was then blocked with
    dirt and that he was not stealing petrol. His plea was
    however rejected by the learned trial Magistrate . who
    convicted him as noted above .
    On appeal against the conviction and sentence, the
    learned Sessions Judge without going into the merits of
    the appeal acquitted the respondent after arriving at the
    conclusion that the arrest of the respondent in contraven-
    ~7A tion of section 7, Public Pr9perty Protection Act vitiated

    '.
    c.c. the entire proceedings. Sub-sections (z) .(2) and (21\) of
    1966
    .sec::tion 7 of the Act on which the learned, Sessions judge
    UNION OF
    BURMA based his order of acquittal read :
    11
    MAUNG "7 (I) Any police officer not below the rank of a sub-
    llA MAl.
    inspector or any other officer of Government empowered in
    this behalf by general or speciar order by the President of
    the Union may, with tbe prior approval of such authority as
    m_ay be prescribed by the President of the Union, arrest
    without warrant any person whom he suspects of having
    committed or of committing any of the offences mentioned
    in sub-section (1) of section 6 in respect of any Public
    property.
    (2) Any officer authorized in this behalf by general or
    special order by the President of the Union may arrest
    without warrant any person whom he suspects of having
    committed or of committing any prejudicial act;
    (2A) Any officer authorized in this behalf by general or
    sepcial order by the President of the Unio~. may, if he is
    satisfied with respect to any particular person tha,t circum-
    stances exist which render it necessary to arrest him with a
    view to preventing him from committing any offence men-
    tioned in section 6 (I) or an offence of criminal breach of
    trust in respect of any Public property, or any prejudicial
    act, do s-o without warrant."

    Sub-section (2) which deals with prejudicial acts has no


    relevance whatsoever to the instant case. Sub-sections (1)
    and (2A) relate to cases where persons are arrested for
    suspicion of having committed or of committing or for
    preventing him from committiQg any of the offences men-
    tioned in section 6 (z). They have no application to cases
    where the culprits are caught redhanded in the act of
    committing any of the offences mentioned in section 6 (r).
    Section 7 has been ena~ted where a person is required to
    be arrested and detained for a period extending to six
    months on being suspected of having committed or of
    committing any prejudicial act or any of the offences
    mentioned in section 6 (z). Since section 6 (z) is a non- c.c.
    1966
    bailable and cognizable offence, a person who is found to
    UNION OF
    have committed such an offence can be arrested by any BURMA
    police officer without a warrant under section 54, Criminal "
    MAuNe
    Procedure Code. In fact, unde.r sectio.n 59, Criminal Pro- BA MAJ.
    cedure Code even a private person can arrest a person who
    commits a non-bailable and cognizable 0ffence in his view.
    Jn the instant case the trial' Court had held that the res-
    pondent was arrested while committing a theft of petrol
    belonging to the People's Oil Industry. His arrest under
    the circumstances cannot therefore be said either irregular
    or illegal.
    Even assuming that the arrest of the respondent is
    illegal. which it is not, the legality or otherWise or" the
    arrest cannot in a~y way affect the question whether the
    accused is or is not g.uilty of the offence with yvhich he
    was charged and the conviction of an accused will not be
    vitiated simply because the arrest is illegal. In this con-
    nection it has been held in The State v. Thu Daw (r) that
    " Illegality in making an arrest does not .necessarily
    in.validate a trial." The same view has been expressed in
    The State v. Ravalu Kesigadu (2). The relevant portion
    of its head-note reads :
    " . . . . that the question whether the officer who
    effected the arrest was acting within or beyond Ns powers
    in makhlg the arrest did not affect t~e question whether tb.~
    accused was or was not guilty of the offence with which he
    was charged."

    See also TheState v. Madho Dhc;>bi (3).


    In the result the appeal succeeds and the ord~r of
    acquittal is hereby set aside and I direct that the le.arn.ed
    Sessions Judge, Magwe, shall rehear the appeal Gf :the
    respondent on merits.
    (r) 2 L.B.R . 6o. (z) I .L.R. 26 Mad. 124.

    (3) I.L.R. 31 Cal. 557.

    '-
    CIVIL MISCELLANEOUS APPEAL

    B4ore U Tun Tin a1uJ. U Thet Pe, jj.

    c.c. ZAKARIAKHAN (deceased) by his L/R MR. MOI:fAMED


    1966
    KHAN AND TWO OmERS (APPELLANT)
    Ma,. 24.
    .V

    . THE OFFICIAL LIQUIDATOR, CHIEF COURT BUILDING.


    RANGOON (RESPONDENT)

    Wiuding up of compa11y-Burma Companies Act, s. 23s-inquiry into tilt'


    conduct and acts of directors-surrender and forfeiture of shares entails
    reduction of capital-can do tuith the sanction of the Court - -commission of
    acb of misfeasance-assessment of compensation mr the loss suffered by the
    Company~either throng nor unreasona/Jle--acts of of directors do not
    call for benefitr of s. 281 Bunna Companies Act.

    Held : The acts of the directors involving the surrend-er and forfeiture of
    shares entailed a permanent reduction of the capital of the Company .Which
    can only be done with the sanction of the Court under s. s6 of the Durma
    Compani-es Act.
    No provisions were made in the Memorandum and Articles of Association
    of the Company authorizing the directors lo accept from any director or member
    the surrender of his share.~ or part thereof and the acceptance hy the directors
    of the surre~der of 10 unpaid shares belonging to Hoshan Din on 2znd March
    1948 is therefore clearly unlawful and invalid.
    Held abo: The conduct of the directors in making collusive furfeitut"e
    was highly reprehensible. It is apparenr therefrom that the directors in
    unlawfully allowing the surrender and making the forfeiture of share~ had
    clearly committed acts of misfeasance within the meaning of s. :&35. Burma
    Companies Act.
    field further: The trial Court has based its assessment of compe nsation
    on the amount of loss suffered by the Company and under such circumstances
    jt cannot be s:~id that the trial Court had exercised the discretion either wrongly
    or unreasonably. In fact it has made provisions for fair and equitable
    realization of compensation in the last paragraph of its judgment.
    Held further : The appell;mts in accepting tl:e surrender and 'Ord-ering
    forfeiture of certain. shares might have acted with the intention of rel~eving
    their friends wilhout any dishonest intention but their acts which are again.~t
    the i~terests of the Company and other share-holders cannot be said to be
    reasonable so as to entitle the benefits of s. 281.
    Civil Misc. App~al No. 4lOf 1964. Against the decree of the Origi.nal
    Side of this Court in Civil Misc. No. 22 of 1956.
    Pattiam Veetlil Monohki Sankaram Namhiar v. Kottayan Banli by Officiql c.c.
    Liquidator. Tellichery and otherl, I.I:..R. (1946) Mad. 507 ; Re Naraindas 1966
    Lahoredas, A.I.R. (1934) Sinct 39; Re Mir~a Ahamad Namazi, A.l.R
    ZAKA.aJA
    (1924) Mad.'703 'a t 70~ ; Smt. Premila Devi and others v. Peoples Bank of KHAN
    Northern India Lt. (in Liquidation), A. I.R. (1938) P.C. 284; The Pionur (deceased) by
    Alkali Works Ltd. v. Amiruddin Slaalebhvy Tyebji, (1926) I.L.R . so Born. 461; hiaL/R Mil.
    Balruant v. The Ceramic Industries Ltd., Chanda, I.L.R. (1950) Nag MOHAND
    KRAHAMD
    150 ; Rehmotunnissa Begum v. Price, l.L.R .Xs 1 Dom.J80; T.S.PL. Thinnappa Tti'O OTittliS
    Chettiar and others v. G. Rajagopalan, Official Liquidator of Oriental Investment
    Trust Ltd., Madras and others, A.I.R. (1944) Mad. 536 ; Peninsular Locomotive TH"
    Co. Ltd. v. H. Langham Reed and others, A.l.R. (1937) Pat. 293, Omau.
    LIQUJDATGa,
    referred to. CHJUCouiiT
    RUII.DINC,
    RANGOON.
    Myint Soe for the appellants.
    U A w for the respondent.

    U THET PE, J.-The Burma Publishers Ltd., Rangoon,


    a Private Limited Company, duly incorporated- under the
    Burma Companies Act was wound up by the late High
    court on 4th September 1965, when the Official Receiver
    became Official Liquidator, who moved the learned Judge
    of Mie Original Side under section 235, Burma .Companies
    to
    Ac.t, make an inquiry into the conduct and acts of the
    directors, . Zakaria Khan, Roshan Din, Hubdar Khan and
    ~ .

    K. A. K:. Master and to compel them to pay K x8,soo to


    the Company by way of compensation. Pending inquiry
    K. A. i<.. Master died and action against bim was dropped
    under the authority of Pattiam Veettil Monokki Sankaram
    Nambiar v. Kottayan Bank by Official Liquidator,
    Tellichery and others (1) where it was held that proceed-
    ings under section 235 could not be continued against the
    heirs of a deceased director. Public examination of the
    directors shows that on 22nd March 1948 one of the
    directors, namely, Roshan Din, who had agreed in the
    Memorandum and Articles of Association of the Company
    to subscribe 30 shares of K 500 each, was permitted to
    take only 20 shares by the directors, who again on
    14th May 1 ~50 forfeited ;ertain unpaid shares belonging
    (r) J.L. R. (1946) Mad. 507.

    '. '- '.


    c.c. to three of the directors, i.e. 10 shares belonging
    1966
    to Roshan Din, five to Hubdar Khan and 12 to K. A. K.
    Z.AK.ultA
    KHAN Master. on the groun~ of their inability to pay. Learned
    (deceased) by judge therefore held that the. directors in allowing the
    hisL/R MR.
    MOHAM'EP surrender arid making the forfeiture of certain shares,
    KHAN ANP
    TWO OTHI!RS which they had no authority to do. committed acts of
    t/.
    THE misfeasance and accordingly directed the appellants
    On:ICIAL
    LIQUIDATOR,
    directors to pay K rB,soo to the Company inasmuch as
    CHrEFCoURT the liability of the directors of the Company for their acts
    13UJLDJNG,
    RANGOON. of misfeasance wa~ joint and several. It is against that
    order the present appeal has been instituted.
    It is no longer in dispute that the directors of the
    Publishers Ltd. Rangoon had on 22nd March 1948
    permiued Roshan Din to surrender 10 shares by allowi~g
    him to take only 20 shares although he had agreed to
    subscribe 30 shares in the Memorandum and Articles of
    Association and that they had on 14th May 1950 forfeited
    certain shares belonging to Roshan Din, Hubdar Khan and
    K. A. K. Master with the sole object of relieving them of
    liability. These acts of the directors involving the
    surrender and for.feiture of shares entailed a Permanent
    reduction of the capital of the Company which could only
    be done with the sanction of the Court under section 56
    of the Burma Companies Act.
    No provisions were made in the Memorandum and
    Articles of Association of the Company authorizing the
    directors to acc;ept from any director or member the sur-
    render of his shares or part thereof and the acceptance
    by the directors of the surrender of 10 unpaid shares
    belonging to Roshan Din on 22nd March 1948 is therefore
    clearly unlawrul and invalid. In this connection it would
    be of interest: to refer to ~tt1e decision in Re. Naraindas
    Lahoredas (2) where it was held that:
    " There can be no valid surrender of shares that are not
    fully paid except where shares are forfeited as it involves a
    (z) A . I.R. (1934) Sind 39
    reduction of capital, and before this can be done, the sanction c.c.
    of the Court must be obtained." 1 966

    ZAKAJUA.

    It has also been observed by Devadoss, J. in Re. Mirza KHAN


    (deceased) by
    Ahamad Namazi (3) that : hisL/R MR.
    MoHAIIIED
    " The principle therefore applicable to cases of- surrender ~~~s
    is, the surrender is good if it amounts to a forfeiture. It is v.
    THE
    not open to the share-holder to surrender at will his. shares., OFFICIAL
    especially, when he has to meet future calls, and it is nof LctQuti>CoAToR,
    HIEF 'URT
    open to a company to accept a surrender of shares, unless non.vtNc,
    the act of the company can be brought within the rules RANCOON.
    relating to forfeiture of shares. To hold that a company
    can by a resolution of its directors accept a surrender of
    shares would be to allow a company to reduce its capital at
    its pleasure."

    The Memorandum and Articles of Association do not


    contain any specific provisions how shares can be forfeited
    but the Articles of Ass9ciation provide that Regulations
    24 to 28 of Table A in the First .Schedule of the Burma
    Companies Act shall apply to the Company. These
    Regulations deal 'vith procedure where forfeiture of shares
    is contemplated. It could not {or a moment be pretended
    that procedure prescribed therein were complied with when
    certain shares belonging to Roshan Din, H:lbdar Khan and
    K. A. K. Master were forfeited on .14th May 1950. It is
    settled law that:
    " In the matter of forfeiture of s~ares, technicalities mu5t
    be strictly observed. And it is not, as it sometimes apt to
    be forgotten, merely the person whose shares are being for-
    feited, who is entitled to insist upon strict fulfilment of
    conditions prescribed for forfeiture . . For, the forfeiture of
    shares may result in a permanent reduction of the capital of
    a company."

    See Smt. Premila Devi and others v. Peoples Bank of


    Northern India Lt_ (in Liquidation) (4). See also the Pioneer
    (3) A_I.R_ (1924) Mad. 703 at704. (4) A.I.R. (1938) P.C. 284.

    '.
    c.c. A-lkali Works Ltd. v. Amiruddin Shalebhoy Tyebji (5) and
    z6
    Ba~want v. The Ceramic Industries Ltd. Chanda (6). It
    z~=A must be noted that forfeiture in the present case had hcen
    ~~!'i.iRdW. made with the object of absolving the persons concerned
    K~~~MED
    ._,AND
    from liability, and not for the benefit of the Company .
    TWo om2ss The. conduct of the directors in making collusive forfeiture
    ThE was hlghly reprehensible. It is apparent therefrom that
    L~~~~R, the directors in unlawfully allowing the surrender and
    C~UE'FCoURT making the forfeiture of shares had .clearly committed
    R~~::O~: acts of misfeasance within the meaning of s~ction 235,
    Burma Companies Act. Learned Advocate for the
    appellants had rightly conceded that the directors were
    jointly and severally liable for their acts of misfeasance
    but he submits that the words " the Court: may " appearing
    in section 235 invest-the trial Court with the discretionary
    power in the exercise of which it should not have made
    an orcier t6 pay the entire amount of loss occasioned by
    .the Company as compensation against the directors. How-
    ever. he has not shown us how the compensation should
    be calculated in the circumstances of the case. It must
    be remembered that in matters of discretion the Court of
    appeal ought not arid ordinarily does not interfere with
    the exercise of discretion by the trial Court unless it can
    be shown that the discretion has been exercised in :1
    perverse or arbitrary manner. Thus it has been held by
    the Privy .Council in Rehmatunnissa Begum v. Price (7i
    that it is against the sound judicial practi~e for an appellate'
    Court tc;> substitute its discretion for that of the Court
    below unless the lower Court had acted capriciously or in
    disregard of legal principle in the exercise of its discretion.
    Jn the present case, the _trial Court has based its assessment
    of compensation on the amount of loss suffered by the
    Company and under such circumsta-nces it cannot be said
    that . the trial Court had exercised the discretion either
    (5) (1926) J.L.R. so Bom. 461. (6) I.L.R. (1950) Nag. 15o.
    (7) I.L.R. XLII Bom. 38o.
    wrongly or unreasonably. In fact it has even made provi- c.c.
    1966
    sions for fair and equitable realization of compensation in
    ZAKAIUA.
    the last paragraph of its judgment. KHAN
    Lastly, it has been argued on behalf of the appellants (deceased)
    bisL/R MJt.
    by

    that the lower Courts should have condoned and given MomUED
    KHANAMD
    them _relief under section 281, Burma Companies Act. It TWO OTRBIIS
    v.
    must at once be pointed out that the relief under this Tm
    ()n1CIAJ.
    section can only be given when the acts complained of are LtQUJDATOJI,
    honest as we~l as reasonable. The appellants in the instant CHIEF CoURT
    Buii.DlNC,
    cage in accepting the surrender and ordering forfeiture of RJ.NCOON.
    certain shares might have acted with .the intention of
    relieving their friends without any dishonest intention but
    their acts which' are agaipst the interests of the Company
    and other share-holders cannot be said to be reasonable so
    as to entitle the benefits of section 281. It has been
    ruled in T. S. 'Pl. Thinnappa Chettiar and others v. ,
    G. Rajagopalan, Official Liquidator of Oriental Investment
    Trust Ltd., Madras and others (8) that :
    "Before S. 281 can be invoked, it mu,st be shown that the
    directors have acted reasonably as well as honestly."

    See also Peninsular Locomotive Co. Ltd. v. H. Langham


    Reed and others (9).
    In the result, the appeal fails and is dismissed with
    costs. A9vocate fees K 34

    (8) A.I. R. (1944) Mad. 536. (9) A.I.R. (1937) Pat. 293.

    '.
    '.
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    u(e) ~Cr ~ec;F~gsoo.:>cb ~'~ Cs~c ,
    W~eB !Gtn:~cc W:)C.CJ~ r !WGhldees ~hi~GhJ w:~rof) u@cch"J.4J
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    . : . 3o..(d .Any -Assessee:- : . ~ .

    d~ny]ng his)iabil~ty to.~ ~~sed u nder this Act,


    (a)

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    . .

    :


    Provided . furthe~ _ tha.~ ~o ~ppeaish~llli.e .against aljy.order
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    Provided further that notwithstanding anything herein-
    . . . . .... ' . .

    before . contained the Government or any person


    authorized in this behalf by the Government may
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    .an appeal. against an: order under.'sub-section f.!) o!:
    seetion 46, on .payment of th~ ~x adriri~d and.on
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    A.J,R. (1953) Bilispur 26; FaJW-ud-din Kb (a) Harbmu R~.
    m~cem v. Mt. B,o, A.t.R. (1926) Lab. 393; X- Y. YtdGfeJ~Qar:a" v. Saradarnbal
    ~roi ,.L.R. i3 Ran. 590; SiddU-Urr-NiuaBibi v. Nwm-UddirrKhlllttllldothm,
    't.,dc, .L.R. (1931) 54 All. 12.8; Tt~~~. S/n:J< KY., v.. Cb C6aiM Ly-, (1947) R.L.R.
    107atp; 119; U MarnwMIJUIIIv. Ma A}Bu, (r952)B.L.R.4o6 (H.C.); Prahhu
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    S,_. Ikvi, A.I.R. (1954) P8t. 489 ; re S/'tffa (t847) z Phillips 2-47; i;,
    SIIIJJioR4i v. Rllfrr Clunular Rai Gild aiwtlter, I.J.. R. (sqz4) 46 Ali. 706
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    (1) I.L.R. 9 Cal. 901.


    . (:z) .(1963) B.L.R. 526 (C:C.). (4) <~910) 6 I.e. 862 .
    {S) (~9I.S}-, 8 ,But, L.T.. 73
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    Law
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    9t~:>m~~~~~~ g)j~s<?o~ ::>'2 (o)m g]:'?.~~~~ .


    " 17. (1) In appointing or declaring guardian of a the
    minor, the Coun shall, subject to the provisions . of. this ,
    section, be guided by what, con,s~tently With th~ law to'
    which .the. minor is subject, ,a ppears in die circumstances JO'
    be 'for the welfare of. the minor:
    c- 'T'C: ". o C" c- r,::;::: c- c o c- c- -<: o c-
    IDC'OC'OOOI C::JOI ~8<~J?:~ G0<.9f()t:o:>: ~2-l~C\.1}'? o_t~<:;G>U<X?C~::lJ.?

    2003 .( Personal Law)~ 'SJGC$~ ~~JlcS'lt ro~~mco9: coo:~Gom?~t


    O'l~ ~::n~c;m; ~Gropci>ooS (unfit) . ~o:>Gm:>ci>~(g: mGrotdi
    OJva:n:> c;mx:'Pc:mxrmJl: We are) oo"i1~uroour
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    oc oC' C' C' C' c- . C' ~ C' o c o c-
    OOy:~~:~ ~~~3 'iJ:Go:>?~J?:OJ~ g)t!lJ::lJmr11 IOOO:f>~ OC\(i'nfX]GO
    (' .. .. ('
    :l)~n Fakhr-ud-din Khan (a) Harbans Rai v.. Mt: Biro .(7) m~CYJ,C
    "Without a finding that the father is unfit, ~he law-forbids'
    the appointment or declaration of any other person to be
    guardian. In such cases the welfare of the minors is the
    main consideration."
    U?~ s:>:oo:>::x>21 K. V. Venkatesu:arari v. Saradambal (8)
    (' 0 (' (' ~<;;, (' (" ('
    ~~CI 91lrr-l000J~ 9c:~mFG'PmGOJ:GOJ? mGro: YJ?:::OOfT.>
    (6) A.I.R. (1953) Bilaapur z6: (7) A.I.R. (19z6) Lah. 393.
    . (8) I.L.R. 13. Ran. 590
    I

    I
    I

    i'

    . .. " Shorn of the words which do not apply iri this case the
    section states that nothing shall authorize . the Court .tc
    appoint and declare a guardian of the person of the minOJ
    whose father is living and is not, in the opinion of the Court,
    unfit to be the guardian of the person of the minor."

    ~~a>Js:n~' gJl~tsu~:n~~~ Siddis Un Fisia Bibi v. Niza"'-


    Uddm Khan and other~ (9) fr"'t..ci- ~~ro?d ~:
    cO?: :n::f;:-Z 8:1d5:!3dhn: G<.9T!Uo? u
    ' C:.l" o.
    " . . . So, where it appears tha't the minor has a
    father who is not unfit to be the guardian of the person of
    the minor, the court has RO authority to appoint any person,
    not. even the father himself, as guardian of the person of the
    minor;
    So far as the power to appoint and declare the guardian
    of a minor under section 17 of the Act is concerned, ~e
    personal Jaw of the minor is to be taken into consideration
    but that Jaw is not necessarily binding upon the court, which
    must look to the welfare of the minor consistently with that
    law: This .is so in cases where section 17 applies. In such
    cases the personal law has to this extent been superseded
    that it is not absolutely binding on the court and can be
    ignored if the welfare of the minor requires that some one
    else, even inconsistently with that law, .'is the ..more proper
    !>t!rson to be appointed guardian of the minor. Where, how-
    ever, the personal law is not in conflict with any provision
    of th.e Act, it has not necessarjly been superseded."

    u:>~~ -- 'l~Oftcr.Xp:~~O?~~ ~~~C>:n? Tan Sliwi Kyu v. Chan


    ... < ) , , ~ o ~ , a.
    OC' r,; , ,
    -. asn Lyan I 0 ~~ro2:: ~~.oc G~"XOO OOCJ:?C: t:J5.,t:o:n::n~ 11
    Cit

    " Indeed the question of true welfare of the minor is of


    guardianship _u nder the law to which ~he minor is subject
    such paramo,u nt_ consideration that the r-ecognize9 rights of
    (~o) (1947) R.L.R. xo7 at p. u9.

    . ..

    '. '.
    "C" OC"
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    . . C'
    P.rabhu paval v. Asharji Kuari and another (12) 1'~ Bhbla
    - Natli v. Sh<m!a Devi (13) gJl'ft:DGo:>100'{'~q ~~ ~8.G~g:11'
    -~~O;~:f;rof
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    The Hindu
    J

    Mi~o~ity and Gua-~dianahip .Act ~lGolt:<J~~ oo-:>::o~~


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    '' 5. Save as otherwise. expressly provided in this Act.-


    (a) any text, rule. or interpretation of Hindu Jaw or any
    custom pr usage as part of that Jaw in force im-
    mediately before the commencement of this . Act
    shall ~ease to h~ve effect with respect. to a ny matter .
    for which provision is Illa{ie in this Act;
    (b) an y other law in force immediately before the com-
    mencement of this Act sha11 cease to have effect
    in so far as it is inconsistent with any of the pro-
    visions contained this Act. rn
    c c 0 C"
    ~!3.~. ~- ~ ~!DUG:O') ::D~Jrorl{ ~o:>~tj0: II
    c' 0 (" C" A;~ 0

    .. 6. The natural guardians of a Hindu minor, in respect


    of th~ minor's person as well as in respect the minor's
    (11) (r95 :a) B.L .R. 40,6 (H.C.). (t~) A.J.R. (1952) All. 8s.8.
    .. {tJ} A.T.R. (1964) Pat. 489.
    property (excluding his . or her undivided interest in
    joint family property), are-
    (o) in the case of a boy or an unmarried girl-the father
    and after him, the mother: provided that the custody
    of a minor who has not completed the age of five
    years shall ordinaii\y be with the mother ; "

    "13. (l} In the appointment or declaration of any person


    as guardian of a Hindu minor by a court, the welfare
    of the minor .shall be the paramount consideration.
    (2) No person shaJIhe e~titled to the guardianship by virtue
    of the. provisions of this Act or of any law relating
    to guardianship .in maniage among Hi~dus, if the
    court is of opinion that his or her guardianship W111
    not be for the welfare of the miiior." .

    '.
    . r

    '' It does not follow becatJse a husband's conduct


    is such as to make his wife very unhappy. that he is there-
    fore to be deprived of the custody of his children. To justify.
    (14) (1847) z Phillips 247.
    such an interference with the father's rights, his misconduct
    must appear to be of such a nature as to be likely to con-
    taminate and corrupt the morals of his'-~hildren. . . ,
    C" (' c:l ~(' ~ (' (' ('
    w~~'i~ <;031:>mco:>: ~9~ ~Y:Gloxtm>~Yp:~p ro~ro:~p:
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    roueC"~:l):'nl
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    'P T&o'lt: ~p:~?Uf ~~B nSukhdeo Rai v. Ram Chandar Rai
    (' ('
    <md another ( 1 5) ~qcro~:-

    . . It is not true to say that a father is liable to


    be deprived of the society of his child, or the control of his
    child, because he quarrelled with the mother or distrusted
    the mother's moral i:haracter."
    0 ('
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    2~tl\JX) (.\)COCO?: 1~'"f'i (2) O',{CI ~ ~ ~:tjO?CO?::~ C>9,?'1::0~ II
    ., . . I cannot see that such removal was without
    sufficient cause. It was the privilege and duty of the respond-
    ent as a father to look after the welfare of the children and
    to provide them with good education in happy surroundings.
    The privilege and duty was shared by the mother but by
    law and by custom the leadership was with the father. In
    the circumstance in which the home had been placed it was
    probably a wise thing to send the children to boarding school
    where at least they would be spared the pain of a disturbed
    family. Sending them away to school deprived their mother
    of the comfort of their companionship and probably made
    her more troubled: and restless afterwards; but, Mr. Ghosh
    had to make the decision trying to strike a balance between
    bjs duty to the children and his duty to his wife. I cannot,
    therefore, hold that sending the children away constitute
    an act of cruelty on the part of the respondent towards
    petitioner."
    !)c&;3):;~J6, [J)~q ~~~ GOOJ'X~co?:~'):D::02 GOXJ~G:nac&g
    L ('_-- ~<""'~ J (' C' C' C' 0 II. 0 (' -~T~ -1
    G::D'X'OO?;t:Jc:D(~~ :m"~o.i?ro;,Jro O?ft:O?e>~JY~t 009'0t Dr;N .K .

    . ( t.S);. ~I.. K. (192.4) 40 All . 700.

    ', '.
    ~~~
    ~
    '.
    ~~
    ~m:~ooa

    ~J~"
    A. That is why I have claimed my jewellery in this case.
    In the separation case I did not claim. I now claim
    for it because out of the jewellery proceeds I can
    educate and bring up my children."

    '.
    oo6
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    .. Under the provisionsofss. 100, lOl ,secondappeals
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    " No person shall act as trustees who shall, directly or


    indirectly, . -:~.ke. a lease of or '\told or occupy the estate and
    property belonging to the chanty or any part thereof, or
    any interest therein, for his own benefit or for the benefit
    of any person or persons whomsoever."

    q;;q~o:>211
    00 (" 40
    (1) (1959) 27 Be~v. 193.
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    ~ffi::l):))u The Master of the Rolls (Sir John Romilly) m1 ~:3


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    " I am of opinion that a clause of this description must be
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    in, any part of the charity property. The defendant, who
    is the lessee of a portion of the charity estate, cannot act as
    trustee ; he must either give up .tbe lease or the .trusteeship. "

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    CIVIL MISCELLANEOUS APPEAL

    Before U Thd Pe, J.

    B. LADASARiA (APPELLANT) c.c.


    l966
    v. :/uttl t8.

    u KYI (RESPONDENT).

