Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Report Midterm
GROUP 23
GROUP PERSONNEL:
AHMAD HAMIDI (1306446370)
ASTRINI PRADYASTI (1306370404)
CHAIRANI SHAFIRA U. (1306370732)
IMAM TAUFIQ R. (1306370612)
MARIA ULFA (1306370625)
RADEN RIDZKI ADITYA (1306370530)
About 88% of Indonesias power generation is from fossil fuels, which has
led to heavy import dependence and excessive reliance on government subsidies.
Because of the need to increase the electrification ratio, demand of electricity is
also increase. To this end, the Government of Indonesia plans to build 35,000
MW of power plants in the next 5 years. By having photovoltaic power plants in
Indonesia, government plan to increase the electrification ratio can be happened.
Moreover, Indonesia can decrease its dependency of fossil fuel. Besides, the
excess of PV power plant can be used as an energy in power-to-gas.
Power-to-gas is the process of converting surplus renewable energy into
hydrogen gas by rapid response electrolysis. Power-to-Gas (P2G) involves
transferring excess energy from the power system to the gas grid in the form of
electrolytic hydrogen. The P2G process not only helps avoid waste of renewable
energy in electrical system due to system constraints, but also realizes the two-
way coupling for the integrated gas and electrical systems.
In the first step, gaseous hydrogen is formed by the process of electrolysis
using an electrolyzer convert electricity to hydrogen, which can be stored and
transformed back into electricity via fuel cells later, with certain efficiency. The
technology of Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) is considered to be favorable
for the P2G process due to its faster ramping rates, which can better accommodate
wind power fluctuations. H2 generated in the first step can be stored for usage
later, injected into the gas network blended with natural gas, or use as a raw
material for other industries.
Electrolysis of aqua demineralization will have products of pure hydrogen
and oxygen. But, there is sometimes a leak at electrolyzer, so there is still remain
of raw material. Because the raw material is only being feed to the anode, there is
no water in the cathode output. So, the output is just hydrogen. Hydrogen from the
cathode then being compressed from 15 bar to 200 bar. Oxygen from separator is
then compressed from 2 bar to 137 bar. Both of these gases go into the cooler to
make their temperature to go down to the ambient temperature. With this process,
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we will produce hydrogen as main product with capacity of 31 kg/h and oxygen as
a side product with capacity of 246 kg/h from water with mass flow of 277 kg/h.
Heat exchanger network (HEN) is needed to determine and optimize the
utility system that would be used in this plant. HEN is used to decrease the usage
of unnecessary utilities since heat of fluid can be used in place of the utilities. The
first step to determine the amount of heat can be recovered by pinch method is by
generating a composite curve. From the composite curves, we see that we would
need to supply 5,839 kW and that we would have to reject 59.9 kW.
Although composite curves can be used to set energy targets, they are
inconvenient since they are based on a graphical construction. A method of
calculating energy targets directly without the necessity of graphical construction
can be developed. This pinch design method is used for determine the use for hot
or cold fluid for heating or cooling the stream itself.
Utilities are the main supporting unit in the running of a production
process. Because of a production process does not work if the utility does not
exist. Therefore, all the facilities and infrastructure should be designed in such a
way as to ensure continuity of operation of the plant. Based on the needs, utilities
on manufacturing plant are water utility and electricity utility.
Chilled water is needed for cooler to cool down hydrogen, oxygen, and
demineralized water (as process water) in this plant. Total requirement of chilled
water for before HEN is 4,512 kg/h, where after HEN chilled water requirement is
4,112 kg/h. Liquid nitrogen also can be used to decrease the temperature of hot
streams. Total requirement of liquid nitrogen for before HEN is 623 kg/h, where
after HEN, liquid nitrogen requirement is 578.55 kg/h.
Electric utility for our Power-to-Gas system is required from our
photovoltaic power. Our PV Power can supply up to 45,000 kWh per day, so there
is enough supply for our electricity requirement. From calculation, we calculated
that the electricity requirement for one year which is 13,660,780 kWh.
