International Journal of Computer Engineering & Technology (IJCET)

Volume 8, Issue 1, January- February 2017, pp. 7384, Article ID: IJCET_08_01_009
Available online at
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCET/issues.asp?JType=IJCET&VType=8&IType=1
Journal Impact Factor (2016): 9.3590(Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com
ISSN Print: 0976-6367 and ISSN Online: 09766375
IAEME Publication

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF A NOVEL HYBRID

RECOMMENDER SYSTEM FOR EFFICIENT MAP
ROUTING BASED ON USER PREFERENCES
Gurbinder Kaur and Manmohan Sharma
Networks Domain, School of Computer Applications,
Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Kapurthala (Jalandhar), India

ABSTRACT
In the past few years, with the proliferation of mobile devices people are experiencing frequent
communication and information exchange. For instance, in the context of peoples visits, it is often
the case that each person carries out a smart phone, to get information about nearby places. When
one visits some location, an application will recommend useful information according to its current
location, preferences and past visits. This paper introduces the concept of smart routing as a
recommender system for tourists that takes into account the dynamics of their personal user
profiles.
The concept relies on the hybrid recommender system for map routing which can be used as the
alternative to the current systems. This system implements hybridization of content and
collaborative-filtering. The purpose of this paper is to build a system for web and mobile based
applications with the idea of recommending parameters like food, restaurants, hospitals, ATMs etc.
according to users current location, preferences and past visits. This approach has its roots in
information filtering and retrieval research. The proposed system has also taken care of the cold
start problem for new users.
Key words: Recommender System; Hybrid; Collaborative Filtering; content filtering; Cold start.
Cite this Article: Gurbinder Kaur and Manmohan Sharma, Design and Analysis of a Novel Hybrid
Recommender System for Efficient Map Routing Based on User Preferences. International Journal
of Computer Engineering & Technology, 8(1), 2017, pp. 7384.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCET/issues.asp?JType=IJCET&VType=8&IType=1

1. INTRODUCTION
Recommender Systems these days have changed the way people search for new items, information and
even other person on social networking. Recommender systems look for pattern of behavior of users to
know what that particular user will prefer from catalogue of items he has never experienced before.
Evolution of the technology behind recommender systems has taken place from the past 20 years [1].
When an individual travels to a new city for vacation or business or is simply relocating to a fresh
setting, the person needs a method to receive information on the routes to utilize and sites to see. Asking a
local dweller can yield good recommendations for destinations: from parks to restaurants to museum to

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCET/index.asp 73 editor@iaeme.com
 Gurbinder Kaur and Manmohan Sharma

trails. Visiting for any travel websites or from books or brochures can also encourage ideas of sites to visit
in a new place [2]. In todays world tourists have also many options with their mobile devices to receive
recommendations about a citys attraction and sites as well as to navigate the routes to find the location of
their interest. Tools like Bing Maps and Google Maps have robust systems to recommend routes between
locations as well as information about those places. While these applications provide a necessary tool for
the unknowing traveler and have polished and intuitive interfaces, there are still elements that are missing
from these systems.
Recent Research and software applications about travel recommendation systems focus on efficient
travel routes [3],points of interest [4] and tourist attractions [5];[6]. These resulting applications mostly
look at the destinations themselves as well as efficient vehicle routes to each site. Google Maps provides a
large database for travelers and recommendations, while these ideas serve their purpose effectively; there
has been little or no research on recommending parameters to user on the basis of users likings, ratings
and reviews in map route, users current location and past visits.
The purpose of this paper was to build a system for web and mobile based applications that combine
Google Maps with the idea of recommending parameters like food, hospitals, ATMs etc. according to
users current location, preferences and past visits by using Hybrid approach.
The proposed system also provides solution to the cold start problem for the new items. Cold start
problem is very common in recommender systems. Cold start problem occur when new user is added and
system do not know what to recommend to that new user. The proposed system also has taken care of this
problem.
The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. Section II briefly reviews the related work of the
system and work done in this field. Section III provides methodology used by us to recommend the routes
in the map according to the selected parameters. Section IV provides discussion and future work and ends
the paper with some conclusion remarks.

