Professional Documents
Culture Documents
TOEFL
TOEFL merupakan singkatan dari Test of English as a Foreign Language. TOEFL adalah
standardisasi kemampuan bahasa Inggris seseorang secara tertulis yang meliputi empat
aspek penguasaan: Listening, Writing, Reading, dan Speaking. Namun, untuk model Paper
Based Test hanya terdapat tiga aspek yang diujikan: Listening Comprehension, Structure
and Written Expression, dan Reading Comprehension.
TOEFL memliki tujuan khusus yakni untuk tujuan pendidikan, penelitian atau yang
berhubungan dengan kegiatan akademis di luar negeri, ataupun di Indonesia. Untuk jenjang
pascasarjana (S2) biasanya memiliki syarat nilai minimal 500 sedangkan untuk jenjang
sarjana (S1) memiliki syarat nilai minimal 450.
Disamping itu, ada kalanya TOEFL dipakai dalam bidang umum seperti pekerjaan, kenaikan
pangkat atau tugas kerja. Banyak perusahaan yang memasang standar Bahasa Inggris
karyawannya dengan melihat nilai TOEFL. Umumnya, nilai TOEFL minimal adalah 450-500
untuk kenaikan pangkat standar.
Struktur TOEFL
Ada tiga bagian tes TOEFL yang harus dikerjakan oleh peserta. Bagian pertama adalah soal-
soal yang mengukur kemampuan Listening Comprehension (50 soal), Structure & Written
Expression (40 soal), dan Reading Comprehension (50 soal). Keseluruhan soal dibuat dalam
bentuk pilihan berganda. Keseluruhan tes berlangsung kurang lebih 120 menit, untuk Paper
Based Test (PBT), dan kurang lebih 240 menit untuk Internet Based Test (IBT).
Secara umum kita mengenal tiga level penguasaan bahasa asing, yaitu Tingkat Dasar
(Elementary), Tingkat Menengah (Intermediate), dan Tingkat Mahir (Advanced). Untuk
skor TOEFL, para ahli bahasa biasanya mengelompokkan skor ini kedalam empat level
berikut (Carson, et al., 1990):
Penilaian TOEFL
Sistem penilaian TOEFL menggunakan konversi dari setiap jawaban yang benar. Nilai
TOEFL tertinggi yang bisa dicapai seseorang adalah 677.
LISTENING COMPREHENSION
Waktu = 35 menit (termasuk pembacaan petunjuk pelaksanaan
untuk setiap bagian) Tes ini memberikan kesempatan untuk
menunjukkan kemampuan memahami percakapan dan
pembicaraan dalam bahasa Inggris. Listening Comprehension
Test terdiri dari 3 (tiga) bagian:
Pada bagian ini, terdapat percakapan dengan topik santai antara beberapa orang dengan
durasi sekitar 60-90 detik. Setelah percakapan panjang selesai akan diikuti oleh sejumlah
pertanyaan pilihan ganda yang kesemuanya merujuk pada percakapan panjang tersebut.
Pada bagian ini, terdapat beberapa pembicaraan dengan durasi sekitar 60-90 detik tentang
kehidupan sekolah atau perkuliahan, masing-masing diikuti dengan pertanyaan pilihan
ganda.
Example:
(A) Hes very good looking (C) He looks worse than he feels
(B) Hes a bit ill (D) His feet are a little thick
1. (woman) What do you like about your 2. (man) Mark said some really nice
new house? things to me
(man) Its very close to a park (woman) Hes very grateful for what
(woman)What does the man mean? you did
(narrator) What does the woman say
(A) The house is closed up now about Mark?
(B) He parks his car close to his house
(C) His home is near a park (A) He did a great job
(D) He doesnt really like his new house (B) He bought a crate full of fruit
(C) He made a great fool of himself
(D) Hes thankful
TOEFL EXERCISE 1:
In this exercise, listen carefully to each short dialogue and
question on the recording, and then choose the best answer to the
question. You should look for synonyms for key words in the last
line.
(woman) Did you get a lot of work done at the library today?
(man) I couldnt. It wasnt very quiet there
(narrator) What does the man mean?
Jawaban yang benar adalah jawaban (A). Jika tidak tenang di perpustakaan, berarti
berisik. Perhatikan bahwa jawaban yang benar menggunakan berisik, kebalikan dari
tenang.
1. (woman) You made so many mistakes 2. (Man)Is there a lot of soup? Im kind of
in this homework hungry
(man) I wasnt very careful (woman) Sorry, theres not a lot
(narrator) What does the man mean? (narrator) What does the woman
mean?
(A) He was rather careless
(B) He does not care about mistakes (A) Theres not very much soap
(C) He took care of the work at home (B) She doesnt like soap
(D) He did not carry the work home (C) Theres only a little soup
(D) The man should not be hungry
Saran juga sangat umum digunakan dalam dialog singkat. Ciri dari pertanyaan ini adalah
3
terdapat kata: lets...., why dont, why not. Perhatikan contoh dibawah.
Example:
Dalam contoh ini, ekspresi why dont merupakan contoh saran, jadi saran si wanita adalah
untuk memanggil mereka. Ini berarti bahwa si wanita itu menyarankan menelefon
keluarganya sekarang (bukan nanti). Sehingga jawaban terbaik adalah (D).
Selain itu, juga seringkali terdaoat soal terkait uncertainty atau ketidakyakinan. Beberaoa
ciri uncertainty adalah sebagai berikut: as far as I can tell, ....isnt it (tag), as far as I
know.
Example:
Jawaban yang tepat adalah D, karena kata think menandakan bahwa dia merasa tidak yakin.
1. (A) Hes sure about which chapters (C) He thinks the start of the movie
they are read to. has been changed.
(B) He thinks he knows what the (D) He will start the movie himself
assignment is. at 8:00.
(C) He has to tell her how far she 4. (A) Not doing the dishes now.
should go. (B) Leaving the house with the
(D) The professor told them to read dishes.
the chapters after the exam. (C) Leaving later so that they can
2. (A) The man should take the pie do the dishes now.
out. (D) Washing the dishes before they
(B) The man should try something leave.
else. 5. (A) Shes told Matt hell go far.
(C) The man shouldnt try cherry (B) Matt has far from enough
pie. talent.
(D) The man should feel sorry. (C) She told Matt to roll farther.
3. (A) He knows the movie starts at (D) She believes Matt has the
8:00. ability for the part.
(B) He is not quite sure when the
movie begins.