    Extcution of 'coment-Ucree-Money-Lentkrs Act, 19+s-ca"Jii"6 Olt mollty


    lending business after the enforcement of the Act but eeasi11gJ after a c~tain
    period-whttMr a money-lender within the meaning of the Ac.t -carrying olf
    tile bUJiMss of money-lendmg after expiry .o f 'lriOI'Iey-lnttlittg certificatt--
    ubether to be rtgaried as n money-lmder as defined ins. :t (6)-S. 9 o/ the
    Money-IANkrt Act-ptohibiting Court from passing any . ore/# on the
    application of a .,oney-lender for execution of a decree-regutration of
    money./ender to be in force-wlu!thn: re/i,j am be gronttd whm licence
    expires before makiiVl any order.
    Held: A pel'llon who carries on money-lending business after the enforcement
    of the Act but ceases after a certain period will relllllin a money-lender within
    , the meaning of the Act. The :appdlant has admittedly carried on the bu.sineas
    of money-lending till April r8th 1965 when his money-lend.ing certificate
    lie
    eJCpired, must still be regarded as a money-lender as defined in a. a (6) of
    the Moncy-Lend'ing Act, .and is therefore governed by the provisions of the
    Act.
    5. 9 of .the Money-Lenders Act clearly prohibits a . Court uom pasaing
    any order on the application of a money-lender for ex~ution of a decreeJmtil
    and unless the money-lender i.s..rcgisterCd under the MoneyLenders Act a nd
    the registration is also in force. ln other words, the registration must be in
    force at the time when the Co\lrt contemplate!! to pass an order on the application
    of.t~ money-lender. Although the r&gietration may be in force at the time
    when the execution applic~tion is made, no relief can be granted when tbe
    licence czpires before any ~rder is actually made. .

    Than Aung for the appellant.


    Myint Soe for the respondent.

    U THET PE, J.-In the Rangoon CiJ:y Civil Court


    appellant obtained a consent decree for K 2o,ooo against
    the respondent and the execution of the decree was, by
    Ci.vil Miscellaneous Appeal No. s:t of 1965 ag:ainst the order ofthe
    I Chi~f Judge, City Civil Court of Rangoon in Civil Regular Suit No. to68 of
    I'J6J, dated the ZQth:Septembcr 1Q65.
    c.c. mutual agreement, stayed for six month'S. Before the
    ao66
    expiry of the period of six months the respondent applied
    B. LADASARII\
    and obtained an order to pay the decretal amount by
    v.
    u KYI. monthly instalment of K 900 with effect from 17th .May
    1965. but he defaulted in payment after depositing 'two'
    instalments with the result that the appellant made an
    application on 2Vd july 1965 for permission to execute
    the balance of the decretal amount. The application was
    however resisted by the respondent on the ground that the
    appellant being a money-lender could not execute the
    decree under. se(:tton 9, Money-Lenders Act. 1945, inas-
    much as his money-lending certificate had already expired
    on 18th April 1965. The contention of the respondent
    was accepted- by the learned Chief judge of the Rangoon
    City Civil Court who had seisin of the case and the execu-
    tion application was accordingly dismissed. It is against
    the order of dismissal of the execution application the
    present appeal has been brought.
    It has been argued on behalf of the appeilant that the
    provisions of the Money-Lenders Act. 1945, do not apply
    to the instant case inasmuch as the appellant who is merely
    winding up his money-lending business after the expiry of
    his money-lending certificate on r8th April 1965 ceases
    to be a money-lender within the meaning of the Act. The
    definition of .. money-lender" has been given in sub-
    section (6) of section 2 of the Act which reads:
    " ' money-lender' mc<lns :1 person who carries on the
    business of advancing loans as defined in this Act and shall
    inclt~de his legal rcp~escntatives and succcssors-in-intere~t
    whether by inheritance, assignment or otherwise:
    Providt d tth:lt nothing in this definition shall apply to:
    (a) a person who is the legal representative or is by in
    heritance the successor-in-interest of a deceased money-
    lender together with all his rights and liabilities, if such
    person onay winds up the estate of such money-lender and
    does not adva.nce any fresh loans ; or
    (b) a person who from the <l;lte on' which -this Act comes c.c.
    1966
    into force me.relv winds up his f'l!Oney-len~ing . business
    and does not a<l~.. :mce any fresh loan~... B. LAPASI\11
    f.J.
    U Kv1.
    We are directly concerned with proviso' (b) ~C(:<)~irm tO
    which a person whq docs not . advan~e .. fresh foans but
    merely winds up his money-lending : business on: the
    2nd Nov('mher 1945. the day on . wh~ch the Mone.y-Lenderc;
    Act. I9<JS came . into force, wil! not .com~ within the
    definition of " money-lender". Ir
    therefore follow~ that .
    a person .who carries on money-lending business after the
    enforcement of the Act hut ceases after a certain period
    will remain a money~lender within the meaning of the Act.
    Since .the appellant in the pre.serit case has admittedly
    carried 9n the .busi ~css of moriey-'!endiilg till 18th A.pril
    . 1965 when his money-lending ce'r tifkate last expired .. he
    must, still be regarded a~ a moncy~lender as de.fined in
    section ' 2 (6) and is therefore governed by the provisions
    of the Act.
    The next poiilt that has . been canv.assed on behalf of
    the appel.Jant is that since he has in'itiated the execution
    of the decree before. the money-lending licence expires he
    should he allowed to ~~ntinue the executip~ inasmuch as
    the act of the executing Court in closing the execution .
    proceedings when it ordered payment of the decretal
    amou.nt b'y .instalments. which has sin.c e been flouted by
    the respondent. shoufd not he allowed to prejudice his
    fight. In this connection we will have to look to section 9 ;
    . of the Money-Lenders Act, the relevant ,portion of which '
    provides:

    "Notwith~t;~nding ;mytliing contained in ;my other law


    for the time l'-eing in force, no Court shall pas<; ... .. .... , ... .....
    an order on an applicati011 by a mOney-lender for the
    execution of a decree rcbting to a lo;m or to any security in
    respect of a loan, unless the money-lender is registere<i
    under this Act and the registration is in force."
    c.c. .The above sectiqn clearly prohibits a . ~ourt from pass-
    JC)66
    ing any order on the application of a money-lender for
    B. LAD.&SARIA
    (/, execution of a decree until and unless t.he money-lender
    u KYJ.
    is registered under the Money-Lenders Act and the registra-
    tion is also in force. In other words, the registration must
    be in force at the time when the Court contemplates to
    pass an order on the application . of the money-lender.
    Although the registration may be in force at the time when
    th'e execution application is made, no relief can be granted
    when the licence expires befor.e any order is actually made.
    In the present c~se even assuming tftat the appellant has
    instituted his execution application before the expiry of
    his money-lending licence~ whiCh in 't act is not, the Court
    cannot possibly grant hfm any relief inasmuch as his licence
    has expire<.! before anycirder i's contemplated by the Court.
    It h<Js been said that the money-lend~rs will face much
    hardship .if section9; Money-Lenders Act, is not interpreted
    more liberally .. It. must at once be pointed out that the
    Money-Lenders Act has been enacted for the benefit of the
    working people as a \Yhole and it is but natural that some
    hardship may occasion to the money-lenders who form
    only a minute fraction of the working people. A court
    of law whose duty i-s to enforce the law as it stands cannot
    listen to any argument of hardship lest it might result in
    the introduct~on 6f bad law and erroneous interpretation
    of statute.
    In the result the appeal fails and is accordingly
    dismissed. In the circumstances qf the case there will be
    no-order as 't o costs. '
    CIVIl. FIRST APPEAL
    &fore V Tltlt Pe, J.

    DAW HLA YIN AND ONE (AP~ELLANTS)


    c.c.
    v.

    U MAUNG SEIN AND TWO OTHERS (RESPONDENTS)'<


    - 1966
    J uneJO
    Code ofCivU Procedure-code, 0. 41 Rule 27-additional evidence-
    admission after the appreciation of evidence on record to
    enable to pronounce judgement or for any substantial cause-
    whether it can be exer_cised before the appeal is heard on merits.
    Held: Add\tional evidence under Rule 27, Order 41, can be
    admitted only when the court, after the appreciation of the evidence on
    record as it stands, requires it to enable it to pronounce judgment or for
    any substantial cause. The proper time for the exercise of the discretion
    under the rule therefore is when the court finds, on exmining the evi-
    dence as it stands, that there is some defect or lacuna apparent on the
    face of the record. It cannot be exercised before the appeal is heard on
    marits.
    Kessowji/ssur v. Great Indian Penisula Railway Co., l.L.R 31
    Born 381; Parsotim Thaku and others v. La/ Mohar Thakur and others,
    A.I.R. (1931) (P.C.) 143 at P-148; Maung Po Nyein v. Maung Tha
    Saing, A.I.R (1939) Ran 92, referred to.
    Myint So-e for the appellants.
    Maung Maung Myint for the respondents.
    U THET PE, J - This order relates to the application
    by the appellants dated the 19'11 April1966, under Rule 27, Or-
    der 41, Civil Procedure Code, to admit additional evidence by
    examining one- Daw Phwa Sein- who had not been cited in the
    trial Court. The application is, ofcourse, stoutly resisted by the
    respondents. Additional evidence under Rule 27, Order 41, can
    be admitted only when the Court, after the appreciation ofthe
    evidence_on record as it stands, requires it to enable it to pro-
    nounce judgment or for any substantial cause. The proper
    time for the exercise of the discretion under the rule therefore
    * Civil First Appeal No. 20 of 1965, against the decree of the 2nd
    Judge, City Civil Court of Rangoon in Civil Regular Suit No. 635 of 1965,
    dated 27'h January 1965.
    .
    c.C
    1966
    is when the Court finds, on .examining the evidence as it
    - stands. that there is .some defect or lacuna apparent on
    DAW Ht.A f -
    YuuNo oN~:: . the face o the record.
    It cannot
    ' . d be f ore t he
    b e exercise
    u MAUNe appeal is heard on merits. .
    SsiN ANo The Privy Coundl in Kessowji Issur v. Great Indian
    TWO OTHERS.
    Peninsula Railway Company (1) has held that the legitimate
    occasion for section 568 (now Rule 27, Order 41) of the
    Civil Procedure Code is when on examining the evidence
    as it stands, some inherent lacuna or defect becomes
    apparent, and not where a discovery is made outside the
    Court of fresh evidence and the applic;ation is made to
    import it. Then in Parsotim Thaku and others v. Lal
    Mohar Thakur and others (2) the above decision was
    approved and observed that:-" The legitimate occasion
    for the exercise of this discretion is not whenever before
    the appeal is heard a party applies to adduce fresh
    evidence, but when on examining the evidence as it stands
    some inherent lacuna or def~ct becomes apparent." See
    also Maung Po Nyein v. Maung Tha Saing (3), where itwas
    ruled that:
    "Further evidence is not intended to be ordered on special
    and preliminary application before the appeal on the merits
    has been heard and r he evidence as it stood examined by the
    Court."
    In the present case the appeal has not yet been heard
    and the additional evidence, therefore, cannot be ordered
    to be admitted under Rule 27, Order 41. In the resu)t
    the application of the appellants fails and is dismissed
    with costs; Advocate's fees K r.7.

    () J.L.R. 31. 13om. J8I. (2) A.J.R. (1931) . (P.C.) 143 at p . 1-48. f
    (3) A.I.R. ( 1939) RRn. 92.
    CIVU.. FIRST APPLICATION
    Before Dr. Maung MounR, C.J. and U Thtt Pt,J.

    DAW KHIN KYI. widow of U Ba (deceased) AND ONE c.c.


    1966
    (APPLICANTS)
    v.
    DAw MA MA (RESPONDENT) .
    UnionJudcciary Act, s. 6-constructian of will-plain and unambiguous languagc-
    v:hether it shall rcceivf. its Literal ccmstruction use of ambiguous V!Ords --duty
    of Court to ascertain the intention of the testator-consideration of surround-
    ing circumstances, ttstator's family relationship. lu tator's uu of uords in a
    particular sense-construction settled- duty of Court to corry out the
    exprnsed intmtion of the ttstator-whethtr the low favcmrs inttstacy either
    wholly or partially.
    Held: It i~ cardinal rul~ o construction that where the language of a wi ll
    ie plain and unambiJ:;UOUS it shall r~ceive i tsl iteral construction without attempt-
    ing to give any conjectural nmendmcnt. Hut where the words used are
    ambiguous the duty of the Court is to ascert!l i n the intention of the r.cstator
    and i n do i ng ~o it is entitled and bound to bear in mind and con~idcrcJther
    matt~rs I ike surrounding circumstances, testator's family relat ionship and the
    probabi I ity that the testator would use words in a particular sense so as to
    11rrivo: at a right construction of the will jlnd to asccrt:tin the meaning of the
    language used by the testator. Once the construction is settled it i s the duty
    of the Court to carry out the intent ion exprc~sed by the te~tator.
    KiJtammal and otht'Ts v. Saraswathi H:zi Amm::zl, A.I.R. ( rQJ9) Mad. IIZ;
    Brijroj Singh v. Shatratra11jai Singh, A.I.R. (1 947) Oudh 45. referred to and
    followed.
    The general rule of con~ truction of a will is that the law docs not favour
    intcs!Alcy ei:her wholly or partially. A will should not be construed so as to
    lead to par: ial intestacy unless the plain meaning of the words used thcre'i n
    make~ it ncce~sary to do so.
    Naraindas and others v, Tcltchand.at~d others, A.l.R. ( 1923) Sind 42 ; S .A.S.
    Rathnathammal v. M. Arulanmuiam Pillai and others, A. l. R . (1946) Mad. at
    12 ; Sm. Vislmibai alia~ Haribai W/0 Bhai Jhamatmal v. Bhai Loltuma
    Satramdas and others. A.L R. ( 1946) S ind, ro8 referred to and followed.

    N. C. Sen for the applicants.


    Than Tin for the respondent.
    U THET PE, J.-This application for special leave under
    section 6 of the Union Judiciary Act, arises under the
    Civil First Application No. 17 of 1966, aga-i nst the decree of this Couri:
    Civil Fir.;t Appeal No. 61 of 1965, dated th~ 4th December 1965 .
    following circumstances. One Daw .Mya a Burmese
    Christian spinster and adoptive mother of the respondent
    0 .\Wwmow
    Kn. Kill:-> D~w Ma t'v1a die d on 27t h Septem ber 1958 Ieavmg
    . a W'll
    1
    0" c HA
    (DECP.ASF.u)
    by which the respondent was appointed the sole executrix
    ANn o:-:E of her entire estate to which the house and its site known
    uAw;i A!\IA. as No. 72, r65th Street, Rangoon (hereinafter referred to
    as the suit property) forms a part. The respondent applied
    for and ob~ained Probate of the Will in spite of opposition
    by the late U Ba, father of the applicants, who contrnckct
    that the Will did not affect the suit property in respect of
    which Daw Mya died intestate. It appeared that during
    the pendency of the Probate proceedings U 8a took posses-
    sion of the suit p~operty thereby necessitating the
    respondent to institute a suit in the Rangoon City Civi!
    Court for declaration of ownership and for possession o!
    the suit property.
    One of the questions that arose for consideration in the
    tr~al Court was whetht-r the suit property was the subject
    of disposition by the Will of the lalc Daw ~fya. The
    relevant clause of the Will which has been the root cause
    of the dispute between the parties reads:
    "Secondly-! give devise and beque.1th to my sole adoptive
    daughter MA rvt.'\, aged 2 t years, Burmcc;c Christian, residing
    at 72. 165th Street, Tamwe, Rangoon and my lcyac.v (all
    movt'ables) as the said Ma Ma was brought up and adoptt>d
    by me from her baby-hood when she was only twelve days
    old with a view to inherit my estate to and for her own use
    I
    and benefit absolutely and !nominate constitute and ;tppnin~
    Ma Ma who is living with me."

    The learned trial Judge took the view tharthere was Ia.t ent
    ambiguity in t h<' :th<we wordings and therefore allowed
    extrinsic. evidence which clearly showed that the tektatrix .
    intended to leave her entire estate including the suit pro-
    perty to the respondent. He accordingly decre~d the
    respondent's suit with costs. The applicants came up on
    appeal to this Court against the judgment and d,ecr~ of
    the trial Court which were however confirmed by our c.c.
    Jl)66
    learned brother U Sein Thinn, J.. after holding that the
    DAW l{HJN
    learned trial Judge was perfectly right in admitting KYI, WIDOW
    extrinsic evidence to explain the language of the Will OF USA
    (DECEASED)
    which is latently .ambiguous. The applicants being ANO ONE
    tl.
    aggrieved with the decree of the Appellate Court has now DAWMA MA.
    sought permission for special leave to appeal.
    It is a cardinal rule of construction that where the
    language of a Will is plain and unambiguous it shall receive
    its literal construction without attempting to give any
    conjecturable amendment. But where the words used are
    ambiguous the duty of the Court is to ascertain the inten-
    tion of the testator and in doing so it is entitled and hound
    to benr in mind and consider other matters like surround-
    ing circumstances, testator's family relationship and the
    probability that the testator would use words in. a
    particular sense so as to arrive at 4 right. construction of
    the \Viii and to ascertain the meaning of the language used
    by the testator. Once the construction is settled it is the
    duty of the Court to carry out the intention expressed by
    the testator. The principles upon which a Will should be
    construed have been succinc~Iy stated thus in Kistammal
    and others v. Saraswathi" Ba{ Am mal (I):
    Certain principles upon which .a will should be construed
    are as follows: The first principle is that the Court should
    give effect to the plain meaning of the words used. Secondly
    if there is any ambiguity, the Court should in interpreting
    the langpage lean towards carrying out the know.O . intentions
    of the testator as far as they can be ascertained from the
    recitals and from the surrounding circumstances. Thirdly, in
    interpreting ambiguous words, the Court should bear in mind
    the presumption that the testator was not likely to inetend to
    create an. intestay regar-ding the residue of the e.stare:
    Fourthly, the Court should not strain the language of the
    will either in order to give effect to the apparent intention
    of the testator or in _o rder to prevent an intestacy. finally#

    (1) A. I. R. (1939) Mad. 112 .


    c.c the Court has no power to insert in the will a disposition
    1966 which is missing, however desirable that di$position may be."
    DAWKHIN
    KYit WIDOW
    OFU BA In Brijraj Singh v. Shatranjai Singh (2) it has also been
    (DECEIISBD)
    AND ON
    laid down that:
    . -~~.
    ..D"AWMAMA. " One of the cardinal principles governi~g the construction
    of wills is that the Court should ascertain the dominant
    intention of the testator from the words used in the document
    and give effect to it to the extent and in the form which the
    law allows. The Court is entitled and bound to bear in mind
    the surrounding circumstances, the testator's manners, his
    outlook based on his particular religion and social cusroms.
    his position, his family relationships, the probability that he
    would use words in a particular sense and many other things
    which are summed up in the expression 'The Court is entitltd
    to put itself into the testator's armchair '."

    In the present case the relevant portion of the \ Vill


    which deals with the disposition of the properties of the
    testatrix provides that~
    "Secondly-! give devise and bequeath to my sole adoptive
    daughter Ma Ma, aged 21 years, Burmese Christian, residing
    at 72, x6sth Street, Tamwe, Rangoon and my leeacy (all
    moveables} as the said Ma Ma was brought up and adopted
    by me from baby-hood when she was only twelve days old
    with a view to inherit my es.tate to and _for her own use and
    benefit absolutely and I nominate constitute and appoint Ma
    Ma who is living with me."

    A careful reading oi this passage shows that the purport


    of the word " and " appearing between the words
    "Rangoon" and "my legacy" is not altogether clear and
    unambiguous. The learned Advocate for the applicants
    had in the course of his arguments submitted that the
    worCl " and should be substituted by the word " as " so as
    to make the meaning of the passage clear and correct.
    This is a tacit admission on the part of the learned Advocate F
    (~) A.I.R. (1947) Oudh. 45
    for the applicants that the meaning of the words used c.c.
    1966
    therein is ambiguous. Under the circumstances, it cannot
    D AWKHIN
    possibly be said that the lower Courts erred in admitting Kn, WIDOW
    OFU BA .
    extrinsic evidence in construing the Will of the late Daw tDCEASED)
    ANDONB
    Mya. .v. '
    Then if we were to construe the Will of the late Daw DAWMAMA.
    Mya a~ suggested by the learned Advocate for the
    applicants, it would result in partial intestacy of the estate
    of the testatrix. The general rule of construction of a
    \Vill is that the law does not favour intestacy either wholly .
    or partially. A Will should not be construed so as to
    lead to partial intestacy unless the plain meaning of the
    words used therein makes it necessary to do so. Thus, it
    has been held in Naraindas and others V. Tekchand and
    others (3) that :
    In construing wills, the test is what did the testator mean
    having regard.to the words used. One of the cardinal rules
    in construing a will is to avoid an intestacy whether wholly
    or partially."

    It was also observed in S.A.S. Rathnathammal v.


    l\f. Arulanandam 'Pillai and others (4) that:
    " the general rule of construction of wills w~s that a will
    should. not be so construed, unless the plain wording makes
    it necessary to do so, as to lead to an intestacy with regard
    to some part of the testator's property."

    The same view has also been expressed in Sm. V1shnibai


    (a) Haribai wjo Bhai ]hamatm.;l v. Bhai Lokumal Satramdas
    and others (5).
    Besides it must also be borne in mind that speciallt.JYe
    under section 6, Uriion Judiciary Act, will not as a nile be
    granted in th~ absence of any special circumstances such
    as want of jurisdiction or doing of a great and irreparable
    (3) A.I.R. ( 1923) Sind, .f2. (4) A.I.R. (qH6 ~tud. at 12.
    (S) A.T.R. ( 1946) Sind ro8.
    c.c. injury or involving a question.. of great public or private
    196~
    importance-vide f. Huie v. L. K. Aiyavoo Naidu and four
    ~~~w~o~~ others (6). No such special circumstances are present in
    oF 'tJ DA the instant case inasmuch as the lower Courts had in our
    (DsceASeo)
    ANDONB opinion rightly interpreted the law relating to the construc-
    DAw~M.A. tion of Wills .
    The application is accordingly dismissed with costs.
    Advocate fees K 85.

    F
    (6) (1951) B.L. R .8 1 (S. C .).
    CIVIL REVJSJO}tlt

    Bqor~ U Thtt Pt, J.

    DA W OHN KHIN (APPLICANT) c.c.


    1966
    v. May 19.

    u KYIN SEIN (RESPONDENT).

    Cod~ of Civil Procedure Order XXI, Rul~ a9-1tay of xtcution-ll.lit by lanll


    lord against tnumt for rtCOfJtry of arrttll'l of rmt-suit by tmat~t for rtc(lftrY
    ofmf!MY givm Dltecurity-opplicationfor rtay of exuution by tmant.
    Htld : There is no restriction whatsoever in Rule 29, Order ar, Ciil
    Procedur.: Code that the stay can only be granted when the nature or the
    pending suit is identical or similar to that of the decree sought to be cxe.:uced.
    The object of the rule is to prevent multiplidty of execution proceedings and to
    enable the decree-holder and the judgment-debtor to adj ust their claims
    agairuot each other when the judgment-debtor h"" instituted a suic against the
    d ccree-bolder.
    Klllltlll"""41 v. MutlrulriiiNimuwarru Clutty, A.J.R. (1936) Mad. ro.a ; S.M.
    Nagori v. BaburQO, A.I.R. (1956) Madh Bharat a29 ; Ttll'irtiprosad Roy v
    Narayan Kumori Dehi,J.L.R. 17 Cal. 391, referred to.

    R. Chaube for the applicant.


    Tun Win for the respondent.

    U THET PE. J.-The petitioner is- the landlord of the


    respondent in respect of room No. I jn house No. 57,
    Myanma Gone Ye Street, Rangoon, at a monthly rental
    of K 150. In Civil Regular Suit l-!o. 429 of 1964 of the
    Rangoon City Civil Court she sued her tenant and obtained
    a decree for K 1,650 due as arrears of rent with costs.
    She then took out execution of decree in Civil Execution
    Case No. 84 of 1965. In the meantime the respondent
    instituted a suit being Civil Regular No. 290 of 1965 of the
    same Court against the previous landlord U Po Thaing ~nd
    the respondent forrecovery of K 13,100 being the amount
    ~8 given as security to U Po Thaing in respect of the room .
    Civil Rr:vision No. 55 of 1965, against the decree of the Jtd Judge,
    Rangoon City Civil Court in Civil Execution No. 8-4 of J')6s. .
    c.c. under lease and applied for and obtained the stay of execu-
    1966
    tion under Rule 29, Order XXI, Civil Procedure Code.
    DAW OHN
    KHlN Being dissatisfied with the order staying the execution, the
    ~.

    U KYIN
    petitioner has brought the present revision .
    SHIN. It has been argued on behalf of the petitioner that the
    lower Court erred in staying her execution case inasmuch
    as the respondent's suit was one for money pure and
    simple, which is essentially different in character from
    decree for -rent obtained by her. Rule 29, Order XXI,
    Civil Procedure Code reads:
    " Where a suit i~ pending in any Court against the holder
    of a decree of such Court on the part of the person against
    whom the decree was passed, the Court may, on such terms
    as to security or otherwise as it thinks fit, stay execution of
    the decree until the pending suit has been decided."

    A perusal of the rule will show that there is no restriction


    whatsoever therein that the stay can only be granted when
    the nature qf the pending suit is identical or similar to
    that of the decree sought to be executed. The object of
    the rule is to prevent multiplicity of execution proceedings
    and to enable the decree-holder and th~ judgment-debtor
    to adjust their claims against each other when the
    judgment-debtor has instituted a suit against the decree-
    holder. Thus it has been held in Kannammal v.
    Muthttkumarraswami Chetty (I) that:
    "0. 2 J . R. 29 embraces every kind of suit which ic:
    maintainable. There is no Jimitati'on in the rule. Once it is
    conceded that a suit is mai!1tainable, the procedure laid down
    in R. 29 is at once attracted. The object q.f -t-he rule, is thar,
    should a plaintiff in a pending suit succeed therein, then there
    can be an adjustment of the decree or claim by that plaintiff
    against the decree obtained against him i~ the other suit in
    the same Court without it being necessary for the succ:essful
    plaintiff in the pending suh to t<lke out execution proceedings.
    Execution in the other s.uit is stayed so that the rights of the
    (r) A.I.R. (1936) Mad. ro2.
    parties can be adjusted. In cases where it is likely that the c.c.
    1966
    decree-holder in the other suit may take steps which might
    deprive the plaintiff in the pending suit of the fruits of any DAW OHN
    KtUN
    decree which he obtains, an order staying the. execution in v.
    the other suit should be :nade. The rule is not an imperative u KYIN
    SEIN.
    one; and the Court has a discretion either to grant the relief
    asked for namely, stay of execution of t)1e decree, or to
    refuse it."

    Then in S. M. Nagori v. Baburao (2) it has been ruled


    that:
    "Order 2r, Rule 29 clearly gives wide powers and
    discretion to the Court for Pa'!Sing a stay order. It has ample
    discretion in passing an order as to the tenns on which the
    execution of the decree can be stayed until the pending suit
    has been decided."

    Besides the arrears of rent which has become due by


    a tenant come within the definition of debt as defined in
    section 3, Transfer of Property Act and a decree for arrears
    of rent must therefore be regarded as a decree for money.
    In this connection it has been held in Tariniprasad Roy v.
    Narayan Kumari Debt (3) that a decree for rent obtained
    by a landlord against his tenant is a money decree .
    The learned Advocate for the petitioner has submitted
    an ingenious argument that the stay is inequitable inasmuch
    as a landlo:t;d who is entitled to receive rents every month
    has been denied of his right whereas the tenant is enjoying
    the tenements without any . hindrance. Firstly, it must
    he pointed out that the order of the lower Court has not
    the effect of prohibiting the petitioner fr6m demanding
    the present and future rents. It applies only to the arrears
    of rent which has ripened into a decree. Secondly, it
    must not be forgotten that the respondent had made a
    claim against the petitioner by instituting a suit and the
    petitioner cannot therefore be allowed to harp on equities
    (2) A.l.R. (1956) Madh Dharat, :uQ. (3) A.I.R. 1? Cal. 391 .
    c.c. by pressing his rights alone while ignoring the claim of the
    1966
    respondent.
    DAW OliN
    KHIN
    Then an order under Rule 29, Order XXI, Civil Proce-
    V dure Code, is purely a discretionary one which will not as
    u KYIN
    SEIN. a rule be disturbed by the Court of revision unless it can
    be shown that it is manifestly unjust or patently wrong.
    In the instant case the order of the lower Court cannot
    either be said to be manifestly unjust or patently wrong.
    In the result the application for revision fails and is
    accordingly dismissed with costs. Advocate fees K 34.

    F-4
    CIVIL MISCELLANEOUS

    Before U Kyaw Zan U,:J.

    MA MYINT KYI (APPLICANT) c.c.


    1966
    v.
    June%.
    U KYAW AND ANOTHER (RESPONDENTS).

