FCE PREPARATION COURSE

UNIT 6:
Relative Clauses
 UNIT 6

Defining Relative
Clauses
Non-Defining Relative
Clauses
 A Defining Relative Clause:
GIVES ESSENTIAL INFORMATION ABOUT A
NOUN

Relative Pronouns used in Defining Relative

Clause:
WHICH THAT WHO WHERE
WHEN WHOSE

Omission of the Relative Pronoun:

Only when it is part of the object of the sentence.
 Examples:
Heres the money that/which I borrowed from
you.
Thats the man whose car cost a lot of money.
(the underlined sentences give essential
information to understand the idea)

Heres the money I borrowed from you.

Thats the place we found the treasure.
(the relative pronouns: that, which, where have
been omitted because they are part of the
object of the sentence)
 Examples:
1. She worked for a man. The man used to be an athlete.

2. They called a lawyer. The lawyer lived nearby.

3. I sent an email to my brother. My brother lives in

Australia.

4. The customer liked the waitress. The waitress was

very friendly.

5. We broke the computer. The computer belonged to

my father.
 Answers:
1. She worked for a man who / that used to be an
athlete.
2. They called a lawyer who / that lived nearby.
3. I sent an email to my brother who / that lives in
Australia.
4. The customer liked the waitress who / that was very
friendly.
5. We broke the computer which / that belonged to my
father.
 A Non-Defining Relative Clause:
GIVES ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ABOUT A
NOUN commas are used

All Relative Pronouns are used except for:

THAT

There is NO omission of the Relative

Pronoun:
 Examples:

The money, which I borrowed from you, has

been deposited in your account.

The man, whose car cost a lot of money, had a

terrible accident.

(The underlined sentences or NDFR, give

additional information about the subjects:
money and man
If the NDRC is taken out, the idea is still
understood)
 Examples:
INCORRECT:

The money, I borrowed from you, has been

deposited in your account.

The man, car cost a lot of money, had a terrible

accident.

(NO omission of the relative pronouns:

which, whose)
 Examples:
My boss, who is very nice, lives in Manchester.
My sister, who I live with, knows a lot about cars.
My bicycle, which I've had for more than ten years, is
falling apart.
My mother's house, which I grew up in, is very small.

Clause comes after the object:

Yesterday I called our friend Julie, who lives in New York.
The photographer called to the Queen, who looked
annoyed.
Last week I bought a new computer, which I don't like
now.
I really love the new Chinese restaurant, which we went to
last night.
 More practice?

http://www.agendaweb.org/grammar/relatives-
pronouns-worksheets-resources.html
FCE PREPARATION COURSE

UNIT 7:
Condidionals
 UNIT 7

Review of
Conditionals 0, 1, 2, 3
Mixed Conditionals
 Type 0: GENERAL TRUTHS

Type 1: PROBABLE EVENTS

Type 2: IMPROBABLE EVENTS IN THE

PRESENT
Type 3: IMPROBABLE EVENTS IN THE
PAST
 Examples:
Type 0: If an employee wants to cycle to work,
we provide them with a bicycle.
Type 1: If you cannot collect your table, we will
deliver it for you at no extra charge.
Type 2: If one of our suppliers used child
labour, we would not work with them any more.
Type 3: If I had taken the right decision then, I
would have earned enough money to buy a
car.
What tenses are used in the If clauses (=
sentences), and which ones in the main clauses?
 Practice:
1. If he __________________ (eat) everything he ______________________ (be) ill (3)
2. The police ______________________ (arrest) him if they ____________________
(catch) him (1)
3. What ______________________ (happen) if my parachute __________________(not
open)? (1)
4. I ______________________ (be) angry if he _____________________(make) more
mistakes. (2)
5. If he ______________________ (be) late we ______________________ (go) without
him (3).
6. If I ____________________(lend) you 10 pounds, ______________________ (you,
give) it back
to me? (1)
7. If you ______________________ (not like) this one, I ______________________
(bring) you
another one. (1)
8. If I ______________________ (know) that I ______________________ (visit) you.(3)
9. I ______________________ (not drink) that wine if I ______________________ (be)
you. (2)
10. If we ______________________ (have) more rain our crops
______________________ (grow) (3)
 Practice:
1. If he had eaten (eat) everything he would have been (be) ill (3)
2. The police will arrest (arrest) him if they catch (catch) him (1)
3. What will happen (happen) if my parachute does not open (not open)? (1)
4. I would be angry (be) angry if he made (make) more mistakes. (2)
5. If he had been (be) late we would have gone (go) without him (3).
6. If I lend (lend) you 10 pounds, will you give (you, give) it back to me? (1)
7. If you do not like (not like) this one, I will bring (bring) you another one. (1)
8. If I had known (know) that I would have visited (visit) you. (3)
9. I would not drink (not drink) that wine if I were (be) you. (2)
10. If we had had (have) more rain our crops would have grown (grow) faster
(3)