Example:
Dalam dialog ini, si wanita menggunakan ide aktif, kami baru saja membelinya (kursi).
Jawaban yang benar untuk menggunakan gagasan pasif adalah kursi itu dibeli. Sehingga,
jawaban terbaik untuk pertanyaan di atas adalah (C).
Baca dialog singkat dan garisbawahi pernyataan aktif atau pasif yang
ada. Kemudian baca pertanyaan dibawah dan pilih jawaban terbaik
untuk pertanyaan itu. Pastikan Anda memahami siapa yang melakukan
tindakan dalam kalimat pasif.
1. (A) If the restaurant is on the corner 4. (A) The lights in the trees were
(B) If the man would like to go to the destroyed in the storm.
restaurant (B) The storm damaged the trees.
(C) If the vegetables are fresh (C) The falling trees destroyed a
(D) If vegetarian food can be obtained store.
2. (A) He admitted that he wanted to go (D) In the light the destruction of
to law school in the fall. the storm could be seen.
(B) The law school accepted him as a 5. (A) She was broke from skiing.
student. (B) She went skiing in spite of her
(C) The law professor admitted that he accident.
would be a student in the fall (C) Her leg was hurt on a skiing
semester. trip.
(D) He would be admitted to law (D) Her skis were broken in the
school after the fall semester. mountains.
3. (A) Marks plants were cared for in his
absence.
(B) Marks plan was to be out of town.
(C) Mark was careful about his plans
for the out-of-town trip.
(D) She was careful while Mark was
5
gone.
Keduanya sering digunakan dalam dialog singkat dengan tujuan menarik kesimpulan. Dalam
hal ini jawabannya tidak dinyatakan dengan jelas, melainkan harus dapat disimpulkan
berdasarkan klausa yang diberikan dalam dialog. Salah satu jenis kesimpulan yang umum di
bagian tes ini adalah meminta Anda untuk menentukan siapa pembicara itu, apa aktifitas
yang dilakukan, dan dimana tempat percakapan tersebut dilakukan berdasarkan klausa
dalam dialog.
Example 1:
(A) An athlete
(B) A member of the audience
(C) A clerk in a music store
(D) A musician
Petunjuk piano dan bernyanyi dalam percakapan menggiring kita pada kesimpulan bahwa
wanita itu seorang musisi sehingga (D) adalah jawaban yang benar.
Center for International Language Development | 9
Example 2:
1. (man) Id like to mail this package, 2. (woman) How much are the flowers?
please (man) Ten dollars a bouquet
(woman) First or second class? (narrator) Where does this
(narrator) Who is the woman most conversation probably take place?
likely to be? (A) In a bakery
(A) A school administrator (B) In a grocery store
(B) A postal worker (C) In a florist shop
(C) A banker (D) In a garden
(D) A teacher
Example:
Ungkapan Me, too menunjukkan persetujuan dalam hal positif. Hal ini berarti si wanita
setuju dengan pendapat si laki-laki. Sehingga (B) adalah jawaban yang paling tepat.
(A) Its going to take forever to get (A) The woman should repeat what
home she said
(B) It takes a long time to get from (B) Its nice in the park at night
home to work (C) The woman should tell him about
(C) He and the woman have the same part of the trip
opinion about the homework (D) He agrees about the trip to the
(D) He needs to take the homework to park
class (E)
TOEFL EXERCISE 5: In this exercise, listen carefully to each short dialogue and question
on the recording and then choose the best answer to the question. Remember that the best
answer is one that shows agreement.
1. (A) The trip would cost too much (C) she would like to take two trips
(B) she doesnt think that a trip rather than one
would be a good idea (D) she would also like to take a
trip
Center for International Language Development | 11
2. (A) he would like to see the 4. (A) The man should repeat what he
elections for town council said
(B) he agrees that Matt should be (B) the man said something foolish
elected (C) she thinks that the food is the
(C) he thinks the elections should best she has ever tasted
take place next month (D) she agrees that the food is
(D) he disagress with the woman pretty bad
3. (A) she is not sure which course 5. (A) this party hasnt been any fun
she should take at all
(B) shes not sure if she should take (B) he wonders if the woman
a trip to France enjoyed herself
(C) she knows that she is not ready (C) he wants to know what he said
for intermediate French (D) hes enjoyed himself
(D) she wants to take neither tremendously
beginning nor intermediate
French
Pilih jawaban yang paling tepat dari short dialogue yang kalian
dengar.
Pembicaraan panjang seringkali berkisar tentang beberapa persoalan terkait studi (betapa
sulitnya sebuah mata kuliah, bagaimana menulis sebuah makalah penelitian, bagaimana cara
mendaftar untuk kursus, dsb) atau tentang kehidupan secara umum (menyewa apartemen,
bermain olahraga, pergi ke bank). Percakapan juga dapat berupa kehidupan umum di
Amerika Serikat (desalinasi pasokan air, daur ulang produk yang digunakan, kerusakan dari
badai atau tipe lain dari fenomena alam). Percakapan panjang akan diikuti beberapa buah
pertanyaan yang merujuk dari tema yang sama.
Questions:
1. On the recording you hear:
(narrator) What are the man and woman discussing?
Pertanyaan kedua bertanya berapa banyak gambar yang ada, dan si wanita dengan jelas
mengatakan bahwa ada dua, jadi jawaban terbaik adalah jawaban (B).
Pertanyaan ketiga bertanya tentang lokasi gambar keluarga. Wanita itu mengatakan bahwa
dia akan meletakkannya di atas sofa, jadi jawaban terbaik untuk pertanyaan ini adalah
jawaban (B), di atas sofa.
Pertanyaan terakhir menanyakan apa yang mungkin akan dilakukan oleh Walt. Walt telah
menyarankan bahwa ia harus memasang paku-paku ke dinding, jadi jawaban terbaik adalah
jawaban (C).
Pilih jawaban yang paling tepat dari long conversation yang kalian
dengar.
Topik pembicaraan sering tentang beberapa aspek kehidupan sekolah atau topik dalam
berita. Pembicaraan panjang bisa juga diperpendek dengan tema perkuliahan di perguruan
tinggi Amerika dan universitas luar negeri lainnya. Dari sebuah long talks akan diberikan
beberapa pertanyaan terkait pembicaraan tersebut.
Example:
Pilih jawaban yang paling tepat dari long talks yang kalian dengar.
In this example, the best answer is (C) because it is a singular subject that agrees with the
singular verb was.
