An Unnecessary Emendation in Juvenal Satire 2.

168
Author(s): Francis Cairns
Source: Hermes, 135. Jahrg., H. 2 (2007), pp. 199-205
Published by: Franz Steiner Verlag
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/40379117
Accessed: 14-07-2015 03:48 UTC

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 AN UNNECESSARY EMENDATION IN JUVENALSATIRE
2.168*

et tarnenunus
ArmeniusZalaces cunctisnarrator ephebis
molliorardentisese induisissetribune
aspice quid faciantcommercia:veneratobses,
hie fiunthomines,nam si moralongiorUrbem
induisitpueris,non umquamdentamator.
mittentur bracae,cultelli,frena,flagellum:
sic praetextatosreferuntArtaxatamores. (Juvenal2. 163-70)

AnArmenian boyhostage,Zalaces, was sexuallycorrupted atRomebya tribune.

Juvenalassertsthatresidenceat Rometendsto corrupt all youthandthattheAr-
meniancapitalis in dangerofreproducing thelax moralsofRome.
Housmanobelizedinduisit(168), declaringit a solecism.He wrote:"induisit
pro induisentsoloecumest; eque enim,ut Silio poetaeepico ex Vergiliiimi-
tationeiusso, sic Iuuenali saturarum scriptoriindulsodicerelicuit.praebuerit
antepuerisexcidissesuspicor,lacunamdeindeuel ex 165 uel ex 140 expletam."1
Clausen agreedwiththischaracterization butnotwiththeproposedremedy.In-
steadClausen suggestedindulget,pointingto two otherJuvenalian loci where
"themorecolloquialpresent"is foundinthistypeofconditional sentence(3.239-
40; 14.145-7).Clausen also claimedthatindulgethad beencorrupted to induisit
becauseof induisisse(165), and he pointedforconfirmation to thecorruption of
indulgetto induisitin one manuscriptatJuvenal2.140.2Clausen's conjecturehas
notfoundfavourwithsubsequent editors,perhapsbecauseCourtneyfeatured the
alternativeconjectureinduerit,3whichR.G.M. Nisbet had in the interval propo-
sed privatelyto Courtney.Courtney'sown preference lay,however,in another
quarter:whilehe acceptedHousman'sview of induisit:"INDULSIT as thetext
he nevertheless
standsis a solecism;it oughtto be induisent.'", declaredhimself

*
I am gratefulto Prof.Neil Adkinforhis criticalreadingof thispaperand foradditional
suggestions
1D. IuniiluuenalisSaturne:Editorumin UsumediditA.E.Housman(1sted. London 1905, 2nd
ed. Cambridge1931) 13. His referencewas to Aen. 11.467,whereiusso = iussero.Virgil'susage
was discussedas archaicby Sen. Ep. Mor.58.4 and was imitatedby Silius at Pun. 12.175.
2 W.V. Clausen, 'Two Notes on Juvenal',CR 1 (1951) 73-4, 73. Clausen's confidencein his
emendationseems to have ebbed. In thefirsteditionof A. Persi Flacci et D. Iuni IuvenalisSatu-
rae (Oxford1959) he obelized induisitand referred to his emendation;buttheemendationis not
mentionedin thesecondedition(1992).
3 E. Courtney,A on thesatiresofJuvenal(London 1980) 149.
commentary

