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ISSN: 2455-5703
Abstract
Medical image processing has dramatically revolutionized the health care sector by helping clinicians towards early and accurate
diagnosis of the disease. MRI is one of the most versatile and widely used imaging modality. Brain tumours are the abnormal
growth of tissues and this can be benign and malign subject to the tumour location and size, which are often difficult to visually
diagnose from MRI film. Therefore, several image processing techniques have been developed and in use for accurate and early
detection. Image Segmentation typically applied to detect a specific region in an image and is often used in biomedical field. One
of the most challenging implementation of this technique is in brain tumour recognition. This paper presents a comparative study
of different segmentation techniques for extraction of tumour from MRI images.
Keywords- Image processing, brain tumour, Image segmentation, Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
I. INTRODUCTION
Medical image processing is a challenging and a crucial field, the analysis of the taken medical image is very important task for
further diagnosis of the disease in patients. There are several techniques that help in the deformed object recognition in these
images [1][2][3].A brain tumour is a mass of abnormal tissues or cells in the brain. A tumour can be benign or malignant. Benign
tumours are the grade 1 or 2 type of tumours, they are not cancerous and do not grow back after treatment and diagnose. The
malignant tumours are grade 3 or 4 type of tumours, which contains cancerous cells, malignant tumours grow rapidly and spreads
in brain and surrounds the brain tissues, there are over 120 types of tumours depending on their generation part, size, origin of cells
from they are growing and other causes[3]. Different type of tumours affects different part of brain which may cause in person
behavior, health, and senses. The diagnose can be carried out by knowledge of medical imaging [4], MRI, CT Scans,
Electroencephalography (EEG). MRI has advantages over CT scans being capable of detecting the flowing blood and cryptic
vascular malformation. MRI is able to visualize the brain in all three planes Axial, Sagittal, Coronal which gives a good view of
brain as given below in figure.
For brain tumour identification usually the T1- T2 weighted images are used and they are differentiated by looking at their
csf (cerebrospinal fluid), in T1 weighted images csf is dark and bright in T2 weighted images. Contrast type T1 images are
obtained by applying gadolinium, it makes the image bright. MRI images are used widely to detect the tumours in brain, for noise
removal in different images filtering is applied and for different methods an analysis is shown here in [5][6], there are many
methods performed on MRI images like segmentation, morphological operations, feature selection and extraction, classification
etc.
A. Thresholding
Thresholding in image segmentation converts a grayscale image into a binary image, it divides the different attributes in an image
between foreground and back ground, say an image is converted into a black(0 value pixel), and white(1 value
pixel).If g(x, y)is a thresholded version of f(x, y)at some global threshold T,
1 if f(x, y) > 0
g(x) = {
0 otherwise
Morphological operations (Erosion, Dilation) are applied on the image obtained after Thresholding. Below the image shows
global Thresholding on brain tumour MRI.
Fig. 2: a) brain MRI b) after global Thresholding c) final tumour detection after morphology
In [11]Natarajan Prem et al.represented detection of brain tumour by MRI images using pre-processing where image
sharpening is performed by median filters image enhancement by histogram , segmentation by Thresholding and morphological
operations , and finally detection of tumour by image subtraction. As result the tumour is detected by Thresholding and the
operations performed and the time taken not considered here. In EEG also Thresholding removes artifacts and gives better result
Roy, Vandana, and Shailja Shukla [12].
Fig. 3: diffusion- weighted brain image (left) result of region growing segmentation (right)
In Zabir, Ishmam, et al. [13] the region growing is automatically selected as initial contour to the iterative distance
regularized level set evolution method so the need of selection of the region of interest by the user. A completely computer aided
automated technique is developed to detect glioma the BRATS 2012 database is used which contains different glioma cases. T2
and flair images are used and final contour after 50 iterations both the images are summed up to find final segmented tumour, the
rese performance was 55-95% dice coefficient for different cases.
C. Clustering Based
A cluster consist a group of similar objects, clustering is of two types supervised and unsupervised, in supervised clustering criteria
is decided by user but in unsupervised clustering criteria is decided by the system itself.
D. K- Means Clustering
K-Means is an unsupervised clustering algorithm that classifies the input data points into multiple classes based on their inherent
distance from each other. Let X ={x1, x2, x3xn} represents a set of elements of an image and C= {c1, c2, c3ck) represents
asset of centroid, where is number of clusters. The main objective of k means clustering is to minimize an objective function J that
determines the closeness between the pixel and the cluster centroids, and is calculated as follows,
J= =0 =0 2
CC Lin, CC Chang. [14], in their work k - means converts the grayscale image into a colour space image and then the
position of tumour is separated from the other objects in the MR image, first the grayscale image converted into RGB colour and
then further converted into CIELab colour model, they concluded that the method is easy and efficient at that time.
F. Watershed
watershed is another region based method that has its origin in mathematical morphology, general concept was introduced by H.
Digabel and C. Lantujoul in 1977,[17] watershed segmentation is based on the idea of regarding an image as topographic
landscape with ridges and valleys. K. Bhima and A. Jagan [18], this paper concentrate on improving the detection of brain tumour
in MRI by using marker based watershed segmentation in few dataset MRI images, followed by MATLAB implementation as
testing results they found better results, the brain tumour was clearly segmented. I. Maiti and M. Chakraborty,[19], brain tumour
detection based on colour by using watershed along with edge detection algorithm, the result found was promising, it was based
on HSV colour madal.P. Dhage, M. R. Phegade and S. K. Shah [20], the paper proposed a method based on watershed segmentation
that separates the abnormal tissues of brain from the normal one, while the tumour is extracted but the position and shape is also
determined and other parameters like eccentricity, entropy and centroid is also calculated.
CC Lin, CC Chang. k- means clustering with histogram Method was very efficient, tumour location detected
3. 2007
[14] statistics successfully
I. Diaz and P.
6. 2015 Atlas based Tumour detected
Boulanger[22]
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