Example II
Engineers _______ for work on the new space program.
(A) necessary (C) hopefully
(B) are needed (D) next month
In this example you should notice immediately that the sentence has a subject (engineers),
and that there is no verb. Because answer (B), are needed, is a verb, it is the best answer.
EXERCISE 1: Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice in each of the
following sentences. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).
______1. Last week went fishing for trout at the nearby mountain lake.
______2. A schedule of the days events can be obtained at the front desk.
______3. A job on the day shift or the night shift at the plant available.
______4. The new computer program has provides a variety of helpful applications.
______5. The box can be opened only with a special screwdriver.
Example
The child_______ playing in the yard is my son.
(A) now (C) he
(B) is (D) was
In this example, you should recognize that playing is a participial adjective rather than a verb
because there is another verb in the sentence (is). In the sentence there is a complete subject
(child) and a complete verb (is), so this sentence does not need another subject or verb. The
best answer here is (A).
In this example it appears that packages is the subject and mailed is either a complete verb
or a past participle that needs a helping verb. So, answer (D) is the best answer to this
question
EXERCISE 4: Each of the following sentences contains one or more past participles.
Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Circle the past participles and label
them as adjectives or verbs. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect
(I).
I 1. The money was offered by the client was not accepted.
VERB VERB
C 2. The car listed in the advertisement had already stalled.
ADJ B
_____ 3. The chapters were taught by the professor this morning will be on next weeks
exam.
_____ 4. The loaves of bread were baked in a brick oven at a low temperature for many
hours.
_____ 5. The ports were reached by the sailors were under the control of a foreign nation.
Example
A power failure occured, _______ the lamps went out.
(A) then (C) later
(B) so (D) next
In this example, you should notice that the sentence needs a connector to join the two
clauses. The best answer is answer (B) because so can connect two clauses.
Example
You will get a good grade on the exam provided _______.
(A) studying (C) to study
(B) study (D) you study
In this example you should notice the adverb condition connector provided. This connector
comes in the middle of the sentence, so it must be followed by a subject and a verb. The best
answer is answer (D), which contains the subject and a verb you study.
EXERCISE 6: Each of the following sentences contains more than one clause.
Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Circle the connectors. Then indicate
if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).
C __1.It is impossible to enter that program if you lack experience as a teacher.
I __2.The commandant left strict orders about the passes, several soldiers left the post
anyway.
_____ 3. No one is admitted to the academy unless he or she the education requirements.
_____ 4. While most students turned the assignment in on time, a few asked for an
extension.
_____ 5. I will take you wherever need to go to complete the registration procedures.
Example
_______ on several different television programs, the witness
gave conflicting accounts of whta had happened.
(A) He appeared(C) Appearing
(B) Who appeared (D) Appears
In this example, answer (C) is the correct answer because it is the reduced form of the clause
who appeared, and this reduced form can appear at the front of the sentence.
The correct answer is answer (B); this answer is the reduced form of the clause when you are
finished with the report.
Example
The lawyer asked the client why _______ it.
(A) did he do (C) he did
(B) did he (D) did
In this example the question word why is used to connect the two clauses, so a subject and
verb are needed after this connector; this is not a question, so the subject and verb should not
be inverted. The best answer is therefore answer (C).
EXERCISE 9: Each of the following sentences contains a question word. Circle the
question words. Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Then indicate if the
sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).
I 1. The phone company is not certain when will the new directories be ready.
C _ 2. The professor does not understand why so many students did poorly on the exam.
_____ 3. How new students can get information about parking?
_____ 4. How long it has been since you arrived in the United States?
_____ 5. The jury doubts what the witness said under cross-examination.
_____ 6. What type of security does he prefer for his investments?
_____ 7. Only the pilot can tell how far the plane go on one tank of fuel.
Skill 10: INVERT THE SUBJECT AND VERB WITH PLACE EXPRESSIONS
10
Using single words expressing place, such as here, there, or nowhere
Here is the book that you lent me.
The subject and verb can also be inverted after prepositional phrases expressing
place.
Around the corner is Sams house.
Another example:
1. In the forest are many exotic birds. (the subject birds and verb are inverted because
the place expression is needed to complete the idea many exotic birds are...)
2. In the forest, I walked for many hours. (the subject I and verb walked are not inverted
because the idea I walked for many hours is complete without the place expression in
the forest)
This example needs a subject and a verb to be complete. The subject and verb should be
inverted because the place expression is necessary to complete the idea some empty stalls
are...The best answer is therefore answer (D).
Example
Only in extremely dangerous situations _______ stopped.
(A) will be the printing presses (C) that the printing presses will be
(B) the printing presses will be (D) will the printing presses be
In this example the sentence begins with the negative only, so an inverted subject and verb
are needed. Answer (D) is the best answer because it contains a correctly inverted subject
and verb, with the helping verb will, the subject printing presses, and the main verb be.
Example
The report would have been accepted _______ in checking its
accuracy.
(A) if more care (C) had taken more care
(B) more care had been taken (D) had more care been
taken
In this example, a connector if and a subject and verb are needed, but if could be omitted and
the subject and verb inverted. Because it is correct to invert the subject more care and the
helping verb had, answer (D) is correct.
EXERCISE 12: Each of the following sentences contains a conditional with a stated
or an implied if. Circle the conditionals, or put an asterisk ( ) where if has been
omitted. Look at the clauses that follow and underline the subjects once and the verbs
twice. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).
C _ 1. Were our neighbors a bit more friendly, it would be somewhat easier to get to know
them.
I 2. There are plenty of blankets in the closet if should you get cold during the night.
_____3. Has he enough vacation days left this year, he will take two full weeks off in
December.
_____ 4. Had we been informed of the decision, we might have had something to say about
it .
_____ 5. I would like to know could you help me pack these boxes.
In this example, you should notice the comparison more consistent than, and you should also
understand that the results of the currect experiment is being compared with the results of
any previous tests. Because the results of any previous tests is the subject, only a verb is
needed; the best answer to this question is therefore answer (B).
EXERCISE 13: Each of the following sentences contains a comparison. Circle the
comparisons. Look at the clauses that follow and underline the subjects once and the
verbs twice. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).
C _1. This candidate has received more votes than has any other candidate in previous
years.
I 2. Obviously we were much more impressed with the performance than did the other
members of the audience.
_____ 3. The film that we saw last night at the festival was far better than any of the other
films.
_____ 4. The vegetables at the market this morning were far fresher than were those at the
market yesterdat .
