International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)

Volume 8, Issue 2, February 2017, pp. 383389 Article ID: IJCIET_08_02_041

Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=8&IType=2
ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316

IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed

ABRASION AND DROP WEIGHT IMPACT

RESISTANCE OF COCONUT SHELL ASH CONCRETE
Sankalp Sharan
Research scholar, Sardar Vllabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat, Gujarat, India

Dr. D B Raijiwala
Associate Professor, Sardar Vllabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat, Gujarat, India

ABSTRACT
Cement is replaced by 10%, 15%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% with coconut shell ash CSA.
Compressive strength of mortar and concrete made with CSA is found out. Abrasion resistance of
concrete samples of two mix designs is found out in terms of wear loss. Drop weight impact test
was also conducted on CSA concrete samples and increase in number per blow was found out.
Drop weight impact test and abrasion resistance gives the idea of how coconut shell ash concrete
will behave where there can be sudden impact of load or where the concrete surface is subjected
to abrasion on regular basis. It is concluded that up to 10% of replacement of cement with CSA is
possible and it gives a good result on abrasion resistance test and drop weight impact test. CSA
concrete can be used on concrete pavement like on some highways, airport runway and hangar
and some industrial floors.
Key words: Coconut Shell Ash, Abrasion resistance, Drop weight impact test
Cite this Article: Sankalp Sharan and Dr. D B Raijiwala, Abrasion and Drop Weight Impact
Resistance of Coconut Shell Ash Concrete. International Journal of Civil Engineering and
Technology, 8(2), 2017, pp. 383389.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=8&IType=2

1. INTRODUCTION
Agricultural waste is a natural waste material which in some cases completely left unutilized. Lots of
research work has been done on bagasse ash concrete and rice husk ash concrete. [1]Coconut shell fibers
have excellent tensile strength and can be used in concrete for strengthening its tensile strength.
[2]Coconut shell is agricultural waste material which available in huge quantity and here in this paper
some experimental investigation is done to assess the utilization of CSA in concrete. Concrete pavements
on highways, pavements in airport, and concretes floors in industrials unit are subjected to abrasion and
sudden impact of load. Experimental investigations regarding abrasion and impact resistance of coconut
shell ash concrete have been done in this paper to find out the possibilities of its uses.

2. EXRIMENTAL TEST METHODS

For all experimental test methods cement is replaced by 10%, 15%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% with
coconut shell ash (CSA).With these replacement levels M 20 and M 30 samples were made which in
accordance with Indian standard code.

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 Abrasion and Drop Weight Impact Resistance of Coconut Shell Ash Concrete

2.1. Compressive Strength

Plain cement mortar cubes and M 20 and M 30 concrete samples were prepared according to standard size
and no plasticizer is used in its preparation. The moulds and mix design are of the samples are according
to the Indian Standard Code specification.

2.2. Abrasion Resistance

Abrasion resistance test was conducted according to IS: 1237(2012)and IS: 9284(1997)on specimens of
size 70.7 70.7 70.7 mm at 28, 56, and 112 days of curing ages. The test was conducted on plain
cement mortar and for concrete the sample of standard size is cut from the concrete sample. The
specimens were dried at 110C 5 for 24 hours, then weighed with the weighing balance of accuracy 0.1
gm and recorded as W1. Thickness was measured at five points (four readings at each corner and fifth at
the center), then, the average thickness was taken of five readings. Abrasive powder was applied to the
grinding path with >95% aluminum oxide with grains of round shape, having a specific gravity of 3.9 and
hardness of 9 on the Mohrs scale. The specimen was fixed in the holding device with a counter weight of
30 kg (300 N). The grinding disc was rotated at 30 rpm (disc diameter: 750 mm) and set for 22 cycles for
each reading; the above stated procedure was repeated for 10 periods, with a total of 220 cycles by
rotating the test sample at 90 in each period, and the total volume decrease was measured in mm 3 /mm2
due to wear and tear. The surface of sample and disc were cleaned by a brush at the end of each 22 cycles,
when the thickness and weight (W2) were measured again. The loss of thickness was calculated by using
Equation as follows
= [(12) /1]
Where, T- Loss in thickness, W1- Initial weight of specimen before abrasion, W2-Final weight of
specimen after final abrasion, V-Initial volume of specimen, A-Abrasive area of specimen. The lower the
loss of thickness more abrasion resistance of the sample. A similar method was adopted by several
researches, with consistent results [20], [79], [80].

2.3. Drop Weight Impact Test

Drop weight impact was performed on the concrete samples. The test was according to the ACI
Committee 544.The apparatus which is shown in figure below consists of steel hammer of 4.45 Kg and it
drops from a height of 457 mm on a steel ball surface of specimen. The sample were having diameter of
150 mm and a height of 65 mm and the test was performed on both M 20 and M 30.The number of blows
at which first crack occur in the FCB i.e First crack blow and at which the samples finally crack is
ultimate crack blow i.e UCB. The difference between the UCB and FCB gives the INPB increase in
number per blow which gives the idea how resistive the sample to sudden impact.