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200 FrancisCairns

in favouroftheproposalofLeo in Jahn4thatinduisitis correctandthatthereis a

lacunaafterpueris(168) to be filledwithsomething likedoctiredieredomique/
instituunt alios.5Nisbeteventuallypublishedhis conjectureindueritin a major
paperdevotedtothetextofJuvenal,6 explainingthat"beforethefuture derit,a fu-
ture-perfect is expected"andthat"induisit
h&sclearlyjumpedfrom165 induisisse
and a repetition of theverbis notwanted".Morerecenteditorialdecisionshave
varied.Braund7and Willis8 acceptedNisbet's induerit, whileCourtney9and
Martyn10retainedinduisit-in Courtney'scase along withLeo's hypothesised
lacuna.
BeforeHousmanit seemsthatonlyDe Jonge11 founddifficulty withinduisit,
he emendeditto indiderit. The Latingrammars ofKhner-Stegmann12 andHof-
mann-Szantyr13 do notmentioninduisit,and so presumably saw nothingodd in
it.Theydo, however,discussthetensesof verbsin theprotasisand apodosisof
conditionalsentences;and theytreatand exemplify theoccasionalemployment
in early,classical,andlateLatinofa perfectindicativein theprotasisanda future
indicativein theapodosisofconditionalsentences:
in der Regel ebenfallsderIndikativ,wenndas aus der Bedingunggefolgerteals etwas Gewisses
oderNotwendiges, kurzals etwas Wirkliches
ausgedrcktwird.Dabei istdas Nchstliegende,dass
die Temporades Haupt-und Nebensatzesgleichsind; aberes findetsich fastebenso oftauch un-
derbeidenStze, so
gleichesTempus.Und zwar lassen sich da, je nach dem zeitlichenVerhltnis
ziemlichalle Verbindungen dereinzelnenTemporabelegen,wennauch einzelneKombinationen
naturgemss seltenersindodernurvereinzeltvorkommen.Khner-Stegmann II.2.391 (examples
at 391-2)

4 O. Jahn
(ed.), A. Persii Flacci, D. Iunii Iuvenalis,Sulpiciae Saturae (4thed., rev. F. Leo,
Berlin1910) 90.
5 E.
Courtney,'The progressof emendationin thetextof Juvenalsince theRenaissance',in
AMWII.33.1 (1989) 824-47, 845-6 rediscussesJuv.2.167-70 in theseterms.
6 R.G.M.
Nisbet, 'Notes on theText and Interpretation of Juvenal',in N. Horsfall (ed.) Vir
Bonus Discendi Peritus:Studiesin Celebrationof OttoSkutsch'sEightiethBirthday(BICS Sup-
plement51, London 1988) 86-110,90-1 = R.G.M. Nisbet: CollectedPapers on LatinLiterature,
ed. S.J.Harrison (Oxford1995) 227-60, 233-4. Nisbetobservedthat,whereasCourtney(1980)
(n.3) mentionedhis conjecture,Courtney(1984) (n.9) did not.Nisbetalso expressedsupportfor
theone-linelacuna proposedby Housmanbetween169 and 170 and forMarkland' s emendation
referent in 170.
7 S.M. Braund
(ed.), JuvenalSatiresBook 1 (Cambridge1996) 55, 166-7.
8 J.Willis
(ed.), D. Iunii IuvenalisSaturae Sedecim(Stuttgart-Leipzig 1997) 20.
9 E. Courtney
(ed.), Juvenal,thesatires:a text,withbriefcriticalnotes(Rome 1984) 19.
10J.R.C.Martyn
(ed.), D. Iuni IuvenalisSaturae (Amsterdam1987) 12.
11W. De
Jonge,Specimenlitter ariumcontinensadnotationescriticasin saturasD. IuniiIuve-
nalis (Diss. Groningen1879) (non vidi). De Jonge'semendationis reportedby Willis (n.8) 20,
242.
12
Khner,R. and C. Stegmann,AushrlicheGrammatikder lateinischenSprache: II. Satz-
lehre(5thed., rev.A. Thierfelder,Darmstadt1976).
13J.B. Hofmannand A.
Szantyr,LateinischeSyntaxundStilistik(HandbuchderAltertums-
wissenschaft II.2.2, Munich 1965).

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 An Unnecessary in JuvenalSatire2.168
Emendation 20 1