_____ 5. I am afraid that is the condition of these tires as bad as the condition of others.
TOEFL REVIEW EXERCISES (Skill 1-13): Choose the letter of the word or group
of words that best completes the sentence.
1. ________ variety of flowers in 4. ________ that Emily Dickinson
the show, from simple carnationsto wrote, 24 were given titles and 7
the most exquisite roses. were published during her lifetime.
(A) A wide (A) Of the 1,800 poems
(B) There was a wide (B) There were 1,800 poems
(C) Was there (C) Because the 1,800 poems
(D) Many (D) The 1,800 poems
2. The wedges ______ dartboard are 5. Since an immediate change was
worth from one to twenty points needed on an emergency basis,
each. ______ by the governor to curtail
(A) they are on a railway expenditure.
(B) are on a (A) so it was proposed
(C) are they on a (B) was proposed
(D) on a (C) because of the proposal
3. ____ producing many new movies (D) it was proposed
for release after the new season.
(A) His company is
(B) His companies
(C) The company
(D) Why the company is
Example I
The final delivery of the day is the importantest.
A B C D
If you look at the underlined words in this example you should notice immediately that
importantest is not correct. The correct superlative form of important is the most
important. Therefore, you should choose answer (D) because (D) is not correct.
Example I
The books that I read was interesting
A B C D
In this example, the singular verb was is incorrect because it does not agree with the plural
subject books; the verb should be were instead. Therefore, you should choose answer (C)
because (C) is not correct.
EXERCISE 14: Each of the following sentences has one or more prepositional
phrases between the subject and verb. Circle the prepositional phrases. Underline
the subjects once and the verbs twice. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or
incorrect (I).
C _1. The climbers on the sheer face of the mountain need to be rescued.
I _2. The interrogation, conducted by three police officers, have lasted for several hours.
____ 3. The tenants in the apartment next to mine is giving a party this evening.
____ 4. The president, surrounded by Secret Service agents, is trying to make his way to the
podium.
____ 5. The buildings destroyed during the fire are being rebuilt at the taxpayers expense.
EXERCISE 16: Each of the following sentences contains one of the words that are
grammatically singular but have plural meanings. Underline these words once and
underline the verbs twice. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect
(I).
I 1. It is impossible to believe that somebody actually admire that man.
C _ 2. Each of the doctors in the building needs to have a separate reception area.
_____3.The president felt that no one were better suited for the position of chief staff
advisor.
_____ 4. Everybody participating in the fund-raiser are to turn in the tickets by 8:00.
_____ 5. Because of the low number of orders, nothing has to be done now.
Choose the letter of the underlined word or group of words that is not correct.
______6. More than half of the children in the 1,356-member district qualifies for
A B C
reduced-price of free lunches.
D
______ 7. Five miles beyond the hills were a fire with its flames reaching up to the sky.
A B C D
______8. Kettledrums, what were first played on horseback, were incorporated into the
A B C D
orchestra in the eighteenth century.
EXERCISE 17: Each of the following sentences contains a verb in the past or a past
participle. Underline the verbs or past participle twice. Then indicate if the sentences
are correct (C) or incorrect (I).
I 1. The young girl drunk a glass of milk.
C _ 2. Before she left, she had asked her mother for permission.
_____ 3. Having finished the tem paper, he began studying for the exam.
_____ 4. The secretary has broke her typewriter.
_____ 5. The installer should have completes the task more quickly.
Skill 18: AFTER BE, USE THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE OR THE PAST
18
PARTICPLE
EXERCISE 18: Each of the following sentences contains a verb with be. Underline
the verbs twice. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).
I 1. At 12.00 Sam is eat his lunch.
C _ 2. We are meeting them later today.
_____ 3. The message was took by the receptionist.
_____ 4. Being hard was extremely important to him.
_____ 5. The Smiths are build their house on some property that they own in the desert.
Skill 19: AFTER WILL, WOULD, OR OTHER MODALS, USE THE BASE
19
FORM OF THE VERB
Choose the letter of the underlined word or group of words that is not correct.
______6. Helium has the most low boiling point of all substances.
A B C D
______7. There is twenty-six-bones in the human foot, fourteen of them in the toes.
A B C D
______ 8. Extension of the countdown hold to fourteen hours was order to give crews
A B
more time to repair wiring and clear away equipment.
C D
______9. The study demonstrates that neither experience or awarness will improve chances
A B C D
of success.
_____10. Some of the eye movements used in reading is actually unnecessary.
A B C D
EXERCISE 20: Each of the following sentences has a passive meaning. Underline
the twice the verbs that should be passive. Then indicate if the sentences are correct
(C) or incorrect (I).
I 1. The car parked in a no-parking zone.
C _2. The physics exam began just a few minutes ago.
_____ 3. Everything to organize the picnic has already done.
_____ 4. The police investigated him because of his unusual actions.
_____ 5. The package containing the necessary samples has just sent.
TOEFL REVIEW EXERCISES (Skill 1-20): Choose the letter of the word or
group of words that best completes the sentence.
1. ________ Big Dipper; a seven- (C) which is located
star constellation in the Shape of a (D) whose location is
cup, is part of Ursa Major. 3. ____ impressive chapter in the
(A) The problem had already book was the chapter on
(B) The problem is already Stuartscientific theories.
(C) The problem had already been (A) It was the most
(D) The problem has already (B) The most
2. The Military Academy at West (C) Most
Point ______ on the west bank of (D) Most of the
the Hudson River, north of New
York City.
(A) located
(B) is located
Choose the letter of the underlined word or group of words that is not correct.
______4. The first fish have appeared on the earth approximately 500 million years ago.
A B C D
______5. Only rarely sound waves are of a single frequency encountered in practice.
A B C D
______6. Cameos can be carved not only from onyx and sardonyx or from agate.
A B C D
______7. Although most of the wild horses in the western range have already been rounded
A B
up, the most remote the area, the greater the possibility that wild horses can still
C D
be found.
______8. During this period, $206 was spend annually on food by families in the lower
A B C D
Center for International Language Development | 32
third income bracket.
______9. The dangers of noise are, unfortunately, not as clear-cut than are those from
A B C
most other health hazards.
D
_____10. In a recent survey of Americans, more than 75 percent expressed the view that the
A B
government it should take a more active role in health care.
C D
EXERCISE 22: The following sentences contain different types of nouns. Circle only
the countable singular nouns. Mark where articles (or determiners) have been
omitted. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).
