Hng dn n tp mn hc

EE2000 TN HIU V H THNG

PGS. Hong Minh Sn

B mn iu khin t ng
Trng i hc Bch khoa H Ni

06.12.2010

Lu :
1) Tt c cc lp hc trong hc k 20101 s thi cng kp v chung (s c 2 thi).
2) Thi gian lm bi 90 pht, giy thi km theo bi c pht trong bui thi, sinh
vin lm bi trc tip vo t giy c pht.
3) Ch c s dng ti liu l 1 t A4 (2 mt) t vit tay c in h tn r rng
(khng in, khng pht), ngoi ra ch mang thm 2 t giy trng nhp. Khng s
dng bt k phng tin h tr no khc, tt c in thoi di ng phi tt trc khi
vo phng thi (mt ln in thoi ku do c gi hoc nhn c tin nhn: tr 50%
im thi, s dng in thoi hoc ti liu khc trong phng thi: nh ch thi v nhn 0
im).
Chng 1: Khi nim tn hiu v h thng
1. c v v s tn hiu, nhn bit cc c im (v thi gian, bin v tn s )
v phn loi tn hiu (qua m t ton hc hoc trn s ):
- Tn hiu thc (real-value signal), tn hiu phc (complex-value signal)
- Tn hiu lin tc (continuous-time signal), tn hiu khng lin tc hay tn hiu
gin on (discrete-time signal)
- Tn hiu tng t (analog signal), tn hiu ri rc (discrete signal).
- Tn hiu nhn qu (causal signal), phi nhn qu (noncausal signal), phn nhn
qu (anticausal signal)
- Tn hiu tun hon (periodic signal), khng tun hon (aperiodic signal)
(Bi tp 1-6, bi thc hnh s 1)
2. nh ngha v v s cc tn hiu c bn (lin tc v khng lin tc), trnh by
cc tnh cht v ngha ng dng ca chng:
- Xung n v (unit impulse): lin tc (xung Dirac) v khng lin tc (xung
Kronecker), thng k hiu (t).
- Bc nhy n v (unit step), thng k hiu 1(t) hoc u(t).
- Tn hiu dng sin (sinusoidal), s khc nhau v tnh tun hon gia tn hiu dng
sin lin tc v khng lin tc.
- Tn hiu m phc (complex exponential), s m rng cho tn hiu dng sin.
3. p dng cc php bin i c bn (khuch i, cng v nhn tn hiu, dch thi
gian, co gin v o thi gian) biu din tn hiu thng qua cc tn hiu c bn.
(Bi tp 7, 15-16, bi thc hnh s 1).
4. Nhn bit v ch r nhng c im chung ca mt h thng, phn loi h thng:
- H ng hc (dynamic system), h tnh (static system) hay h khng c nh
(memory-less system)
- H dng (time-invariant system), h bin thin (time-invariant system)
- H tuyn tnh (linear system), h phi tuyn (nonlinear system)
- H nhn qu (causal system) hay phi nhn qu (noncausal system)
Bi tp: 8.

Chng 2: M t tn hiu v h thng trn min thi gian

5. nh ngha v vit cng thc p ng xung ca mt h tuyn tnh (lin tc v
khng lin tc). p dng tnh cht h tuyn tnh v php tch chp tnh ton
p ng ra ca h thng da trn p ng xung.
(Bi tp: 9-11, bi thc hnh s 2)
6. Cho phng trnh vi phn hoc phng trnh sai phn m t mt h tuyn tnh:
- Xc nh bc v tnh nhn qu ca h
- Gii PTVP tnh ton p ng thi gian ca h thng, phn bit v gii thch
ngha ca p ng t do v p ng cng bc.

2
 - Tnh ton p ng xung v p ng bc nhy (hay p ng bc thang n v)
ca h. p ng xung v p ng qu l p ng t do hay p ng cng
bc?
- Lin h gia p ng xung hoc p ng bc nhy vi tnh n nh ca h thng.
- Dn xut m hnh trng thi ca h. Lin h gia s bin trng thi v bc ca h
thng. M hnh trng thi c u im g so vi m hnh p ng xung?
(Bi tp: 12, bi thc hnh s 2 v s 3)
7. Cho mt mch in n gin:
- Xy dng phng trnh vi phn m t quan h vo-ra, trn c s thc hin cc
yu cu nh trong 6.
- La chn cc i lng no lm bin trng thi? C th xy dng m hnh trng
thi mt cch trc tip, khng cn vit y phng trnh vi phn ca h?
T m hnh trng thi ca mt h tuyn tnh, xc nh p ng xung v p ng
bc nhy ca h thng (dn xut v p dng cng thc tng qut).
(Bi tp: 13-14, bi thc hnh s 3)

Chng 3: Chui Fourier v php bin i Fourier

8. Trnh by v gii thch ngha ca cc php phn tch Fourier (chui Fourier, bin
i Fourier) cho tn hiu lin tc v khng lin tc:
- Phn tch chui Fourier/bin i Fourier l g v lm g?
- Php phn tch no p dng cho tn hiu no?
- Ti sao li s dng tn hiu dng sin hoc tn hiu m phc? (lu tnh cht hm
ring v tnh cht trc giao).
9. Cho trc m t tn hiu (lin tc hoc khng lin tc) di dng hm ton hc
hoc s thi gian, xc nh chui Fourier (cho tn hiu tun hon) hoc bin i
Fourier (cho tn hiu khng tun hon), kt hp p dng:
- Cng thc nh ngha
- Cc tnh cht ca chui/bin i Fourier
- Tra bng i vi cc tn hiu thng dng.
Biu din chui/bin i Fourier trn th (bin v gc pha). Kt hp p dng
cc tnh cht ca chui/php bin i Fourier lin h gia cc th hm gc v
th chui/nh Fourier ca tn hiu.
(Bi tp: 17-22, bi thc hnh s 4)

Chng 4: p ng tn s v lc tn hiu
10. Lin h gia vic p dng php phn tch Fourier v p ng tn s (hm c tnh
tn) ca mt h thng, gia p ng xung v p ng tn s.
(Bi tp 23, bi thc hnh s 5).