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4.2.1 Composite Curves ................................................................................... 51
4.2.2 Problem Table Cascade ........................................................................... 53
4.3 Pinch Design Method ..................................................................................... 55
CHAPTER 5 UTILITY ........................................................................................ 58
5.1 Utility Equipment Selection and Description .................................................. 58
5.1.1 Water Utility ........................................................................................... 58
5.1.2 Electric Utility ........................................................................................ 59
5.1.3 Liquid Nitrogen Utility ........................................................................... 60
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION............................................................................... 61
REFERENCE........................................................................................................ 62
APPENDIX ........................................................................................................... 65
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LIST OF FIGURE
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LIST OF TABLE
1.1 Background
About 88% of Indonesias power generation is from fossil fuels, which has
led to heavy import dependence and excessive reliance on government subsidies.
In its INDCs submitted to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change (UNFCCC), Indonesia sets an unconditional target of achieving a 29%
reduction in emissions by 2030 compared to the business as usual scenario. It
targets an additional emissions reduction of 12% conditional on international
support. In order to meet the twin challenges of climate change and energy
security, Indonesia also established the development of clean energy sources as a
national policy directive, aiming to achieve at least 23% energy generation from
renewable sources by 2025 (nearly six times the 2014 baseline of 4%).
In accordance with the government plan which wants to raise
electrification ratio every year, it takes the availability of electricity in sufficient
quantities. Because of the need to increase the electrification ratio, demand of
electricity is also increase. To this end, the Government of Indonesia plans to
build 35,000 MW of renewable power plants in the next 5 years. As the
renewables sector strives to promote a federal energy policy that would encourage
further development of renewable power and attract investment, industry
participants should consider production-based cash grants and feed-in tariffs as
solar and wind approach grid parity in more regions of the country. Currently,
Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI) is in dialogue with various stakeholders in
energy sector proposing renewable energy in some parts of Indonesia. GGGI
seeks to prove commercial viability for incorporating solar PV in Indonesia, and
prove that Feed in Tariff would not be required if diesel sources are replaced by
solar PV in some parts of Indonesia.
In theory and policy, the market for renewable energy should be strong in
Indonesia. There are abundant resources and the governments goal is to develop
the resources to 25% of generation mix. Thereby, solar and wind energy play an
important role. In 2013, solar and wind power had already comprised a high share
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of the electricity supply. In Denmark (34%) and Spain (21%), solar and wind
energy has become the largest source of electricity; also Portugal (>20%), Ireland
(>16%), and Germany (9%) have reached high shares. The total world installed
solar and wind capacity increased from 17,400 MW in 2000 to 318,105 MW in
2013. However, solar and wind energy are fluctuating and intermittent and have to
be balanced for electric grid stability purposes. Consequently, long term and large
capacity electricity storage is required, as well as reserve production capacity. In
Germany, e.g., the residual power capacity is estimated to be 30-60 GW.
Power-to-Gas is the process of converting surplus renewable energy into
hydrogen gas by rapid response electrolysis and its subsequent injection into the
gas distribution network. Most developed countries already own a vast energy
storage infrastructure through the pressurization of existing transmission and
distribution infrastructure. This allows it to be recharged without the need of it
being discharged first, so when the wind blows, this can be taken and used to top
up storage, this is critical for storing renewable energy which is intermittent in its
generation.
Among the increase of energy demand in Indonesia, one of which in need
is hydrogen. Hydrogen gas is one that has many functions in the industrial world.
But in fact, the production of hydrogen in Indonesia still have not been able to
cover the needs of the industrial market, thus resulting the government must
import hydrogen from abroad to meet domestic demand. Until now, the
manufacture of hydrogen in Indonesia is still using natural gas. When viewed by
reserves, natural gas will be exhausted over time and thereafter we must look for
other sources to produce hydrogen. By using power-to-gas system, electricity used
to split water into hydrogen and oxygen by means of electrolysis. Hydrogen
produced from this process can be used to supply the needs of hydrogen in the
industrial sector.