I 1. She is taking trip with friends.
C _2. In my yard there are flowers, trees, and grass.
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_____3. The manager sent memo to his employees.
_____4. There is car in front of the building.
_____ 5. The child and his friends are having milk and cookies.
TOEFL REVIEW EXERCISES (Skill 1-22): Choose the letter of the word or
group of words that best completes the sentence.
1. In economics, diminishing (C) it is
returns describes ________ (D) more
resource inputs and production. 3. Rarely ____ remove the entire
(A) among root of a dandelion because of its
(B) when it is length and sturdiness.
(C) among them (A) can the casual gardener
(D) the relationship between (B) the casual gardener
2. When lava reaches the surface, its (C) the casual gardener will
temperature can be ten times (D) does the casual gardeners
______ boiling water.
(A) the temperature
(B) that of
Choose the letter of the underlined word or group of words that is not correct.
______ 4. Operas can be broadly classified as either comedies or they are tragedies.
A B C D
______5. Tungsten has the highest melting point of all metals, and for this reason it is often
A
use in equipment that must withstand high temperatures.
B C D
______6. Whereas there are forty-three ant species in Great Britain, the same amount of ant
A B C
species can be found in a single tree in Peru.
D
______7. People voice theirs opinions first in small groups or among friends and
A B C
acquaintances.
D
______8. Inside the Lincoln Memorial is a large statue of Lincoln make from white marble.
A B C D
______9. Detailed photometric data of the area just north of Tritons equatorial region
A
indicate the existence of a thin, transparent layers of frost.
B C D
_____10. U.S. census figures indicate that people with only an elementary education can
A B
earn just half as much as college graduations.
C D
READING
COMPREHENSION
Skill 1: ANSWER MAIN IDEA
QUESTIONS CORRECTLY
1
Almost every reading passage on the TOEFL
test will have a question about the main
idea of a passage. You will be asked to
identify the topic, subject, title, primary
idea, or main idea.
If a passage consists only one paragraph,
you should study the beginning of that paragraph to determine the main idea.
Example I
The passage:
In the philosophy of John Dewey, a sharp distinction is made between
intelligence and reasoning. According to Dewey, intelligence is the only absolute
way to achieve a balance between realism and idealism, between practically and wisdom
of life. Intelligence involves interacting with other things and knowing them, while
reasoning is merely the act of an observer, ... a mind that beholds or grasps object
outside the world of things...
With reasoning, a level of mental certainty can be achieved, but it is through intelligence
that control is taken of events that shape ones life.
The question:
What is the topic of this passage?
(A) The intelligence of John Dewey
(B) Distinctions made by John Dewey
(C) Deweys ideas on the ability to reason
(D) How intelligence differs from reasoning in Deweys works
The best answer is therefore (D); the idea of how intelligence differs from reasoning comes
from the first sentence of the passage, which mentions a sharp distinction ... between
intelligence and reasoning.
If a passage consists of more than one paragraph, you should study at the beginning of each
paragraph to determine the main idea.
MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS
HOW TO IDENTIFY THE QUESTION What is the topic of the passage?
What is the subject of the passage?
What is the main idea of the passage?
What is the authors main point in the
passage?
With what is the author primarily
concerned?
Which of the following would be the best title?
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WHERE TO FIND THE ANSWER The answer to this type of question can
generally be determined by looking at the first
sentence of each paragraph.
HOW TO ANSWER THE QUESTION 1. Read the first line of each paragraph.
2. Look for a common theme or idea in the
first lines.
3. Pass your eyes quickly over the rest of the
passage to check that you really have found
the topic sentence(s).
4. Eliminate any definitely wrong answers
and choose the best answer from the
remaining choices.
TOEFL EXERCISE
Fort Knox, Kentucky, is the site of a U.S. army post, but it is even more renowned for
the Fort Knox Bullion Depository, the massive vault that contains the bulk of the U.S.
governments gold deposits. Completed in 1936, the vault is housed in a two-story building
constructed of granite, steel, and concrete; the vault itself is made of steel and concrete and
has a door that weighs more than twenty tons. Naturally, the most up-to-date security
devices available are in place at Fort Knox, and the army post nearby provides further
protection.
1. Which of the following best describes 2. Which of the following would be the
the topic of the passage? best title for this passage?
(A) The city of Fort Knox, Kentucky (A) The Massive Concrete Vault
(B) The federal gold depository (B) Fort Knox Security
(C) The U.S. army post at Fort Knox (C) Where the U.S. Keeps Its Gold
(D) Gold bullion (D) A Visit to Kentucky
3. Which of the following best states the 4. Which of the following would be the
subject of this passage? best title for this passage?
(A) The hardness of diamonds (A) the hardness of a mineral can be
(B) Identifying minerals by means of a determined by its ability to make a
scratch test. mark on other minerals
(C) Feldspar on the Mohs scale (B) diamonds, with a hardness of 10 on
(D) Recognizing minerals in their the Mohs scale, can scratch all
natural state other minerals
(C) a softer mineral cannot be
scratched by a harder mineral
(D) talc is the first mineral listed on the
Mohs scale
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Skill 2: ANSWER STATED DETAIL QUESTIONS CORRECTLY 2
A stated detail question asks about one piece of information in the passage rather than the
passage as a whole.
Example
The passage:
Williamsburg is a historic city in Virginia situated on a peninsula between two
rivers, the York and the James. It was settled by English colonists in 1633, twenty-six
years after the first permanent English colony in America was settled at Jamestown. In the
beginning the colony at Williamsburg was named Middle Plantation because of its location
in the middle of the peninsula. The site for Williamsburg had been selected by the
colonists because the soil drainage was better three than at the Jamestown location, and
there were fewer mosquitoes.
The questions:
1. According to the passage, Williamsburg is located
(A) on an island
(B) in the middle of a river
(C) where the York and James meet
(D) on a piece of land with rivers on two sides
The best answer to the first question is answer (D); with rivers in two sides is closest
in meaning to between two rivers.
STATED DETAIL QUESTIONS
HOW TO IDENTIFY THE QUESTION According to the passage, ...
It is stated in the passage...
The passage indicates that...
The author mentions that...
Which of the following is true...?
WHERE TO FIND THE ANSWER The answers to these questions are found in
order in the passage.
How to answer the question 1. Choose a key word in the question.
2. Skim in the appropriate part of the
passage for the key word or idea.
3. Read the sentence that contains the key
word or idea carefully.