    Guardian artd War:d Act, s. zs-app/icati01f by mother frw 'ustody of her minor
    son- mirror too young to be copoble of forming an intelligent opinion of or
    ~prtuing lau fliew-insanity of father-applicant's financial mtam to look
    after the child-applicant not unfit and incapable of retaining the custody of
    tire child.
    Held : The minor, who is a boy aged about 5 years and who cannot be
    considered to have pas,ed tender year is very young yet to be capable of forming
    an iJ;~tclligent opinion of, or expr~ing his view. Hia father is insane and has
    no means to bring him up. Due to unavoidable circumstances, for example,
    insanity of the husband and her own bad health then applicant had to seek the
    help of the respondents for the welfare of the child. She has the means
    to look after the child and there is nothing on the record that her husband
    or
    . would ill-treat the child. There is no dispute that she is unfit and incapable
    retaining the custody of the child. In the~ circum.stances, she sbould not be
    deprived .of her natural right to have the custody of her own child.
    Fann')' Emmeliu Peterson v. Eanrut Henry Sluwe and anoihtr, 24 Calcutta
    Weekly Notes p. 71r, referred to.

    Thein Shan for the applicant.


    Cheng Po for the respondents.

    U KYAW ZAN U, J.-This is an application under


    section 25 of the Guardians and Wards Act.by the mother
    for the return of her minor son, now aged. about fiveyears.
    to her custody. The respondents arc the boy's aunt
    (father's elder sister) and her husband. The father is insane
    and is residing with the. respondeq.ts. The parties are
    Burmese Buddhists. The applica'rit' is now about' 20 years
    of age. She says she was married in the .y ear. 132'2 B.E.
    128 (I96o)~ So she must have :been quite young when. she
    Civil Miscellaneous No. uS of:r96s.
    c. c. got married. About .a .year after the marriage, when she
    1966
    was in the family way, her husband became insane and
    MA MYINT
    KYI
    she was helpless. After the birth of the child she took a
    v. second husband with the knowledge and consent of the
    U K,Aw
    AND relatives and elders including the respondents and when
    ANOTHER.
    the child was about I r months old the respondents to.o k
    him to their house, which is next door in the Government
    barracks, to sleep with them at night. It appears from
    the evidence of the applicant and of the witnesses that the
    trouble arose when the Census was prepared. The child's
    name was entered in the list of the respondents' household
    as well as in the applicant's own list. The question then
    arose in whose list he should be enrolled. The elders
    decided that his name should stand in the respondents'
    Jist. The applicant alleged that the boy was confined
    within the walls of the house or room by the respondents
    not allowing him to come to her as before. The minor
    calls the respondents mr;;o and :J.?r;;;y and his step-father
    S?GtP The applicant has a child aged about a year
    old now by her second husband. She is now earning K 104
    per month and her second husband K 90 per month.
    According to Daw Kyin Hmein '(PvV 2), the maternal
    grandmother of the minor. the respondents took the child
    at night to sleep with them from the time he was about
    two years old and only when the applicant married a
    second time. The applicant's brother-in-law U Tin Myint
    (P.\V 3) deposed that the trouble started when the minor
    was enrolled in the household list of the applicant as the
    son of her second hushand (tQe minor's step~father). The
    respondents not being satisfied would not allow the child
    to go to the applicant's house as before. He confirmed
    the evidence that the minor was looked after by the res-
    pondents at night w&ile the applicant looked after him
    during the day. He also confirmed the evidence of the
    applicant that one day. when the child tan away to the
    applicant's hou'se from his confinement a~ the place of the
    respondents Ma San (the__2nd respondent) forcibly took him c.c.
    1966
    away from his hiding-place behind the cupboard. A report
    M.~ MYINT
    was lodged at the police station and U Tin Maung, the Kn
    Secretary of the Five-Men Committee (PW 5) deposed that v.
    LJ KYAW
    the matter was settled when U Kyaw (rst respondent) AND
    ANOTHER.
    undertook in writing that he would not in future take the
    child forcibly but would look after him properly.
    U Kyaw (rst respondent) deposed that he fed and
    looked after the minor from the time he Was a child of I l
    months as the applicant was unwell and her husbana was
    insane. She was working then. He admitted that he was
    not pleased when the child was listed as the son of his
    step-father when he still has his own father, who is insane.
    He stated the applicant even agreed to give the child to
    him by a deed but she changed her mind the next day.
    He denied the child was kept in confinement but he
    admitted that the police warned him not to do. so and that
    he had signed that he would not quarrel with the applicant.
    He earns K 86 per month as an employee in the Water
    and Sewage Department of the Rangoon Corporation while
    his wife Ma San earns about K 300 per month as a fish
    monger. He has a grown-up son and daughter. The son
    is married and has a child but the daughter is still single.
    U Tin Pe .(DW 4), a member of the Five-Men Committee
    corroborated thc evidence that the applicant at first agreed
    to give away the minor to the respondents rather than to
    U Tin Myint (PW 3) by a deed but she changed her mind the
    following day. As the child bore two names as his father
    the witness sent for the parties for questioning. There
    w..1s a dispute and evmtually he enrolled him in the house-
    hold list of his inatrrnal grandmother Daw Kyin Hmein
    (PW 2) as the son of Ko Thaung Shwe who is his real
    father. This witness was an over-zealous witness who
    gave his own view of the case to the police without being
    12A questioned to the prejudice of the applicant. I do not
    think he can be quite relied upon.
    The parents no doubt have a paramount right to have
    the company and care of. and the control over their own
    MA MYIN T
    KYI child. This is based on the law of nature. This right
    v.
    u KY.~W cannot be taken away unless there are very good reasons.
    AN D Of the parents the father is to be preferred if the child is
    ANOT HER.
    not of tender years. But in cases where the father is unfit'.
    or the child is of tender years the mother's right supersedes
    that o f the father's. This is the law.
    Now. in the instant case, the minor is only about five
    years of age.and cannot be considered to have passed tender
    years. He is very young yet to be capable of forming an
    intell-i gent opinion of, or expressing his, views. His father
    who is being looked after by the respondents is still insane
    and has no means to bring him up. Though she has
    allowed the child to be brought up and looked after by the
    respondents, the -applicant has never abandoned or deserted
    him. Due 'to unavoidable circumstances, for example.
    insanity of the husband and her own bad health she had
    to seek the help' of the respondents for the welfare o f the
    child. She still had the legal custody of the child though
    she allowed him to sleep with the respondents at night till
    very recently when the trouble started and the application
    was filed. She is earning enough and has means to look
    after the child. There is nothing to show on record that
    her second husband would ill-treat the child. The step-
    father himself is earning. There is no dispute that the
    applicant is unfit and incapable of retaining the cus_tody
    of the child. In these circ;umstances, she should not be
    deprived of her natural right to have the custody of her
    own child. I am also of the opinion that it will be for
    the welfare of th~ ward to return to her custody. In a
    somewhat similar case of Fanny Emmeline Peterson v .
    Earnest Henry Shave and another (1) a posthumous infant
    about three months old was inade over to his aunt (mother's
    sister) by the mother as she was going to be trained as a
    (,) 24 Calcutta Weekly Notes, p , 77~ .'
    uurse. When the mother w;~s in a position to maintain c. c .
    JC)66
    .and educate him, having b<.cn qualified as a nurse and
    permitted ro have private pr:-~ctice, she applied for the MA l<n MYINT

    -c ustody of the child who was then about S<'\Tn years old. v.
    U }.; YAW
    The infant called the aunt .. mother" and the mother ANn
    (app1icant) as " aunt ". The aunt was carning a very .
    drcrnt income and has two children of her own. She was
    n~ry fond of the minor whom she supported uninterrupted-
    ly right through with no help from the mother. It was
    hr!d that a mother cannot be deprived of her natural right
    of absolute control over her own child when there is no
    -suggestion whatsoever against her char::~cter or fitness to
    act as the custodian or guardian of her own son.
    For all the reasons given I ::~llow the application and
    restore the minor to the mother (applicant) but this will
    not prevent him from sleeping with the respondents at
    night as he used to do. if he so wishes. or visit them at any
    reasonable time. In the circumstances of the case the
    parties shall beat their own costs.
    CIVIL.FIRSl' APPEAL
    Before U Thn Pt, J.

    c.c. MA THAN K.1 AND SIX OTHERS (APPELLANTS)


    1966
    May 18. v.
    DAw GE (RESPONDENT)

    Suit for rtcovrty of porsession of a howe sitt-irt/r~tuous sa.le detd-~".dmce of


    pourssion of thr site or purchartr not as lictrue"t--odvtru poruuion from the
    date of invalrd sa[e-Limt'tation Act, Artidt 144
    Held :The fnfruchJous sale deed clearly. shows that the respondc nt had
    been in possessipn of the land not in the capacity of a licensee as alleged by the
    appellants but .i n the capacity of an owner after h~:r purchase from U Po Kyan,
    father of the app.ellants. Since the respondent came into and remained in
    possession of the propeity l!fter the execution of the unregistered sale deed, her
    possession became adverse to the vendor from the date of the inl';~lid sale and
    a suit by the vendor or his successor in-title after the lapse of 12. years from that
    date would undoubtedly be barred under Article 1-44, .Limitation Act.
    Qadar Bakluh and others v. Mangha Malandothns. A.LR. (19~3) Lah.
    -495 Sohan Lal v. Mohon La/, J.L.R. so Ali..Qs6 at 997 ; Mahipal Si71{jh v.
    Sarjoo Prasad. A.I.R. ( 192.6) Oudh, 141 ; Mt. Jasoda Kuar v. Janak.Mimiaml
    otherr, A.J.R. (1925) Par. 787, referred to.

    Dr. Ba Tin for the appellants.


    Myint Soe for the respondent.

    U THE.T PE, J.-Jn Civil Regular Suit No. 1209 of 1963


    of the Rangoon City Civil Court, the appeJJants sued the
    respondent for recovery of possession of a house site known
    as Holding No. 234. Block No. 230. 2nd Kwin Kyaung
    Street, Ahlone, Rangoon, on the ground that the respondent
    who had been in occupation thereof since 1947 with the
    permission of their deceased father U Po Kyan had refused
    to give up possession although permission granted to her
    had been terminated. The respondent contested the suit I

    Civil First Appeal No. 43 of JQ6s, against the decr~e of the 4th judge, F '
    Ci1y Civil Court of Rangoon in Civil Regular Suit No. uo9 of IQ6J, dated tho
    2oth February 1965.
    and pleaded. that she had been in occupation of the suit c.c.
    1116~
    land as the owner thereof after her pu~chase from U Po
    MA THAN
    Kyan .by a deed of sale d_ated the rst March '1947 and 'that Kvr AND SIX
    the suit was barred by time. The learned 4th Judge who OTHB.RS v.
    had seisfu of the case fiearcl the parties and their witnesses DAW G.
    and dismissed the suit after coming to the conclusion that
    the respondent had been in occupation of the suit premises
    as an owner not as a licensee (!S alleged by the appellants
    and that the suit was barred hy Article 144. Limitation
    Act. Hence this appeal.
    The present appeal having been instituted on 24th May
    1965 was admittedly out of 'time by 63 days inasmuch ~s
    the date of the decree of the lower Court was 2oth
    February 1965. The appellants had asked for extension
    of time for appeal .under section 5. Limitation Act on the
    grounds that {i) the trial Court had delivered judgment
    without informing them or their counsel, and (ii) their
    counsel was.prevented by illness from attending theCourt
    and making inquiries .about ,t he progress of the suit.
    The diary order of the lower Court's proceedings shows
    that on 12th January 1965 the trial of t~e suit was
    temporarily suspended as the Courts were shifting to new
    premises. Then on 19th January 1965 notices vyere issued
    hy the Court to both the-counsel to fix the date for hearing.
    On 26.th January 1965 U Ba Nyunt appeared for U Thein
    Kyaw. learned counsel for the appellants and the Court
    fixed for hearing of arguments on 13th February 1965
    when U Kyaw Htoon appeared for U Thein Kyaw. There-
    after, the Court delivered judgment on 2oth February 1965
    when U Thein Kyaw was represented by U B(\ Thating.
    From the mere fact that the diary order of the lower
    Court's proceedings contains a statement that notices were.
    issu~d to both the counsel, it does not necessarily follow
    that learned counsel for the appellants must be presumed
    to have been served with the notice under section r 14 (e),
    Evidence Act. But subsequent appearances made by U Ba
    :A
    c.c. Nyunt, U Kyaw Htoon and U Ba Thaung on his behalf
    1966
    clearly indicate that he must been aware of the progress
    MA TIIAN
    Kn At'D SIX of the suit. Thc_Jaking of dates hy U Ba Nyunt and U Ba
    OTiii!RS
    Q.
    Thaung could have been done out of courtesy .and without
    DAW Gl!. any authorisation by U Thein Kyaw, but U Ky~~ Htoon
    could not have agreed to be present without his consent
    and knowledge when the final arguments of the case were
    heard on r3th February 1965. If U Kyaw Htoon had
    appeared without any instructions from U Thein Kyaw, the
    appellants could have easily obtained an affidavit to that
    ~ect from U Kyaw Htoon. This they had not done so
    and I therefore hold that the plea of the appellants that
    their counsel was not informed of the progress of the suit
    by the Court is without substance.
    As regards the ground of illness, .u Thein Kyaw, learned
    cotrnsel for the appellants had not chosen to mention in
    his affidavit that he was bed-ridden during the period from
    19th january 1965, the date when the Court issued notice~
    to the counsel, to 24th April 196.5, the date when he alleged
    that he became aware of the decree. Even assuming that
    U Thein Kyaw was ill it is not a sufficient ground under
    section 5, Limitation Act in the absence of proof that he
    was complete~y disa~led to attend to hi$ business vide
    Gaw Kyin Lyan and one v. G.wan Paik (1) and V. N. Nadesa
    Thevar v. A. V. Muthusami (2). Then the fact that he
    took no interest whatsoever in the progress of the suit for
    a period of nearly four months clearly indicates. that he
    was guiltyof .gros$ or GUlpable negligence in the discharge
    of his duties as a counsel which could not.be .a good reason
    for granting of extension of time under section 5. Limita-
    tion Act. Aye and Sons Ltd. v. The Hon'ble Minister for
    Finance and Revenue (3) and Daw .Q hn Sein v. Daw Hnin
    Zi (a) Hafiz Bee Bee (4). For the aforesaid reasons I am of
    the view that there is no su.fficient re~son in the present
    (1) (196o) B.L.R. 385 (H.C). (3) (~ 96J) B.L.R. 52 (S.C).
    (z) (196j) B.L.R. <4r4 (C.C). (4) Cr96o) B.L.H . 264 (H.C).
    case for granting the appellants' application .for the exten-
    sion of time under section 5. Limitation Act. MA THAN .
    KYJ ANO Sll'
    OTJt!ERS
    Then the appellants must also fail on the merits of tJ.
    OAw Ge.
    the case as well. It is no longer in dispute t~at the res-
    pondent had been in possession of the suit land after her
    purchase from the bte U Po Kyan, the father of the
    appellants for a sum of K I 50 by means of a sale deed
    dated rst March 1947 (Exhibit 1). Since this sale dee<i,
    though compulsorily registrable under section 17 of the
    Registration Act. had not been registered it docs not affect
    the suit prope.-rty nor can it be received as evidence of any
    transaction affecting the suit property. But under proviso
    to section 49. Registration Act. the respondent is entitled
    to use it in evidence for the purpose of proving a collateral
    purpose. namely. the nature or character of the j>ossession
    and how she had come upon the suit land vide Qadar
    Baklish and others v. Manaha Mal and others (I) where it
    was held that:
    " A document. although inadmiSsible for wanr of registra-
    tion, to prove title. may be referred to in order to .:~scertain
    the n:lture of the po<;session sought to be disturbt"d."

    The infructuous sale deed clearly shows that the respondent


    had been in possession of the land not in the capacity of
    a licensee as alleged by the appellants but in the capacity
    of an owner after her purchase from U Po Kyan, father
    of the appellants. Since the respondent came into and
    remained in possession of the property after the execution
    of the unregistered sale de~d. her possession became adverse
    to the vendor from the date of the invalid sale and a suit
    by the vendor or his successor-in-title a.ftt>r the lapse of
    r2 years from that date would undoubtedly be barred

    (5) A.J.R. (19~3) Lah. 495.


    c.c. under Article 144. Limitation Act. Thus in Sohan Lal v..
    1966 J

    MA THAN Mohan Lal (6) Muketji, J., who wrote the leading judgment
    KYJ AND SIX had remarked that :
    OTHERS
    w.
    DAW 0. . . . Where in an intended sale, which can be effected
    in law only by a registered document, no such document is
    executed and yet the intending purchaser gets possession, he
    gets possession with the consent of the intenrling vendor;
    but, nonetheless, the purchaser's possession begins adversely
    to the vendor. If the intending purchaser be fortunate
    enough to continue, undisturbed by the vendor, in possession
    for 12 years, he would acquire a perfect title as against the
    f~r.mer owner, the vendor. . _. "

    The same view has been expressed in Mahipal Singh v.


    Sarjoo Prasad (7} the relevant headnote of which reads:
    If the possession is acquired by a person under an invalid
    title and he continu~ to remain in possess'ion for more than
    IZ years, although the document relating to his title may be
    invalid for want of registration or any other ground yet the
    possession having lasted for more than J 2 years the title be-
    comes an unassailable one."
    It has also been ruled in Mt. ]aseda Kuar v. Janak Missir
    and others (8) that :
    "Even when a registered sale deed is found to be illegal,
    the purchaser gets full title to the property purchased, if be
    is put in possession in pursuance of the registered deed and
    continues to be in possession for over twelve years openly
    and adve~ely to the vendor."

    In the result, the appeal fails and 1s accordingly dis


    missed with costs. Advocate fees K 51.

    (6)I.L.R. so All. 986 at 997 (7) A.I.R. (196a) 0\Jdh rp,


    (8) A.I.R. f19~) Pat. 787
    F-4 .
    CIVIL FIRST APPEAL

    Before U Thet Pe, J.


    c.c.
    1966
    RAMNIRANJAN LHILA (APPELLANT)
    v.
    RAMNIRANJANDAS MAHABIR PRASAD FIRM
    (RESPONDENT).

    Suit for rtC()f)I'TY of dwnages for m!Jiicioru proucutio11 and arrests-pauing of a


    cMque which was dislwnoured-prosecuJion for cheating. whetMr reasonable
    or probable cause for-acceptance of CN(/UL and-crediJing it into accounts
    nlating to all contracts-cMque found welns-apprtht nsion that fraud had
    bem practised--prosecution ir. a criminal court -whtther answt'l'able in a
    suit for damagts for ma/iciow prosecution - compctmt legal advii:e on disci~sure
    of true and relevant faits-whether a valid protection agninst action for
    malicious prosrcution.
    /leld: There is the undeniable fact th;~t the app~llant had passed to the
    respnndent a cheque for K 8,zso wh ich ..on presentation was dishonoured
    by tho: .Uank and-it could not therefore be ~aid that the respondent had no
    reasonable and probable cause for the prosecut ionof the appellant for chcllting.
    The respo~dent in. institutini criminal prosecution against the appellant had
    not in anyway fabri<:ated a false case against the latter.
    K. K. S. Kader MPera v. S. P. Mohamed Abuhatker and B;othPrs and
    a11other (tQSt) ll.L.R. 38!! (H.C.); U Soe v. Mnun:: Ngwe Thaandothers
    V nan. 7051 Moha,;ed Amin v. Jogrmdra Kumar Bannerjee and others A.I:R.
    (194 7) (P.C.) roS; Sah Mauji Ram v. Soh Chatmh~R. (tcnQ) (P.C.) us;
    Ba/bhaddar Singh and anotht'l' v. Badri Sah and a11othn A.l.n. (1926) (P.C.) 40,
    referred to. '
    Whatever the nature of the dispute that might !!ltist betwetn the parti~.
    the respondent had rightlY, or wrongly accepted the ~heque and credited it into
    the accounts relating 10 all contracts aQd the cheque wasTafer found to be uselcs,.
    Under these circurnstancrs the respondent I ike a'flY ordinary' man of prudence
    would naturally entertain an apprehension that the apndlant had practised
    some sort of fraud upon him and that would undoubtedly-l>e a reasonhle and
    probable cause for proSefut ing the appellant in a crinYrrrah:oW't for which he
    could.not be answerabie in a suit for damages for maliciou!o pro's ccution.

    Civi I Fii'St Appe<~l ~o. Ss of i4, agai~!t me de1=ree of the Chief Judge,
    City Civi I Court of Rangoon in Civil Regular Suit No.. 624 of 1962, dated
    znd fl1arch 196~.
    C.C. Raja Braja Suttdn D~h and othcr1 v. Bamdcb Das (al ia.s)Pattanaik and othns
    1966 A.I.R. (1944) (P.C.) r ; Mt. Vilayati Begam and others v. Nawal Kishorc
    RAMNIRAN- andanoth"A.I.R.(I947) Oudh 116 at. I20, ~t'ferred to.
    JAN LMILA I"t i s ~ettled law that 1t competent legal advice on disclosure of true and
    v. relevant facts without the lawyer being misled by the c lient afford s a valid
    RAMNIRAH-
    . JANI>AS protection agains.t an actlon t or malicious prosecution.
    MAHABIR Daw Yon v. U Min Sin 19~0 R.L.R. 631 ;8. Sum!ll Prasad v. Ram Sarup
    PRASAD Sastry and anothu A.l.R. (1946) All. 204 at :u 1; Albert Bon'lan v.
    FmM. TobacUJ Co. of India Ltd. A.I.R. (1929) (P.C.) lmperial.uz: Sm.MmrijciJ uo{o
    Kaikhwrot) Suntoke .... Shorab Perholfafl Kotwal A.f.R. (1949) Nag. Z7J .
    referred to.

    U Wan Hock for the appellant.

    Mr. M. Jaffer for the respondent.

    U THET PE, J.-This is an appeal against the judgment


    and . decree of the Rangoon City Civil Court dismissing
    the appellant's suit against the respondent for recovery
    of K so.ooo being damages for malicious prosecution and
    arrest.
    The appellant is a partner of the firm known as Santlal
    , & Sons situated at No. 50, 29th Street, Rangoon. which
    deals. amongst other things, in extensive business of
    buying and selling country produce such as wheat, gram
    and pulses. In the year 1956, the appellant's firm
    executed eight contracts undertaking to supply certain
    bags of wheat in favour of the firm known as Ramniran-
    jandas Mahabir Prasad to which the respondent belongs
    as a partner. It appeared that the appellant's firm could
    carry out only one contract of 200 bags of wheat and
    were unable to fulfil the remaining contracts. They had
    to pay the respondent's firm a sum of K .21,750 as damages
    in respect of two of the contracts. When the respon-
    dent's firm pressed for prompt compliance of the other
    five contracts, the appellant's firm on 31st August 19.56
    sent a cheque for K 8,250 drawn on the United Commer-
    cial Bank, Rangoon and signed by the appellant with a
    F-431
    forwarding letter (Exhibit q through their Advocate that
    the money was in respect of payment of damages for the c.c.
    1966
    contract kflown as " May Delivery Contra<;t . The
    RAMNlJtAN.
    respondent's firm thereupon replied through their JAN LHILA
    Advocate vide Exhibit D on 4th September I956 that Cl.
    RAMlflltAN
    since the amount of damages for the remaining unfulfilled lANDAS
    MAHABIR
    contracts had already been agreed upon by the appellant's PRASAD
    firm. the amount sent to them would be credited towards FIRM .

    the damages due by the appellant's firm on these contracts.


    Then on 5th September 1956 the respondent's firm
    presented the cheque for payment but it was dishonoured
    and returned by the Bank with a note that it exceeded
    .arrangement. The respondent thereupon prosecuted the
    .appellant as partner of ~antlal & Sons under section 417.
    Penal Code for passing a worthless cheque in rhe Court
    of the Eastern Sub-divisional Magistrate, Rangoon. The
    learned Eastern Sulxlivisional Magistrate in his Criminal
    Regular Trial No. 486 of 1956 issued a warrant of arrest
    against the appellant who was. haw~. re-teased on his
    furnishing security and ultimately discharged the appei-
    Lmt after holding that the dispute was one of civil nature.
    The respondent thereupon went up to the Court of
    Session. Rangoon. and subsequently to the High Court to
    revise the order discharging the appellant but without
    success.
    On these facts the appellant sued the respondent for
    recovery of K so.ooo being damages for malicious prosecu-
    tion and arrest. The respondent resisted the suit on the
    ground that he had reasonable and probable cause for
    believing the charge of cheating he had preferred against
    the appellant to be true inasmuch as the cheque for
    K 8.250 signed by the appellant was dishonoured by the
    Bank and that the prosecution was launched without any
    malice on his parr. The learned Chief judge of the City
    J38 Civil Court, Rangoon. after hearing the parties and their
    witnesses dismissed the appellant's suit on the ground that
    the respondent in instituting the criminal prosecution was
    . .
    c.c. not prompted by any malice and had reasonable and
    U)66 .
    probable cause for believi~g the charge to be true.
    R.o.HIRAN- It is settled law that in a suit for damages for
    JAN LHILA
    " malicious prosecution it is incumbeilt ~n the plaintiff ~o
    R&MHIRAN-
    J.uiDAS prove the following point~:
    M"MABIJt
    PRASAD
    (J) ihat . the plaintiff was prosecuted by the
    FlAM. defendant.
    (2) .that the proceedings c6mplai!1ed of t_erminated
    in favour of the plaintiff.
    (3) that the prosecution was institutt>9 witho~~
    : reasonable and probable c.:ruse. .-
    .(<f) it was due to malicious in1ention of 'th:e- de-:fen-
    dant and not with a mere intention of carry~
    ing the 'Jaw into effect. . .
    vide K. K. 5. Kader Meera v. S. P. Mohar:ned Abubac:ker &.
    Brothers and anothe_r (J) whkh approved the decision in
    U Soe v. Maung Nf{Wi' Tha and others (2). See- also the
    _dt;>cision in. Mohamed Amin v .. ]ogendra Kumar Banrlerjee
    and others (3) the relevant head-note of whkh re<;tds:
    In an aqion for damages (or malicious prosecutioo the
    plaint rtf _mu<,t prove . that the prpreedings instituted against
    him .Were malicious. without reasonable and probab]e cause~ :
    that they terminated in his favour (if that be . poss_i~le.l. and
    that he has suffered'.damage."
    In the present rase there is no dispute _ac;_ to ahe fact
    t~at the appellant had been prosecuted . and that the cri-
    minal proceedings against him and e~ded i~ his .favour.:
    The other two points. namely. whether the respondent
    had prosecuted without reasonable and probable cause and
    ~ . $

    maliciously must also be established by the appeLlant if


    he is to sua:eed in. his ac(ion for damages. Thus. it .has
    been ruled in Soli Mouji Ram .v. Soh Chaturbhuj (4) that_:
    .. 'in order 10 succeed in a suit for malici~us prosecution
    1he plaintiff has to establish that .1he defendant acred "with-
    . out reasona~le and probable x ause and m~lidously.''
    . . . . . . . .
    (t) (19511 Rl..R. 388:(H.C.). : , (z) 'V R;m. 7os. ..
    (Jl A. I R. <~47liP.~.) ioS. 4) A.J.R. ( 1'939) <PC.). Zls
    In the instant case- there is the undeniable fact that the c.c.
    16
    appellant had passed to the respondent a cheque for
    K 8.250 w~ich on_presentation was dishonoured by the RAMNtRAN-
    JAN LNtLA
    Bank and it could not therefore be said that the respon- \7,
    RAIIINJAAil-
    . dent had no reasonable and probable cause for the prose- JANPA5 .
    MAH.\BIR
    . cution of the appellant for cheating. The respondent in PRASAD
    . : instituting crimin-al prosecution against the appellant had FtRW.

    -: nc;>t in anyway fabricated a false case against the latter.


    In this connection it has been observed by the Privy
    Council in Balbhaddar Singh and another v. Badri Sah and
    another (5) that :

    "The question is not: Did the.. plaintiff commit the


    off~nce or did defendant invent the offence against plaintiff;
    . the two queries exhausting the possibilities of the situatio~l.
    The question is: Has plaintiff proved that defendant invented
    and instigated the whole proceedings for prosecution."

    It was strenuously argued on behalf of the appellant


    that sincethe appellant in dispatching the said cheque
    had .expressly intima_ted that the a mount was in respect
    of the "May Delivery Contract'', the respondent had no
    authority .to accept the cheque and - credit the amount
    towards the damages for all the contracts and that no
    question of 'dishonour of the cheque could arise if the
    respondent did not agree to the proposal made by the
    appellant. Whatever the nature of the dispute that
    . ~ight exist between the parties. the respondent had
    rightly or wrongly accepted the cheque and credited it
    into the ac;:counts relating to all -contracts arid the cheque
    was later found to be useless. Under these circumstances
    the respondent like any ordinary man of prudence would
    naturally entertain an apprehension that the appellan~ had
    practised ~orne sort of fraud upon him and that would
    . unaoubte~Jy be a reasonable '!nd probable cause for pro-
    se_cuting the appellant in a criminal court for which he
    (S) A.l.R. (rgz6) (P.C. ) 46.
    c.c. could not be answerable in a suit .for damages for
    1966
    malicious prosecution. In Raja Rraja Sunder Deb an~
    RAMNIRAH-
    IAN LHI~ others v. Bamdeb Vas (alias) l'atta.n ak and others (6) it was
    c-. been lai-d down that :
    RAMNlRAJf
    JANP.U
    MAKAIIIR '' In order to succeed in an ac:tion for l"aalicio~ prosecution
    PRAS"t> the plaintiff must in the first instance prove two things=
    FIRW.
    (1) that defendant was malicious and t2) that he acted with-
    out reasonable and probable cause. Malice has been said to
    mean any wrol)g or indirect motive, but a prosecution is not
    malicious merely because it is inspired by anger. However
    wrongheaded a prosecutor may be, if he honestly thinks that
    the accli-Serl has been guilty of a criminal offence he cannot
    be initi~tor of a malicious prosecution. But malice alone
    is not enough: there t.nust also be shown to be absence of
    reasonable and probable cause."