2. RELATED WORK
In this Section, we briefly review the key features of existing map routing applications, proposed in the
past few years. The Tourist Eye service [8, 9] is available as a Web application, with mobile clients for
iPhone and Android. It offers a wide range of points of interest organized by categories such as attractions,
entertainment and restaurants. Registered users can mark touristic places as visited, provide a comment
stating their degree of satisfaction, and they can describe their visits, by taking notes and photos in the
mobile application. Users can plan their trips, composed by points of interest, and the map service is used
to display routes between these locations. This service has an integrated recommender system such that
new points of interest are automatically displayed to the user.
Bradley Hayden Bahls [10] proposed the recommender system to build an application for a mobile
device that combines Google Maps with the idea of recommending routes that are beautiful, user-targeted,
and safe in an unfamiliar city. This application gives path recommendations based upon not only the
destinations, but also the route itself. Users can utilize this system to explore new areas of cities and offer
feedback to build routes to their needs.
Artem Umanets et al. [11] proposed a Guide me application who will recommend useful information to
the user according to their current location, preferences and past visits. Its a mobile and web application
provides consultation, publication and recommendation of touristic locations. Each user may consult places
of touristic interest; receive suggestions of previously unseen touristic places according to other users
recommendations, and to perform its own recommendations.
Peter Aksenov et al. [12] proposed the concept of smart routing-a personalised recommender system
for cultural tourism that takes into account the varying nature of tourists dynamic needs and preferences.
Three level of activity specification are considered in this.1) a program level, i.e. selecting a set of relevant
points of interests (POIs) to be included into the tour, 2) a schedule level, i.e. arranging the selected POIs

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCET/index.asp 74 editor@iaeme.com
 Design and Analysis of a Novel Hybrid Recommender System for Efficient Map Routing
Based on User Preferences

into a sequence, 3) a travel route level, i.e. determining a set of multimodal trips to be made between the
POIs included in the tour.
The GuidePal Offline City Guides [13] allows for users to download varied content for different cities
and to consult information regarding coffee shops, restaurants and other attractions. In order to list the
existing points of interest, the user selects the desired city and category. Afterwards, a description for the
points of interest is shown.
The mTrip travel guide service [14] is mainly used for big cities such as Berlin and Paris, among
others. It is available as a separate application for each one of the major cities and allows people to consult
information regarding points of interest without an Internet connection. Users can schedule or create
guides for the cities by providing the detailed information on the touristic attractions which they plan to
visit. Each point of interest is accompanied by a description, a photo, opening hours, prices, as well as the
comments and ratings from other travellers. It includes augmented reality tool to preview the points of
interest near the users location.
The Triposo service [15] offers similar features to those of mTrip. However, it includes much more
countries as well as smaller cities. When one picks the country to visit, the download of information
regarding the points of interest for that country starts immediately, allowing consulting this information
later in offline mode. For big cities, it provides special information regarding the city guide about all sighs,
a list of restaurants and extended nightlife options. It also provides a travel dashboard with currency
converter, weather info, and useful native language phrases.
Foursquare [16] is a service that allows registered users to check-in at their current location. It
provides Web and mobile applications for iPhone, Android and Blackberry. Users with special permission
can contribute with new locations, such as coffee shops, sights and restaurants. The service was created in
2009, in March 2011 a recommender system was added for suggesting places that user might like, based
on their past actions. In 2013, a new version was published allowing users to consult the sights nearby their
current location.
Kapil Bhatia [17] uses the approach of collaborative tagging to organize software artifacts. He presents
a software reuse framework for the organization of software artifacts, which can be used as the basis for
building software repositories. This model includes representation of software artifacts like code snippets,
SRS or test cases in a unique representational path form. This model also contains operations to assign tags
(or keywords) to artifacts, which include storing, browsing and searching them. The work has been verified
with users of the system and subsequent results have been reported and analyzed. As the work in these
kinds of systems is still in nascent stage, we have also represented the limitation, apart from advantages
and future directions.
Vander Wal, et al. has discussed the potential benefits of tagging for personal information
management. Vander Wal [18] has observed that in tagging systems there exists a powerful tool, allowing
users to index their information resources with their own keywords.
Nan Zheng, et al. [19] proposed the recommender system based on tags and time information. They
show empirically using data from a real world data set that tag and time information can well express users
taste and we also show that better performances can be achieved if such information is integrated into CF.
Another collaborative filtering recommender system based on tag information is proposed by Liang,
Huizhi et al. [20]. This paper explores the utilization of tagging information to provide the related
recommendations. This is based on the distinctive three dimensional relationships among users, tags and
items, a new user profiling and similarity measure method is proposed. Author experiments suggest that
the approach proposed is better than the traditional collaborative filtering recommender systems using only
rating data.
Several author also proposed the incorporation of different filtering techniques with meta-heuristic
techniques to provide accurate and precise results. Punam Bedi,et al. [21] has proposed the trust based