4. Look for the answer that restates an idea
in the passage.
5. Eliminate the definitely wrong answers
and choose the best answer from the
remaining choices.
Ice ages, those periods when ice covered extensive areas of the Earth, are known to
have occured at least six times. Past ice ages can be recognized from rock strata that show
evidence of foreign materials deposited by moving walls of ice or melting glaciers. Ice ages
can also be recognized from land formations that have been produced from moving walls of
ice, such as U-shaped valleys, sculptured landscapes, and polished rock faces.
1. According to the passage, what 2. The passage covers how many different
happens during an ice age? methods of recognizing past ice ages?
(A) Rock strata are recognized by (A) One
geologists. (B) Two
(B) Evidence of foreign materials is (C) Three
found. (D) Four
(C) Ice covers a large portion of the 3. According to the passage, what in the
Earths surface. rock strata is a clue to geologists of a
(D) Ice melts six times. past ice age?
(A) Ice
(B) Melting glaciers
(C) U-shaped valleys
In the first example, you should understand from the context that these plants have digestive
fluids to obtain the necessary nitrogen from the insects, so the best answer to this question is
answer (B).
PRONOUN REFERENTS
HOW TO IDENTIFY THE QUESTION The pronoun ... in line X refers to which
of the following?
WHERE TO FIND THE ANSWER The line where the pronoun is located is
generally given in the question. The noun
that the pronoun refers to is generally found
before the pronoun.
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HOW TO ANSWER THE QUESTION 1. Find the pronoun in the passage. (The
line where the pronoun can be found is
generally stated in the question.)
2. Look for nouns that come before the
pronoun.
3. Read the part of the passage before the
pronoun carefully.
4. Eliminate any definitely wrong answers
and choose the best answer from the
remaining choices.
TOEFL EXERCISE
The full moon that occurs nearest the equinox of the Sun has become known as the
harvest moon. It is a bright moon which allows farmers to work late into the night for several
nights; they can work when the moon is at its brightest to bring in the fall harvest. The
harvest moon of course occurs at different times of the year in the northern and southern
hemisphere, the harvest moon occurs in September at the time of the autumnal equinox. In
the southern hemisphere, the harvest moon occurs in March at the time of the vernal
equinox.
1. The pronoun It in line 2 refers to 2. The pronoun they in line 3 refers to
(A) the equinox (A) farmers
(B) the Sun (B) nights
(C) the harvest moon (C) times of the year
(D) the night (D) northern and southern
4
hemispheres
You will sometimes be asked to answer a question by drawing a conclusion from a specific
detail or details. Questions of this type contain words implied, inferred, likely, or probably.
Example
The passage:
The Hawaiian language is a melodious language in which all words are derived from an
alphabet of only twelve letters, the five vowels a, e, i, o, u, and the seven consonants h, k, l, m, n,
p, w. Each syllable in the language ends in a vowel, and two consonants never appear together, so
vowels have a much higher frequency in the Hawaiian language than they do in English.
This musical-sounding language can be heard regularly by visitors to the islands. Most
Hawaiians speak English, but it is quite common to hear English that is liberally spiced with
words and expressions from the traditional language of the culture. A visitor may be greeted with
the expression aloha and may be referred to as a malihini because he is a newcomer to the island.
This visitor may attend an outside luau where everyone eats too much and may be invited
afterwards to dance the hula.
The questions:
1. Which of the following is probably NOT a Hawaiian word?
(A) mahalo (C) meklea
(B) mahimahi (D) moana
2. It is implied that a luau is
(A) a dance (C) a concert
(B) a feast (D) a language
TOEFL EXERCISE
Two types of trees from the same family of trees share honors in certain respects as
the most impressive of trees. Both evergreen conifers, the California redwood (Sequoia
sempervirens) and the giant sequoia (Sequoiandendron giganteum) are found growing
natively only in the state of California. The California redwood is found along the northern
coast of the state, while the giant sequoia is found inland and at higher elevations, along the
western slopes of the Sierra Nevadas.
The California redwood is the tallest living tree and is in fact the tallest living thing on
the face of the Earth; the height of the tallest redwood on record is 385 feet (120 meters).
Though not quite as tall as the California redwood, with a height of 320 feet (100 meters), the
giant sequoia is nonetheless the largest and most massive of living things; giant sequoias
have been measured at more than 100 feet (30 meters) around the base, with weights of more
than 6,000 tons.
Example
The passage:
Another myth of the oceans concerns Davy Jones, who in folklore is the mean-spirited
sovereign of the oceans depths. The name Jones is thought by some etymologists to have been
derived from the name Jonah, the Hebrew prophet who spent three days in a whales belly.
According to tradition, any object that goes overboard and sinks to the bottom of the ocean
is said to have gone to Davy Joness locker, the ocean-sized, mythical receptable for anything that
falls into the water. Needless to say, any sailor on the seas is not so eager to take a tour of Davy
Joness locker, although it might be a rather interesting rip considering all the treasures located
there.
The questions:
1. The paragraph preceding this passage most probably discusses
(A) the youth of Davy Jones
(B) Davy Joness career as a sailor
(C) a different traditional story from the sea
(D) preparing to travel on the ocean
2. The topic of the paragraph following the passage most likely is
(A) Valuable items located at the bottom of the ocean
(B) Where Davy Jones is found today
(C) Jonah and the whale
(D) Preventing objects from falling overboard
The first question asks about the topic of the preceding paragraph, so you must look
at the beginning of the passage and draw a conclusion about what probably came before.
Since the passage begins with the expression another myth of the oceans, you should
understand that the new passage is going to present a second myth of the oceans and the
previous passage probably presented the first myth of the oceans. A myth is traditional story,
so the best answer to this question is answer (C).
The second question asks about drawing a conclusion about what probably comes
after. The passage ends with the mention of all the treasures located there, and there is in
Davy Joness locker, or at the bottom of the ocean; this is probably going to be the topic of the
next paragraph. The best answer to the second question is therefore answer (A).
TRANSITION QUESTIONS
The paragraph preceding the passage
probably...
HOW TO IDENTIFY
What is most likely in the paragraph following
the passage?
The answer can generally be found in the first line
of the passage for a preceding question. The
WHERE TO FIND THE ANSWER
answer can generally be found in the last line for a
following question.
1. Read the first line for a preceding question.
2. Read the last line for a following question.
HOW TO ANSWER THE 3. Draw a conclusion about what comes before or
QUESTION after.