More practice?
http://www.english-
grammar.at/worksheets/if_clauses/if_clauses.htm
1st Case When we imagine the present result of
a situation in the past:
If you had done your homework yesterday, you
would not be so busy now.

2nd Case When we talk about the imaginary

result of a present / permanent situation:
If she wasnt a vet, your pet wouldnt have been
properly assisted.
What tenses are used in the If clauses and in the main clauses?
 Practice:
Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below following the example
given with the appropriate conditional form.
1.a. She will take care of the children for us next weekend because her business trip was
canceled.
1.b. But, she (take, not) would not be taking care of the children for us next weekend if her
business trip (be, not) had not been canceled.

2.a. Tom is not going to come to dinner tomorrow because you insulted him yesterday.
2.b. But, he (come) if you (insult) him.

3.a. Marie is unhappy because she gave up her career when she got married.
3.b. But, Marie (be) happy if she (give, not) up her career when she got married.

4.a. Dr. Mercer decided not to accept the research grant at Harvard because he is going to take
six months off to spend more time with his family.
4.b. But, Dr. Mercer (accept) the research grant at Harvard if he (take, not) six months off to
spend more time with his family.

5.a. Professor Schmitz talked so much about the Maasai tribe because she is an expert on African
tribal groups.
5.b. But, Professor Schmitz (talk, not) so much about the Maasai tribe if she (be, not) an expert
on African tribal groups.
 Practice:
2.a. Tom is not going to come to dinner tomorrow because you insulted him yesterday.
2.b. But, he would come if you hadnt insulted him.

3.a. Marie is unhappy because she gave up her career when she got married.
3.b. But, Marie would be happy if she had not given up her career when she got married.

4.a. Dr. Mercer decided not to accept the research grant at Harvard because he is going to take
six months off to spend more time with his family.
4.b. But, Dr. Mercer would have accepted the research grant at Harvard if he didnt take six
months off to spend more time with his family.

5.a. Professor Schmitz talked so much about the Maasai tribe because she is an expert on African
tribal groups.
5.b. But, Professor Schmitz wouldnt have talked so much about the Maasai tribe if she werent an
expert on African tribal groups.

More practice?
http://www.englishpage.com/conditional/mixedconditional
.html
FCE PREPARATION COURSE

UNIT 8:
Passives
 UNIT 8

Active & Passive

Voice
Impersonal passives
 Present Passive:

Active: They make these cars in Japan.

(Verb in PRESENT SIMPLE: MAKE)

Passive: These cars are made in Japan.

(Verb TO BE in PRESENT SIMPLE: ARE
+
PAST PARTICIPLE of MAKE: MADE)
 Past Passive:

Active: They made these cars in Japan.

(Verb in PAST SIMPLE: MADE)

Passive: These cars were made in Japan.