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCET/index.asp 75 editor@iaeme.com
 Gurbinder Kaur and Manmohan Sharma

recommender system using ant colony optimization. They incorporated the collaborative filtering
technique with the ant colony optimization.
Gipp, B., et al. [22] introduces Scienstein, the first hybrid research paper recommender system and a
powerful alternative to currently used academic search engines. Scienstein improves the approach of the
usually used keyword-based search by combining it with citation analysis, author analysis, source analysis,
implicit ratings, and explicit ratings and in addition, innovative Collaborative filtering used in the field of
recommender system is criticized for various reasons. Gipp, Bela et al. [23] claim that collaborative
filtering would be ineffective in domains where more items than users exist. Others believe that users
would not be spending time for explicitly rating research papers.
Mobasher, et al. [24] discuss about security problems in collaborative recommender systems. In this
paper author outline some of the major issues in building secure recommender systems like publicly-
accessible adaptive systems such as collaborative recommender systems present security problem.
Attackers, who cannot be readily distinguished from ordinary users, may inject biased profiles in an
attempt to force a system to adapt in a manner advantageous to them.
Beel, et al. [25] had done a comparative analysis of offline and online evaluations of Recommender
Systems. Offline evaluations are the most common evaluation method for research paper recommender
systems. However, no thorough discussion on the appropriateness of offline evaluations has taken place,
despite some voiced criticism. They conducted a study in which we evaluated various recommendation
approaches with both offline and online evaluations. They found that results of offline and online
evaluations often contradict each other. They discuss this finding in detail and conclude that offline
evaluations may be inappropriate for evaluating research paper recommender systems, in many settings
Bobadilla, et al.[26] presents a metric to measure similarity between users, which is applicable in
collaborative filtering processes carried out in recommender systems. The proposed metric is formulated
via a simple linear combination of values and weights. Values are calculated for each pair of users between
which the similarity is obtained, whilst weights are only calculated once, making use of a prior stage in
which a genetic algorithm extracts weightings from the recommender system which depend on the specific
nature of the data from each recommender system. The results obtained present significant improvements
in prediction quality, recommendation quality and performance.
Linden, et al. [27] presents an industry report on the recommendation system used in Amazon.com e-
commerce site. Report presents Item-to- Item Collaborative filtering for the recommendation of product on
their site.Amazon.com uses recommendations as a targeted marketing tool in many email campaigns and
on most of its Web sites pages, including the high traffic Amazon.com homepage. Clicking on the Your
Recommendations link leads customers to an area where they can filter their recommendations by product
line and subject area, rate the recommended products, rate their previous purchases, and see why items are
recommended
Burke, et al. [28] has combined recommendation techniques to build hybrid recommender systems.
This chapter surveys the space of two-part hybrid recommender systems, comparing four different
recommendation techniques and seven different hybridization strategies. Implementations of 41 hybrids
including some novel combinations are examined and compared. The study finds that cascade and
augmented hybrids work well, especially when combining two components of differing strengths.
Joachims, et al. [29] this paper explores the use of Support Vector Machines (SVMs) for learning text
classifiers from examples. It analyzes the particular properties of learning with text data and identifies why
SVMs are appropriate for this task.
Miyahara, K., et al. [30] In this paper, authors discuss an approach to collaborative filtering based on
the simple Bayesian classifier. The simple Bayesian classifier is one of the most successful supervised
machine-learning algorithms. It performs well in various classification tasks in spite of its simplicity. In
this paper, author defines two variants of the recommendation problem for the simple Bayesian classifier.
In their approach, authors calculate the similarity between users from negative ratings and positive ratings