4. Choose the answer that is reflected in the first
or last line of the passage.
Center for International Language Development | 41
TOEFL EXERCISE
Another program instrumental in the popularization of science was Cosmos. This series,
broadcast on public television, dealt with topics and issues from varied fields of science. The
principal writer and narrator of the program was Carl Sagan, a noted astronomer and
Pulitzer Prize-winning author.
1. The paragraph preceding this passage 2. The paragraph following this passage
most probably discusses most likely contains information on
(A) a different scientific television what?
series (A) The popularity of science
(B) Carl Sagans scientific (B) The program Cosmos
achievements (C) The astronomer Carl Sagan
(C) the Pulitzer Prize won by Carl (D) Topics and issues from various
Sagan fields of science
(D) public television
When a strong earthquake occurs on the ocean floor rather than on land, a tremendous
force is exerted on the seawater and one or more large, destructive waves called tsunamis can
be formed. Tsunamis are commonly called tidal waves in the United States, but this is really
an inappropriate name in that the cause of the tsunami is an underground earthquake rather
than the oceans tides.
Far from land, a tsunami can move through the wide open vastness of the oceans tides.
600 miles (900 kilometers) per hour and often can travel tremendous distances without
losing height and strength. When a tsunami reaches shallow coastal water, it can reach a
height of 100 feet (30 meters) or more and can cause tremendous flooding and damage to
coastal areas.
3. The paragraph preceding the passage 4. Which of the following is most likely
most probably discusses the topic of the paragraph following
(A) Tsunamis in various parts of the the passage?
world (A) The cause of tsunamis
(B) The negative effects of tsunamis (B) The destructive effects of
(C) Land-based earthquakes tsunamis on the coast
(D) The effect of tides on tsunamis (C) The differences covered by
tsunamis
(D) Topics and issues from various
fields of science
The passage:
One of the leading schools of psychological thought in the twentieth century
was behaviorism the belief that the role of the psychologist is to study behavior,
which is observable, rather than conscious or unconscious thought, which is not.
Probably the bestknown proponent of behaviorism is B.F. Skinner, who was famous
for his research on how rewards and punishments influence behavior. He came to
believe that positive reinforcements such as praise, food, or money were more
effective in promoting good behavior than negative reinforcement, or punishment.
The questions:
1. What is positive reinforcement 2. What is negative reinforcement in
in line 6? line 7?
(A) A gift (A) A promotion
(B) A reward (B) A reward
(C) A bribe (C) A surprise
(D) A penalty (D) A punishment
The best answer for the first question is answer (B), while the best answer for the second
question is answer (D).
STRUCTURAL CLUES
HOW TO IDENTIFY THE QUESTION What is ...?
What is the meaning of...?
What is true about...?
TYPES OF CLUES Punctuation: comma, parentheses, dashes
Restatement: or, that is, in other words, i.e.
Example: such as, for example, e.g.
WHERE TO FIND THE ANSWER Information to help you determine what
something means will generally be found
after the punctuation clue, the restatement
clue, or the example clue.
HOW TO ANSWER THE QUESTION 1. Find the word in the passage.
2. Locate any structural clues.
3. Read the part of the passage after the
structural clue carefully.
4. Eliminate any definitely wrong answers
and choose the best answer from the
remaining choices.
TOEFL EXERCISE
The teddy bear is a childs toy, a nice, soft stuffed animal suitable for cudding. It is,
however, a toy with an interesting history behind it.
Theodore Roosevelt, or Teddy as he was commonly called, was president of the
United States from 1901 to 1909. He was unusually active man with varied pastimes, one of
which was hunting. One day the president was invited to take part in a bear hunt; and
inasmuch as Teddy was president, his hosts wanted to ensure that he caught a bear. A bear
was captured, clunked over the head to knock it out, and tied to a tree; however, Teddy, who
Center for International Language Development | 43
really wanted to actually hunt, refused to shoot the bear and in fact demanded that the bear
be extricated from the ropes; that is, he demanded that the bear be set free.
The incident attracted a lot of attention among journalists. First a cartoon-drawn by
Clifford K. Berryman to make fun of this situation-appeared in the Washington Post, and the
cartoon was widely distributed and reprinted throughout the country. Then toy
manufactures began producing a toy bear which they called a teddy bear. The teddy bear
became the most widely recognized symbol of Roosevelts presidency.
7
(D) a newspaper
Sometimes the final question in a reading passage will ask you to determine where in the
passage a piece of information is found. The best way to approach this type of question is to
study the question to determine the information that you are looking for and then to go to the
lines listed in the answers and skim for that information.
Example
Meteor Crater; a great crater approximately 40 miles east of Flagstaff, Arizona, is generally thought
by scientists to have formed as a result of the impact of a 60,000-ton meteor about 50,000 years ago. The
meteor, made of nickel and iron, disintegrated on impact and spread half a billion tons of rock over the
surface of the land. The masiveness of the meteor can only be imagined from the mammoth size of the
crater, which measures a mile in diameter and three miles around the top. The rim of the crater rises more
than ten miles on a clear day.
The questions:
1. Where in the passage does the author discuss the composition of the meteor?
(A) Lines 1-4
(B) Lines 4-5
(C) Lines 6-8
(D) Lines 8-10
2. Where in the passage does the author mention the distance from which the crater can be
seen?
(A) Lines 1-4
(B) Lines 4-5
(C) Lines 6-8
(D) Lines 9-10
The best answer to the first question is answer (B). While the best answer to the second
question is answer (D).
TOEFL EXERCISE
Beavers generally live in family clusters consisting of six to ten members. One cluster
would probably consist of two adults, one male and one female, and four to eight young
beavers, or kits. A female beaver gives birth each spring to two to four babies at a time.
These baby beavers live with their parents until they are two years old. In the springtime of
their second year they are forced out of the family group to make room for the new babies.
These two-year-old beavers then proceed to start new family clusters of their own.
1. Where in the passage does the author 3. Where in the passage does the author
give the name of a baby beaver? state the age at which beavers must go
(A) Line 1 out on their own?
(B) Line 2 (A) Line 1
(C) Line 3 (B) Line 2
(D) Lines 4-5 (C) Line 3
2. Where in the passage does the author (D) Lines 4-5
mention the time of year when new 4. Where in the passage does the author
baby beavers are born? indicate why the young beavers must
(A) Line 1 leave their parents home?
