Birth and delivery of Civil

Engineering projects

ZEIT2600

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 The building process

Regulative
body
Client Financial
institution

Project
suppliers
management

Contractor Consultant

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The building process: residential house

Pre-construction processes and requirements

Design of the house
Legal requirements and documentation
Site Preparation

Construction of the house structures

Foundation and Floor Construction
Wall Construction
Roof Construction
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The building process: residential house

Installation of services
Water, drainage & gas
Electrical, phone and internet
Fixtures the finishes
Roofing Materials
Window Frames and Windows; Doors
Screens
Exterior Wall Finishes
Interior Wall & Ceiling Claddings
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 Pre-construction processes and
requirements

Design of the house

The initial consultation
Site Analysis
Initial Design
Developed Design

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 Pre-construction processes and
requirements
Development application to council
Site plan, Floor Plan, Elevations and Sections
Shadow Diagrams
Landscape Plan
Geotechnical Engineers Report (if required)
Foundation Details and Structural Details
Demolition Plan
Environmental Effects Statement, BASIX Certificate
Drainage Plan (Storm water/flood study)
Heritage Report (if required)
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 Pre-construction processes and
requirements
Site Preparation
Demolition of existing structures
Site cleaning
Establishment of Services
Security
Sediment control and site drainage
Waste management
Set out of dwelling
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 Construction of the house structures
Foundations and floor construction
Wall construction
Roof construction
 Construction of the house structures
Foundation
Lowest part of the structure. Provide a level,
stable surface to safely support a building
Transfers building loads to the ground
Anchor the building from wind, flood, and seismic
loads
Should have an adequate load capacity with
limited settlement
The primary design concerns are settlement and
bearing capacity.
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Foundation failure

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 Foundation
Foundations Must Resist
Dead Load
Weight of building
Live Load
Weight of occupants,
furniture, and equipment
Lateral Loads
Wind
Seismic activity SOIL REACTIONS
Flood
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 Foundation: soil movement
The most common movements arise as a result of
moisture changes in reactive clay soils.

As clay soils become wet, they swell or increase in

volume, and as they dry out, they shrink.

The more reactive the clay or the deeper the soil is

affected, the larger will be the surface movement

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 Foundation: soil movement
Constructing a slab on the ground is like covering
the ground with an impermeable membrane. Any
moisture rising beneath the slab can no longer
evaporate from the surface.
The soil in the centre of the slab will therefore
remain damp.
Around the edges of the slab, moisture will be able
to evaporate during dry periods and permeate back
under the slab during wet periods.

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 Foundation: soil movement
Thus the edges of the slab will be subject to periods
of heave and periods of loss of support when the
slab has to cantilever out from the centre mound.
It is important to determine how reactive a site is,
and to what depth the soil will be affected.
The amount of movement to be designed for can
then be determined, and thus a footing provided
that will adequately support the building
superstructure and limit the movement that the
superstructure has to accommodate.
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Residential building foundation Design

Relevant design code

Building Code of Australia (BCA)
AS 1170: Structural design actions
AS 3600: Concrete Structures
AS2870: Residential slabs and footings

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Residential building foundation Design

AS2870: Residential slabs and footings

Deemed-to-satisfy

Footing systems designed, detailed and constructed in

accordance with AS 2870 are not intended to prevent cracking
of the walls constructed on them due to possible foundation
movement, but merely to limit cracks to a generally acceptable
width and number, and at an acceptable cost

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 AS2870- design procedure

Step 1 Classification of the Site

Step 2 Assessment of the Topography

Step 3 Selection of Footing and Wall Types

Step 4 Assembly of the Details

Step 5 Preparation of the Documentation, including calculations,

specification and drawings or sketches, etc
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 Site classification

Based on the expected ground surface movement

and the depth to which this movement extends

Classification of sites where ground movement is

predominantly due to soil reactivity under normal
moisture conditions shall be classified based on the
expected level of ground movement as nominated in
Table 2.1.