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCET/index.asp 76 editor@iaeme.com
 Design and Analysis of a Novel Hybrid Recommender System for Efficient Map Routing
Based on User Preferences

separately and evaluated these algorithms using a database of movie recommendations and joke
recommendations.
Kasaki, et al. [31] proposes a context-aware mobile learning system with adaptive correlation
computing methods. This system enables users to enhance their knowledge by correlating it with daily
experiences. The proposed system contains a hybrid metric vector space to define the correlation between
heterogeneous metadata vectors of the user context and learning material.
Cui, L., et al. [32] presents a method based on One-Class SVM for news recommendation algorithm to
provide intelligent recommendation and personalized service for users on news website. By analyzing the
news webpages and users browsing history, and by building One-Class SVM model, this algorithm can
recommend news for user. The main work of this paper is to study this news recommendation algorithm
and to show its experimental results under Dot NET platform.
Belkin, et al. [33] did a subjective comparison of different information filtering and information
retrieval models. Authors present an advantages and disadvantages of different information filtering and
information retrieval models
Thai-Nghe, et al. [34] proposes a novel approach which uses recommender system techniques for
educational data mining, especially for predicting student performance. To validate this approach, authors
compare recommender system techniques with traditional regression methods such as logistic/linear
regression by using educational data for intelligent tutoring systems. Experimental results show that the
proposed approach can improve prediction results.
From the extensive literature survey we concluded that there are few recommender systems are exists
for recommending routes in maps. Those who are exists currently using content and collaborative filtering
techniques and provide insufficient results. Both the techniques have their own limitations.
Content filtering heavily depend upon the keyword and the description of the items. Content based
recommender system become more complex due to semantic analysis and also in this user can get the
recommendations similar to the items already rated by him in the past. First, terms can either be assigned
automatically or manually. When terms are assigned automatically a method has to be chosen that can
extract these terms from items. Second, the terms have to be represented such that both the user profile is
based on seen items and can make recommendations based on this user profile.
Collaborative filtering based recommender systems suffers from sparsity, scalability and cold start
problem .First, there is sparsity problem that occurs when enough data is not available about user
preferences. This problem affects the accuracy of the recommendation systems using collaborative
filtering. Second one is the cold-start problem that occurs when new user or items are added without
enough information. This entails that a user without ratings cannot have a neighbor. The system cannot
recommend an item to a new user who has no ratings. In other words, the system has to wait until all the
users have enough ratings before recommending items. Collaborative filtering which used in the field of
recommender system is criticized for various reasons.
Some authors claim that collaborative filtering would be ineffective in domains where more items than
users exist. Others believe that users would not be spending time for explicitly rating research papers. Also
from the literature survey we found that the accuracy and precision of the results can be improved by the
use collaborative tagging and heuristic techniques.

3. PROPOSED WORK
From the literature survey we conclude that desired path may vary according to the user preference but
sometimes recommendations are not relevant according to the user current priorities, so recommender
system fails to suggest the optimal path for the user and also the data retrieval is not fast. The parameters
for recommendation are the most important aspect of consideration in this area.

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCET/index.asp 77 editor@iaeme.com
 Gurbinder Kaur and Manmohan Sharma

We are proposing a Hybrid Recommender System for Map Routing using content and collaborative
filtering approach to suggest optimal path to the user according to their current location, preferences and
past visits.
This will be accomplished by:
Designing a hybrid recommender system using content and collaborative in which we takes the average
of the ratings given by the users(collaborative approach) and number of occurrences of the selected
parameter along with the frequency of that parameter along the route as an input (content approach) to
some machine learning algorithm.
In order to solve the above mentioned problem a comparative analysis must be performed between the
content, and collaborative approach. The overview of the proposed approaches has shown below:

Table 1 Overview of the proposed approaches

Approach Item data User data Recommend Pros Cons
Content Keywords/Description Profile of items Item with most Domain -manual
the user has similar independent entering
liked. description to description
one of the items -depends upon
in the users quality of
profile description
-gray sheep
-stability vs.
plasticity
Collaborative - Profile of items Item liked by a -no item data -need enough
the user has user with similar needed data
liked. user data -domain -gray sheep
independent -stability v/s
-outside the box plasticity
-model-based: -Memory-
low CPU-time based: lots of
memory and
high CPU-
time.

3.1. Proposed Hybrid Approach

The system we are going to propose is the map routing application based on Hybrid Recommender System
using content and collaborative approaches for better recommendations.
Below figure describes the process of Hybrid Recommender System application.