Die Tempusgebung imindikativischen

Bedingungsgefgeweistzahlreiche Kombinationen auf...
findet
g) si mitPerf.-Fut. seitdemAltlatein
sichebenfalls . . . auchbeiCic; sptlat.
... (Hofmann-
Szantyr11.660- 1)
mostrelevantexamplesare (withtheLatintextaddedin cases
These grammars'
wheretheyprovideonlyreferences):
dixiequidem, dicamdenuo.(PlautusRudens1103)
sedsi parumintellexti,
4Si Fabiusoriente
Canculanatusest,Fabiusinmarinonmorietur.'
(CiceroDe Fato 12)
oblituses,minusmultiiamteadvocatocausacadent;si nostri
quodsi scribere oblituses,dabo
operamutistucveniamantequampianeex animotuoeffluo. (CiceroAdFamiliares7.14.1)
'namsi legatusofficii
trminos, ergaimperatorem
obsequium exuiteiusdemquemorteet luctu
a domomeaetprivatas
meolaetatusest,oderoseponamque nonviprincipis
inimicitias ulciscar.
Annales3.12)
(Tacitus
ridendo
si,inquit, adsertationibus
cessasti,evidentibus Clementis
(Rufinus
comprobabo. Recog-
nitiones
2.52.6)14

Latin,then,does sometimescombineperfect indicativein protasisandfuture in-

dicativein apodosis,as theyare combinedin thetransmitted textof Juvenal.So
no exceptioncan be takento induisitin Juvenal2.168 on generalgrammatical
grounds.But it mightnevertheless be objectedthatJuvenal'ssentenceis unlike
theexamplesoftheperfect-future combination quotedorcitedabove.In manyof
thegrammars' examplesof theperfect-futurecombination thespeakeris mani-
in thesi clauseto an eventoreventswhichfromhisviewpointoc-
festlyreferring
curredordidnotoccurinthepast.Thus,forexample,inRudens1103thesi clause
showsTrachalioenvisagingeitherthatGripushas alreadyfailedto understand
himfully,orthatGripushas alreadyunderstood himfully.Similarlyin namsi le-
gatus... {Annals3.12) Tiberiusimagines possiblescenarios:eitherPiso was
two
disloyaltohimandrejoicedinGermanicus' death,orPiso didnotdo so; whatever
Piso did,he did itin thepast.Those scholarswhohave favouredemendation (or
a lacuna)in Juvenal2.168 did notadvertto suchsentencescombining perfectin
protasisand future in apodosis.But, ifconfronted withthem, they would probably
haveassertedwhattheyobviouslyassumed,namelythatJuvenal'ssentenceis not
of thistype,butthatin it Juvenalis layingdowna conditionwhich,if fulfilled
in thefuture,will be followedby a consequencein themoredistantfuture, i.e.
ifa boy in thefuture will spendtoo muchtimein Rome,he will thenmeeta lo-
ver.Such an unstatedand unexamined assumption presumably explainswhythe
not
emendersproceededbyassertion, byargument.
The emenders'assumption is, however,notself-evidently correct.The clue to
therealmeaningof Juvenal'ssentenceis providedby anotherof thegrammars'
'
examples:'Si Fabius orienteCancula natusest,Fabius in marinonmorietur.

14C.E. Bennett,Syntax relevant

ofearlyLatin(2 volsBoston1910-1914)1.71citesfurther
examples,viz.Plaut.Pseud.178;Ter.Eun.924-5;CatoAgr.157.4.

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 202 FrancisCairns

(Cicero De Fato 12, also quotedabove), and moreimportantly by its context,

whichcontainsfurther examples of the same sentence-type.15 Fato is frag-
De
mentary and cannotbe reconstructed fully, the relevantsection(11-17) is
but
completeand reliable.In it Cicerofirstpropoundsthequestion:si est divinatio,
qualibusnama perceptisartisproficiscitur?("ifdivination exists,fromwhatskil-
led observations
does ittakeitsstart",
De Fato 11).16He thenexplainshiscoinage
perceptum:'percepta'appello,quae dicuntur Graece Gecopfijuaxa ("I call Obser-
vations'whatin Greekarecalledtheoremata", II).17 Cicerogoes on toexemplify
theperceptaof theastrologers:
perceptahuiusmodi:'Si quis' - verbicausa - 'orienteCanicula natusest,
sintigiturastrologorum
is in marinon morietur'.

("Let us suppose,then,thattheobservationsof theastrologersare like this:'If anyonehas been

bornwiththeDogstarrising',forexample,'thatmanwill notdie at sea'.", 12).