(B) Line 2 (A) Line 1
(C) Line 3 (B) Line 2
(D) Lines 4-5 (C) Line 3
(D) Lines 4-5
8
(D) Lines 9-11
Example
Military awards have long been considered symbolic of royalty, and thus when the United States
was a young nation just finished with revolution and eager to distance itself from anything tasting of
monarchy, there was strong sentiment against military decoration. For a century, from the end of the
Revolutionary War until the Civil War, the United States awarded no military honors. The institution of
the Medal of Honor in 1861 was a source of great discussion and concern. From the Civil War until
World War I, the Medal of Honor was the only military award given by the United States government,
and today it is awarded only in the most extreme cases of heroism. Although the United States is still
somewhat wary of granting military awards, several awards have been instituted since World War I.
The questions:
1. The tone of the passage is
(A) angered
(B) humorous
(C) outraged
(D) informational
2. The authors purpose in this passage is to
(A) describe the history of military awards from the Revolutionary War to the Civil War
(B) demonstrate an effect of Americas attitude toward royalty
(C) give an opinion of military awards
(D) outline various historical symbols of royalty
3. The passage would probably be assigned reading in a course on
(A) general science
(B) psychology
(C) American history
(D) interior decoration
1. Answer (D)
2. Answer (B)
3. Answer (C)
HOW TO ANSWER TONE: 1. Skim the passage looking for clues that the
THE QUESTION author is showing some emotion.
2. Choose the answer that identifies the emotion.
PURPOSE: 1. Study the main idea in the topic sentence and
the details used to support the main idea.
2. Draw a conclusion about the purpose.
COURSE: 1. Study the main idea in the topic sentence and
the details used to support the main idea.
2. draw a conclusion about the course.
TOEFL EXERCISE
1. The paragraph preceding this passage (C) why certain composers borrowed
most probably discusses from folk and popular music
(A) nineteenth-century music (D) if Copland really featured new
(B) one development in music in the musical forms
twentieth century 4. Which of the following is not listed in
(C) the works of Aaron Copland the passage as a source for Ives
(D) the history of folk and popular compositions?
music (A) National music
2. Which of the following best describes (B) Religious music
the main idea of the passage? (C) Jazz
(A) Traditional music flavored some (D) American novels
American musical compositions in 5. Where in the passage does the author
the last century. list examples of title of Coplands
(B) Ives and Copland used folk and works?
popular music in their (A) Lines 1-2
compositions. (B) Lines 2-4
(C) A variety of explanations exist as to (C) Lines 4-6
why a composer might use (D) Lines 6-9
traditional sources of music. 6. The passage would most probably be
(D) Traditional music is composed of assigned reading in which of the
various types of folk and popular following courses?
music. (A) American History
3. It can be inferred from this passage (B) The History of Jazz
that the author is not sure (C) American Music
(A) when Ives wrote his compositions (D) Composition
(B) that Ives and Copland actually
borrowed from traditional music
7. Which of the following would be the (C) is partially off the ground
best title for this passage? (D) assumes it s prepared by thrusting
(A) The Exaggerated Reputation of the its fangs into the ground
Rattlesnake 11. It can be inferred from the passage that
(B) The Dangerous and Deadly (E) all rattlesnake bites are fatal
Rattlesnake (F) all rattlesnake bites are not equally
(C) The Venomous Killer of Humans harmful
(D) Myth and Folklore about Killers (G) the few deaths from rattlesnakes
8. According to the passage, which of the bites are from six-foot snakes
following is true about rattlesnakes? (H) deaths from rattlesnake bites have
(A) They are always ready to attack. been steadily increasing
(B) They are always dangerous and 12. The word mortality in line 10 is
deadly. closest in meaning to
(C) Their fierce nature has been (A) percentage
underplayed in myth and folklore (B) illness
(D) Their poison can kill people. (C) death
9. The word posture in line 5 is closest (D) survival
in meaning to which of the following? 13. The authors purpose in this passage is
(A) Mood to
(B) Fight (A) warn readers about the extreme
(C) Position danger from rattlesnakes
(D) Strike (B) explain a misconception about
10. When a rattlesnake is ready to defend rattlesnakes
itself, it (C) describe a rattlesnake attack
(A) lies in an S-shape on the ground (D) clarify how rattlesnakes kill human
(B) lunges with the back part of its
body
For a century before the Erie Canal was built, there was much discussion among the
general population of the Northeast as to the need for connecting the waterways of the Great
Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean. A project of such monumental proportions was not going to
be undertaken and completed without a supreme amount of effort.
The man who was instrumental in accomplishing the feat that was the Erie Canal was
DeWitt Clinton. As early as 1812, he was in the nations capital petitioning the federal
government or financial assistance on the project, emphasizing what a boon to the economy
of the country the canal would be; his efforts with the federal government, however, were not
successful.
In 1816, Clinton asked the New York State Legislature for the funding for the canal,
and this time he did succeed. A canal commission was instituted, and Clinton himself was
made head of it. One year lates, Clinton was elected governor of the state, and soon after,
contruction of the canal was started.
The canal took eight years to complete, and Clinton was on the first barge to travel the
length of the canal, the Seneca Chief, which departed from buffalo on October 26, 1825, and
arrived in New York City on November 4. Because of the success of the Erie Canal, numerous
other canals were built in other parts of the country.
14. The information in the passage 18. In what year did the actual building of
(A) gives a cause followed by an effect the canal get underway?
(B) is in chronological oder (A) In 1812
(C) lists opposing viewpoints of a (B) In 1816
problem (C) In 1817
(D) is organized spatially (D) In 1825
15. When did Clinton ask the U.S. 19. The Seneca Chief was
government for funds for the canal? (A) The name of the canal
(A) One hundred years before the canal (B) The name of a boat
was built (C) Clintons nickname
(B) In 1812 (D) The nickname of buffalo
(C) In 1816 20. Where in the passage does the author
(D) In 1825 mention a committee that worked to
16. The word boon in line 7 is closest in develop the canal?
meaning to which of the following? (A) The first paragraph
(A) Detriment (B) The second paragraph
(B) Disadvantage (C) The third paragraph
(C) Benefit (D) The fourth paragraph
(D) Cost 21. The paragraph following the passage
17. The pronoun it in line 12 refers to most probably discusses
which of the following? (A) The century before the bulding of
(A) The New York State Legislature the Erie Canal
(B) The canal (B) Canals in different U.S. locations
(C) The commission (C) The effect of the Erie Canal on the
(D) The state governor Buffalo area
(D) Clintons career as governor of
New York