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCET/index.asp 78 editor@iaeme.com
 Design and Analysis of a Novel Hybrid Recommender System for Efficient Map Routing
Based on User Preferences

Start

New user sign up with name, email (as primary key)

No
If user is new Shows the previous search history (content) to the user
Parameter
Recommendation
Yes

Recommend parameter which most people in the data base searched

Selection of initial and final destination by the user

Number of points (content) and average ratings (collaborative) of the parameter selected on each
route correspond to the initial and final destinations is calculated

Standard Deviation between points of references is calculated

Both of the values supplied to Nave Bayes (conditional probability is calculated) and ACO (weight
is calculated)

Nave Bayes return values equal to the number of route and ACO return best path to destination

Route
Recommendation No If the value is
max.

Yes Record route recommendations

Stop

Figure 1 Flow Chart of Hybrid Recommender System

The various phases of the proposed approach shown in Fig.1 and Fig.2 are described below:
New user: For the new user, the system requests to register him/her for an account to gather user
preferences.
History (For content): To understand user interests and provide efficient recommendations enough data
have to be collected. Enough data have to be collected before a content-based recommender system can

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCET/index.asp 79 editor@iaeme.com
 Gurbinder Kaur and Manmohan Sharma

really understand user preferences and provide accurate recommendations. Therefore, when few data are
available, as for a new user, the system will not be able to provide reliable recommendations (no history
available) and if user already exists in the system then recommendation is based on its previous searched
history.
History (For collaborative): Enough ratings and reviews have to be collected before a collaborative
recommender system can really understand user preferences and provide accurate recommendations.
Therefore, when few data are available, as for a new user, the system will recommend parameter which
most people in the database searched and if user is not new, parameter is recommended to the user on
the basis of the last route searched by the user.
Map database: Collect the information for recommendations in map such as routes, shortest path,
reviews of the users, ratings, parameters like hospitals, restaurants, doctor, cafe etc.
Information collected: Analyze the collected information by filtering component that whether it is likely
to be of interest to the active user by comparing features in the item representations to those items stored
in the user profile.
Route recommendation: This phase recommend routes to the user on the basis of previous discussed
steps.
o Firstly user enters the initial and final destination points.
o Than after selecting the parameter like food, ATM etc. no. of points of each parameter on each
route correspond to the initial and final destination is calculated.
o Standard deviation between points of reference is calculated by the following formula:

(Xi X)
SD =
N
Where SD= Standard deviation
X=Population mean
Xi= ith element from the population
N= Number of elements in the population
Nave Bayes Algorithm: These values of all the routes and approach concerned are supplied to the
Nave Bayes algorithm which computes the conditional probability based on the following formulas:
Step 1: For Training
Calculation of probability of good and bad route from the available routes as:
!" R
Probability =
#!" R
Probability%& = 1 Probability

+,- ()*
Probability () = .,- ()

Probability%& 1 Probability
Where N is the total no. of good routes.
M is the total number of routes.
Rgis the average rating of good route.
R is the average rating of all routes.
SDgis the standard deviation of good route.
SD is the standard deviation of all routes.

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCET/index.asp 80 editor@iaeme.com
 Design and Analysis of a Novel Hybrid Recommender System for Efficient Map Routing
Based on User Preferences

Step 2: For Testing

Calculation of Likelihood
For likelihood calculation in case of content approach and collaborative approach we need to calculate
the Conditional Probability
No. ofpointsofgoodrouteexcepttheselected
Likelihoodof5irstroute(no. ofpoints)givengood =
Avg. ratingofallthegoodroutes
Avg. rating of good route except the selected
Likelihood of 5irst route (avg. rating)given good =
Avg. rating of all the good routes
StandardDeviationofgoodrouteexcepttheselected
Likelihoodof5irstroute(SD)givengood =
StandardDeviationofallthegoodroutes
FinalResult = Probability Likelihoodofeach(Avg. rating)givengood + SD Likelihoodofeachroute
(SD)givengood