    It will also be of interest to note the following obser-


    vations which occ.ur in Mt. Vilavati Begam and others v.
    Nswal Kishore and another (7):

    "We consider, as a result of a survey of these authorities.


    that on the question of malice and r.e asonable and probable
    cause. the following propositions are established: (1) In an
    action for malicious prosecution m'alice' is not merely the
    doing of a wrongful act intentionally but it niust be establish-
    ed that the defendant was actuated by malus animus, that
    is to say by spite or ill will or any indirect or improper
    motive . (z) If. however, the defendant had reasonable and
    px:dbable cause for launching the c.r iminal prosecution no
    ainount of. malice will make him .lia~le for damages. Simi
    larly. if the prosecutor honestly believed that the accused
    was ~~ilty of a criminal offence he is not liable for malicious
    prosecution no matter how wrongheaded he might have beeri.
    (3) Reasonable and probable cause must be such as would
    (.
    operate on the mind of a discreet and reasonable man. Con-
    sequently due care and caution and adequate enquiry must
    I
    have been made by defendant before he lnmched the pro- f.:
    secution. (4) Malice' and want of r.e asonable and pro-
    (6) A.I.R. (194.ot) (P.C.) 1. (7) A.J.R . (1947) Oudh. t16at. 12o.
    bable cause both have reference the state of the defend- c.c.
    1_966
    ant''> mind at the date of the initiation of criminal proc~ed
    ings and the onus rests upon the plaintiff to prove them. RANNIRA.N-
    (S) Malice and want of reasonabl~ and probable cause must IA.N o. LHILA

    be proved indept>ndently of each other but in the circum- RAIINIRAif-


    IAHIMII
    stances of any particular case each may be inferred fro{n the MAH.\BIR
    other. (6) Want of reasonable and probable cause cannot PRASAD
    FIRM.
    be inferred merely from the fact that the plaintiff is innocent
    of the crime imputed to him. (7) The initial burden of pro-
    ving absence of reasonable and probable cause and the
    existence of malice rests upon the plaintiff. .(8) The burden
    may shift during the trial. (9) The amount and nature
    of evidence required to discharge the initial burden depends
    upon the facts and circumstances of each case. If a man
    acts on his own knowledge then the fact that the complaint
    was a false one will raise a presumption that there was
    absence of reasonable and probable cause and that malice
    existed. unless it is shown that his memory was defective
    or that there wac; some valid ground for a misapprehension."

    Another factor which is definitely in favour .of the respon-


    dent is that he had obtained competent legal advice before
    he started criminal proceedings against the appelJant. It
    is settled Jaw that a competent legal advice on disclosure
    of true and relevant facts without the lawyer being misled
    by the client affords a valid protection against an action
    for malicious prosecution. The respondent had admitted-
    ly retained no less a person than Dr. U Ba Han who is
    undoubtedly the doyen of Advocates in Rangoon Bar.
    The correspondence th~t had passed between the parties
    and exhibited in the ttial Court proceedings clearly shows
    that the respondent had fully placed all relevant and true
    facts before his learned Advocate, who was therefore in
    no way misled by the respondent in advising him to
    launch criminal prosecution against the appellant Thus.
    it has been ruled in Daw Yon v. U Min Sin (8) that:
    " If a person has laid all the facts of his case fairly before
    his tawyer and has launched a criminal prosecution acting

    (8) (t94o) B.L.R. 63t.


    c.c. .bona fide upon the advice of the lawyer, he would not be
    rg66 iiable t.o an action for damages for malicious prosecution.
    R.\MNJ.RAN But where he launches the prosecution upon certain facts
    JAN LWJ...\ which he knows or must have known to be untrue, he
    v.
    R.\MNIRAN cannot take sheltef' under his lawyer's advice."
    JA,)IDAS
    MAH.Utll
    PRASAD In B. Sumat Prasad v. Ram Sarun Sastry (md another (9)
    fiRM.
    Braund J, has this to say:
    ". . . It has never, I think, been doubted that the
    taking by a defendant to a suit for malicious prosecution of
    competent legal ~dvice. and the acting by him on that advice.
    are strong circumstances pointing to the existence of reason-
    able and probable cause for any prosecution based on that
    advice subsequently initiated by him. Albert Bannan v.
    lmperial To.bacco Co. of India. Ltd. (1o). That assumes. of
    course. that the facts, upon which the legal advice is sought
    and given. are themseives reasonably conceived or ascertained
    by the defendant. In the present case there is no doubt that
    the facts were actually true."

    The same view has been expressed in Sm. Mani.jah wjo


    Kai~.husroo Suntoko v. Sohrab 1'~shottan Kotwal (u)
    where it was held that-
    ''An advice of a lawyer in proper drcumstances and pro-
    vided t he lawyer is fully and fairly placed in possession of
    all relevant fac ts within the defendant's knowled2e would
    in some cases atrord protection against action for malicious
    prosecution. But lhe condition is that the lawyer should
    not be misled and that he should be given all the facts and
    be given the true f;jcts. Where the defendant had misled
    his lawyer by supplying him with facts which the defendant
    "knew to be false. de-fendant is liable for malicious prosecu-
    tion if upon the advice of his lawyer tendered in such cir-
    cumstances. he inslitutes criminal proceedings against the
    plaintiff."

    For the aforesaid reasons, the appeal fails and is


    accordingly dismissed with costs.

    (9) A.J.R. (1946) All. 204 at 211. (lo) A.I.R. (1929) (P.C.) z22 .
    . (u) A J.R. (1 9 m Nag. 273.
    CIVIL MISCELLANEOUS APPEAL
    8tfort U TMt P~, J.

    V.E.RM.AR. CHETfYAR (APPELLANT)

    v.
    u MYA SHWE (RESPONDENT) .

    Cod~ of Civil Prt>udur~ 0. 38. Rul~ 1-o"~t btfor~ jutlgmntt- wh~tM an


    'og~nt can b~ arrtsttd btfor~ judgmtnl in a suit againtl hit principal.
    Held: Order J, Civil Procedur~ Code, aurhJriz.es an agent to appear and act
    {or and on behalf of his principalin a sui 1 by or against the latter. All his acts
    and appearanc:ts arc done on behalf of and 10 the name ofilis principal. The
    remedy by way of arrest on the other hand coruemplates an action which is
    p~rely personal in character provided for the purpose of puni&hing a party for
    his contwn~ciouS conduct and therefore an ;~gent cannot be arrested before
    jud~:ment .in a suit against his principal.
    Rarrgoon Co,rmercial House v. S"t~njal10n Muslttikhou Trading Corporation
    (1955) B.L.R. p. 35 (S.C.), distin&uishcd.

    S. A . A. Pillay for the appellant.


    Myint Soe and Myint Thein for tt1e respondent.

    U THET PE . J.-The short and interesting point that


    aris~s for ~onsideration in this appeal is whether an agent
    of a defendant can be arrested before judgment under
    Rule . 1. Order 38,Civil Procedure Code.
    The respondent-plaintiff sued the defendant V.E.RM.AR.
    Chettyar Firm who are the principals of the appellants for
    recovery of K I ,700 due as money lent in the Rangoon
    City Civil Court and applied for attachment before
    judgment under Rule 5. Order 38-. Civil Procedure Code
    of certain sum of mone y lying in the hands of Suburban
    Development Officer, National Housing Board, Jnsein.
    Civil Misc. Appeal No. :u ofr()6s. againstthe order oftbe Third Judge
    (U Kyaw Hlaing), City Civil Cod'lt, Rangoon, in Civil Miscellaneous
    No. 3-4 o( J96S. dated ith May r5.
    c.c. The learned 3rd judge who had seizin of the case dismissed
    1966
    the application for attachment before judgment on the
    V.E.RM.AR.
    CH&TTYIUI
    ground that the money was unattachable and that .
    the
    " defendant was possessed of immoveable property sufficient
    U.MYA
    SHw. to cover an.y decree that may be passed in the suit filed by
    the respondent. Then the respondent sought and obtained
    an order to arrest the appellants before judgment under
    Rule 1. Order 38. Civil Procedure Code. Hence this
    appeal.
    Now Order 3 Civil Procedure Code authorizes an
    agent to appear and act for. and on behalf of his principal
    in a suit by or against the latter. The agent has no right
    to sue or he sued in his own name. He appears and acts
    not in the personal capacity as a man but in the represen-
    tative capacity as a party and with the intention of acting
    as such party. All his acts and appearances are done on
    behalf of and in the name of his principal. The remedy
    by way of arrest on the other hand contemplates an action
    which is purely personal in character provided for the
    purpose of punishing a party for his contumacious conduct
    and I cannot therefore see how an agent can he arrested
    before judgment in a suit against his principal.
    Furthermore it must he horne in mind that under
    section 201 Contract Act the pr-incipal may revoke the
    authority of his agent at any time and highly insoluble
    solution may arise if the agency is terminated soon after
    the arrest of the agent. The decision in Rangoon
    Commercial House v. Shahjehan Musktikhan Trading
    Corporation ( r) relied upon by the learned Advocate for
    the respondent has no relevance whatsoever to the facts
    of the instant case. It was held therein that an agent
    who entered into a contract in his name could be sued in
    his own name In the present case the money in suit was
    borrowed by G. Sunderasan Chettyar the previous agent
    of the defendant Chettyar Firm and the appellants could
    (r ) (1955) B.L.R. p. 3 5 {S.C .).
    not therefo.re be personalfy held responsible for the loa~ '':.~~f& .
    taken by his predecessor. / . - -
    For the aforesaid reason the word .. defendant .. used vc~~~~R
    in Rule J, Order 38, Civil ProcedJ~re Code does not include u.MYA
    the agent of the defendant, who cannot therefore be SHw.
    arrested before judgment. In the result appeal succeeds
    and the order of the leatned 3rd Judge dated 7th May 1965'
    is hereby set aside with costs. Advocates fee K 34
    ,_:I
    ~~
    (ec:c.oosocfro~ 3re1 ~)
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    accused, to consider the facts and circumstances attending
    his position and then to decide the question of reasonableness
    or otherwise of his apprehension. Abstract reasonableness
    ought not to be the standard." c
    ~c
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    " The law requires that it should be made to appear to this


    Court that a fair and im'partial trial cannot be had
    before we take anion under sec. s.6 17). &. Pot.
    and we think that we should not be doing our duty if we
    pretended to accept as reasonable grounds which we knew to
    be insufficient and unreasonable simply because the litigants
    were foolish enough to entertain them. To ext~nd the rule
    in the manner suggested by the learned Counsel would be to
    encourage a distrust in the integrity and independence of the
    magisterial courts in this country which would amount to a
    serious evil. We conceive it to be our duty rather to dis-
    courage unreasoning apprehension and distrust than to en-
    courage it. We are not prepared therefore to apply the rule
    unless we are satisfied that there is in the present case a
    reasonable apprehension that the Petitioners will not have a
    fair and impartial trial in the Court before which their case
    tl \
    rs at present.
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    (J) (1962 63) Weekly Law Reports 930,Courtof Appeal, 41 C. W.N 898.
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    '~o:>~JmVJ?!~JI$o:>cx:>?:~2~1 O]~Uoa'}e:;~-r:cq~~ll
    " It is contended that in law a marriage of this character
    cannot be celebrated and cannot be given legal effect to.
    There are various authorities cited to us in support of this
    proposition.
    On the other hand on behalf of the wife and on the part
    of the Deputy Legal Remembrancer, who ~lttended the Court
    as amicus curiae, we were invited to uphold the learned
    Magistrate's decision as he was merely giving affe~t to the
    -section of the Code which gives proper and speedy relief
    in the circumstance, and that he ought not to be burdened
    and this court of criminal appeal ought not to be burdened
    civil law which could not possibly concern it.
    I am inclined to accede to that argument. It seems to me
    that if the Petitioner here wishes to impeach the validity of
    his marriage. he should bring a declaratory suit in a Civil
    Court when the whole question can be investigated and the
    authorities pros and con canvassed in this regard."
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    " There is no provision in the Indian Christian Marriage


    Act to the effect that marriage amongst Indian Christian's can
    be proved only by affirmatively establishing that the provi-
    sions of S. 5 of the Act were complied with or by producti9n
    of a certified copy of the marriage certificate as permitted
    by S. So of that Act. The Evidence Act also does not lay
    down any special mode of proof of a Christian marriage.
    Hence admissions by either of the spouses of the fact of
    marriage. evidence of eye-witnesses who were present during
    the marriage ceremony. subsequent conduct of the couple
    in living as husband and wife for some time and the opinion
    expressed by conduct of persons who had special means of
    knowledge of the subject, being all various recognised modes
    of proof of a marriage may be admitted in evidence to
    prove a marriage among Indian Christians also.
    Section 488 of the Criminal Procedure Code is not included
    in the Proviso to S. so, Evidence Act. Hence for proof of
    marriage in a proceeding under S. 488, Cr. P. C., the standard
    of proof need not be so high as required either in a RToceeding
    under the Indian Divorce Act or in prosecutions under Ss.
    494, 495, 497 or 498 of the Penal Code. Thus, even opinion
    e~pressed by conduct of persons who had special means of
    krtpwledge on the subject, may suffice to prove the fact of
    marriage in a proceeding under S. 488, Cr. P. C."
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    " The next point we have to consider is whether the
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    public time. The accused has been subjected to this
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    laid down in the state v. Durgadas (5) and refrain from order-
    ing a re-trial. We reverse the conviction recorded against
    and sentences passed upon the accused and direct that he be
    acquitted and dis<:harged. The bail bonds to be cancelled.''
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    that there is really no evidence to go before .a jury, because
    to order a re-trial in such circumstances would be to put the
    accu~ed to unnecessary harassment."

    (cr) ~ ~ OXJS~t&:ro':>nJ?tuS >? ( :><t'n-:37'2e) w


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    CIVIL REVISION

    B~for' Us~;, Tlri,,~.

    c.c DAW SAW NYUN (APPLif2'ANT)


    "t 1966
    v.
    jul. 21.
    MA.' HlA KYfN (RESPONDENT) .

    Code of Civil PToceduTe 0Tdu Jill/, Rule 1-wluJher the tkfmdant bouttd t,
    '"s~nt writU1f 110ltm4nt-Jarmi1fg of '"limifJOry inw.

    Heltl : Under the provisions or Order VIII. Rule I 'or the Code of Civil
    Procedurt> lbe dt>fendant was bound ro present a written statement of the
    defence when so requil'ed by 1he Court. The Code of Civil Procedure does
    not contemplate filing <!f written state.m~nl piccc-mc.al. The Court,. if so
    disposed, i:ould have made a preliminary issue out of the written $tatement
    filed by the defendant and proceeded to try the same .

    U Hla Nyun for the applicant.

    Mr. S. L. Verma for tht: respondent.

    U SEIN THIN, j.-Qn the principles laid down in the


    case of Ma Than Yin v. Tan Keet Khang (1) th!s application
    has no legs to s~and. The order for which revision is
    sought was one made by the Subdivisional Judge in his
    Civil Regular Suit No. 4 of 1965 by which the defendant-
    applicant Oaw Saw Nyun was called upon to tile her
    written statement in answer to the plaint of the plaintiff-
    respondent Ma Hla Kyin . The plaint clearly. disclosed
    a cause of action but the defendant by her written
    objection contended that the suit was bad tor misjoinder
    of causes of :Jction The trial Court dfd not proceed to
    frame an issue on this point-a course suggested by the
    defendant but insisted on t~e filing of full written statement
    Civil Revision No. 4 of 1966.
    "t Again.s t the decree of the Distl'ict Court of Myingyan in Civil Appeal
    No . 2 of 1965 , dated the 5th March 1966.
    (1) B.L.R (1951) (H.C.) 161.
    by the defendant. 1 be order was apparently made under c.c.
    1?66
    the provisions of Order VIII, Rule I of the Code of Civil
    Procedure by which the defendant: Was bound to yresent DAW SAW
    NYUN
    a written statement of her defence when so required by r-:
    the Court. No d~ubt the Court, if so disposed, could have MAHLA
    made a preliminary issue out of the written objection KYlN.
    filed by the defendant and proceeded to try the same. But
    since it had declined t9 do so and instand ordered the
    defendant to file her written statement the defendant had
    no altc::rnative but to comply .with it. As it was s;learly
    within the competence of the trial Co.urt to make the order
    it did I do not see apy ground to entertain this revision
    application.
    It may here ~ mentioned that the Code of Civil
    Procedure does not contemplate filing of written statements
    piece-meal. Order VIII, Rule 8 makes provision for a
    new ground of defence while rule 9 contemplates
    subsequent pleadings under certain circumstances. Apart
    from these provisions of law the only pleading
    contemplated by the Code so far as the defendant is
    concerned is the written statement as laid down in Order
    Vlll, Rule I. Rule 2 states that the defendant must raise
    by his pleading all matters which show the suit not to be
    maintainable, Or that the transaction is either void or
    voidable, io point of law, and all .stich ground of defe'1ce
    as, if not raised, would be likely to take the opposit party
    by .surprise, or would raise issues of fact not arising out of
    plaint, as, for instance, fraud, limitation, release, payment,
    performance, or facts showing illegality. In other words
    the written statement must be exhaustive of all the defence
    Which the defendant is legally entitled to raise in answer
    . to the plaintiff's claim. Thus it seems clear to me that
    the defendant when called upon by the Court to file her
    ;sA written statement must file one which conforms to the
    requirements as rrtentioned above. She is not entitled to
    raise just one defence and reserve others to be embodied.
    c.c. in further written statements. No doubt as pointed out
    1966
    e~rlier there is nothing to preve.nt the Court from fudng
    DAW SAW preliminary issue on the pleadings placed before it and
    NYUN
    (1,
    proceed to determine such issue before the defendant has
    MAHLA filed a full written statement. Sometimes it is desirable
    KYIN . or even necessary to frame a preliminary issue on which
    the suit can be disposed of without going i nto the other
    merits of the case. ~ut it must ever be borne in mind
    that such a course is not always conductive to ex-peditious
    disposal of cases. For if the issue is decided in favour of
    the plaintiff it may entail further adjournments to enable
    the defendant to file .. her final written statement.
    Therefore the practice of allowing the defendant to tHe
    incomplete written statement should be discouraged. I
    would however like. to point out that this suggestion of
    mine does not in any way effect the instructions laid down
    in paragraph 154 (1) of the Courts Manual which must
    invariably be "followed by all Courts concerned.
    For the reasons stated above I would dismiss this
    application w~th costs.
    Advocate's fee fixed as two Gold Mohurs.
    INSOLVENCY CASE
    Bt/orc r:J Kyaw Zan U, J.

    IN THE MA1TER OF RAMNtRAJAN LHILA (DEBTOR) c.c.


    1966
    v.. Af16. 6.
    DAw THAN (APPLICANT) .

    Rangoon JnsolencyAct , s. 9((,:} -commission of tm act of insolvency 'by' tire debtor


    under - Rangoon Insolvency Act, s. J l(b) -- order of adjudication undrr--
    burden to show that the Court has jurisdiction (o 'entertain the petiticm-
    definition of" ordinarily rtsidtd "-proof tlruf tire t!ebtor normal(v or usual(v
    au, dronh mrd slept attire place-rtqrtiremem by law of clear a1td utrcCJuivocal
    evidence to adjudicate tt person insol1oe11t--pro~f tlrat the prnperty in question
    i.f a dwelling-house--proof that it belongefi to the respondent during tire
    rejui.fill! period of time .
    Held : !he burden lies on the petitione to show lttat the Court to which
    the petition for adjudication as insoln;nt is presented has jurisdiction to
    entertain it. Madlro Pershand v. A. I- Walton (1913) 18 C.W.N. 1050 (1052),
    rcfen-ed to .
    HeM further : Tbe petitioner must prove that the respondent has nonnally
    or usually ate, drank and slept at the place, in order to call it a "~idence ".
    R. v. Inhabitants of North Curry (18Z5) 107 E.R. 1313; In re Oldliam
    (187o) 10. M and H. 158;
    Kumud Nath Roy Clrowdhmy v, Joti11dra Nat!, Chowdhury, I.L.R. 38 Cal

    Htld furthn : To adjudicate a pe~on in.~olvcnt thee. must bt clear a~d


    unequivocal ev'idence required by law. There must be cleaJ' pro?f that the
    property in question is a dwelling-hou&e and that it belouged to the rl'spondeut
    during .the requisite period of time.

    H. M.: Fisher for the applicant.

    Wan Hock for the debtor .

    U Kuw ZAN U, J.-This is a petition by the creditor


    (DAW TiiAN) to adju~icate her deb~or (Ramnirajan Lhila)
    an insolvent. She alleges that the debtor has committed
    an act of i~lvency under section 9 (e) of the Rangoon
    Insolvency Act and this Court has jurisdiction to .make an
    In.solvency Case No. 9 of 1965.
    c.c. order of adjudication under section 1 I (b) of the Act as the
    1966
    debtor has within a year before the date of the presentation
    IN THE:~~: of the petition I I th June 1965 (i) ordinarily resided.
    TER OF """"'"
    NIRAJAN (ii) had a dwelling-house being Nos. 52!54 in 29th Street,
    L~A Rangoon and (iii) carried on business within the limits of
    DAw TJIA"N. the ordinary original civil jurisdiction of this Court. The
    debtor (respondent) through his agent denies the allega-
    tions.
    The b.urden Ji~ pn the petitioner to show that the
    Court to which .the petition is presented has jurisdiction to
    entertam lt. (See Mulla's Law of Insolvency, 2nd Edition.
    paragraph I9IA at page 188). Evidence was given by the
    agents of the parties. The petitioner though present in
    Co-u rt did not go to the witness-chair to give evidence. If
    any precedent is -required as to the burden of proof I need
    only r~er to Madho Pershand v. A. L. Walton (I).
    According to Satya Narayan the agent of the respondent
    his principal left Burma for India on 2nd March 1964.
    There is in fact no dispute that the respondent had left the
    jurisdiction of this Court well over a year. before the date
    of the presentation of the petition. lp Exhibit No. 1 the
    petitioner did not deny that the respondent had left Burma
    on 2nd March 1964. Her agent U Aye Nyunt also
    admitted in his evidence that he saw the respondent in the
    symmer of 1964 wr the last time.
    The petitioners c~se is t,hat the respondent " ordinarily
    resid~d " in his dwellinghouse known as 52/54, 29th
    Street .. Rangoon but there is no proof at all. It is clear
    that the respondent did not "ordinarily reside " at the
    place within a year before the date of the presentation of
    the petition (nth June 1965). He was in India during the
    period, and is stiH there. The petitioner's agent U Aye
    Nyunt deposed that he visited the place for the last time
    in or about r96o/r96I and he spoke only to the respondent ,
    though it w~s occupied by his mother, brother and family F-5!
    (r) (1913) t8 C.W.N. 1050 (lOS2).
    as well as by the tenants. When he was asked, " Do you c.c.
    1966
    know that in I 964 Lhila actually resided there 1", he
    replied, "After March 1963 I did not know that Lhila IN THE MAT
    TER OF RAM-
    actually resided there." To make the point more clear NUtAJAN
    LIULA
    his depositions are reproduced here : I(

    DAW TliAN.
    " Q. And you do not know also whether he had given up
    the place and had gone to India or not?
    A. I do not know.
    Q. In I96o/6r you had been to Lhlla's house and after
    that you have never been to his house.
    A. No."

    According to Bayley. J., in R. v. Inhabitants of North


    Curry (2) the word " reside denotes the place where an
    individual eat, drinks and sleeps, or where his family or
    servants eat, drink and sleep, and Blackburn, J ., in In re
    Oldham (3) observed " A man's residence is where he
    habitually sleeps." " Residence " is not identical with
    "ownership." A person may reside at a place but he may
    not ow_n it and vice versa. These vie,ws were adopted by
    the Bench of the Calcutta High Court in Kumud Nath Roy
    Chowdhury v. fotindra Nath Chowdhury (4) where
    reference was made to Order 5, Rule 17 of the Code of
    Civil Procedure in which the words " ordinarily resides "
    appear. The word "ordinary" is defined in the Oxford
    Dictionary as " Regular, normal, customary, usual. . ."
    Hence the petitioner must prove that the respondent has
    normally or usually ate, drank and slept at the place but
    she has failed to do so.
    The next point for determination is whether the place
    known as Nos. 52/54 in 29th Street was the dwelling-
    house of the respondent within a year prior to 1 tth June
    1965. I do not think the petitioner has satisfactorily
    discharged her onus of proof on this point. Her learned
    (%) (8%s) 107 :E.R l:J.tJ. (J) (187o) M and H. 158.
    A 10.
    (4) I.L.R. 38 Cal. 394
    c.c. Adv,ocate filed a certified copy of the Assessment List of
    19.6'6
    the Corporation of Rangoon 'in respect of the aforesaid
    IN nn: .MAl- property. It is not a document of title. lt is for the year
    TKR o
    RAM-
    NlR.\JAN r96r/r962 and the name of the owner is shown as
    1
    J~r.A "Ram Niraujan.Lhila." U Aye Nyunt deposed:
    0AW TllAN.
    "Q. Dont's you think that instead of making inquirieS the
    whereabouts of Lhila is it not better to visit his dwelling-house
    and find out ?
    A. I went and made inquiries but I did not see him.

    Q. So after 196o/6r whether Lhila was still in his
    dwelling-house in Nos. 52/54 29th Street, do you know?
    A. I knew that it was his dwelling-house
    . Q. Do you know that in 1964 Lhila actually resided there ?
    A. After March 1963, I did not know that Lbila actuaRy
    resided there.
    Q. And you do not know also whether he had given up
    the place and had gone to India or not?
    A. I do not know.
    Q. In 196o/6r you had been to Lhila's house and after
    that you have never been to his house l
    A. No."

    Assuming that the place known as Nos. 52/54 in 29th


    Street was a dwelling-house U Aye Nyunt's evidence does
    not show that it belonged to the respondent or that he
    resided there within the required time. I have referred
    to Civil Execution No. r t of 1963 of this Court as requested
    by the parties. It is a case where the petitioner attached
    this property in execu.tion of her decree against the
    respondent. I find the address of the respondent was given
    as No. 50, 29th Street, Rangoon. This was confirmed by
    Satya Narayan in this case. The order of attachment was.
    issued on 22nd May 1963. In.the Sale Proclamation how-
    ever it was shown that the building comprising of seven
    rooms was in occupation of the tenants and its site, a
    freehold land, was in the name of "Mr. S. Poddar bein~
    the .ancestor of the judgment~ebtor." . Only the right. c.c.
    title and interest of the judgment-debtor 'were. to {)e sold
    1966

    and .the intenrled purchasers were warned to satiSfy them- IN THE MAT-
    TER OF RAM-
    selves as to the judgment-debtor's title to the property. NIRAJ'AN
    LBILA
    The record does not show that the property was the v.
    respondent's dwelling-house at the time. It shows his DAW TBA."'.

    father was " SANTLAL ' '. The learned Advocate for the
    respondent submitted that in the absence of Ration Cani
    and Household Ljst issued by the authorities the point
    . under consideration could not be pressed by the petition
    in her favour. To adjudicate a person insolvent there must
    be clear and unequivocal evidence required by law. There
    must be clear proof that the property in question is .a
    dwelling-house and that it belonged to the respondent
    during the requisite period of time.
    The last point f~r consideration is . whether the_
    a
    respondent within year before Ilth June 1965 carried on
    business either in person or 'through an agent. There is .
    no positive proof that .he did so. U Aye Nyunt's evidence
    runs as follows :
    " Q. Before March 1964 did you ever visit the business
    place of Lhila ?
    A. No. .
    Q. So you do not know what sort of busineSs he carried
    on?
    A. I knew through his agent Sitaram Lhila that they have
    a ribbon- manufacturing business-."