(Verb TO BE in PAST SIMPLE: WERE
+
PAST PARTICIPLE of MAKE: MADE)
Passives in other Tenses:
Change these active sentences into
passive:
1. They have made these cars in Japan.
These cars have been made
2. They will make these cars in Japan.
3. They are going to make these cars in Japan.
4. They may make these cars in Japan.
5. They could make these cars in Japan.
6. They had made these cars in Japan.
7. They must make these cars in Japan.
8. They are making these cars in Japan.
 Answers:
1. These cars have been made in Japan.
2. These cars will be made in Japan.
3. These cars are going to be made in Japan.
4. These cars may be made in Japan.
5. These cars could be made in Japan.
6. These cars had been made in Japan.
7. These cars must be made in Japan.
8. These cars are being made in Japan.

More practice?
file:///D:/klopez/Downloads/the-passive-voice.pdf
Impersonal Passives (1):

Active: People believe that your husband works

for the mafia.
(WORKS is in PRESENT Tense)

Passive: Your husband is believed to work for

the mafia.
(1st verb in PRESENT PASSIVE:
IS/ARE BELIEVED)
+
2nd verb in SIMPLE INFINITIVE with TO:
TO WORK)
Impersonal Passives (2):

Active: People think that your husband worked

for the mafia.
(WORKED is in PAST Tense)

Passive: Your husband is thought to have

worked for the mafia.
(1st verb in PRESENT PASSIVE:
IS/ARE THOUGHT)
+
2nd verb in PERFECT INFINITIVE with TO:
TO HAVE WORKED)
 Practice:

1 People think that neither side wanted war. Neither side is

................................................................................................
2 People say that fewer than 1,000 blue whales survive in
the southern hemisphere. Fewer ..........................................
3 Everyone knows that eating fruit is good for you. Eating
fruit ........................................................................................
4 People consider that one in three bathing beaches is unfit
for swimming. One in three bathing beaches .......................
5 At least 130,000 dolphins are reported to be caught in the
nets of tuna fishers every year. It is ......................................
 Answers:
1 People think that neither side wanted war.
Neither side is thought to have wanted war.
2 People say that fewer than 1,000 blue whales survive in the
southern hemisphere.
Fewer than 1,000 blue whales are said to survive in the southern
hemisphere.
3 Everyone knows that eating fruit is good for you.
Eating fruit is known to be good for you.
4 People consider that one in three bathing beaches is unfit for
swimming.
One in three bathing beaches is considered unfit for swimming.
5 At least 130,000 dolphins are reported to be caught in the nets
of tuna fishers every year.
It is reported that at least 130,000 dolphins are caught in the nets
of tuna fishers every year.
 More practice?

http://www.eoioviedo.org/anacarmen/passive/Passive.
pdf

https://carloscanobachillerato.files.wordpress.com/201
6/02/impersonal-passive-2.pdf
FCE PREPARATION COURSE

UNIT 9:
Reported Speech
 UNIT 9

Reported Statements

Reported Questions
 Direct and
Indirect or Reported Speech
 The main rule in
REPORTED SPEECH
is to go a tense back
in time:
Reported Statements:

Direct Speech:
We study marketing at USIL.
(Verb STUDY is in PRESENT SIMPLE)

Reported Speech:
They said they studied marketing at USIL.
(The Reporting verb SAID is in the PAST,
so
the main verb STUDIED goes in the PAST)
Change these statements from
Direct to Reported Speech:
1. Henry said, "Ill hand in the report
tomorrow.
2. They said, 'We've worked here for a long
time.
3. He told me, They were going to take the
decision at that moment.
4. They said, The police are searching for the
missing file right now.
5. Annie said, He may win the election.
6. The young lady said, I did not make such a
mistake.
7. Frank told me, Were going to travel next
year.
Reported Questions:

Direct Question:
She asked, Do you study marketing at USIL?
(Verb STUDY is in PRESENT SIMPLE)

Reported Question:
She asked me if I studied marketing at USIL.
(The Reporting verb ASKED is in the PAST,
so
the main verb STUDY goes a tense back in
time: PAST SIMPLE)
Reported Questions:
Direct Speech:
She asked, What did you study at USIL?
(Verb STUDIED is in PAST)