Ant Colony Optimization Algorithm: These values of all the routes and approach concerned are
supplied to the Ant Colony Optimization algorithm which computes the optimal path by focusing on all the
possible routes from a given origin to a destination and recommend the best one based on the following:
Proposed Algorithm:
WRi= {WR1,WR2,WR3..WRm}.Set of initial or update weights for each route
U = { U1, U2, U3..Un} . Set of users
R = {R1,R2,R3Rm} . Set of routes
Wmin= Minimum weight for the route
Wmax= Maximum weight for the route
E
WD = Updated weight of the route
WDFG = Old weight of the route
f (U R) = (uirj) 1<i<m , 2<j<n . Mapping function of user and route
Step 1: Initialization
(i) Initialize Wmin and Wmax
(ii) HI!" WRi= WcoldstartweightwhereWRi= 0
Step 2: Updating
E
(i) WD = WDFG + W JKL where WD E
<= Wmax
(ii) H E FG
O!" WDN = WDN + W
) L
where WD E
>= Wmin
OPI
Step 3: Retrieval
Now all articles have weight
f (U,R) = (uirj)
= (uirj) Y
This function recommends the top Y route sorted on the weight parameter for the user Ui
According to the final result, application can recommend the route to the user

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCET/index.asp 81 editor@iaeme.com
 Gurbinder Kaur and Manmohan Sharma

4. CONCLUSION
To find out related content is very difficult task in current scenario where there are huge amount of data is
stored in the databases. Recommender systems are solution to this problem and attracting researchers to
explore this area in past few years. In this paper we introduced the concept of smart routing- a hybrid
recommender system for map routing which recommend accurate route to the user according to their
current location, preferences and past visits. Wrong recommendations assigned to the user tend to decrease
the efficiency of the system but this problem is reduced by using content and collaborative approach and
optimal recommendations are provided to the user. This concept also have taken care of the cold start
problem for new items where we do not know how to recommend new item or what to recommend to that
new user added to the system by using content and collaborative filtering approach.
In this paper we introduced the concept where system recommend items to users that are similar to
those that a user liked in the past on the basis of users likings in content approach and in collaborative we
are recommending items to the user on the basis of ratings and reviews given by the user. The application
gives path recommendations based on parameters selected by user. This approach has its root in
information retrieval and information filtering research. The system is functional as well as user-friendly.
The simplicity of the design prevents any confusion. Layouts and menu are fluid and easy to use. The
system becomes self-learning as more people use the system and gives their knowledge to the system and
ultimately its capability to return related research parameters helps to solve users problems.

REFERENCES
[1] E. Rich, User modeling via stereotypes, In: Cognitive Science, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 329354, October
1979.
[2] D. Goldberg, D. Nichols, B. M. Oki, and D. Terry, Using collaborative filtering to weave an
information tapestry, In: Communications of the ACM, vol. 35, no. 12, pp. 6170, 1992.
[3] P. Resnick, N. Iacovou, M. Suchak, P. Bergstrom, and J. Riedl, GroupLens: an open architecture for
collaborative filtering of net news, In: ACM CSCW 94, pp. 175186, ACM, 1994.
[4] N.Tintarev, A.Flores and X.Amatrian, Off the beaten track: a mobile field study exploring the long tail
of tourist recommendations, In: Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Human computer
Interaction with mobile devices and services (MobileHCI10),pp.57-64,ACM,NewYork,NY,USA,2010
[5] Y.Ge, H.Xiong, A.Tuzhilin,Xiao.A,M.Gruteser and M.Pazzani, An energy efficient mobile
recommender system, In: proceedings of the 16th ACM SIGKDD International conference on
Knowledge discovery and data mining(KDD,10),pp.899-908,ACM,NewYork,NY,USA,2010.
[6] L.Baltrunas, Exploiting contextual information in recommender systems,In:Proceedings of the 2008
ACM Conference on Recommender Systems(RecSys08),pp.295-298,ACM,NewYork,NY,USA,2008.
[7] J.Kim,H.Kim and J.Ryu, TripTrip: a trip planning service with tag-based recommendation , In:
Proceedings of 27th international conference extended abstracts on Human factors in computing
systems(CHI09),pp.3467-3472,ACM,NewYork,NY,USA,2009.
[8] J.Escribano and A.Camus.La guia de viajes intelligent que aprende de ti y tus
amigos,www.slideshare.net/betabeers/touristeye,November 2012.
[9] Tourist Eye, Inc, www.touristeye.com.TouristEye Web Application, 2012.
[10] B.Hayden Bahls, Pedestrian Pal: A Route Recommendation System for the Android Mobile Phone In:
Theses, Dissertations, Professional Paper, Paper737, 2011.
[11] A.Umanets GuideMe-A tourist Guide with a Recommender System and Social Interaction, In:
Conference on Electronics, Telecommunications and Computers-CETC, ELSVIER, pp.407-414, 2014.