    This, of course, is hearsay. Sitaram Lhila WJS not


    examined as a witness. U Aye Nyunt admitted that the
    Government had nationalized factories in March 1963. He
    learned from Sitaram how this factory was run after
    nationalization. He has no personal knowledge. Satya
    .Narayan, on the other hand, deposed that to his knowledge
    the respondent did not carry on any business in Burma
    1fter hi~ departure on 2nd March 1964.
    ?Go
    c.c.
    1966 In the above circumstances it cannot be said that ~e
    I N THfJ MAT
    petitioner has suc<:essf.ully discharged her onils of proof.
    TER oj' R.AM. It must ther~fore be held that this Court has no jurisdiction
    N1f1.UAN
    ljBII.A
    under the Act to adjudicate the respondent an insolvent '
    . . v. and accordingly the petition . is rejected with costs.
    DAW TUAN.
    Advocate's fee five Gold Mohurs.
    CIVIL MISCELL~OUS APPLICATION

    Bt/ort U Kyaw Zan U, J.


    c.c.
    IN THE MATTER OF THE ESTATE OF U KYAW GAUNG 1
    9 66
    (DECEASED) Aug.J8.

    v.

    .DAw NYUNT (APPLICANT).

    Court Ftts Act, 1. s- "ft rtnce by Registrar of the Otigirtal Silk-No. 11 of


    Sdse~le J of tht Court Fus Act-co~~tplae autll D:ltd pro~rtitl of tM
    dutastd.to be shown in the A"llt.rurt A-S. 191(1) o/ tht Court Fus Act-
    applicant to filt a tJOluation of the twopwty ;,. the /otlllttt forth in the Thil'd
    Schftlule-Rult 4 of the Rults of Proettlur~ i11 tile Gra"t of IAtttrl of Alfmirt-
    isr;atio" of the Rules a11d Ordm of the High (Chit/) Colll't-offidavit of
    fla/uariort and affidavit or cwtificatt of valua tio11 of i~~tlfiCitJabZ, twop.yty
    io accomt>~ny tht application. ~

    Under s. s of the Court Foes Act th~ Registrar, Original Side, has referred
    these points: whether the applicant, s Burmese Buddhist lady,should pay the
    court-fee on half the value o( the properties left behind by her late hilS band,
    who waa also a BuTmese Buddhiat, in respect of which she has applied for
    I etten of AdministTation ainee the is al ready ibe owner of the other half under
    the Burrneae Buddhist L.a~. and how the valuation of the properties is 10 be
    sot forth in the applicat ion.
    Htld: No. I J of Schedule I of the Court Fee$ Act says the fee is payable on
    " value of tho property in respect uf which tho grant of . . , letters is mado ".
    Tholettera are applied in respect ofthe deceased's property which mat include
    beeidel hi own, lt ia tho corpua which ia important" and not ita componatt
    pem. It will be beyond the scope of the Court, in such cases to find out
    at tho outset who cb c aro interested i n the property besidca the deceased.
    Accord ingly, it is ruled that the cnti!f and c~mplete asseta and prop.artit!$ of
    the deceased as they stood at the tame of h1 s death mll.lt be shown in the
    Annexure A of the applia~tion and the appropriate coun-fce be paid in
    full upo~ the bas.is.of the entire Jlet valuation set forth by the 'applicant.
    In rhe goods of Arat~" Stefl~" dtceast.l ( t9~7-2.8) 32. Calcutta Weekly
    Nota, 799 ; ' " the soods of Probhal C hdndra DartUJ, tkcuuetl, I. L.R
    (1946) I Cal. 77; /rt tl~ estate ' of u ro Khin, tkctastd (1918) I; Burma
    Law Tim(s :s8; Ma Chan Mya v. Ma Ngroe Yo11 , a Upper Burma RuiJ~
    (1914-tb) 74 ; Ma Hmyin and thre v. Maung Ba Mdung. l.L. R . 2 Ran.
    n3 (u7); Ma Nwt v. Ma S ai Da , T.L. R. 'i Ran. is!! -.Mo San Nyun and
    another v. Moun Tint, A.l.R.(1 930) Rlln. '.90. rcfc!rt~ to.

    Civil Miacellaneous No. 75 of 1966.


    c.c. Held further : S. I9t(t) of the Court Fe.es Act .which says that no grant of
    t6
    letters of adrninistrotion shall be made upon an application for such grant
    iN 'IHEMAT- until the applicant has filed in the Court a valuation of the property in the
    TEROVTIJJ: form set forth in the Third Schedule of the Act. It is imperative. Where
    ESTATF. OF an application for letters is made to the High (Chief) Court, s. t9H of the Court
    U KYAW Fees Act directs that a notice of the application shall be given to the Finan
    GAUISG
    (D~Cf.AS.!D)
    c:ial Commissioner, who may penalise the applicant under s. 19E of the Act
    v. if he paid too low a court-fee thereof.
    DAW NYUNT.
    Under Rule 4 of the Rules of Procedure in the Grant of Letters of Admin-
    istration (page 2bf>)of the Rules and.Orders of the Higb(Chief) Court affidavit
    of valuatio~ and affidavit or certificate of valuation of immovable property in
    accordance with Rule 17 must aeco:npany the appl ~c.ation showing the n at_n c
    of the valuer inter alia, if any, on the basis of valuation adopted. Under Rule
    18 tbe Bailiff can make the valuation if request is made to the-Court for his
    :<ervices. O f course, the correctn!:SS of the v~luation is a matter for the revenue
    authorities and not for the Court to ~ecide. !n case"the valuaticiri is found o~
    proved to be g11eater and too.high a court-fee has been paid tbereoB,_ remedy
    is open to the applicant under s. 19A of the Act.

    U KYAW ZAN U,. J.-This is a reference under


    section 5 o_f tlfe"Court Fees Act SQ.bm~ttcd _to me for dec.1sion
    at the instance of the learned Registr'a:. of the Original Side
    of this- Coi,lrt. as a difference has arisen be_tweefl him artd
    the learned Advocate for the applicaRt Daw Nyunr in th~
    case. The pofnrs raised are whether the applicant,. a
    B.urmese Buddhist lady, should pay cour.t-1e.e on half
    the value of the properties left hehind by her late husband,
    who was also a Burmese Buddhist, in respect of \Yhich she
    has applied for letters of Administration since she is already
    the .owner of the other half under the_Burmese Budd_Wsl;
    Law, and how the valuation of the properties is to. be set
    forth in the application. The Court is. no~. concerned
    with the correctness of the valuation but with the setting
    -fqrth of all the properties correctly. or in other words,
    with the true and correct .assets of the decei!~~
    . The points raised undoubtedly are of general
    importance. No authority has been shown on the subject.
    'I
    I

    lrr the goods of Aratoon Stephen, deceased (I) Costello, 1. F-5~


    -(1) (r927-28) 32 Calcutta Weekly Notes, 799
    sitting on the Original Side of the Calcutta High Court
    pointed out that the High Court or a Civil Court, on an
    IN TB& MAT-
    application being made to it for letter~ of administrat!on, T&R OF 'fliE
    has only to be satisfied that appropriate duty has been ESTATE OF
    U KvAW
    paid on the net valuation of the estate as set forth in the GAtll'IG
    application and it is no part of its business to check the (DEC&ASED)
    v.
    correctness of that valuation which taSk has been reserved DAW NYUNT-

    for the revenue authorities to be performed by them, if


    considered necessary, after receipt of the usual notice of
    the application from the Court. Civil Courts ought not
    to cencern themselves to check the valuation put upon
    the yarious items of property set out in the application
    or in the affidavit of valuation according to the form
    prescribed . in the third schedule of the Court Fees Act,
    but they shoul!i merely satisfy themsel ves that the appro-
    priate fee has been paid on the valuation declared by the
    applicant. The learned Registrar should merely satisfy
    himself that all the appropriate duty has been paid in
    accordance with and upon the basis of the figures which
    the applicant himself or herself put forward in his or her
    affidavit of valuation. If that valuation is not correct,
    it is the business not uf this Coun but of the revenue
    authorities to make such investigation as they think fit,
    and if they are so advised to move the Court under sub-
    sectipn (4) of section 19H of the Court Fees Act. In
    Civil Miscellaneous No. 34 of 1966 of this Court Kyi Kyi
    Myint, a daughter of the deceased by his first wife Daw Pu
    Lay made a similar appiication for letters of administra- .
    tion with the knowledge and consent of her own brother
    and sisters to which the present applicant Daw Nyunt
    opposed. The properties in both the cases are identical
    but the valuations given are not the same. Being a fiscal
    matter it is not unusual to hold an enquiry by t~e Collec.tor
    under section 19J-:1 (3) of the Court Fees Act to come to a
    correct and uniform valuation of the properties for the
    SB purpose of assessment of court-fee if he entertains any
    ??J
    c.c. doubt or is not satisfied with the valuation made by the
    rl)66
    applicant, or if the applicant does not amend the valuation
    lN TBE MAT-
    TER OF THE to his satisfaction, he (Collector) may move the Court to
    ESTATE OF . hold an enquiry into the true value of the properties as I
    U KYAW
    GAUNG have stated above. If it is the High (Chief) Court, the
    (DECEASED)
    v. application must be made in its Testamentary and Intestate
    DAW NYUNT Jurisdiction and not hi its ordinary Original Civil jurisdic-

    . tion. En the goods of Probhat Chandra Barua, dec~ased (2).


    m the other case, the applicant Kyi Kyi Myint denied
    that this applicant Daw Nyunt is the legal widow of her
    father. the deceased, and there was severance of filial
    relation between the deceased and his children, including
    herself. She also denied the applicant's (Daw Nyunt's)
    alJegation that her mother Daw Pu Lay (also deceased)
    was divorced by her father. The applicant Daw Nyunt
    has no issue by the deceased. Thus, the important
    questions inter alia involved are whether the applicant
    (Daw Nyunt) was legally married to the deceased and
    whether Daw Pu Lay wa~ divorced by the deceased. The
    right to inherit and the quantum of interest of the appli-
    cant in the properties of the deceased depend upon the
    answers to these questions. Evidence will have to be
    led yet if the Court is desired to decide, but before any
    decision is made the Court is concerned with and is to
    look only at the estate of the deceased as it stood at the
    time of his death for which rival applications for letters
    of administration have been made. In the estate of
    U Po Khin, deceased, (3) which is the oniy authority on
    the point I could lay my hands on, it was held by Young, J.
    that the estate of a Burman Buddhist dying in the lifetime
    of his wife includes only half the property he died possessed
    9f, the other half being his wife's property duriJ1g their
    joint lives, and the court-fee is payable on half the property
    he died possessed of for the purpose of letters of
    administration. It is a short judgment and it appears that
    (z) I.L.R. (r946) t Cal. 77- (3) (r918) t1 Burma Law Times 258.
    it was a simple and straightfcrward case of a legal widow c.c.
    tg66
    applfing for \etters of administration. If this was so, I
    .IN Til MAT- ,
    hc1ve .no. quarrel with it as under the Burmese Buddhist TER OF TilE
    Law the wife during their subsistence of the marriage has ESTA.U OF
    1J KYAW
    interest generally in all the properties belonging to either GA.UNG
    or both. it is usual to regard all properties acquired by (DECASEO)
    v.
    the spouses during the coverture as belonging equally to Di\W :NYUNT.

    the husband and wife but when the kind of properties, for
    example payin, lettetpwa, hnapazon, etc., the status of
    the couple, for example, eindaunggyi.- lesser wife, etc., ana
    the rights of inherita.nce of the atet children against the
    surviving spouse are in question. the quantum varies.
    To illustrate the point~assuming that the applicant Daw
    Nyunt is the legal widow of the deceased and that Daw
    Pu Lay was not divorced, I may mention that in Ma Chan
    Mya v. Ma. Ngwe Yon (4) it was held that the child of a
    first marriage was entitled to three-fourths of the jointly
    acquired property of the first marriage, and the second
    wife was entitled to one-fourth. See also Ma E Hmyin
    and three v. Maung Ba Maung (5). In Ma Nwe
    v. Ma Sai Da (6) which was a case by the child of the first
    marriage against the step-mother for administration of
    the estate of her father (deceased) where the estate was
    made up of payin property brought to the second marriage
    by the deceased as well as of hnapazon property of that
    . marriage, the major portion having been inherited after
    the _death of the first wife and before his second marriage,
    it was held that the atet child would get three-fourths of
    the said inherited property which was brought in as payin
    and the step-mother would get one-fourth. If the deceased
    however inheritedduring the second marriage, the step-
    mother would be entitled to half. As regards hnapazon
    of the second marriage it was held the atet child would
    get only. one-eighth share and the step-mother seven-eighths.
    (4) z Upper Burma Rulings (1914-16) 74 (5) I.L.R. z Ran. 123 ( 127).
    (6) l.I .. R. i Ran. 578.
    ??9
    c.c. See also Ma San Nyun and another v. Maung Tint {7).
    19fj6
    Hence, it cannot always be said that the wife is entitled
    IN THE MAT-
    TER OF l11E to half the properties on the death of the husband. It
    ESTATE OF
    U KYAW
    depends upon the special circumstances of each case. In
    GAUNG the estate of U Po Khin (3) is thus distinguishable. No. I r
    (DECEASED)
    v. of Schedule I of the Court Fees Act says the fee is payable
    -DAW NVUNT.
    on value of the property in respect of which the grant
    Cl

    of . - letters is made." The letters are


    applied in respect of the deceased's property which may
    include besides his own_ It is the corpus which is
    important and not its component parts. ft will be beyond
    the scope of this Court, I think. in such cases to find out
    at the outset who else are interested in the property
    besides the de:eased. Accordingly, I rule that the entire
    and complete assets and properties of the deceased as they
    stood at the time of his death must be shown in the
    Annexure A of the application and the appropriate court-
    fee be paid in full upon the basis of the entire net valuation
    set forth by the applicant Daw Nyunt. In other words
    her contention that the fee is payable on half the value
    of the properties is rejected .
    Tc answer the second point. reference is to be made
    to section 191 (1) of the Court Fees Act which says that
    no grant of letters of administration shall be ':Jlade upon
    an application for such grant until the applicant has filed
    in tbe Court a valuation of the property in the form set
    forth in the Third Schedule of the Act. lt is imperative.
    Wnere an application for letters is made to -the High
    (Chief) Court. section 19H of tile Court Fees Act directs
    that a notice of the application shall be gi.ven to the
    Financial Commissioner, w.ho may penalise the applicant
    under section 19E of the Act if he paid too low a court-fee
    thereof. In the connected case referred to above, the
    applicant Kyi Kyi Myint valued the properties in full while
    the present applicant Daw Nyunt, as stated above, desires
    (7) A.I.R. (1913) Ran. t9o. (3) ("1918) 11 Burma Law Times 258.
    to pay only half the court-fee on the value of the same c.c.
    16
    properties. Kyi Kyi Myint's valuation was worked out
    I N TBE MAT-
    by a qualified architect and 11censed surveyor and property iER oF TBE
    valuer and it may be more acceptable than that of the EsrAri oF
    tJ KYAW
    applicant Daw Nyunt. Under Rule 4 of the Rules of GAUNG
    Procedure in- the Grant of Letters of Administration (DECEASE> v.
    [page 2o6 of the Rules and Orders of the High (Chief) DAw NYUNT.
    Court] affidavit of valuation and affidavit or certificate of
    valuation of immoveable property . in accordance with
    Rule 17 must accompany the application showing the
    name of the valuer inter alia, if any , on the basis of
    valuation adopted. Under Ru'e x8 the Bailiff can make
    the valuation .if request is made to the Court for his
    services . Of course, the correctness of the valuaqon is a
    matter for the revenue authorities and not for the Court
    to decide as I have stated above. In case. the valuation is
    found or proved to be greater and too high a court-fee has
    been paid thereon, remedy is 6pen to the applicant under
    section 19A of the Act.
    For all the reasons given above, I direct that the same
    valuation as in the connected case be made in the present
    case also as advised by the learned Registrar.
    CIVIL I'IRS'l APPEAL
    Before U Sein Thin, J.
    c.c.
    1966 J. SANG -NJNG (APPELLANT)
    Aug. 8 v.
    u yA UK (RESPONDENT) .
    Suit fc.r recovery of 1hare capital-a receipt granted acknowledging the receipt
    of rrunre)'-no Jtipu/ation regarding the time for payment-Article 120 of
    ~he Limi!atiotr Act"-chiru Special Divisions. (Extensio!' of Laws) Act-
    Notification .No. 23 of .fhe Chin Affairs Cou1fcil-vanting of relhf on the
    principln of ju.stice, equity and good comcience.

    Held : Exhibit " m " is merely a receipt granted by the defendant


    ac:knowledgiag the receipt of a awn of K s,ooo. There is no stipulation
    regarding the tiu}e for repayment and from the nature of the alleged transaction
    betweea the parties it is palpably clear that the sum was not immed'iatdy
    payable at the time when it was dra~ up. As the right to sue accrued on the
    date when the defendant refused to comply with the demand made by the
    . plaintiff, Article 120 of the Limitation Act is applicable.
    &mesh War Mandai v, Ramchand Roy, 10 Cal. 1033 (1034) (0.8.), disting-
    uished.
    Held further : Under the Chins Special Divisions (Extension of Lawa)
    Act, 1948, only cenain port1on of the Code of Civil Procedure are applicable
    to the Chins in the Chins Special Division. The pa nies to the suit being
    Chins the conduct of the suit between them is regulated by Notific'arioo No. 33
    of the Chin Affairs Council dated the 2nd August l949 From the judeep1ent
    or the lower Court It appears that the relief was granted to the plaintiff on the
    principles of justice, equity and good conscience and therefore there is no
    reason for disturbing the judgment and decree of the lower Court .

    U Hla Nyun for the appellant.

    Mr. 5. L. Verma for the respondent ..


    U SEtN THIN, j.-ln CiviC Regular Suit No. I of 1963
    of the Additional District Cour~ of Mind:).t , within the
    Chin Special Division, t~e plaintiff-respondent Ya Uk fil~
    a suit against the defendant-appellant Sang Niflg. Among
    the mapy rei iefs claimed in the suit was one for recovery
    Civil First Appeal No. 12 of 1964.
    t Against the decree of the Add itional District Court of Mindat in Civil
    Regular Suit No. a of i963, dated the JISt july 1964.
    ???
    of K 15,000 being the -share capital contributed by the c.c.
    1966
    plaintiff towards the partnership business alleged to have -
    been set up between the parties. It was the case of the J.sAN;.NINc
    plaintiff that there was a partnership between him and the u YA LIK.
    defendant in connection with a road construction work
    for which the defendant had obtained a contract from the
    Government. The plaint~ had already contributed
    various sums amounting in all to K 15,000 as his share
    towards the partnership capital, the stipulation between
    the parties being to enjoy the profits derived therefrom
    equally between them. After the completion of the work
    the defendant is alleged to have drawn various sums of
    money from the Government without making over any-
    thing to the plaintiff inspiite of repeated demands. Hence
    the present suit in which the plaintiff claimed, amongst
    others, recovery of K xs,ooo only waiving the sum of
    K 5 .ooo alleged to be due to him on account of his share
    of the profits accrued from the partnership business.
    The defendant by his written statement denied the
    allegations in toto. It was also contended that the claim
    of the plaintiff was barred by limitation. The trial Court
    held that the alleged partnership between the parties was
    not proved. It however came to the finding that the
    plaintiff had advanced a sum of K 15,ooo to the defendant.
    Regarding the question of limitation the learnedtrial Judge
    was of opinion that Article I 20 of the Limitation Act was
    applicable and that the suit was therefore w~thin time. A
    decree for the said sum was accordingly passed in favour
    of the plaintiff with costs.
    . The only point that has been seriously canvassed in
    this appeal is that. the suit was time barred. According
    to the learned counsel for the appellant, the relevant
    article applicable to the suit is Article 57 which prescribes
    56A a time limit of three years from the date when the loan is
    made. The Exhibit "ro" which acknowledges the receipt
    of K 'r5,ooo by the defendant is dated r Ith A_pril 1958
    c.c. and this date according to the learned counsel for 1he.
    1966
    appelJa'n t, being the time from which the limitation period
    .J. SANG NING
    Y. begins to run, the suit should have been filed on or before
    U YALIK.
    1 rth April 196r. I am however unable to subscribe to
    t.his view. From the very 'wordings o f Article 57, it
    seems clear to me that it is applicable only in respect of a
    loan which is immediately payable. Exhibit" m" is merely
    a receipt granted by the defendant acknowledging the
    receipt of a sum of K 15,000. There is 'no stipulation
    regarding the time for repayment and from the na.ture of
    the alleged transaction between the parties it is palpably
    clear that the sum was not immediately payable at the
    time when it was . drawn up. The word payable in
    Artkle 57 has been held to mean payable at once on the
    loan. being made. Thus in Ramesh War Mandai v.
    Ramchand Roy (1) it was held that where a loan is on an
    agreement that it is repayable on a future date it cannot
    be said to be payable immediately on the loan. being made
    and a suit for recovery thereof is not for " money payable
    for money lent" within. the meaning of Article 57 f
    wou!d accordingly hold that in respect of the suit out of
    which this appeal arises Article 57 of the Limitation Act
    is not apposite.
    rt is next contended that as the suit is one based on
    partnership, Article 106 is applicable. Here again r am
    unable to follow the line of contention advanceq by the
    learned counsel for the appellant. As pointed above the
    lower Court has come to a fi 11ding, which finding is not
    unwarranted by the evidence obtaining on the record of
    the lower Court, that the existence of partnership was
    not proved. It is therefore dear that Article -ro6 whkh
    relates to a suit for an account and a share of the profits
    of a dissolv~ partnership is not at all applic~_ble. A
    relevant article is obviously Article I 2o which prescribes
    a time limit of six years fro~ the date when the right to
    (1) 10 Cal. 1033 { 1034) (O.B.).
    sue accrues. In the present case before me the right to
    sue accrued or the d_ate when the defendant refused to
    comply with the demand made b:y the plaintiff. The suit J . SANGNING
    v.
    which was filed on the 17t\1 Septdnber 1963 was therefore U YA LIK.
    still within time.
    Lastly, the learned counsel for the appellant, in the
    course of his arguments before me has pointed out that
    the relief granted to the plaintiff is not consistent with
    the nature of his claim in the suit whi.c h was essentially
    a suit for accounts. It must however be borne in mind
    that under the Chins Special Divisions (Extension of Laws)
    Act, 1948, only certain portion of the COde of Civil Pro-
    cedure are applicable to the Chins in the Chins Special
    Div!sion. The parties to the suit being Chins the conduct
    of the suit betTeen them is regulated by Notification
    No. 33 of the Chin Affairs Council dated the 2nd August
    1949. From the judgment of the lower Court it appears
    . that the relief was granted to the plaintiff on the principles
    of justice,. equity and good conscience and I therefore see
    no reason why the judgment and decree of the lower Court
    should be disturbed. In the result this appeals fails and
    is here~y dismissed with costs. ' Advocate's fee fixed as
    two gold mohurs
    CIVIL FIRST APPEAL
    Before U Thet Pe, J.

    c.c. MARIAPPA CHEITIAR AND TWO OTHERS (APPELLANTS)


    1966
    July 16.
    v.
    SHRI VRAJLAL NARANDAS DESAI AND FOUR OTHERS
    (RESPONDENTS).

    Cork of Civil Proctd~~re 0. 22 R. 2 muJ 4-opplicobility to appeal-Abatement


    of qppeal-nc abatement though the hgal representative of the deceased
    appe:lant not brought 011 tile record if the right of appeal surt'it1es to the
    suroiving op~Uants-opplication of the test whether the respondenlf could
    sue the surviving appellants in the Trial Court in the absence of the deceased
    appellant.
    The n:~pomleots who arc trustees of a temple instiruted a suit ajainst the
    appellants. One of the appellants died and no substitution was made.
    Held : If a case comes within the ambit of rule 2 of 0. 2:rCivil Procedure
    Code the appeal will no-c abate in such a case even though the legal
    representative ofthc deceased appellam is not brought on the record in as much
    as the right of appeal survives to the surviving appeiiiUlts. On the other hand
    if the case falls under rule 4 where one of the appellants dies and the right to
    appeal does not survive to the remainillg appellants, the . appeal will abate so
    far as the deceased appellant is concerned if no application for substitution is
    made within time. The test to be applied is whether the respondents could
    have sued the surviving appellants in the trial Court in the absence of the
    deceased appellant. If the answer is in the affirmative, the case must belong
    to the category under rule z and the surviving appellants will be entitled to
    pro<;eed with the appeal without bringing the legal representatives of the
    deceased appellant on the record.

    Mr. B. K. Sen for the appellants.

    Mr. R. Chaube for the respondents.

    U THET PE, J.-This order relates to the question of


    abatement of appeal. It is not in dispute that the first
    appellant has died on 5th February 1966 and his legal
    Civil First Appeal No. 55 ~f 1963.
    t Against the decree of the City Civil Court of Rangoon in Civil Regular
    Suit No. 804 of 1963, dated roth April t 963.
    representatives have not been brought on the record within c.c.
    1966
    the prescribed time. The learned Advocate for the
    respondents therefore contended that the appeal has abated MARIAfPA
    CBETilAR
    as a whole. AND TWo

    .The law relating to abatement necessary for the present SBRJ ;~LAt
    purpose is to be found in Rules 2 and 4, Order 22, Ci~l NA.RANDAs
    DESAI AND
    Procedure Code the relevant portions of which reaq: FoUR.

    . " 2. Where there are more defendants than one, and any
    of them dies, a'nd where the right to sue survives against the
    sur\riving defendant or defendants alone, the Court .shall cause
    an entry to .that effect to be tnade on the record, and the
    suit shall proceed against the surviving defendant or
    defendants.
    4 Where one .of /two or more defendants dies and the right
    to use does not survive against surviving defendant or
    defendants al<me, or a sole defendant or sole surviving
    defendant dies an<J. the right to sue survives, the Court~ on an
    application made in ihat behalf, shall cause the legal repre-
    sentative of the deceased defendant to be. made a party and
    .shall proceed with the suit."

    These rules apply mutatis mutandis to appeals. A


    perusal of these rules show that if a case comes within
    the ambit of Rule 2 no substitution is necessary. _The
    appeal will not abate in such a case even though the legal
    representative of the deceased appellant is not brought on
    the record inasmuch as the right of appeal survives to.the
    surviving apt:fllants. On the other hand if the case falls
    under Rule 4 where one of the appellants dies and die
    right to appeal does not survive to the remaining
    appellants, the appeal will abate so far as the deceased
    appella~ is concem~d if no application for substitution
    is made within time. The test to be applied. is whether
    the respondents could have sued the surviving appellants
    in the trial Court in the absence of the deceased appellant.
    If the answer is in the affirmative, the case must belong
    to the category l,lnder Rule 2 and the surviving appellants
    c.c. will be entitled to proceed with th,e appeal without bring
    1966 '
    ing the legal representatives of the deceased appellant on
    MARIAPPA
    CRETTIA.R
    the record.
    AND TWO
    Y.
    SHRl VRAJLAL
    Thus it has peen held in Mt. Laxmi Bai v. Amrit/al (1):
    NARANDAS . .
    DESAI AND " Where the. right to sue is fully represented by the
    FOUR. surviving plaintiff or defendant already on record Rule 2
    applies: and when it would not be fully represented unless
    some person n~t already on record is added as a party.
    Rule 3 or Rule 4 applies."

    In Sankru Mahto and others v. Blioju ;'vfahto an.d


    others (2) it has been laid down that:
    :The test whether a right to sue survives in the surviving.
    plaintiffs or against the surviving defendants is whether the
    surviving plaintiffs can .alone su~ or the surviving defendants
    could alone be sued in the absence of the dec.eased plaintiff
    or defendant respectively."

    See also Guruprasad Sukul and another v. Tarini Char~n


    Debnath and others (3) where it was ruled that:
    ' 1 Where there are several defendants to a suit. it is possible

    for one defendant to press an appeal as against the whoie .


    decree upon a point which is common to all the defendants
    and the appeal does not abate on the death of one of the
    defendants.''