This perceptumallegedlypropoundedby the astrologersshows thatCicero is

thinking of theperceptaas generalstatements aboutestablishedcause-effect re-
lationships. Cicerothenrepeatstheformulaic'Si quis etc.' twolineslaterbefore
movingto theonlyapparently concretised'Si Fabius etc.': since 'Fabius' is an
this
everyman, apparently particularisingrestatementin factremainsa generali-
sation.In theseformulations, as in theexamplesof thegrammars, theeventor
non-event in theprotasis(herebirthundertherisingdog-staror underanother
constellation whichwill cause theprophecyin theapodosisto come to pass or
not)is treatedas a pastevent- eventhoughthebirthof no particular individual
is in question.
In its logic Cicero's 'Si quis etc' parallelsJuvenal'ssentence,and Cicero's
characterisation of 'Si quisetc' as ^perceptum revealsthetruenatureofJuvenal's
sentence.18 Juvenalis notmakinga prediction aboutthefateof boyswhowillin
thefuturespendtoo muchtimein Rome. Ratherhisperceptum statesthatthere
is a fixedcause and effectlinkbetweenboys spendingtoo muchtimein Rome
andloversappearingforthem.Couchedin CiceroniantermsJuvenal' s perceptum
wouldgo: 'If anyboyhas spenttoo muchtimein Rome,a loverwillbe forthco-
'
mingforhim. Forthisreasonthosescholarswhodiagnosedinduisitas a solecism

15In additionto thosediscussed

here,cf. 'Si orienteCanicula natuses, in marinon moriere'
(De Fato 14).
16The textsand translations of De Fato are those of R.W. Sharples (ed.), Cicero: On Fate
(De Fato) & Boethius: The Consolationof Philosophy(Philosophiae Consolationis)IV.5-7, V
(Warminster 1991).
17For moreon the
concept,cf.Sharples (n.16) 166 on De Fato 11, who thereadds "of theart"
to "observations"(cf. Cicero's a perceptisartis).
Cato in De Agr.157.4 prescribescabbage as a remedyif variousconditionshave presented
themselves,and predictscures. His generalisedprescriptions are up to a pointanalogous to the
perceptaof Cicero.

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 An Unnecessary
Emendation
in JuvenalSatire2. 168 203

wereincorrect: induisitis impeccableidiomaticLatin.Itfollowstoothatthelacu-

nae proposedbyHousmanandLeo areunnecessary.
Threefurther pointsmayperhapsfirmup thisconclusion.First,therepetition
of induisisse(165) and induisit(168), whichstimulated Nisbet'semendation in-
duerit,needstobe considered. The extenttowhichsuchrepetitions in ancientlite-
raturewereintentional and/ornoticedis bothcomplexandcontroversial.19 In the
sphere of Latin poetry Wills (1996)20 made sterlingand oftensuccessfulefforts
to combatthenotionthatall proximaterepetitions are accidental.Nevertheless
manysuchrepetitions areclearlyfortuitous.21
The literatures
ofantiquitywerein
themaindeliveredorally,and,ifread,werereadin scrolls.Hencerepetitions were
morefrequent, less easyto detect,andmoretolerated thantheywouldhavebeen
ifreadingin codiceshad beentheancientnorm.But in thiscase therepetition is
probablydeliberate.Ancientrhetoricians treatingfiguresof speechand thought
concededto poets therightto employnumerous figurae22and thisparticular
repetition seems to the
exemplify figura which therhetoriciansandgrammarians
nameddistinctioor nko*x\PDistinctiolnkoK\ involveduse of the same word
twice,butin a slightly different
sense.Herethedistinctio mayhintironically at a
sleazyparallelismbetweenon theone handtheboyZalaces makingfreeofhim-
selfto his lover,thetribune, and on theotherhandoverlongresidence'making
free'oftheCity(Rome) toboys.24
Second,thelexicalfront:do moraand induisitgo well together? This questi-
on is askedbecauseNisbetoffered someinteresting his
parallelsfor emendation
urbemlinduerit,althoughnone of theminvolvemora. However,a numberof
parallelpassagesdo linkmoraandpartsofindulgere, whichsuggeststhata native