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 Site classification
Other factors to consider
Building over the site of a recently-removed
structure
Drains, channels, ponds, dams, or tanks
Trees and Gardens
Cut-and-fill
Paving
Aggressive soils

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 Assessment of the topography
Orientation of the site
Direction of any slope
Maximum depth of cut
Flood-prone sites
Maximum depth of fill
Extent of fill
Retaining walls
Drainage
Selection of footing and wall types

Blob or Pad footing

Strip footing

Footing slab

Stiffened raft slab

Waffle raft slab

 Footing: Blob or Pad footing
designed to support point
COLUMN
loads , such as brick piers LOAD

(sleeper/Island/isolated),
timber posts, concrete or PIER
(Concrete or
steel columns, to prevent Masonry)
them from punching through
the foundation material. SPREAD
FOOTING
may be square or round (Concrete)

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 Footing: Blob or Pad footing
The thickness of the footings should be not less than
200mm and is usually mass concrete only, i.e. no
reinforcement.

The depth below ground level to the base of the

footing should be not less than 300mm or to rock,
whichever occurs first, which allows for a minimum
of 100mm of ground cover to the pad.

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 Footing: Blob or Pad footing
The excavation around the footings should be
backfilled by manually rodding or tamping soil to its
original level, to prevent surface water ponding
around them which may lead to erosion.

This is especially important for reactive soils, such as

clay, as the water will allow the soil to swell which
may lead to floor and wall movement, which in turn
causes wall lining cracks at the heads of doors

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 Footing: Strip footing
A wide strip of reinforced
concrete that supports loads
from a bearing wall
are designed to run in a
continuous reinforced
concrete strip around the
perimeter of the structure to
support the external walls
Not suitable for H and E STRIP FOUNDATION
FOOTING
class sites (Concrete)
WALL (Concrete
or Masonry)

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Footing: Strip footing

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 Footing: Strip footing
The width, depth and size of the lap for steps is
determined by a Structural Engineer and a guide to
these sizes is laid out in AS 2870

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 Concrete slabs on ground
Concrete slabs are floor systems of concrete and
steel reinforcing. They are constructed on the
ground. Various types of slabs are available.
Footing slab
Stiffened raft slab
Waffle raft slab

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 Footing slab
Consists of a concrete floor
supported on the ground with a
separately poured strip footing.
It minimises the time excavations are
left open and does not require
extensive formwork, although two
concrete pours are required.
Depending on the site classification
and the requirements for termite
protection the edge beam may be
tied to the slab by fitments.
Adapts well to sloping sites.
It is particularly suited to A and S
sites.
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Footing slab

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Footing slab

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Footing slab

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 Stiffened raft slab
Consists of a concrete slab on
ground stiffened by integral
edge beams and a grid of
internal beams.
The floor slab is placed at the
same time as the external and
internal beams all of which are
reinforced.
Internal beams are not required
on stable sites
generally require only one
concrete pour, are economical in
material and labour use.
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Stiffened raft slab

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Stiffened raft slab

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 Stiffened raft slab with deep edge
beam
the stiffened raft incorporates
deep edge beams.
Suitable for Class M sloping sites
where cut-and-fill excavation is
not desired.
It allows for the floor to remain
elevated, which may prevent the
necessity for high retaining walls
created by lowering the slab. It is
an expensive method which adds
cost to the basic slab design, but
this may be offset by the
reduction in retaining wall costs.
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Stiffened raft slab with deep edge
beam

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 Waffle raft slab
It is a stiffened raft with closely
spaced ribs constructed on the
ground and with slab panels
suspended between the ribs.

It is constructed on a level site

using cardboard or polystyrene
void formers to produce a
close grid of reinforced
concrete ribs, which support
the slab panels.

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 Waffle raft slab
they are used on flat sites and are wholly above ground
no beam excavation is required
no controlled or rolled fill is used
cardboard slab panel/void formers are used
slab panels are on 1 metre grids (approximately)
trench mesh or individual bars can be used
slab thickness is 85 mm and internal beams are 110 mm wide
there is minimal concrete volume
shrinkage of slab is lower than stiffened rafts and footing
slabs
they use 30% less concrete than a stiffened raft
they use 20% less steel than a stiffened raft.
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Waffle raft slab

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Selection of footing and wall types
 Footing design
Single storey residential house
Site category: M class
Wall type: Masonry Veneer

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