    The facts of the instant case show that a piece of lan~


    in .J.(andawgalay Quar'ter, Rangoon. with a temple th~reon
    belongs to a trust known as the Shree Bhuthanath
    Mahadeva Temple Trust and the respondc:nts claimed to
    be its duly elected trustees. The appellant refused to
    recogpise. them as the trustees and they inserted public a
    notice_in one of the daily newspapers that a public meeting
    would be held on a certain dat~ in the temple premises
    (1) A.l.R. (1933) Nag. p. 195. (2) A.I.R. (1936) Pat. p. 548.
    (3) A.l.R. (1938) Cal. 634. .
    fo~ the purpose of electing trustees of the temple. There- c.c.
    upon the respondents instituted a suit in the Rangoon City 1966
    Civil Court and obtained a decree against the appellants MARlAPl'A
    CHEITIAR
    that they were duly elected trustees and that the defend<!nts AND TWO
    Y.
    were restrained from interfering with the management, SURJ VRAILAL
    control and administration of the trust by the respondents NARANDAS
    DESAI AND
    as trustees . FOUR.
    It is obvious from the facts of the case that the res-
    pondents could have continued their suit in the tr:ial Court
    against the surviving appellants in the absence of the
    deceased appellant. Applying the test which has been
    mentioned above, I am of opinion that the appeal does
    not abate although no substitution is made on the death
    of the first appellant. The fact that the first appellant is
    dead and the right to appeal survives in favour of the
    surviving appellants will of course be noted in the pro-
    ceedings.
    In the drcumstances of the case there will be no order
    as to costs.
    CIVIL MISCELLANEOUS APPEAL

    Before U TMt Pe, J.

    c.c. MESSRS. BHODIA BROTHERS (APPELLANT)


    1966
    July 2.
    v.
    FAIZAR RA.HMAN CHOWDHURY AND THREE OTHERS
    (RESPONDENT).*

    Insolvency-Burma Insolvency Act s. 4(2)-p/acing his claim by a claimant


    before the insolvency Court-determination nf the quesrion-.uhether its
    deciJion is final and binding between tM parties-whether t/Je claimant cn11
    re-agit4te IM merits of his claim by brittging a regular suit-whether the
    remedy liu if by way of appeal under s. 75, Burma Insolvency Act- grant
    of leave to appeal-whether the Court can exercise in f(lvour af a creditor-
    competency of appeal under s. 4 and 75(3) of the Burma Insolvency Act-
    awidance of tranifers under s. 53, Burma Insolvency Act-grossly inadequate
    c011Sitkration in tM transfer of tM house in tJuestion-tJJhether the transfer
    was bona fide-bona fide transfer on accQUnt of pressure of a creditor-
    absence of collusion and of knowledge of tM mlbarrassing circumstances of the
    debtor--whether tM transfer fraudulent wit/tin the meaning of s. 53
    Held: When a claimant places his claim under s. 4 of the Bunna Insol-
    vencv Act before the insolvency Court and that Court proceeds to determine
    the question its decisiOn is .final and binding between the parties and that it is
    not open to the- claimant to re-agitate the merits of his claim by bringing a
    reg\llar suit. The remedy by way of appeal is open to the aggrieved party
    under s. 75, Burma Insolvency Act.
    ShibNarainandanot"nv.Lachmi Naraintmd mwtlu:r,A.I.R. (1929) Lah.
    761 ; Monomohan Roy Choudury v. Bhupal C!ttmtlm Roy Clwudury anti
    othns,A.l.R. (1934) Cal. 122(2); Maung Ba Thaw v. Ma Pin, rz Ran. 194 ;
    ThaivQf'ai Achi v. O.R.M.P.R.M.. Ramanathan C.hettyor attd tfle, (1940)
    R.L.R. p. 643, referred to.
    There is nothing in the wording of s. 75(3) of the Bunna Insolvency Act.
    restricting the powers of the District Court or of the HighCourt from giving
    leave to anyone except the receiver appointed :by the Court. The grant of
    leave is a discretionary matter which the Court can exercise in favour of a
    creditor, who is undoubtedly a person aggrieved by the decision of the insol-
    vency Court. Therefore the appeal is competent both under s. 4 and 75(3)
    of the Bwma Insol vency Act.

    Civil Miscellaneous Appeal No. 14 of 19.64.


    t Against the order of the District Court of Akyab in Insolvency Case
    No. 1 of 1956, dated 17th January t964.
    In th~ maiUT of the Estatt of P. A. Mohamed Ganny, dtcea.s ed, s Ran. p. c.c.
    375, distinguished.
    Kandarwami Goundan and others v. Rangaswami Goundan and othns, A.l. R ""
    MESSRS.
    (1938) Mad. p 370, referred to.
    BBODlA
    Held further : T he bouse In question is worth not less than K 2,000 in BROTKR8
    view of tbe testimony of a witness cited by the insolvent himself . The receivet Y.

    had in fact epotted to the C ourt that the building is worth K 6,ooo. This FAlZAR
    house has been tra nsfened by the insohent to his wife who Is entirely RAHMAN
    d ependent upon him in consideration of defened dower of 5 ticals of gold CHOWDHURY
    AND nmF.t
    valued at K r ,ooo. It is appurcnt therefrom that the considetatlon is gtossly OTHERS.
    inadequate. ;\1or-eover, the insolvent bad since then been living in the same
    bouse after the transfrr which would go to show that the tr11 nsfer was not
    btJ11a fide b ut m:~de with intent to defraud the creditors.

    Official Receiver v, P.L.K.M.R.M. Chettyar Fi"" 9 Ran. 170 (P.C.);


    Pope v, Official Assignee, Rangoon, t :t Ran. tOS ; Official As.rignee, Rangoon, v.
    Subala Dati, 14 Ran. 109; U Ba Saing v. Ma Shein, A.t.R. (1936) Ran. so6;
    Mt. Majidunnisa Bibi v. Babu Puran Chander Roy, Official Receiver and another,
    A.I.R. (1941) All. 316, referred to.
    A bonn fide transfer on account of pressure ucrted by 11 ced ltor for the
    sati.sfaction of his debt in tho abstort or any suggestion of collusion lind without
    a ny knowledge oftbe embarrassingcircumstances of tbe dcbtOI' is not fraudulent
    within the meaning of s. SJ ; but th e transferee and the iusolvent were
    a dmittedly intimate friend~. The tl'3nsferee knew th llt many suits were
    pending against the transferor and th:at he was in embn!'l'as~ing c ircumstances
    at the relevant time of th e transfer. All thtsr factors go to show that the
    tmnsfer of the t11iloring shop was collushe aod not in good faith a nd it
    sh ould accotdingly be :1\'oided.
    Official Assignee, Madras v. S.M. Sheik Moidten Rot~~ther, A.I.R. (1.9:t7)
    Mad. 1013, referred to.

    Mr. M. A. Subhan for the appellant.

    JJ Pha Tha Htaw for the respondent.

    U THET PE. J.-M. Karim Bux, the 4th respondent in


    this appeal once owned a house in Mawlee Quarter, Akyab
    and a tailoring shop known as the Rangoon Modem Tailor
    ing Shop in Bazaar Road, Akyab. The appellants sued
    him and obtained money decrees in Civil Regular Suit
    Nos. 16 of 1952, 13 of 1954 and 3 of 1955 of the Sub-
    divisional Court of Akyab. In execution of the decree in
    Civil Regular Suit No. r6 of 1952, the appellants applied
    MESSRS. for the arrest of M. Karim Bux who thereupon moved the
    BRODIA District Court, Akyab on 30th ]anua1y 1956 to adjudge
    BROTIIERS
    v. him an insolvent. On rst October 1956, the District Court
    FAIZAR duly declared him an insolvent in its Insolv~ncy Case N?. 1
    RAHMAN
    CIIOWDBURY of 1956.
    AND THREE
    OrtiERS. It transpired that the insolvent had transfer red his re-
    . sidential house at Mawlee Quarter to his wife Ma Than
    Sein (a) Ma Hazara Khatoon, the 2nd respondent in con-
    sid~ration of deferred dower by a deed date<! the sth of
    June 1955 and also his tailoring shop with all stocks of
    textiles, sewing machines and furniture to Faizar Rahman
    Chowdhury for a consideration of K 5,000 by another
    deed dated 15th July 1955 The appellants moved .the
    receiver to apply for annulment of the said transfers but
    without success. They therefore moved the insolvency
    Court to have the said transfers annulled under sections 53
    and 54 of the Burma Insolvency Act. Subsequently, the
    appellants found out that the. insolvent's minor son Shah
    Jahan had purchased a cargo-boat for a sum of K rs,ooo
    on r7th january r960. They applied to the insolvency
    Court under section 4 of the Act to direct the receiver to
    seize the boat on the ground that the vessel had been pur-
    chased by the insolvent benami in the name of his minor
    son but their application was resisted by the 2nd respon-
    dent as the guardian of the minor on the score that the
    vessd belonged to the minor inasmuch as it was purchased
    with the money belonging to his grandmother. The in-
    solvency Court after hearing all the evidence dismissed
    both the applications of the appellants who thereupon
    obtained leave of the insolvency Court and instituted the
    present appeal.
    It has been argued on behalf of the respondents that
    so far as the order of the lower Court under section 4 of
    the Burma Inso!vency Act relating to the cargo-boat is
    concerned no appeal lies to this Court inasmuch as section
    4 (2) proVldes that "every such decision shall be final and c.c,
    1966
    bi.nding for all purposes as between, on the one hand, the
    ME.SSRS.
    debtor and the debtor's estate and, on the other hand, all BHODIA
    claimants against him or it and all persons daiming BROTHERS
    v.
    through or under him." This arguni_~nt, in my opinion, FIAJZAR

    is misconceived. What this section really means is th~t RAIIMAN


    CJIOWDBVJI.Y
    when a daimant places his claim before the insolvency AND THREE
    OTIURS.
    Court and that Court proceeds to determine the question
    its decision is final and binding between the parties and
    that it is not open to the daimant to re-agitate the merits
    of his claim by bringing a regular suit. The remedy by
    way of appeal is open to the aggrieved party under section
    75. Burma Insolvency Act vide Shib Narain and another
    v. Lachmi Narain and another (I). It has also been decided
    in Monomohan Roy Choudhury v. Bhupal Chandra Roy.
    Choudhury and others (2) th()t " the dismissal of the da.i m
    under-section 4 really tantamount~ to a decision tJnder
    section 4 and entitles the apPellant to an appeal under
    section 75 read with Schedule I._of the Act." In fact, it
    has been held by the Privy Council in Maung Ba T/1aw v.
    Ma Pin (3) that under section 75 (2) an appeal. lies from an
    order under section 4 not only to the High Court but a1so
    to the Privy Council. The same view has been expressed
    in Thaival]Bi" Achi v. 0. R. M. P. R:. M. Ramanathan
    Cheuyar and one (4). .
    The next submisson made on behalf of the respondents
    is that the appeal against the order of the lower Court
    under section 53, Burma Insolvency Act is incompetent
    inasmuch as the lower Court can grant leave u'Ttder section
    75 (3) only on the application of the receiver and not on
    the application of a creditor. According to the learned
    Counsel's submission the proper course which the appel-
    lants should have ad9pted was to ask the receiver to apply
    for leave to appeal and if he- refused to -do so they sh.:mld
    '8 (1) A.I.R. (1929) Lab. 761. (a) A.I:R. (1934) Cat. 122 (2).
    (3) 12 Ran, 19-4. , (4) (1940) R.L.R. p . 643.:
    c.c. appeal to the insolvency Court under section 68. hi
    J964
    support of this submission, he relied upon the decision i~
    MESSRS.
    B:u:ODIA ln the Matter of the Estate of P. A. Mohame~ Canny.
    BROTIIERS
    v. Dece~sed (5) where it was held that if the Officia(Assignee
    : : : refuses -to move to have the transfers set aside the credi-
    CRoWBH11RY--tor's
    AND THREE
    relief is by way of appeal to the insolvency Court
    oTIIas. under section 86, Rangoon Insolvency Act (which corres-
    ponds tc.> section 6'8, Burma Insolvency Act) and not by
    ~y _of an application for leave to apply to have the tra~s
    fer set aside. It must at once bepointed out that the said
    decjsion has rio relevance whatsoever to th~. present case.
    In that decision on the Official Assignee refusing -to move
    the ~ourt to avoid the transfer under section 56, Rangoon
    Insolvency Act one of .the 'creditors asked leave to apply
    for setting aside the transfer and it. was held. that the
    creditor should appeal to the insolvency <;:ourt agains~ the
    order of the Official Assignee. Then there is nothing in
    the wording of section 75 H) of' the Burma Insolvency
    Act restrictin g .the powers of the District Court of the
    High Court from giving leave to anyone except the receiver
    appointed by the Court. The grant of leave is a discre-
    tionary matter which the Court can exercise in favour of
    a creditor, who is undoubtedly a pe~on aggrieved by the
    ~edsion of the i-nsolvency Court. In this connection it
    will ~ .of interest to refer to. the decision in Kanda.Swami .
    Goundan and others v. Rangaswami Goundan. and otbers
    (6) where it was held that:-
    " 'The words any such person aggrieved' in section 75 (3)
    also include a creditor who .is aggrieved by an order of the
    District Judge in an application to set aside a sale under
    section 53 of the Act made by him upon the refusal of the
    (s) 5 Ran. p. 375 (6) A.I.R. (J9J8) Mad. 370.
    Official Receiver O take steps. Such a creditor therefore may c.c.
    1966
    appeal with the leave of the High Court under section 75 (3)
    without first applying to the Official Receiver to appeal and MESSRS.
    BHODIA
    getting a refusal from him." BRomERS
    Y.
    I would therefore hold that the present appeal is com- FAIZAR
    RAHMAN
    petent both under sections 4 and 75 (3) of the Burma CHOWDHURY
    AM> mREE
    lnsolency Act . OTBERS.
    Before we go into the merits of the case, it will be
    necessary to examine the law relating to the avoidance of
    transfers under section 53, Burma insolvency Act. In
    Official Receiver v. P. L. K. M. R. M. Chettyar Firm (7) it
    has been ruled by the Privy Council that where the receiver
    is seeking to set aside a mortgage executed within two
    years from the date of the adjudication of the insolvent
    under section 53. the onus is upon him to prove that it
    was not made in good faith and for valuable consideration.
    The above decision was approved by the Judicial Commit-
    tee in Pope v. Official Assignee, Rangoon (8). The same
    considerations will apply to the case of a creditor who
    asks for an annulment of transfer onder sectio.n 53 but the
    burden of proof in the sense of adducing evidence never
    remains constant. Once the receiver or the creditor
    proves that the transfer was made within two years of the
    insolvency and also that it was made either mala .fide or
    -without valuable consideration the transferee is under an
    obligation to lead rebutting evidence, failing which, the
    transfer will be set aside under section 53 All that the
    receiver or the creditor is required to sho~ is that the
    transfer was made within two years and that it was made
    either not bona fide or without consideration. Thus, in
    Official Assignee, Rangoon v. Subala Dasi (9). it has been
    held that:
    " Under the provisions of section 55 of the Presidency
    Towns Insolvency Act where th,e Official Assignee seeks to
    (7) 9 Ran. 170 (P.O.). (8) 1z Ran. 105.
    (9) 14 Ran. 109
    c.c. set aside a transfer made by the -insolvent the on~ of proof
    1~66
    lies upon him. But if the Official Assignee proves that the
    MESSRS. transfer .was made within two years of the insolvency and
    1JHODM
    also that It was made either not bona fide or without valuable
    BROTHERS
    v. consideration he is entitled to obtain an order set.ting aside
    }'AIZAR the transfer. In order that a transfer may be excluded from
    RAHMAN
    CROWDBURY
    the operation of the section there are two essential elements
    AND THREE in the transaction that must be proved (I) that it was made
    OTHERS.
    bona fide. and (2) that it was made for valuable considera-
    tion. lf the Official ASsignee has disproved one of these
    essential elements the transfer does not con~in . both the
    elements, and therefore the transfer falls to be set 'aside
    under section 55"
    Reference may also be usefully made to the decision in
    U Ba Sain_y
    .. .
    v. Ma Shein (10) where it was observed that-.
    . .
    " In a suit to set aside a fraudulent transfer under Section
    53. Provincial Insolvency Act, the burd~n of proof i~ upon
    the offiCial Receiver. Such burden of proef can only be
    discharged by showing circumstances from which strong in-
    ference can be drawn that the transfer impugned was made
    either mala fide or in the absence of valuable consideration.
    And whe~e the Offici.<! Receiver dischargeS the prima facie -
    . burden which Jay upon him, it is for the tranSferee to explain
    the case which gave so many and so obvious grounds for
    suspicion. and show that there was in fa~t an explanation
    for the transfer which the Court could deem to be satis
    factory:
    Bearjng in mind the principles of law laid down in the
    above decisions we shall now proceed with the respective
    transfers which the appellants were assailing. So far' as
    the house is concerned it is not in dispute that the insolvent
    has transferred it to his wife, the 2nd respondent, in
    consideration of the deferred dower of 5 ticals of gold
    valued at K 1 ,ooo. ~e 2nd respondent had produced _a
    deed of marriage dated t~e 12th April 1952, by which the
    insolvent undertook to tr~nsfer his house if the deferred
    dower was not paid within three years of. the execution of F-5
    (1o) A.I.R. (1936) Ran. so6.
    the deed which is a q'leer provision ina..;much as the house c.c.
    1966
    was admittedly worth more than K 2,ooo. It is true that
    MESSRS.
    Sf>ction 53 does not reqcire a transfer to be for full and BHODIA
    adequate coiiSidcration but if the consideration is found to 8ROTBRS
    v.
    be grossly inadequate it will be a strong evidence of want FAIZAR

    of good faith and a sufficient ground for setting aside the RAHMAN
    CHOWDHURY
    transfer. Thus, it has been held in Mt. Majidunnisa Bibi AND TURKE
    OTllERS.
    v. _Babu Puran Chander Roy, Official Receiver and another
    (II) that:
    " Section 53 does not demand that the transfer should be
    for full and adequate consideration. Hence the transfer can
    not be held to be without valuable consideration unless it is
    found that the consideration was so small as to be negligible
    in relation to the value of the property. An inadequate
    consideration may be evidence of want of good faith which
    may by itself be sufficient for setting aside the transfer.''
    In the instant case the house in question is -worth not
    Jess than K 2,ooo in view of the testimony of Jalil Ansari,
    a witness cited by the insolvent himself. The receiver had
    in fact reported to the Court that the building worth
    K 6.ooo. This house has been transferred by the insolvent
    to his wife who is entirely dependent upon him in consi-
    deration of deferred dower of 5 ticals of gold valued at
    K I .ooo. It is apparent therefrom that the consideration
    is grossly inadequate. Moreover, the insolvent had since
    then been living in the same house after the transfer which
    would go to show that. the transfer was not bona fide but
    made with intent to defraud the creditors.
    Then, we come to the transfer of the tailoring shop to
    the rst respondent Faizar Rahman Chowdhury. The
    transfer was alleged to have been made for a consideration
    of K s.ooo which was made up of an old debt of K 3,000
    and a cash sum of K 2,ooo. The zst respondent Faizar
    Rahman Chowdhury was unable to tender any satisfactory
    proof that the insolvent had at any time~wed him K 3,000,
    (11) A.I.R. (1941) All . 316.
    c.c. which is quite a substantial amount. Not a single docu-
    1966

    MESSRS.
    ment was produced to substantiate his allegation that the
    BBODIA insolvent borrowed that amount from him or that the
    BRO'fHERS
    v. insolvent had purchased goods of tha_t value on credit.
    FALZAR
    ltABMAN Then there is his admission that he was aware of the
    cuowHURY
    AND THREE
    embarrassing circumstances of the insolvent against whom ~
    .
    OTHERS.
    the appellants had institute various suits at the time w en.
    d h
    the transfer of the tailoring shop was made in his favour.
    No doubt a bona fide transfer on account of pressure
    exerted by a creditor for the satisfac;tion of his debt in the
    absence of any suggestion of collusion an4 without any
    knowledge of the embarrassing circumstances of the debto.r
    is not fraudulen.t within the meaning of section 53 ; but,
    in the present case the transferee and the insolvent were
    admittedly intimate friends. The transferee knew that
    many suits were pending against the transferor and that he
    was inembarrassing circumstances at the relevant time of
    the transfer. All these factors go to show that the trans-
    fer of the tailoring shop was collusive and not in good
    faith and it should accordinely be avoided. In this con-
    nection, it will be of interest to refer to the decision in
    Official Assignee, Madras v. S. 1\'1. Sheik Moideen Rowther
    (12) where it was remarked that:-
    .. Absence of good faith could be proved by showing that
    the transaction was a sham one, or that there was a resulting
    trust in favour of the insolvent, but the same could be proved
    by other circumstances also. If an insolvent transfers in favour
    of one of his creditors to whom he owes much more than
    the debt due to the transferee and the transferee also being
    fully .aware of all the above circumstances, and in concert
    with ~he insolvent brings into existence such a transfer deed,
    and antedates the same, and takes such sale-deed for debt
    (12) A.I.R. (1927) Mad. IOIJ.
    cue to him without any contemporaneous. advance or other c.c.
    1966
    promise to },elp the insolvent to carry on his business, then
    the transaction cannot be said to have been entered into MESSRS.
    BUODIA
    in good faith and the same should be held to be void against
    BROTUERS
    the Official Assignee under section 55 of the Act." v.
    FAlZAK
    RAHMAN
    As regards the cargo-boat the insolvent had admittedly CHOWDHI!K\
    paid the purchase price of K 15,000 as the guardian of his AND TIIKt:t:
    Ol1lERS.
    minor son, Shah Jahan, who was only 9 years uf age at
    the time of the purchase and is dependent and Jiving with
    him up to the present day . The insolvent had applied
    for the renewal of the license of the vessel and had collect-
    ed hiring charges from the paddy traders who had used
    the boat vide Exhibit Nos. ~ 6 .and 17 and the evidence of
    Mg. Tun Aung Gyaw, creditors' witness No. 2. Although
    the insolvent and his wife. the 2nd respondent, would
    have ft that the boat was purchased with the money be-
    longing to the grandmother of the minor, the grandmother
    had not come forward and explained how and froni where
    the money had peen acquired : In fact, according to .Exhi-
    bit " o " which is a copy of the statement of the insolvent
    himself the grandmother is actually living with and depen-
    dent upon him which clearly indicates that the version set
    up by the insolvent and his wife is far from the truth. It
    is therefore evident that the insolvent has purchased the
    vessel benami in the name of his minor son with the object
    of evading the rightful claims of the creditors. .
    In the result, the appeal succeeds and the order o: the
    .lower Court is hereby set aside and the appellant's appli-
    cations under sections 4 and 53. Burma Insolvency Act
    are allowed with costs in hoth the Courts. Advocate's
    fees: K 85.

    7A
    CIVIL FIRST APPEAL

    lJefMe U Thet Pe, J.

    tC.C. MINGALA THUKA RICE MILL Co . LTo. BY rsT MANAGING


    1966
    PARTNER TAN KU AUN (APPELLANT)
    July :22.

    V.

    U THAN SETN (RESPONDENT).

    Suit for recovery of damages for foss of paddy-<Jccurrence of loll in n co/lisicm-


    a nuning esse/ running down a staticmnry vessel-applicability of' doctrine
    of res ipsa loquitor-burd~n on the part oftire moving l'essel to shoro no negli-
    gence 011 her pnrt-judgment of a criminal Court-whetlaer reler>ant and
    bindi"lf 011 a citil Court-liberty of n third party to sue the owner of either
    Vl!ssel.

    The appellant as managing partner of a partnership firm instituted the-


    suit for recovery of damages for loss of paddy against the respond<::nt whose
    passenger boat collided with and sank the -vessel in which the appellant's
    paddy were loaded .
    Held : \Jihen a stationary vessel is run down by a moving vess"J the
    doc;trine of res ipsa loquitor will apply and it is obligatory on the part of tire
    moving vessel to show that the colli5ion did not arise from any negligence on
    her part.
    Blanche Edith Catn v. Mrmgini Bros. , A.I.R. (1917) Bom. 282; R.S.N
    Co., Ltd., and l.G.N. and Ry. Co., Ltd. v. Ram Kanai Madllab Chandra
    /rwar Chandra Pal awd othfrs, A.I.R. (1936) Cal. 152 ; Ttt Toe Rice and
    Oil Mi/11 v. The Inland Water Transport Board, ( 1963) B.L.R. :ll7 , referred
    to.
    Had further ; The judgment of the criminal Court is not 1-ele\'aot and
    bindi ng- on the civil Court.
    Harihar Pratad Si"lfh and others. v. Mt. Janak Dulari Kuer and others,
    A.I.R. (1941) Pat. 118 ; Ramadhar Chaudhory and otkers v. J011ki
    Chaudhary A.I.R. (1956) Pat. 49, referred to.
    H eld further: A third party hat liberty to sue the owner o either vessel,
    the collision of which hod rceulted in an injury to him.
    G. Papacltris~ulos v. A. Corrie, A.I.R. (1933) Ran. :135, referred to.

    Civil First Appeal No. 93 of 1965.


    t' Against the decree of the :md Judge, City Civi I Court of Rangoon in
    Civil Regular Suit No. 53~ of 1962, dated sth November 1965.
    Mr. H . M. Fisher for the appellant. c.c. .
    1966 .
    U Pha Tha Htaw for _the respon9ent. MIN GALA
    TIJili4 RICE
    U THET PE; J.-This is an appeal against the judgment MILL
    Co.Lro. BY
    and decree of the Rangoon City Civil Court dismissing O"S .
    MANAGING
    the appellant's suit for recovery of K II,80750 as damages PARTNER
    against the respondent . The respondent on the ot~er hand TAN Ku
    AUN
    has filed cross-objection for costs of the suit which has Y.

    not been allowed by the trial Court. U THAN


    SEIN.
    The undisputed facts of the case which had given rise
    to the present appeal are as follows. On the evening of
    the 6th February 196~: the motor vessel" Khit Thit Than"
    loaded with pa.ddy belonging to the appellant was moored
    for the night at the landing stage in Kywegat Village,
    Maubin District. At about midnight the respondent's
    passenger boat "Yadana Mai" which plied between
    Kyonpyaw and Rangoon dashed into " Khit Thit Than "
    with such a force that mooring ropes of " Khit Thit Than"
    broke and she sank within a few minutes. The entire
    cargo of paddy was lost and two persons who were sleeping
    in the vessel at that time were also drowned.
    When a stationary vessel is run down by a moving
    vessel the doctrine of res ipsa Joquitor will apply and it is
    obligatory on th'~ part of the moving vessel to show that
    the collision did not arise from any negligence on her part.
    In this connection, reference may usefully be made to the
    ded~ioA in Bldni::he Edith Cates v. Mangini Bros. (r).where
    it was observed that:
    " "'fhe burden of proof in an action for damages for
    negligence rests _p.rimafily upon the plaintiff. who in order
    to maintain the action must show that he WJIS injured by an
    act or omission for which the de-fendant is in law responsible,
    except in the :cases where .law presumes liability from an act
    or omission immediately upon proof of its occurrence. That
    is to say, an exception to 'the .general rule that the burden
    '{t) A.l.R. {1917) Born. 282..
    c.c. of proof for the alleged negligence is in the first instance on
    1966
    tbe plaintiff occurs whenever the facts already established
    MINGALA are such that the proper and natural inference immedi?tely
    Tlruli RICE arising {tom them is that the i~jury complained of was
    MILL
    Co.,LTD. BY
    caused by the defendant's negligence. To these cases the
    JTS maxim 'res ipsa Ioquitor .' applies."
    MANAGI NG
    PA.ItTN.R
    TAN Ku
    A tiN
    Then it has been held in R.S.N. Co. Ltd. and I.G.N. &
    v. Ry. Co. Ltd. v. Ram Kanai Madhab Chandra Iswar Chandra
    U THAN
    SJN. Pal and others (2) that :

    "The burden of proof in an action founded upon collision


    between a vessel at anchor and one in motion, is upon the
    owner of the latter to prove that the collision was not
    occasioned, by any negligence on their part. They have to
    prove that the collision was due to inevitable accident not
    arising from negligent navigation."

    This doctrine has also been explained in T et Toe Rice and


    Oil Mills v. The Inland Water Transport Board (3} that:
    "The doctrine of res ipsa kxjuitor 1s simply a rule of
    evidence which fixes the burden of proof. The essential
    condition for the doctrine to come into play is that the facts
    must speak out so loud and clear that no other conclusion
    can be drawn from them except that the defendant had been
    negligent.''

    In the instant case the facts show that the vessel " Khit
    Thit Than " was tied up for the night at the landing stage
    when sre was run down and sent to the bottom by the
    respondent's ve5sel "Yadana Mai" which "speak out so
    loud and clear " that no other conclusion can be drawn
    from them except that "Yadana Mai" had been negligent.
    The evidence adduced on behalf of the respondent as
    deposed by U Po Myint (DW 2), Ko Aung Shwe (DW 3),
    Ko Khin Lat (DW 4) and Ko Tin Aye (DW 7) boils down
    to the allegation that " Khit Thit Than " was tied up
    (z) A. I.R. (1936) Cal. rsz.
    F-5
    alongside two cargo barges which were moored close to c.c.
    1966
    the river bank and that there was only one light on the
    barge closet to the bank and that the collision took . place MIN GALA
    THUKA RICE
    as a result of the absence of any navigation light o.n " Khit MILL
    Thit Than " . On the other hand, the testimony of Ko Sein Co., LTD. BY
    ITS
    Myint (PW 2). Ko Aung Sein (PW 4) who were the clerk MANAGING
    PARTN!R
    and engine driver respectively of " Khit Thit Than " and TAN K u
    U Thein (PW 6). the master of the cargo barge; show that A UN
    Y.
    there were anchor lights on both the barges as well as on U THAN
    the ill-fated " Khit Thit Than " at the time of the colli.s;on. SEIN.