Figure 1 Abrasion testing of sample Figure 2 Cracked Specimen after conducting

the Impact test

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 Sankalp Sharan and Dr. D B Raijiwala

Figure 3 Drop weight impact test Figure 4 Abrasive powder

3. EXPERIMENTAL TEST RESULT AND DISCUSSION

3.1. Compressive Stress
80
70
STRENGTH N/mm2

60
50
3 days
40
30 7days
20 28days
10 56days
0
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

%CSA

Figure 5 Compressive strength of CSA mortar

60
M30
50 M20
STRENGTH N/mm2

40
7 days
30
28 days
20
56 days
10
112days
0
0% 10% 15% 20% 30% 40% 50% 0% 10% 15% 20% 30% 40% 50%

%CSA REPLACEMENT IN CONCRETE

Figure 6 Compressive strength of CSA Concrete

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 Abrasion and Drop Weight Impact Resistance of Coconut Shell Ash Concrete

Coconut shell ash is used to replace cement up to 50% and mortar samples were kept in curing tank
for 3,7,28 and 56 days while M 20 and M 30 samples were put for 7,28,56 and 112 days. Between 10% -
15% and strength increases marginally as compared to the control concrete sample however after 15%
replacement with CSA strength decreases irrespective of age.

3.2. Abrasion Loss

2.5

2
WEAR LOSS

1.5
28 DAYS
1
56 DAYS
0.5
112 DAYS
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60

%CSA IN M20

Figure 7 Wear Loss in M 20

1.5
Wear loss

1 28 DAYS

0.5 56 DAYS
112 DAYS
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60

%CSA M30

Figure 8 Wear Loss in M 30

2.5

2
WEAR LOSS

1.5
28 DAYS
1
56 DAYS
0.5
112 DAYS
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60

%CSA IN MORTAR

Figure 9 Wear Loss in CSA mortar

The wear loss of 28 days sample is 1.58, 1.51 for 10% and 20% of CSA in M 20, 1.39 and 1.32 for M
30 in 10% and 20% replacement of CSA with cement. Abrasion test was performed according to IS:
1237(2012).It is found that in all samples of all curing ages 10% and 20% samples have lower wear loss.

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 Sankalp Sharan and Dr. D B Raijiwala

The value is less in comparison with 0% CSA and less than the wear loss all samples having % CSA
levels higher than 20%.

3.3. Impact Test

120 112 TH DAY
100 56 TH DAY
28 TH DAY
NO OF BLOWS

80

60
FCB
40 UCB

20

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50
% CSA

Figure 10 First crack and Ultimate crack blow value for in M 20

45
40
INPB VALUES FOR M20

35 0 %CSA
30 10 %CSA
25
20 %CSA
20
30 %CSA
15
10 40 %CSA
5 50 %CSA
0
28TH DAY 56TH DAY 112TH DAY

Figure 11 INPB values for M 20

140 56 TH DAY 112 TH DAY

120
NUMEBR OF BLOWS

28TH DAY
100
80
60 FCB
40 UCB
20
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50

%CSA IN M30

Figure 12 First crack and Ultimate crack blow value in M 30

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 Abrasion and Drop Weight Impact Resistance of Coconut Shell Ash Concrete

40

35

30
INPB VALUES IN M30
0 %CSA
25 10 %CSA

20 20 %CSA
30 %CSA
15
40 %CSA
10
50 %CSA
5

0
28TH DAY 56TH DAY 112TH DAY

Figure 13 INPB values for M 30

Drop weight impact test gives the idea of the sample about its resistance to sudden impact load on the
sample. First crack blow i:e FCB and ultimate crack blow i:e UCB was counted while performing the
drop weight impact test. Difference between the UCB and FCB is the increase in number per blow which
gives the idea of resistance for the sample to be completely cracked. Till 20% CSA replacement INPB
values increases and there is considerable amount of difference between the first and final crack in the
sample. After that INPB values decreases with increases in the % of CSA.

4. CONCLUSION
The strength in CSA mortar and in M 20 and M 30 mix increases when cement is replaced by 10%
however strength decreases with the increase in the percentage of coconut shell ash. In abrasion test the
wear loss is less between the 10% and 20% of CSA. With increase in the percentage of CSA wear loss
also increases. However with increase in the number of days wear loss is less. In drop weight impact test
the till 20% CSA replacement with cement the samples shows good impact resistance better than the
control mix.CSA concrete shows good resistance towards abrasion and impact test however more
experimental investigation is needed. CSA concrete may be used on that surface where there is possibility
of high abrasion or there is a chance of sudden impact like in airport or in industrial buildings.

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