Reported Speech:
She asked me what I had studied at USIL.
(The Reporting verb ASKED is in the PAST,
so
the main verb STUDIED goes a tense back:
PAST PERFECT)
ORDER: IF/QW + Subject + Verb + Complement
Change these questions from
Direct to Reported Speech:

1. My boss asked, Are you tired?

2. He asked me, Has she arrived yet?
3. She asked me, Where did you go yesterday?
4. They asked, Where are they going to start the
meeting?
5. Kate asked, How can they say that?
6. Our neighbour asked us, When will you
move?
7. Mary asked me, What were you doing at this
time last week?
 More practice?

http://www.conhecer.org.br/download/INGLES%20IN
TERMEDIARIO/Module%202-%20reported-
speech4.pdf

http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/support-
files/reported_statements.pdf
FCE PREPARATION COURSE

UNIT 10:
Wish & If Only
 UNIT 10

Wish / If only

Causative Have
 WISH / IF ONLY

Regret about a past situation:

I wish / If only I hadnt bought that bag.
(The verb goes in PAST PERFECT)

Regret about a present situation:

I wish / If only I didnt have to work long hours
every day.
(The verb goes in PAST SIMPLE)
 WISH / IF ONLY

A wish for the future:

I wish / If only he could give me a ring.

(I wish / If only + COULD + verb in INFINITIVE)

I wish / If only I could pass this course with a

good grade.
 WISH / IF ONLY
Regret about an annoying or frustrating
situation:

I wish / If only those kids would stop making so

much noise. I want to sleep.
(I wish / If only + WOULD + verb in
INFINITIVE)

BUT:
HE wishes HE COULD pass the FCE exam, at
least with a C.
 More practice?

http://www.autoenglish.org/gr.wish.pdf

http://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/gram
mar-exercise-if-only-I-wish.php

http://platea.pntic.mec.es/ffernand/elynx/pdf/I-
wish_If-only_I'd-rather_It's-time-G-P.pdf
 CAUSATIVE HAVE
When we pay or ask someone to do
something for us:

My husband had his car repaired last weekend.

HAVE (in any tense) + OBJECT + verb in PAST
PARTICIPLE)

ALSO:
We are going to GET our kitchen redecorated
next week.
 Practice:
1) A private firm will oversee the implementation of
the new policy for the government.
____________________________________
2) She has always brought lunch for me to my office.
____________________________________
3) Someone could walk my dog if I paid well.
____________________________________
4) Sernac takes care of consumers rights in Chile.
____________________________________
5) Unemployment agencies look for jobs for
unemployed people.
____________________________________
 Answers:
1) The government will have the implementation
of the new policy overseen by a private firm.
2) I have always had lunch brought to my office
by her.
3) I could have my dog walked by someone if I
paid well.
4) Consumers rights in Chile gets taken care of
by the Sernac.
5) Unemployed people get jobs looked for by
unemployment agencies.
 More practice?

http://uppsehir.weebly.com/uploads/5/4/4/1/5441492
3/gim_causative_have_and_get.pdf

http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/support-
files/causatives-exercise-1.pdf

http://www.koboldangol.hu/feladat/uppint4.pdf
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Alexander, L. G. (1999). Longman English Grammar Practice. New York:
Longman.

Celce-Murcia, M. and Larsen-Freeman, D. (1999). The Grammar Book: An

ESL/EFL Teacher's Course. Boston, MA: Heinle & Heinle.

May, P. (2014). Cambridge English Compact First. 2nd Edition. Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press.

Murphy, R., Smalzer, W. (2012). English Grammar In Use. Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press.

Murphy, R., Smalzer and W. (2014). Intermediate Grammar In Use. 3rd

Edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Swan, M. and Walter, C. (2011). Oxford English Grammar Course. Oxford:

Oxford University Press - Oxford