    It is apparent from the evidence of Ko Tin Aye -and


    U Po Myint, the Serang and a crew respectively of" Yadana
    Mai " that . the. nig~lt was clear without any mist or cloud
    and that visibility was good at the time of the accident.
    The Serang was not even using the search light of his vessel
    inasmuch as he could see objects with his naked eyes from
    a dbtance. Under these circumstances the accident could
    have been averted by the CYercise Of ordinary care and skill
    lzy the Serang of " Yadana Mai" which is clearly Jacking
    in the in stant case.
    Then according to the Serang of the vessel " Myawadi "
    Ko Aung Shwe. a witness cited by the respondent, the
    navigation channel of the river at the place of collision
    was 200 feet wide which could not therefore be said to
    have been blocked by " Kbit Thit Than " inasmuch as it
    was tied up alongside two cargo barges which were moored
    close to the river bank. All these factors would go .t o
    shO\v that the collision was caused on account of the
    negligence of the employees of the respondent an<! not by
    the absence of light or by obstruction of the navigation
    chanllel by" Khit Thit Than"
    It has ~en suggesteu on behalf of the respondent that
    the acquittal of Maung Tin Aye, the Serang of "Yadana
    Mai " by the criminal Coun is a clear indication that the
    employees of "Yadana Mai" were not guilty of any
    A negligence. It appeared that Maung Tin Aye was
    c.c. prosecUted for having caused the death of two persons by
    1%6
    his rash and negligent act in Criminal Regular Trial No. 32
    MINCALA of 1962 of the 3rd Additional Magistrate, Maubin and that
    THlJJC.A RICE
    MILL he was ultimately acquitted of me offence with which he
    Co.,LTD. BY
    ITS
    was charged. A copy of the judgment of the criminal
    MANAGING Court had been produced in ' support of the contention
    PARTNER
    TAN Ku
    that there was no negligence on the part of the employees
    Atffl of "Yadana Mai ". It must at once be pointed out that
    Y.
    u TllAN the judgment of the criminal Court is not relevant and
    SEIN. binding on the civil Court and it is not a proof of absence
    of any negligence on the part of " Yadana Mai ". See
    Harihar Prasad Singh and others v. Mt. Janak Dulari Kuer
    and others (4) and Ramadhar Chaudhary and others v.
    ]ankf Chaudhary (5).
    It has fur~her been said on behalf of the respondent
    that the vessel " Khit Thit Than " was overloaded and that
    such overloading was responsible for its sinking after the
    collision. It must be borne in mind that " Khit Thit
    Than was berthed at the landing stage and she would
    not have sunk if she had not been run, down by" Yadana
    Mai ". The overloading of " Khit Thit Than " could have
    no relevance whatsoever to the occurrence of the collision
    and its eventual sinking.
    The learned Advocate for the respondent further
    contended that the appellant should have sued the owner
    of " Khit Th it Than " for the loss incurred by him. It
    must be pointed out that a third party is at liberty to sue
    the owner of either vessel, the collision of which had
    resulted in an injury to him vide G. Papachristopoulos v.
    A. Corrie (6).
    Another argument advanced on behalf of the
    respondent is that the appellant's firm not having been
    registered under the Companies Act was not a legal entity
    and has therefore no legal right to institute the suit under
    (4) A.I.R. (1 491) Pat. u8. (s) A.I.R. (1956) Pat. 49
    (6) A.I.R. (1933) Ran. 235.
    ?ee
    appeal. The reacfy answer to this argument is to be found c.c.
    1966
    in the provisions of Rule I, Qrder XXX which provide that
    MtNGALA
    any two or more per.sons cafl'o/ing on business as partners TJru~ RIC
    can sue or be sued in the name of the firm of such persons. MJLL

    Besides. the appellant's firm has been registered under the Co., LTD. BY
    ITS
    Partnership Act and the suit under appeal is therefore M'AJIAGING
    PARTNER
    competent. TAN Ku
    I shall now go into the quantum of damages. It is an AUN
    v.
    undeniable fact that the ill-fated vessel " Khit Thit Than " U TBAN
    SEIN.
    was loaded with paddy belonging to the appellant at the
    time she went down to the bottom. Ko Maung Shit, a
    witness called by the respondent himself has stated that
    " Khit Thit Than " was loaded with paddy at the time of
    the accident. Ko Sein Myiilt (PW 2) who was working
    as a clerk in " Khit Thit Than " at the relevant time h.1d
    testified that the vessel was then loaded with 3,2 50 baskets
    of Ngasein paddy. He was supported by paddy broker
    U Yu .Htaw (PW 3) who had to pay K I 1,15750 as the
    purchase price of paddy on behalf of the appellant.
    Ko Han Sein (PW 5) admitted receipt of that amount from
    U Yu Htaw for 3,250 baskets of paddy. The combined
    testimony of these witnesses would leave no room for
    doubt that the appellant had suffered damages amounting
    to K II,I5750 for which the respondent must be held
    responsible.
    In the result the appeal succeeds and i direct that there
    shall be a decree for K I I. I 57 50 in favour of the appellant-
    plaintiff against the respondent-defendant with propor-
    tionate costs in both the Courts. The eross-objection of
    the respondent is hereby dismissed.
    000

    CIVIL MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATION

    Before Dr. Maung Maung, C.J. a11d U Thet Pe, J .

    tC.C.
    1966 OUNG SEIN CHIT (APPLICANT)
    Aug 71J.
    v.
    T-HE ADDITIONAL COMMISSIONER . OF INCOME-TAX.
    BURMA, RANGOON (RESPONDENT).

    Certiorari- application for a writ of-- The Burmd Income-ttl.-.: Act, s. 23-
    e:o:ercise ofrevisional power by the Additional Commissioner of lflcome-ta:o:-
    merging of the appellate order of the Appellate Assistant Commissioner a11d
    that ofthe assessmmt order of t!te lltcome-ta.-.: Officer-to be questioned 0'1ly
    u11der s. 33A-proviso to s. 33 sllbject to tile substantive part of the section.
    Whetbe1 the exercise of evisional powe1 by the Additional Commissionct
    of Income-tax has the sanction of law.
    I

    Held: When the Assistant Commissioner (Appellate) passes his


    appellate odet in the assessment made by the Incoml'-tax Officer the assessment
    order merges in the appellate 01der. It may be questioned only under s. 33At
    i,1., by way of apJJe.al to the Appellate Tribunal whose powct may be
    invol,ed e.ithct by assessee or by the Commissinn e~ Tho proviso to s. 33 of
    the Buma Iocome-hax Act that the Commissioner." should not pass any order
    pt~judicial to an assessee without bearing him or giving him a reasonable
    oppol'lunity ol' being heud " is subject to th e substantive part of the section
    which makes the re\isional powet.. subject to Ute provision of the Act namely
    s. 31 and 33A. Therefore, the Additional Commissioner: did exceed his
    tevisional power when . he pmpot1ed to use it to disturb the appellate otdcts
    of the Appellatl' Assistant Commissionct:

    Gopar. Chandra Sen t' . lm:oine-tax Officer, Calwtta and others, (1963) so
    I. T. R. 87; Velayud(wtt t Commissioner of Agriculturttl Income-tax, (11)63) 47
    I. T. R. 93 ;George Oommeu ".Commissioner of Agricullurni.Jitcome-lax , ~1964) 6:t
    I. T. R. 977 ; Daw Sint '' . Tire Additimwl Commissiouer of Jucnme-wx. Civil
    Miscellaneous Applicutiun No. 124 of 1957 ; Blwrflliwttjll ~ Co. v. The
    Atlditimwl Commissiollt'r of iiiCflllle-tax. Civil Miscellaneous Application
    No. :t of 1966; Bur11111 J\'migutioll Corporation Ltd. 1. Cmnmissiouer of Income-
    tax, (r959) B.L.R. J Io (H.C.), referred to.

    ChiJ Misct>llaneous Application No. 42 and 43 of 1965.


    000

    U Paing for the applicant. c.c.


    1966
    U Ba Kyaw. Assistant Attorney-General for the respondent.
    0uNGSEIN
    DR. MAUNG MAUNG, C.J .-A common question of law cmr
    v.
    arises in these two cases and we have therefore, on the TBEADOI-
    IIONAL
    motion of learned Counsel. heard them together. The CoMMas.
    question is whether the exercise of revisional power by SIONEROF
    INCOME-TAX
    the learned Additional Commissioner of Income-tax has BYJWA,
    the sanction of law. RANGOON.

    The assessee is the same in both cases. He was assessed


    to income-tax for the year 196o-6r in one case, and for the
    year 1961-62 in the other. He appealed to the Assistant
    Commissioner of Income-tax (Appellate) against the orders
    and obtained some reductions in the assessed income. He
    did n<?t go further to the Income-tax ~ppellate Tribunal
    as he could under section 33A (z) of the Income-tax Act.
    Nor did the Additional Commissione1' who could, under
    section 33A (2), direct the Income-tax Officer to appeal.
    Instead, the Additional Cot.nmissioner opened revision
    proceedings, purporting to exercise the power under
    section 33. and set aside the assessment orders of the
    Income-tax Officer as well as the orders passed by the
    Assistant Commissioner (Appellate), and directed that fresh
    assessments be made.
    The applicant-assessee assails the orders of the
    Additional Commissioner as ultra vires.
    U Paing, learned Advocate for the applicant, argues
    that the revisional power invested in the Commissioner by
    section 33 is "subject to the provisioJlS of the Act .. and
    section 33A (2j clearly prGvides that if the Commissioner
    has objections to any appellate order passed by the
    Assistant Commissioner, he may direct the Income-tax
    Officer to appeal ~o the Appellate Tribunal against such
    order. Once the Assistant Commissioner has decided an
    appeal under section 31, U Paing points out,~e assessment
    order merges into the appellate order which stands as the
    OOJ

    c.c. operative decision. That decision, it is argu.e d, may nor


    1966
    be disturbed by the Commissioner by way of revision. It
    O UNGSEIN
    CHIT
    is only the Appellate Tribunal which is compeil:ent to hear
    v. and determine an appeal from the decision, lodged either
    TBEADDI
    TIONAL by the assessee or by the income-tax Officer on the Com-
    Co~fMis. missioner's direction. If the Commissioner who felt
    SJONEROF
    INCOME-TAX dissatisfied with the appellate order could open revision
    BuRMA, proceedings and revise the order, then he would be acting
    RANGOON.
    as judge in his own cause in violation of natural justice.
    Several rulings were cited by U Paing in support of
    his arguments. Gopal Cbandra Sen v. Income-tax Officer,
    Calcutta and others (1) makes the point that when the
    Appellate Assistant Commissioner passes his appellate order
    on the assessment made by th~ Income-tax Officer the
    asS-essment order merges in the appellate order. Once
    the appellate order becomes oper.ative, it ~ay be questioned
    only under section 33A, i.e. by way of appeal to the
    Appellate Tribunal whose power may be invoked either
    by the assessee or by the Commissioner. Rulings under
    the Madras Agricultural Income-tax Act-which defines
    the revisional power of the Commissioner in terms similar
    to section 33 of the Burma Income-tax Act-lay down
    dear principles to that effect. If, instead of directing that
    an appeal be filed, the Commissioner should call for the
    proceedings himself and revise the appellate order of the
    Appellate Assistant Commissioner, he would be offending
    natural justice for acting as judge in his own cause. See
    Velayudhan v. Commissioner of Agricultural Income-
    tax (2) and George Oommen v. Commissioner of Agricul~
    tural Income-tax (3).
    U Paing submits that for the purpose of these cases.
    it makes no difference whether the revisional power pur~
    ported to be used by the Commissioner was under
    section 33 as amended by. Revolutionary Council Law
    so I .T.R. 87.
    (1) (1963), (2) (t96J). 47 LT.R. 93
    (3) (1964), 62 I.T.R. 977
    F
    00\)

    No. 27 of 1963 or. under the section before the amendment. c.c.
    1966
    The powe .. must in either case be exercised subject to the
    OUNGSEJN
    provisions of the Act. Cn:rr
    There is a proviso to section 33 that the Commissioner v.
    THEADDI
    " shall not pass any order prejudicial to an assessee without TIONAL
    COMMIS.
    hearing him or giving him a reasonable opportunity of .SIONEROJI
    being heard". This, U Paing submits, does not mean that INCOME-TAX
    BURMA,
    the Commissioner may pass a prejudicial order provided RANGOON.
    he gives the assessee a prior hearing. The proviso is
    subject to the substantive part of the section, and not
    vice versa as the late Supreme Court ruled in Daw E sjnt
    v . The Additional Commissioner of Income-tax (4). The
    substantive part of section 33 makes the revisional powers
    subject to the provisions of the Act namely, for the purpose
    of this application, sections 31 and 33A.
    U Ba Kyaw, the ldarned Assistant Attorney-General,
    concedes that the proper course which the Additional
    Commissioner should have taken was to direct that appeals
    be filed with the Appellate Tribuna}. His own revisional
    power is limited to cases in which the assessment order
    has not been ~po~ed of by the Appellate Assistant Com-
    missioner. The meaning and purpose of the power is to
    aid the Commissioner in his general superintendence over
    the Department and t.o check collusion below. He is not.
    however, to be an appellate authority in. competition with
    the Appellate Tribunal. U Ba Kyaw also concurs with
    the view that the proviso to section 33 does not create for
    the Commissioner any power which the substantive pa~t
    of the section does not bestow upon him.
    In Bharadwaja & Co. v. The ~dditional Commissioner
    of Income-tax (5), a Bench of ~s Court decided a similar
    question touching on the limits of the revisional power
    of the Commissioner under section 3 3. In that case it
    was the assessee himself who went to the Additional
    (4) Civil Miscellaneous Application No.1:&4- of 1957.
    88 (S) Civil Misc~Jianeous Applic.a tion No. :& of 1966.
    c.c. C<?mrnissioner on revision against an appellate order of the
    1966
    Assistant Commissioner whe.n he should have gone on
    0UNCSEIN
    CHIT
    appear to the Appellate Tribunal. The Commissioner
    v. entertained the application and proceeded to pass orders,
    THE ADDI-
    TIONAL some in favour of the assessee and some adverse to him.
    COMMIS-
    SIONER OF
    The assessee then came to this Court with an application
    INCOMK-TAX for wrir of certiorari, sa}ring that the Commissioner/ had
    BURMA,
    RANGOON.
    acted ultra vires in so far as he had decided against the
    . asse55ee and intra vires in so far as he had held in the
    assessee's favour. The Bench, while remarkin& that the
    Additional Commissioner had acted only because the
    assessee had invoked his revisional power, and then in a
    just and fair manner, decided that the exercise of the
    revisional power over the appeilate order of the Assistant
    Commissioner was without legal sanction. The whole
    order of the learne~ Additional Commissioner was there-
    fore set aside.
    . . . ..
    In these cases, the learned Additional Commissioner
    had acted on his own motion. Good grou-nds might well
    exist for him to object to the appellate orders. but the
    proper course to take would be to have ~ppeals lodged
    with the Appellate Tribunal. Taxation . i~~s must be
    strictly construed and fairly applied, and the tax*payer
    should see and feel that he gets fairplay and justice. We
    must note that the learned Additional Commissionernas
    shown both fairness and learning in his revisional orders,
    in some of .which he has not hesitated to rule ip favour of
    the assessee when add*backs are unjustified. But here, we
    are concerned with the legal limits of the Commissioner's
    revisional power and our duty to check when the limits
    are exceeded.
    At fir.st sight the application~ before us appear to be
    out of time. But the applicant files an application in each
    case, supported by affidavit, to show that he beca!T.:e aware
    9f the -revisional orders. against him several weeks after
    . they had been passed .. and he had proceeded, with due
    diligence, to file the applications to this Court. By this c.c.
    1966
    computation. therefore, he is within time, submits U Paing.
    0UNGSEIN
    citing Burma Navigation Corporation Ltd. v. Commissioner CHIT
    of Income-tax (6). , v.
    THEADDI
    U Paing arso ar.gues, on the strength of the ruling in TIONAL

    Gopa/. Chandra Sen v. Income-tax Officer (7). that even if COMMlS-


    SIONiltOF
    this. Court should hold that there has been delays in filing INCOME-TAX
    BURMA.
    the applications, they may not be rejected on the ground RANGOON.
    of delay alone if the applicant can establish on the merits
    that the impugned orders are in violation of tlie principles
    of natural justice.
    The Department does not dispute the facts laid out in
    the applicant's affidavits, and U Ba Kyaw does not contest
    the applications on the ground of limitation. We hold,
    therefore, that the. question of limitation does not stand
    in the way of our disposing of the applications on the
    merits.
    For the reasons that we have outlined above. and in
    the light of the rulings we have surveyed and the views
    expressed by. the learned Assistant Attorney-General, we
    hold that the learned Additional Commissioner did exceed
    his revisional power when he purported to use it to dis-
    turb the appellate orders of the Appellate Assistant Com-
    missioner. These applications are therefore allowed, and
    we set aside the revisional orders passed by the Additional
    Commissioner.

    (6) (1959), B.L.R. 110 (H.C.).


    {7) ( t 3), so l .T.R. 87.
    ooG

    CIVIL MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATION


    Btjore U Kyaw Zan U, J.

    tC.C.
    1966 THE BANK OF CHETIINAD LIMITED (APPLICANT)
    Aug z6. V.

    THE INCOME-TAX ASSESSMENT, COLLECTION AND


    INSPECTION BOARD, RANGOON (RESPONDENT).
    Spec1fie Reluf Act,s. 45-jurisdiction oft~ Court limited to cases of clear breach
    of duty to do or fnrbear from doing-Burma lncom-ta:c Act, s. 30, prooiso
    4-aercise of discretion by ~ Income-tax Assesrment, Collection artd
    Jrupection Doard-corre<toteu not to bs challeotgt~d-party not to be di,.ected
    has to exercise the discretion.

    Applications under s. 45 of the Specific Relief Act to make an order re-


    .quiring the respondent Board to allow the applicant Bank to prefer the appeaH
    against the assessment of income-tax on payment of taxes admitted on
    fumish1ng sufficient securities for the due performance of the orders that may
    be passed on appeal under the fourth proviso to sub-s. (1) of s. 30 of the
    Bumla Income-tax Act as amended by the Union of B~rma Revolutionary
    Council Law No. 27 of 1963.
    Hdd: To make an order unders. 45 of the Specific Relief Act the j.uisdic-
    tion of the Court is I i rnited to cases wnere there is a clear breach of duty to
    do or forbear from doing, as the case my -be, that is to say to exercise its
    discretion or refrain from exercising its discretion:. The fourth proviso to
    sub-s (1) of s. 30 of the Bum1a Income-tax Act casts that duty on the
    Income-tax Assessment, Collection and Inspection Board . The applicant
    Bank's grievances were considered by the Board, and thus it had exercised
    Its discretion. When once that discretion has been exercised borta fide its
    correCtness cannot be challenged nor can a party be directed to exercise the
    discretion in a particular manner.
    In~ matter of Ru!Ua NOJ'ai11 Row, I. L. R. ~8 Cal. 479, d istinguished.
    S.M. Mtkherji v. Rwsell, I.L.R. (1941) CaL 387, referred to.

    U Wan Hock for the applicant.

    Mr. S. K. Ghosh, Government Advocate, for the respon-


    dents.
    U KYAW ZAN U, J.-These three applications under
    section 45 of the Specific Relief Act to make an order
    requiring the respondent Board to allow the applicant
    F-~
    41 Civi I Miscellaneous Application Nos. 123, 124 and 1~5 of 1964.
    Bank to prefer the appeals against the assessment of c.c..
    1966
    income-tax for the years 1961-62, 1962-63, and 1963-64
    on payment of taxes admitted on furnishing sufficient Tin: BANK
    OFCBETTl
    securities for the due performance of the orders that may NAD LTD.
    Y.
    be passed on appeal under the fourth proviso to sub-
    THE INCOME
    section (r) of section 30 of the Burma Income-tax Act as TAX AssESS-
    amended by the Union of Burma Revolutionary Council MENT, CO.
    LLECTION
    Law No. 27 of 1963 which, stripped of the irrelevant AND INSPEC-
    TION BOARD,
    portion, runs as follows: RANGOON.

    '' Provided further that notwithstanding anything herein-


    before contained. the Government or any person authorized
    in this behalf by the Government may permit an assessee to
    prefer an appeal, ( . . . . . . . . ) on payment of
    the tax admitted and on fllmishing sufficient security for the
    due performance of the order that may be passed on appeal."

    The three applications are similar in nature except for the


    year of assessment and the amount assessed. The point
    involved for decision is also the same in all the applica-
    tions. So this order will cover all the three cases. The
    proviso quoted above is concessive and gives discretionary
    power to the respondent Board. This is not disputed.
    See Messrs. Santlol & Sons v. Income-tax Assessment,
    Collection and Inspection Board. Rangoon, being Civil
    Miscellaneous No. 174 of 1963.
    To make on order under section 4 5 of the Specific Relief
    Act one of the five conditions provided is that such doing
    or forbearing is, under the Burma Income-tax Act, clearly
    incumbent on therespondent Boardin its public character.
    The jurisdiction of the Court is limited to cases where
    there is a clear breach of duty to do or forbear from doing,
    as t he case may be. that is to say to exercise its discretion
    or refrain from exercising its discretion. There is no doubt
    that the fourth proviso to sui> section ( r) of section 30 of
    the Burma Income-tax Act casts , that duty on the
    BB respondent Board. What the Court has to see is whether
    c.c. the Board has performed its duty or not, or in other words.
    1966
    whether the Board has exercised its discretion or not. If
    THE BANK
    a statute confers a discr,ctionary power the refusal or
    OFCBETTI-
    NAD LTD. neglect to exercise the discretion may be enforced by_an
    Y.
    THE INCOME-
    order of the Court under section 45 of the Specific Relief
    TAX ASSESS- Act, but when once that discretion has been exercised
    MENT, CO-
    LL.ECTION
    bona fide its correctness cannot be challenged nQr can a
    ANDJNSPEC party be directed to exercise the discretion in a particular
    TIONBOARD,
    RANGQON.
    manner. In In The Matter of Rudra Narain Row (r) the
    petitioner called upon the Board of Examineers , to show
    cause why he should not be allowed to appear at the
    ensuing examination upon his fulfilling the necessary con-
    ditions und~r the law. About ten years ago he was tried
    for impersonation at the examination but for lack of proof
    of-his identity he was discharged. About eight years later
    he offered himself as a candidate at the examination. The
    Board investigated the case and exercising its discretion
    came to the conclusion that he was not a fit person to be
    accepted as a candidate. The Board considered that it
    was entitled to rely upon the decision of the previous
    Board and without referring to his present status refused
    hiM to be examined. Considering himself aggrieved by
    this order, he applied under section 45 of the Specific
    Relief Act praying for relief mentioned above. Stanley. J.
    sitting on the Original Side of the Calcutta High Court.
    observed that if the Board had gone into the question of
    the present fitness of the candidate and had, in the exercic;e
    of its discretion, decided that he was not a fit and proper
    person to be admitted to the examination. he certa: nly
    would not have entertained the petition, for it wa.s for
    the Board and not for the Court to determine the fitness
    of a candidate. As the petitioner's present fitness was
    never considered the relief prayed for was granted against
    the Board. The learned judge observed that a man's moral
    character eight years ago was such as fully to justify a
    (1) I.L.R. z8 Cal. 479
    ooe
    refusal to accept him as a candidate but he may be of a c.c.
    1966
    reformed and estimable character eight years later. In
    the cases now under consideration it cannot be said that Tm:BANX.
    OFCHETII
    the applicant Bank's grievances were never considered by NAD LTD.
    Y.
    the respondent Board. It considered the cases and THE INCOME-
    exercised its discretion. In S. N. Mukherji v. Russell (2) TAX AsSESS-
    where the applicant asked under section 45 of the Specific MENT,CO-
    LLECTION
    Relief Act that the respondent should grant an import ANDINSPEC
    BoA.RD,
    license Panckridge, J. sitting on the Original Side of the TION
    RANcooN.
    Calcutta High Court held that the Controller in his discre-
    tion having refused a license the Court would not interfere
    in the matter. The judgment says:
    " . . . my reason for refusing the application is that r
    consider that under the Notification the applicant cannot ask
    for a license as of right, and it is within the discretion of the
    Steel Controller's department to grant the license or to refuse
    it, and with that discretion I cannot interfere."

    In Civil Miscellaneous No. 174 of 1963 {Original Civil


    Jurisdiction) referred to above I had the occasion to inter-
    pret the fourth proviso to sub-section ( r) of section 30 of
    the Income-tax Act and it will be quite appropriate to
    quote the relevant portion of the judgment in that case
    which was confirmed in appeal being Civil Miscellaneous
    Appeal No. 13 of 1964. In that case also an application
    under section 45 of the Specific Relief Act was made to
    make an order requir-ing the respondent Boatd to permit
    the applicant firm to prefer an appeal against the -assess-
    ment on payment of the tax admitted and on furnishing
    sufficient security for the due performance of the order
    that may be passed on appeal as in the present cases. I
    have said in that judgment:
    "The word 'may becomes imperative only when the
    power is coupled with a duty, otherwise 'its meaning is
    -58A permissive. It is dear therefore that the intent of the
    (2) I.L.R. ( 1941) 2 CaL 387,
    c.c. Legislature. which is the test, in enacting 'section 30 (r) of the
    1966 {\ct is mainly not to allow an appeal unless the tax has been
    TBEBANK paid. This is the primary object. In view of this conditional
    OFCHETTI- prohibition, which is imperative in the third Proviso, no duty
    NAD LTD.
    Y.
    is cast upon the Board to allow the applicant firm to prefer
    1'HE INcoME. an appeal on payment of the tax admitted by it and on
    TAX AsSESS- furnishing sufficient security for the balance under the fourth
    MENT, CO.
    LLECTION
    Proviso, which is purely discretionary. The Board could
    ANDINSPEC- have refused permission traight away to prefer an appeal even
    TION80AJU>, if the applicant firm offered to pay its admitted tax and to
    RANGOON.
    furnish sufficient security."

    It must be remembered that I am not sitting on appeal


    against the order of the Board to enable me to criticize
    and go into the correctness or otherwise of the discretion
    exercised which as the lea'r ned Advocate for the applicant
    Bank has submitted may be arbitrary and unjudicial
    considering the facts that the applicant Bank has duly
    paid up the delayed assessments of income-tax for a period
    of about 10 years amounting to over a million kyats within
    one month of the urgent notices of demand made and
    undertaken to pay its admitted amounts for all these three
    cases and is prepared to furnish sufficient securities for
    the remainders. It seems that the applicant Bank could
    not have done better. The learned Government Advocate
    who appeared for the respondent Board could not challenge
    these facts in his argument nor did he file any counter
    affidavit on behalf of the respondent Board refuting the
    facts though, I very much regret to say that postponements
    had been granted from time to time as requested for nearly
    '!'No y~l'S before the learned Registrar to file reply
    affidavitS.
    In the above circumstances I have no alternative but
    to dismiss the applications. They are accordingly
    dismissed with costs. Advocate's fee two Gold Mohurs
    for each case.
    000

    ) CIVIL REGULAR SUIT

    Before U Kytlfll Zan U, J.

    THE BANK QF COMMUNICATIONS (PLAINTIFF) c.c.


    1966
    v. Jul rz.
    KHIN COMPANY (DEFENDANT).

    Code of Civil Pr~tdurt, 0. VI Rule t7-amendment of pleadif18s-at mry


    stage of the proceedings-ui/r.tthM proposed amendments to be Ullderlined
    in red ink-principles for guidance in allotDing amendments.
    Held: Under 0. VI Rule t7 o the Code of Civil Procedure the Coun
    may allow at any stage of the proceedings to amend the pleadings. It is
    discretionary depending upon the ci I'CUI'Jl$tances of each case. It would have
    been more convenient if the amendments were underlined in red ink in the
    ll'elevant paragraphs of the proposed amended written statement so that whel\
    the two written statements were compared one would see> at once what was
    :amended and what was not.
    The principles for guidance ate : -
    No amendments shall be allowe-i-
    {a) Where it is made at a stage when it would cause injustice to the
    opposite party, or where it woul'd necessitate a tk novo trial;
    {b) Where it WOISid change the defence completely thereby implyill8
    that the application is not b('1Ja fide ;
    (c) Where tli.ere was no possibility o misconception of defeoc:e at the
    beginning but on being unsuccessful in the case originally put
    forward attempt is being made to change the front and seek to
    be suc:cessful on another and completely different ground.
    Ma TJJ.i,. Tinv. U Nyar~andfourothtrs,(t9S3) B.L.R. 26o(H.C.),refetredto.

    U Saw Taik Leong for the plaintiff.

    .U Aye Maung for- the defendant.

    U KYAW ZAN U, ].-The sole issue now remains in this


    suit to be decided is whether the promissory note dated
    9th July 1954 (Exhibit A) was executed for consideration.
    I have dealt with the facts of the suit and other issues in
    my judgment dated 30th March 1966. Under section u8
    of the Negotiable Instruments Act every promissory note
    Civil Regular Suit No. s8 of 1961.
    o~c;

    c.c. forward attempt is being made to change


    1966
    the front and seek to be successful en
    fRE BANK OF another and complet~ly different ground.
    COMMUNJCA
    TION
    .KmN"coM- 1 agree with the learned Judge in Ma Thein Tin v. U Nyan
    PANY and four others (I) when he said:

    ft is an accepted principle now that leave to amend


    would be re(used when the amendment seeks to introduce
    a totally different new and inconsistent case and the applica-
    tion is made at a late stage of:}he p~oceedings."