3
11. Tnh ton p ng tn s v v th Bode khi cho trc mt trong cc dng m t
h tuyn tnh lin tc nh sau:
- Phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh
- M hnh trng thi
- p ng xung
(Bi tp 23-25)
12. c th Bode, nhn bit mt s tnh cht ca h thng, lin h gia p ng tn
s v p ng thi gian ca mt h thng:
- p ng tn s <-> Quan h gia tn hiu ra vi tn hiu vo l dng sin/m
phc (Tn hiu ra s l dng g? Tn s bao nhiu? Ti sao? Bin c khuch
i hay b suy gim? Nh th no? Gc pha sm ln hay chm i? Nh th no?).
- Lin h gia n v dB v h s khuch i thng thng.
- Mt khu lc thng thp l nh th no? Khu lc thng cao l nh th no?
(Lu t lm r: p ng tn s hay hm c tnh tn l mt hm phc ph
thuc tn s ca tn hiu vo. Khi biu din theo bin v pha ta c c tnh bin
v c tnh pha l nhng hm thc ph thuc tn s tn hiu vo. Khi ni ti tnh
cht lc tn hiu, ta ch quan tm ti c tnh bin . Mt tn hiu c mt h
thng cho qua khng c ngha l h s khuch i bng 1, bin ca n c th
c khuch i hoc suy gim nhng suy gim khng nhiu khi i qua h thng).

- i vi mt khu qun tnh bc nht th tn s gy ca n c ngha nh th no

i vi tnh cht lc tn hiu ca h thng?
- Mt h c th c nhiu tn s gy hay khng? S im tn s gy, dc ln nht
ca ng c tnh bin v lch pha ln nht lin quan nh th no ti bc
t s v mu s ca hm c tnh tn (nu hm c tnh tn biu din c di
dng phn thc hu t theo tn s )?
- Mt h nh th no th tn ti c tnh tn s?
(Bi tp 26-27, bi thc hnh s 5).

Chng 5. Php bin i Laplace v hm truyn h lin tc

13. Tm nh Laplace ca mt tn hiu cng nh tm hm gc khi bit nh Laplace, p
dng kt hp: cc cng thc nh ngha php bin i Laplace thun v nghch, cc
tnh cht ca php bin i v tra bng. p dng php bin i Laplace gii
phng trnh vi phn, c bit p dng cho tnh ton p ng ca cc mch in.
(Bi tp 28 v chng minh cc tnh cht ca php bin i Laplace).
14. Xc nh hm truyn h lin tc khi bit mt trong cc dng m t sau y:
- Phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh (c bit ca mt mch in)
- M hnh trng thi tuyn tnh
- p ng xung (hm trng lng)
(Bi tp 28-29, bi thc hnh s 6)
15. Cho bit hm truyn h lin tc:

4
 - Xc nh p ng xung, p ng bc nhy cng nh p ng ca h thng vi
u vo bt k.
- Xc nh p ng tn s ca h thng (i vi h n nh), c bit vi khu
qun tnh bc n.
(Bi tp 28, 30, 33, bi thc hnh s 6).
16. Lin h gia 3 dng m t h tuyn tnh lin tc: hm truyn, p ng tn s v
p ng thi gian (p ng xung, p ng bc nhy,...). Xc nh h s khuch i
tnh, im cc-im khng (v v th), bc t s, bc mu s, bc h thng, bc
tng i ca h thng v lin h chng vi p ng tn s (th hin trn th
Bode), p ng xung v p ng bc nhy ca h thng. Lin h gia cc v tr
im cc vi cc tnh cht ca h thng: tnh n nh, tnh dao ng,...
(Bi tp 29-33, bi thc hnh s 6).

Chng 6. Trch mu v khi phc tn hiu

17. p dng thuyt trch mu chn chu k trch mu thch hp i vi mt tn hiu
lin tc. Gii thch hin tng trng ph v bin php khc phc.
(Bi tp 34-36).

Chng 7: Php bin i Z v hm truyn h khng lin tc

18. Xc nh nh Z ca cc tn hiu khng lin tc v xc nh hm gc t nh Z, p
dng kt hp cc cng thc nh ngha, tnh cht ca php bin i Z v tra bng.
(Bi tp 37-38).
19. H khng lin tc: Lin h gia im cc-im khng, hm truyn, p ng xung,
phng trnh sai phn v mt s tnh cht ca h thng: bc h thng, tnh nhn
qu, tnh n nh,...
(Bi tp 39-41).

n tp tng kt:
20. Lin h gia cc dng m t tn hiu: Gia m t trn min thi gian (lin tc v
khng lin tc) v trn min tn s (chui Fourier/bin i Fourier), gia php bin
i Fourier lin tc vi php bin i Laplace, gia php bin i Fourier khng lin
tc vi php bin i Z. Dn xut qua li gia cc dng m t nu c.
21. Lin h gia cc dng m t h tuyn tnh (lin tc v khng lin tc): phng trnh
vi phn/phng trnh sai phn, m hnh trng thi, p ng tn s, p ng xung,
p ng bc nhy, hm truyn. Dn xut qua li gia cc dng m t nu c.
22. Lin h gia cc tnh cht ca tng dng m t h tuyn tnh vi p ng thi gian
ca h khi tn hiu vo dng bt k (nu c th).