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCET/index.asp 82 editor@iaeme.com
 Design and Analysis of a Novel Hybrid Recommender System for Efficient Map Routing
Based on User Preferences

[12] P.Aksenov, A.Kemperman and T.Arentze., Toward personalised and dynamic cultural routing: a three-
level approach, In: 12th International Conference on Design and Decision Support Systems in
Architecture and Urban Planning, DDS, ELSVIER, pp.257-269, 2014.
[13] GuidePal, Inc, guidepal.com.GuidePal Home, 2012
[14] mTrip, Inc, www.mTrip-Intelligent Travel Guides, 2011.
[15] Triposo, Inc, www.triposo.com.Triposo Travel Guides, 2012.
[16] Foursquare, Inc, foursquare.com. Building a recommendation engine, Fours quare style, March 2011.
[17] K.Bhatia, Collaborative Tagging for Software Reuse."Computer Science & Engineering
Department,In: Thapar Institute of Engineering\ & Technology, Deemed University, 2006.
[18] A.Mathes, Folksonomies Cooperative Classification and Communication Through Shared Metadata",
In: Adam Mathes.com, USA, 2004.
[19] N.Zheng and L.Qiudan, A recommender system based on tag and time information for social tagging
systems. In: Expert Systems with Applications 38, no. 4 : 4575-4587, 2011
[20] Liang, Huizhi, Y. Xu, Y.Li, and R.Nayak, Collaborative filtering recommender systems using tag
information, In: Web Intelligence and Intelligent Agent Technology, WI-IAT'08. IEEE/WIC/ACM
International Conference on, vol. 3, pp. 59-62. IEEE, 2008.
[21] P.Bedi, and R.Sharma, Trust based recommender system using ant colony for trust computation, In:
Expert Systems with Applications 39, no. 1: 1183-1190, 2012.
[22] G.Bela, J.Beel, and C.Hentschel, Scienstein: A research paper recommender system, In: International
Conference on Emerging Trends in Computing, pp. 309-315, 2009.
[23] B.Mobasher, R.Burke, R.Bhaumik, & C.Williams, Toward trustworthy recommender systems, In: An
analysis of attack models and algorithm robustness. ACM Transactions on Internet Technology (TOIT),
7(4), 23, 2007.
[24] J.Beel, M.Genzmehr, S.Langer, A.Nrnberger, &B.Gipp, Comparative analysis of offline and online
evaluations and discussion of research paper recommender system evaluation, In: Proceedings of the
International Workshop on Reproducibility and Replication in Recommender Systems Evaluation (pp.
7-14). ACM, OCTOBER 2013.
[25] J.Bobadilla, F.Ortega, A.Hernando, &J.Alcal, Improving collaborative filtering recommender system
results and performance using genetic algorithms, In: Knowledge-based systems, 24(8), 1310-1316,
2011.
[26] G.Linden, B.Smith, & J.York, Amazon. Com recommendations: Item-to-item collaborative filtering,
In: Internet Computing, IEEE, 7(1), 76-80, 2003.
[27] R.Burke, Knowledge-based Recommender Systems, In: A. Kent (ed.): Encyclopedia of Library and
Information Systems, 69, Sup. 32, 2000.
[28] T. Joachims, Text categorization with support vector machines: Learning with many relevant features,
In: Springer Berlin Heidelberg.pp.137-142, 1998.
[29] K.Miyahara, &M.Pazzani J., Collaborative filtering with the simple Bayesian classifier In: PRICAI
2000 Topics in Artificial Intelligence. Springer Berlin Heidelberg.pp.679-689, 2000.
[30] N.Kasaki, S.Kurabayashi, &Y.Kiyoki, A geo-location context-aware mobile learning system with
adaptive correlation computing methods In: Procedia Computer Science, 10, 593-600, 2012.
[31] L.Cui, &Y.Shi, A Method based on one-class SVM for News Recommendation. Procedia Computer
Science, 31, 281-290, 2014.
[32] Belkin, J.Nicholas, and W. Bruce Croft, Information filtering and information retrieval: two sides of
the same coin? In: Communications of the ACM 35, no. 12, 29-38, 1992.