19For a usefulrecentcontribution,
mainlyon theGreekside,cf.P.E. Pickering,'Did theGreek
ear detect'careless' verbalrepetitions?',CQ 53 (2003) 490-9, withearlierbibliography.
20J.Wills, in
Repetition Latin Poetry:FiguresofAllusion(Oxford1996).
21Cf.
e.g. Wills (n.20) 473-7 ('UnfiguredRepetition').
For theseconcessions,cf. H. Lausberg, Handbook
of LiteraryRhetoric.A foundationfor
literarystudy,edd. D.E. Orton and R.D. Anderson(Leiden-Boston-Kln1998) 498; fortheten-
sions betweensolecismsandfigurae,cf. 496-527.
23 Cf. Lausberg
(n.22) 660-2, esp. 660-1 (to be modifiedin thelightofe.g. Donatusad
Ter.Eun. 6).
24A similarverbal
elegance can be observedin the combinationoffaciant (166) and fiunt
(167).

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204 FrancisCairns

speakerwouldhavefoundthelexicalcombination normalLatin.
mora. . ./induisit
Cf.:
tumodoposeedosveniam litatis
sacrisque
causasqueinnecte
indulgehospitio morandi.
Aeneid4.50-1)
(Virgil
.. . mentemiamverbaparatam
destituunt, iuvatventura
blandaeque trahentem
indulgere moraeettempus subducere
fatis.
(LucanBellumCiuile5.731-3)
iamnonduratorisVeneri
neciniquareversae
etdeusipsemorasspatiumqueindulgetamori.
FlaccusArgonautica
(Valerius 2.355-6)
dedimoras,spatium, Maiores19.10)
Declamationes
indulsi.(ps.-Quintilian
tempus
quodnisiindulserisroganteme,utetmorahabitandi
ad commodum . ..
suumutatur
(AusoniusEpistulae20(a) Green)
Thesepassages,however-andthisis mythirdpointfordiscussion-differ inone
respectfromJuvenal'ssentence.Theyall (moreor less) conveytheconceptof a
'delaybeingindulged';butinJuvenalitis thedelaywhichis doingtheindulging.
This difference cannot,however,constitute a objectionto induisit.RatherJuve-
nal is again employinga figurai schema.The figurainvolveddoes not seem to
be classifiedspecificallyby ancientrhetoric,althoughitprobablyfallsunderthe
heading'schemapercasus'.25The oddityof expressioncould be Juvenal'sway
of sign-posting his discreetand indirectexploitationin theselinesof a pseudo-
etymological linkbetweenRomaanditsanagramsamor26andmora21whichwas
alreadyhackneyedbyJuvenal'stime,mora 'indulges'theCity(Roma) overlong
to boys:theresultis thatan amatorwillneverbe lacking.The linkis againslyly
underlined at theveryendofthesatire,wheremorestoo aredrawnintothepseu-
do-etymological complexand in theprocesscorrupted: praetextatos . . . Artaxata
mores(170) easilysuggeststo eye and to taxpraetextatos ... amores,especially

25Lausberg(n.22)520-1.
26Earliertreatments
ofamor /Roma includeK. Stanley,'Rome,"EpoandtheVersus Romae\
GRBS4 (1963) 237-49;S. Skulsky,' "Invitus,
regina. . .": AeneasandtheLove ofRome',AJP
106(1985)447-55;subsequent discussions
addlittle.
27 Roma/mora is almostbetterevidencedin Latinpoetry thanRoma/Amor.Two
Curiously
Augustanexampleswillsufficehere:quidmihidesidiaenoncessasfingere crimen,/
quodfaciat
nobisconsciaRomamoram?(Prop.1.12.1-2);"ipsapetivolui:ne sitmora;mitte volentem:/
"
dignusRomalocusquo deusomniseat. (Ov.Fast.4.269-70).I hopetodiscusstheRoma/mora
anagrammorefullyina futurepaper.

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 An Unnecessary
Emendation
in JuvenalSatire2. 168 205

sincethiswas theeffectin Zalaces' case and whatJuvenal'sperceptum

declared
to be inevitablein all suchcases.

/
The FloridaStateUniversity FrancisCairns
ofCambridge
FacultyofClassics,University

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