    In that case also evidence was l~d and the parties had
    closed their respective cases andthe amendment of the
    written statement was sought only when the arguments
    were to be heard on the remaining issues. ple~ding estop-
    pel; which was an entirely new defence not pleaded in the .
    original written statement. For all the reasons given above
    I have no alternativ-e but to reject the application for
    a~endrnent of the written statement, and accordingly it
    is rejected:
    Now I come to the issue in question. I must say the
    defence has failed miserably to discharge its burden of
    proof in the suic. U Ba Hla has stated in his evidence
    that he did not receive cash from the plaintiffs on the spot.
    He said he was in custody and only when he was released
    .from prison he found the papers showing that be. had paid
    up on 9th August 1954 the loan of K 75,200 taken from
    the plaintiffs. He deposed that he had altogether paid
    . K 8o,o62.o3 . Since the amount claimed in the suit is
    K 85,934.65 . I must say that he did not sufficiently explain
    the difference in the amounts. U Ba IDa is a business man
    and he has studied English up to lOth standard. He did
    not deny the contents of the original written statement.
    It is hard to believe his evidence that he was in custody
    and could not get the relevant statements of accounts
    (1) (1953) B.L.R. 260 (H.C.~
    showing the repayments made by him when the first c.c.
    1966
    written statement was filed. This written statement was
    signed and verified by him on 25th September 1962 and Tat: BANK 'OP
    COM:MUNICA-
    the record sbows that he .was .arrested by the B.S.I. in TION
    v.
    connection with an offence onb' on 2Ist July 1964. There KHIN CoM.
    is no ether eVidence except his own to support the defence. PANY

    I answer the issue in the affirmative .


    In the result there shall be a decree against the defend-
    ants for payment ofK85,934.65 with all costs ofthe suit.
    o:>G
    CIVIL SECOND APPEAL

    lkfore u Sein Thin, J,

    t c.c. U PE AND 1WO OTHERS (APPEJ..LANT)


    1.966
    Aug.9. v.
    SAO PO KHAM, [BY .HJS AGENT DA W TIN MAY,
    SAO TUN PHA (MINOR) BY HIS FRIEND SAw PO KHAM]
    (RESPONDENT). .

    Suit for ejutment-pka that permissiO'II War given by the ownu to CQnstruct
    perma~t buildings-Eawnents Aci--whethn a sufficient defence lltflinsl
    the ejut1Mflt-:Suit for ejectment-plea of advere poss~sion-constitutWn
    of adveru ponession-physical elrClusive pouetsiO'II, op,;, and hoshk flll.tlr
    inUntion to lwld for himself as owner.
    Hlld: The Easements Act has not yet been enforced in this count.1 UJCI
    therefore the equitable docuine cannot be allowed to prevail over aD,y epedfic
    provision or law concemed.
    Even if it can be proved by the appellant-defendant that he had been aU owed
    to build a substantial structure on the Iants by the previous. owner this fact in
    itself would not be a sufficient defence against the ejectment sought by the
    ownera.
    Matlruri v. Bhola Nath and otlrert, A.I..R. {1934) All. 517, distinguished.
    Ke Wa Nah v. Ko Tun Sein and two others, B.L:R. (r9sr) (H.C.) 188,
    referr~ to.
    Htldfurr.hn : To constitute adverse ponessi.on physical elCclusive poiNt
    lion muat be open and hostile with the intention to hold for himself aa owner.
    It was not the case of the defendants that they had at any time any claim to
    ownership in respect of the suit land and a& auch their pleas of advene
    posaesaion were untenable.
    U Thin v. U Thaw, B.L.R. (1961) p. 417 (H.C.), referred to

    . U Hla Nyun for the appellant.


    U Tun Tin for the respondent.

    U SEIN THIN, }.-These three appeals, being Ovil SecoDd


    Appeals Nos. 3, 4 and 5 w~re heard together as the
    respondents were tbe same and the question of law: ipvolved
    Civil Second Appeal No. 3tS-4 of 1965.
    t Againa tbe decree of the District Court or Taunggyi in Civil Appeal
    No. 4,5.7 of 1963 dated the 24th ~ovember t964.
    was similar. Appeal No.. 4 was however slightly different c.c.
    1966
    and I therefore propose to take it ~p first. In Civil Regular
    U PE Al'iD
    Suit No. 4 of 1961 of the Subdivisional Court of Taunggyi TWO
    the plaintiffs-respondents filed a suit for ejectment of tile OTHERS
    v.
    appellant-defendant from a plot of land known as Lot SAO Po
    KiiA.M(8Y BIS
    No. 137, Sao San Htun Road, Alebaing Circle, Taunggyi. AGENTDAW
    The plaintiffs' case in a nutshell was that they were the T:INMAY,

    owners of the suit land and that the defendant who was SAO TuN
    PBA
    given permission by their predecessors-in-title to build a (MINOR)
    8YWS
    temporary dwelling house on the understanding that he FRIEND
    SAw Po
    would vacate the land whenever required by the owners KllAMJ.
    had refused to vacate it in spite of repeated demands.
    In so far as is relevant for the purpose of the present.
    appeal the defence set up by the defendant was that he
    was permitted by the late Sawbwa of Maukmai State, the
    then owner thereof to construct permanent building~
    thereon, and that in accordance with the said permission
    he had substantial buildings constructed according to the
    plans approved by the Taunggyi Municipality. He also
    denied that there was undertaking on his part to vacate
    the land whenever required by the owners to do so. The
    trial Court granted a decree in favour of the plaintiffs
    with costs and on appeal to the District Court of Taunggyi
    the judgment and decree of the lower Court were
    confirmed. Hence the present second appeal.
    The only point that has been urged in appeal before
    me now is that as the defendant was a licensee who had
    constructed permanent and substantial structures on the
    land with the express permission of the previous owner
    he could not be ejected from the same. The authority
    for this seems to be the ruling in the case of Mathuri v.
    Bhola Nath and others (1) where it was held that eyen
    though the Easements Act does not expressly apply the
    principles underlying Chapter 6 of the Act, being in
    consonance with justice, equity and good conscience. may
    (1) A.I.R. (1 934) Allahabad 5 17.
    000

    c.c. well be applied and that therefore when an owner of land


    1966
    gives permission to another person to put up a building
    U PE AND
    TWO
    of permanent character and he incurs expenses in the
    OlBERS
    Y.
    execution at such work the licensor is by necessary implka-
    SAO Po tion . estopped from revoking his permission so as to
    KBAM(BYBJS
    prejudice the licensee whose position has been compro-
    ACENTDAW
    TIN MAY, mised in consequence. It was also observed that it would
    SAo TUN be inequitable. unjust and unfair to allow a licensor to
    PBA '
    (MINOR) order that the licensee should forthwith remove the work
    BYBJS
    FRU:ND of a permanent character which he has put up after
    SAW Po
    incurring expenditure. Thus the ratio deddendi in the
    KBAMJ.
    case cited above by which the licensor was precluded from
    asserting his right of ejectment was based on equitable
    principles embodied in the Easements Act. However our
    late High Court has in Ke Wa Nah v. Ko Tun Seirz and
    two others (2) expressed the view that in this country .
    where Easements Act has not yet been enforced no equit- i
    able doctrine can be allowed to prevail over any specific
    provisions of law concerned. Thus in the case cited above
    it ,Was held that where the prev~ous owner has allowed a
    person to construct a permanent substantial building on
    thE- land without granting him any lease or any right over
    the land and th~n sells the land to another perso" and the
    purchaser requires the land bona fide for erecting a ~uilding
    he is entitled to eject the defendant. Therefore in the
    present case before me even if it can be proved by the
    appellant-defendant that he had been allowed to build a
    substantial structures on the land by the previous owner
    this fact in itself would not be a sufficient defence against
    the ejectment sought by the owners. I would accordingly
    hold that the lower Court was justified in decreeing the
    plaintiff's suit. l.
    Appeals Nos. 3 and 5 wh.ich are almost identical in :
    point of law as well as of fact arose out of Civil Regular F-!,.'
    Suits Nos. 3 and 5 of the Subdivisioq~l Court of Taunggyi '
    (2) B.L.R. (195f~ (H.C.) 188.
    wherein the plaintiffs"respondenrs sought to eject the c.c.
    -1966
    defendants-appellants on the same ground as in the former
    suit already dealt with. The defences set up by the UP AND
    TWO
    defendants were however different in that they pleaded OTHERS
    Y.
    adverse possession. The defendant-appellant U Pe by his SAO Po
    wriUen statement filed in Suit No. 5 stated tnat he had KllAM!BYms
    ACENTDAW
    been in occupation of the suit land since the year 1946 TIN MAY,
    with the permission of one U Aung alleged to be the owner SAO TuN
    PBA
    thereof. In suit No. 3 the defendant-appellant U Ba Au"lg (MINOR) .
    BY IDS
    likewise averred that he had been in occupation of the FRIEND
    SAW Po
    suit land since 1942 under similar circumstances. From
    KHAMJ.
    the evidence obtaining on the records of the lower Court
    it appe~rs that U Aung was no other than the care-taker
    employed by the late Sawbwa of Maukmai State, the
    previous owner. Thus the defendants' case was that they
    were permissive occupant and I. cannot therefore under-
    stand how it could he said that their possession had been
    adverse to the owners at least during the life-times of the
    late Sawhwa of Maukmai State and his employee U Aung.
    There is evidence on record to show that Sawbwa of
    Maukmai State died ~bout the year 1954 followed a couple
    of years later by the death of U Aung and therefore even
    conceding that the defendants' possession became adverse
    to the owners after the death of U Aung the suits were
    dearly within time. In U Thin v. U Thao,y (3) it has been
    pbirited out that there is great weight of authority and Jaw
    is. settled that to constitute adverse possession, physical
    exclusive possession must be open and hostile with the
    intention to hold for himself as owner. In the present
    case before me it was never the case of the defendants
    that they had at any time any claim to ownership in
    respect of the suit land and as such their pleas of adverse
    possession were untenable.
    It is common ground that neither the plaintiffs nor
    9B their predecessorsin-title had ever been in occupation of
    (3) B. L. R. ( 196) p. 417 (H:C.).
    c.c. the land and therefore the Jaw of limitation appticabJe
    1966
    was Article 144. The defendants were therefore bound
    UPEAND to discharge the burden of proving adverse .possession as
    TWO
    OTHERS
    I'(
    laid down in U Chit Tun v. Daw Ngwe Thoung and
    SAo Po others (4). But there is nothing on record to indicate as
    KBAM[BYHIS
    AGENTDAW
    to when their possession had become adverse to the owners.
    TIN MAY, As to the correct meaning of the term adverse possession
    SAO TUN
    PBA
    the following observations made in P. Lachmi Reddi v.
    (MINOR)
    BY HIS
    L. Ldchmi Reddi (5) are apposite:
    FRIEND
    SAW Po .
    "An adverse holding is an actual and exclusive appropria
    KHAMJ. tion of land commenced and continued under a claim of right;.
    either under an openly avowed claim or under a constructive
    claim (arising from the acts and circc.!nstances attending the
    appropriation). to hold the land against him who was in
    possession. (Angell, sections 340 and 398). It is the inten-
    tion to claim adversely accompanied by such an invasion of
    the right of the opposite party as gives him cause of action
    which constitutes adverse possession."

    Applying these principles to the present case before


    me it is impossible to hold that the possession of the suit
    land by the defendants have been adverse for more than
    twelve years. In the result these appeals fail and are
    hereby dismissed with costs.
    Advocate's fee fixed as two gold mohurs.

    (4) B.L.R. (t96J) p. r,:P.


    (s) Indian Supreme Court Rullings, 1957, p. 195 2<>6.
    CIVIL REGULAR SUIT
    Befort U Kyaw Zan U, J.

    u PO DAUNG (PLAINTIFF) t c.c.


    196~
    v.
    Aug. 4
    PE.._OPLES' BANK No. 19 (DEFENDANT).

    Codt of Civil Proctd~re, 0. 33 R. 6-application to dispauptr-0. 33 R. z( 1) -


    obtaining leave to sut as pauper undtr~uty to shOtiJ that all tlu propeny
    . consiits of tke items set out anti valued in tht schedule to the petition-
    fraudulent suppression in the disdosur~ of ass-ets-dismissal o_rthe petition.
    Held: One of-the conditions required under Order JJ, Rule 2 {t) of the
    Code in orde~ to obtain leave to sue as pauper is " that the plaintiff is a pauper
    and that all the property of the plaintiff consists of the items set out and valued
    in the schedule to the petition "
    In the matter of the disclosure of assets any frnudulent suppression must
    result in the dismissal of the petition.
    Durga Prasad and aMUter v. Sriniva1a Surtka and another, A.I.R. (1930)
    Pat. 368 ; Chtllammo/ v. Muthulakthmi Ammo/, l.L.R. (1945) Mad. 628 ;
    Maharaj Bali and another v. Mt. Tirath and others, A.l.R: (1952) All. 6oS,
    referred to.

    U Ko Ko Gyi for the plaintiff.


    U Hla .Gyaw for the respondent.
    U KYAW.ZAN U, ].-This application dated ISt March
    1966 under Order 33. Rule 6 of the Code of Civil Procedure
    by the defendant Bank being People's Bank No. 19 is to
    dispauper the plaintiff on the ground that he did not
    correctly and in good faith give his list of properties and
    the valuations in his schedule when he applied . to the
    Court on 13th March 1962 for leave to file the suit in
    forma pauperis under Order 33, Rule 2 of the Code. In
    the schedule he showed an " old one storeyed timber
    building with zinc sheet roofiing and bamboo-mat walling "
    without its site being No. 35. Nigyawda Street,
    Kyaukmyaung, as his valued at K Boo amongst other
    moveable 'properties valued at K 100. fn an inquiry into
    pauperism"-..before the Collector of Rangoon in Revenue
    Civil Regular Suit No. So of .1q6z.
    OJJ 1:

    c.c. Proceedings No. Yawma 13-7 of 1961-62 at the instance


    1966
    of the Attorney-General he however deposed that the
    u Po DAUNG house in which .he lived being No. 39. Nyigyawda Street,
    PEO:u:s Kyaukmyaung belonged to him though the site is State
    BANK No. land. This contradicts his statement in the schedule of
    19
    .. properties filed with the application for leave to sue in
    .forma pauperis. U Rai Jyaw Thoo an officer of the
    defendant Bank in his affidavit affirmed that the Bank did
    not oppose the application as it believed what the. plaintiff
    had stated in his schedule, and the Court accordi}lgly
    granted the leave applied for, but in the course of the
    hearing of the suit the plaintiff deposed that he is now
    living on the rents he received by letting out his house
    No. 39, Nigyawda Street, Kyaukmyau ng. He said he was
    receiving over K roo per month as house rent up to date.
    The application for leave to sue in forma pauperis was
    inade on 13th March 1962 and his deoosition in the suit
    was recorded on 3 rst March I9Q4 In his deposition he
    gave his address as" 35. Nigyawda Street Kyaukmyaung."
    His application under Order 33; Rule 2 of the Code and
    his depositions show that he owns two houses viz, Nos. 35
    and 39. Nigyawda Street, Kya11kmyaung. As mentioned
    above he never disclosed house No. 39 in his schedule. In
    his counter affidavit the plaintiff swore that the
    figure " 35" in the schedule was a typist's mistake, and it
    should be "39." He craved leave of the Court to amend
    it, but the Bank opposed the application. He insisted that
    house No. 39 and not No. 35 belongs to' him and it is now
    worth about K 6,ooo. According to him the latter belongs
    to his son with whom he is now li'\Ting. The Bank replied
    that the def ~ndant's plea that it w.as a typist's mistake
    was an after-thought and that it is unbelieveable that the
    house valued at K Boo in the schedule would fetch over
    K roo per. month as rent. What it wanted to say was
    that ifthe house (No. 39) fetches over K IOO per month F-!
    as rent it must surely be worth more than K 8oo. The
    point for determinanon is whether, e.\'en. assuming that c.c.
    house No. 39 belongs to him and th.a t he is now living 1"'
    with his son in house No. 35 his suppression of the U Po DAUNG
    f'.
    monthly income of over K Ioo .per month is a gr-ound for PEOPLES'
    dispaupering him. BANX No.
    19.
    One of the conditions required under Order 33.
    Rule 2 (1) of the Code in order to obtain leave jo sue as
    a pauper is ''that the plaintiff is a paup~r and that .all the
    property of the plaintiff consists of the items set out and
    valued jn the schedule to the petition." In the Bench
    decision of the Patna High Court in Durga Prasad and
    another v. Srinivam Sureka and another (1) Courtney-
    Terrell. C.J. said:
    "It is most important that all applications for leave to sue
    or prefer appeals in forma pauperis should set forth with the
    utmost good faith as in the disclosure of assets in insolvency
    proceedings, the whole of the assets of the applicant. It is
    the practice that .notice of the application is sent to the
    Government Pleader in order that an investigation may be
    made by Government officials into the truth or otherwise of
    the applicant's statements of fact and, therefore, it is incum-
    bent upon the applicant to state with the utmost good faith
    all the necessary materials for such .an investigation. If he
    merely states that he is a poverty stricken individual with no
    assets but a few valudess articles and conceals the fact that
    he has interest in properties, of however little ultimatevalue,
    it is impossible for the enquiry to be conducted with any
    efficiency."

    In that case the applicant djd not set forth the value of
    his share of the equity of redemption of the mortgage in
    suit, ;lnd the Court rejected the application for leave to
    appeal in forma pauperis with costs. In Chellammal v.
    Mutlwlakshmi Ammal (2) Leach, C.J. said:
    "Under Order 33 Rule 2. . . it is the bounden duty of
    the petitioner to make a full and accurate verified statement
    98 of his or her prqperties."
    ~---------------------------
    (1) A.f.R.(t9JO)Pat.J68. (:~) I.L.R.t1945)Mad.6:a8.
    c.c. Quoting a. previous decision of the Court it was further
    1966
    held that "the utmost good faith is required of the -peti-
    u Po v.DAuNc tioner in the matter of the disclosure of his assets and any
    P&oPLES' intentional departure from good faith, whatever the motive
    BANIC No. may be, must result in rhe dismissal of the petition."
    19
    ' lastly in Maharaj Bali and another v. Mt. Tirath and
    others (3) where there was fraudulent suppression of assets
    in that the applicant omitted to include in the schedule a
    decree in his favour for costs for Rs. 2 50 the Bench ef the
    Allahabad High Court composed of Ghulam Hasan and
    Mootham. JJ. relying upon Durga Prasad and another v.
    Srinivasa Sureka and another (4) held that Order 3~. Rule 2
    of the Code is mandatory an_d refused to interfere with
    the order of the lower Court <lismissing the application
    for leave to sue as a pauper on the ground that the
    'applicants were guilty of fraudulent suppression of assets
    which was a finding of fact. The Bench held that the
    finding was correct. It was further held the fact that
    even if the suppressed assets were disclosed it would not
    effect the question of pauperism, is not relevant at all.
    In view of these authorities I do not think I should
    allow the plaintiff's application dated 7th April 1966 for
    leave to amend his schedule. It is now six years that he
    has slept over the matter and he would not have applied
    if no application was made by the Bank to dispauper him.
    It is hard to say that he applied for leave to sue as a pauper
    in good faith. The said application is therefore rejected.
    According to his own evidence in the suit the plaintiff
    was at one time, at least. a wealthy man for he could
    borrow near1y K 6o,ooo from the Bank on various dates
    within the space of a few months in 1957 and on one
    occasion in r958 by pledging his diamonds, which he said
    were inherited by him from his mother-:_,_)aw. He stated
    that he lost his fortune because he was a victim of dacoity
    and theft and he also gambled away his n~oney at horse
    (3) A.I.R. (1952) All. 6o8. (4} A.I.R t 1930) Pat. :368.
    0 .r.l ..
    racing. He said he had never hit the jack-pot though he c.c.
    1!166
    bet K 5,000 to K 6~ooo at each meeting.
    For all the re~sons given above the application of the U Po DAUNG
    Y.
    Bank to dispauper the plaintiff is allowed with costs. PEoPLES'
    Instead of dismissing the suit forthwith I feel that it will BANK No.
    t!J. .
    be just and fair to allow the plaintiff .to deposit the required
    court fee in full within a reasonable time. I accordingly
    grant three (3) weeks' time from today for payment of
    the court fee before the learned Registrar (Original side)
    failing which the suit shall stand dismissed with. coSts oil.
    contested scale. The plaintiff shall pay three Gold Mohurs
    as Advocate's fee for the matters in hand.

    59A
    ofi
    CIVlL FIRST APPEAL
    B#jor~ U Thd Pe , J.

    t c.c. u TUN MIN . ~NO ONE (APPELLANT)


    1966

    JuL 16
    v.
    PEOPLES' BANK No~ 22, RANGOON (RESPONDENT).

    Suit for declaration that tht tram/~ of a house was void against the creditors-
    presumption nf fraud in rase of a voluntary uttlement-tramf~or largely
    indebud at the time of settlement-transf~ee to show good faith as well as
    (Jaymnrt of consideratiun-wheth~ a gratuitous consideratitm such as
    natural love and affection is a " t'Oluable " consideratitm.
    Suit by the respondent hank for a declaration that the transfer of a house
    made in favour of the ut appellant by his father who was a judgment-debtor
    of the bank was void against them and other creditiors.
    H~ld : There is a strong presumption of fraud in case of voluntary
    settlement when a transferor is largely indebted at the time of the settlement.
    This presumption will be further strengthened if the transferor conveys all his
    properties without making any provision for his creditor.
    Maung Than Sftn v. U Po Nyun A.J.R. (1"933) Ran. p. 2SZ at 253
    referred to and followed.
    In order to save the conveyance from the liability of being avoided it must
    be shown that a transferee had obtained the conveyance in good faith as welt
    as for payment of consideration. A gratuitous consideration such as natural
    Jove and affection is not a " valuable " consideration. A transfer in considera
    t ion of natural love and affection is not a transfer for "consideration ".
    Chidamharam Chttliar v. Srinitasa Sallria/ and others, A.l.R. (191-4) (P.C.)
    p . 137 at 139 ; Ramasami Pi/loi v. Adinara)'ana Pilloi, ao Mad. p. 465;
    Sulthpal Kuar v. Dasu and anoth~. A.l.R. (1919) Oudh p. 95, referred to.

    U Sein Bu for the appellants.


    ltlr. C. C. Khoo for the respondent.

    U THET PE. j.--Qn 3rd March 1~59 the respondent


    sued one U B.. Tin the father of the rst appellant for a
    recovery of K 12.70007 in the Rangoon City Civil Court.
    A consent decree was passed on 8th December 1960. The
    Civil First Appeal No. 55 of 1965.
    t Apinst the decree of the City Civil Court of Rangoon in Civil Regular
    Suit N,o. 695 of 1963, dated the asth May 1965.
    OJ?
    respondent took out execution-of the decree and attached ~9C;,
    a house known as No: 466, Lower Pa7.undaung Read, . - .
    Rangoon. Then the ISt appellant applied for the removal u .!~"[0~1 "'
    of and succeeded in removing the attachment on the p,0 ;ti_,.
    ground that he was i n possessi9n of the house after U Ba DANKNo.u,
    RANGOON.
    Tin had conveyed it to him by a deed of gift dated 28th
    June 1960.
    The respondent thereupon sued the .appellants and six
    others for a declaration that the transfer made in favourof
    the I~t appellant by his father U Ba Tin was void against
    them and other creditors. The 1st appellant pleaded t~at
    he was unaware of the litigation between his father and
    the respondent and that th_e .gift was executed in lieu of
    inheritance. The learned Chief Judge of the Rangoon
    City Civil Court who had seiz~n of the case decreed the
    respondent's suit after hearing the parties and their
    witne~ses. -Hence this appeal.
    It is well settled that there is a strong presumption of
    fraud in case of a voluntary settlement whe.n a transferor
    is largely indebted at the time of the settlement. This
    presumption will be further strengthened if the transfemr
    conveys all his properties without making any provision
    for his creditor. Thus it has been held in Maung Than Sein
    ,v. U Po Nyun (1.) that:
    " It is only when there arc creditors in e>Cistence at the
    time of the gratuitous transfer or when a transfer is made
    just before a man emharks on some very hazardous specula-
    tion that it can be presumed t~at the gift is made with. intent
    to pttt his property out of the reach of his cr~ditors."

    In the instant c-ase the evidence adduced on behalf of


    the respondent shows that U Ba 1in was heavily indebted
    and the respondent had filed a suit against him on the date
    of the e-xecution of the deed of Jift in favour of his son and
    that he had no property other than the one he had
    (1) A.l.R. (~JJJ) F.an. p. zsz at 253
    OJO

    c.c. voluntarily conveyed to his son. The tran,sferor


    1966
    undoubtedly had t~e intention of delaying or defeating
    U TuN MIN d1e claim of his creditors.
    AND ONE
    v. In order to save the conveyance from :the Habilicy of
    PEOPLES' .
    BANKNo.U,
    being avoided it must be shown that a transferee had
    R.\NG()(}N. obtained the conveyance in good faith as well as far
    payment of consid~ration. In the present case there is no
    valuable consideration: A gratuitous consideration such i
    as natural love and affection is not a ' valuable .. considera-
    tion. A transfer in consideration of natural love and
    affection is not a transfer for " consideration." ln this
    connectiOn reference may usefully be made to. the decision
    in Chidambaram Chettiar v. Srinivasa Sastrial and
    others (2) where it was remarked:
    ~ As. however, Mr. Krishnaswami Iyer on behalf of the
    :~ppellant strongly . contended that the last paragraph or
    section 53 of the Transfer of Property Act as interpreted by
    this Court in Ramasami 'Pilla{ v. Adinaraycma Pil,ai (3).
    warrants a different view being taken we shall btiefly deal
    with his contention. In effect his con~ention is that wherever
    there is any real consideration however small. for the tr~nsfer;
    the question of intention is immaterial and the transaction
    must be held to be one, entered in good faith and therefore
    not invalid as . against creditors either ljnder the Statute, .
    13 Elizabeth. Clause 5 or under section 53 of the Transfer of
    Property Act, even though it was in fact intended to delay
    or defeat creditors and had the intended effect. This conten-
    tion is. we think, on the face of it unsustainable for the
    simple reason that under both 'enactments good faith as well
    ns consideration is made, in terms. an essential condition pf
    the validity of the tran~er."

    See also Sukhpal Kudr v: Dasw' and another (4) where was
    held that:
    "Transfers foi~ded on what ls de"sigttated good or
    meritorious consideration, .such as natural love and affection.
    F_-;~
    (z} A.I.R. (1914) Privy Council, p. 137 at l39 (3) 20 Madras, p. 4T>s.
    (4) A.I:R. (1919) 9udn ;>. t9S
    while creating as they do a moral as. distinguished from a
    legal obligation, do not count a transfer for consideration,
    but are looked ~pon as merely voluntary. Such voluntary
    U TUN MIN
    transfers are not transfers in good faith and for value, to AND ONE
    which the Jaw . extends protection, if fraud, is meditated or v.
    Props
    if the necessa')' effect of those transfers is to perpet~te a BANKNo.22,
    . fraud on third parties." RANGOON.

    It has been contended on behalf of the appellants that


    the gift was exe.cuted in lieu of inheritance which should
    be regarded as valuable consideration. This contention
    -cannot be acc~pted inasmuch as a deed of gift does not
    recite that conveyance was made in lieu of inheritance .
    and it is also extremely unlikely that U Ba Tin would
    convey his sole property to the ISt appellant alone as
    inheritance when he had another son called Ko Than
    Nyunt. Besides the Exhibit (Q judgment passed in the
    claim case instituted by the Is.t appellant coupled with the
    address given by him in the trial Court proceedings clearly
    showed that the Ist appellant had been living in the house
    in dispute where his father also resided. It is therefore .
    obvfous that the xst appellant must have bee!l aware of
    the litigation that had been going on between his father
    and the respondent, and the transaction of gift under these
    circumstances cannot be said to be bona tide.
    In the result the appeal fails and is dismissed with
    rnctc ~dvocate fees K 85.
    .;;~<-r.e&~l~ c.a::>s-oftre!~c.o:x?-i3
    lcadxo "'F ~~~ _fc.oo!~fb ,rlo e~ ~~~a:cl,eo '~e l:gie ~
    nf & ~ ,&, mcbc.o t,C 33ie
    " (c) :h'Jww:2u
    0-jo o e w~e~
    .J
    II :~fe I (re) (l( I() C.c00(')ll KW~tcb<Oe~
    .) !) .)0 & ,) . 0
    fUe:cbcoel:nw)
    fl~:~b:>:2
    .> . e
    r
    $If
    (bJ:cbcce&->ec) :2~co:2e
    o e.:>
    do~~~~~OO~W
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