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCET/index.asp 83 editor@iaeme.com
 Gurbinder Kaur and Manmohan Sharma

[33] T.Nghe, Nguyen, L.Drumond, A.Krohn-Grimberghe, and L.Schmidt-Thieme, Recommender system

for predicting student performance, In: Procedia Computer Science 1, no. 2, pp. 2811-2819, 2010.
[34] W. Hill, L. Stead, M. Rosenstein, and G. Furnas, Recommending and evaluating choices in a virtual
community of use, In: ACM CHI 95, pp. 194201, ACM Press/Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., 1995.
[35] U. Shardanand and P. Maes, Social information filtering: Algorithms for automating word of
mouth, In: ACM CHI 95, pp. 210217, ACM Press/Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., 1995.
[36] A. Ansari, S. Essegaier, and R. Kohli, Internet recommendation systems, In: Journal of Marketing
Research, vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 363375, August 2000.
[37] P. M.West, D. Ariely, S. Bellman, E. Bradlow, J. Huber, E. Johnson, B. Kahn, J. Little, and D. Schkade,
Agents to the Rescue?, In: Marketing Letters, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 285300, 1999.
[38] J. B. Schafer, J. A. Konstan, and J. Riedl, E-Commerce recommendation applications, In: Data
Mining and Knowledge Discovery, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 115153, JANUARY 2001.
[39] B. Smyth, Case-based recommendation, In: The Adaptive Web, vol. 4321 of Lecture Notes in
Computer Science, pp. 342376, Springer, 2007.
[40] R. Burke, Hybrid recommender systems: Survey and experiments, In: User Modeling and User-
Adapted Interaction, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 331370, November 2002.
[41] M.Hiralall, Recommender systems for e-shops, In: Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, 2011.
[42] F Ricci, L Rokach &B Shapira, Introduction to recommender systems handbook. In: Springer US,
2011.
[43] J.Breese, D.Heckerman & C.Kadie, Empirical Analysis of Predictive Algorithms for Collaborative
Filtering. In: Proceedings of the 14th Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence, Madison,
WI, and Morgan Kaufmann Publisher, 1998.
[44] P.Resnick, I.Neophytos, Mitesh, S. Bergstrom, P. Riedl, J., Group Lens: An Open Architecture for
Collaborative Filtering of Netnews, In: Proceedings of CSCW94: Conference on Computer Supported
Cooperative Work, 175-186, Chapel Hill, Addison-Wesley, 1994.
[45] U.Shardanand & P.Maes, Social Information Filtering: Algorithms for Automating 'Word of Mouth,
In: Proceedings of the Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 210-217, Denver, CO.,
ACM Press, 1995.
[46] V Formoso, F Cacheda, V Carneiro, Algorithms for Efficient Collaborative Filtering. In: Efficiency
Issues in Information Retrieval Workshop, p. 17, 2008.
[47] R.Burke, Integrating Knowledge-Based and Collaborative-Filtering Recommender Systems." In:
Proceedings of the AAAI Workshop on AI in Electronic Commerce: 4, 1999.
[48] R.Burke, Knowledge-based Recommender Systems, In: A. Kent (ed.): Encyclopedia of Library and
Information Systems, 69, Sup. 32, 2000.
[49] S.Schmitt and R.Bergmann, Applying case-based reasoning technology for product selection and
customization in electronic commerce environments, In: 12th Bled Electronic Commerce Conf. Bled,
Slovenia, June 7-9, 1999.
[50] R. Burke, Hybrid Web Recommender Systems: Survey and Experiments, In:User Modeling and User-
Adapted Interaction, Volume 12, Issue 4, p. 331370, 2002.
[51] http://software.ucv.ro/~cmihaescu/ro/teaching/AIR/docs/Lab4-NaiveBayes.pdf.
[52] http://www.statsoft.com/textbook/naive-bayes-classifier.
[53] Manning, D.Christopher, P.Raghavan, and H.Schtze, Introduction to information retrieval, In:Vol. 1.
Cambridge: Cambridge university press, 2008.

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCET/index.asp 84 editor@iaeme.com