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provides options to store and transport this energy as renewable hydrogen. Power-
to-Gas provides unparalleled scale of energy storage and enhances system
flexibility. In its comprehensive review of Power-to-Gas, the SBC Energy
Institute examined the technical and economic basis for hydrogen-based energy
conversion and storage. (Decourt et al., 2014).
Electrolyzers (ELY) convert electricity to hydrogen, which can be stored
and transformed back into electricity via fuel cells (FC) later. These processes are
often called P2G and re-electrification, respectively. Hydrogen originating from
renewable energy sources (via electrolysis) can play a major role in decarbonizing
the transport sector, since it can be used as a fuel. However, operating electrolysis
profitably with renewable energy is challenging. Fuel cells (FC) and electrolyzers
are among the technology options which are able to reduce the forecast error
power by supplying electric energy (FC) or transforming surplus energy (ELY)
into hydrogen, thereby reducing both negative forecast deviations (FC) and
positive deviations (ELY).
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hydrogen will join electricity as an important energy carrier, since it can be made
safely from renewable energy sources and is virtually non-polluting. It can also be
used as a fuel for zero-emissions vehicles, to heat homes and offices, to produce
electricity, and to fuel aircraft. Cost is the major obstacle.
The first widespread use of hydrogen will probably be as an additive to
transportation fuels. Hydrogen can be combined with compressed natural gas
(CNG) to increase performance and reduce pollution. Adding 20 percent
hydrogen to CNG can reduce nitrogen oxide (NOX) emissions by 50 percent in
todays engines. An engine converted to burn pure hydrogen produces only water
and minor amounts of NOX as exhaust. A few hydrogen-powered vehicles are on
the road today, but it will be some time before you can walk into your local car
dealer and drive away in one. Today 23 hydrogen fuel stations are operating in 4
states, but not all are open to the public. With 20 stations, California has 87
percent of the nations hydrogen fuel stations.
In addition to these uses, hydrogen is also widely used in the industrial
manufacture of fertilizer. Here, the use of hydrogen is by the reaction between the
hydrogen and nitrogen. The results of the chemical reaction of hydrogen with
nitrogen to produce ammonia which is useful as a basic ingredient of fertilizer.
Ammonia is made by the Haber-Bosch process, at a temperature of 370-540 C
and a pressure of 10-1000 atm, using a catalyst Fe3O4. The catalyst serves to
expand the grid and increase the active surface, while the high temperature carried
out to obtain the desired reaction rate.
1.2.3.2 Oxygen
Oxygen is an abundantly found element in the Earths atmosphere. It is an
odorless, colorless and tasteless gas which is absolutely vital for sustaining life on
earth. It is the third most commonly occurring element in the universe after
hydrogen and oxygen. It comprises 21 percent of air in the atmosphere and is part
of the air that people breathe. We breathe oxygen which travels to lungs from
where it is transported to all parts of the body and is used in every cell. Should
there be no oxygen in the air, it would have been impossible for us to survive.
Oxygen is found in the atmosphere, the human body, the sun and oceans.
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1.3 Analysis
1.3.1 Raw Material Analysis
Our Power-to-gas system needs demineralized water as a raw material for
Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) electrolysis. If there is a mineral in the raw
material, the mineral can damage the membrane and decrease the lifespan of the
membrane. Membrane used in PEM electrolysis is really expensive and by using
water with high concentration of mineral means more operational expend to buy
new membrane once the membrane is damaged.
Our system can get demineralized water by buy it from water treatment
industry or by treating salt water with reverse osmosis system or ion exchange
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system. But, we choose to buy it from the water treatment industry because the
cost of demineralized water is not high compared with the installation and
maintenance of salt water treatment system.
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GDP
Growth = 100% (1-2)
GDP
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CHAPTER 2
PROCESS SELECTION
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1789. Nicholson and Carlisle were the first who developed this technique back in
1800 and by the beginning of the 20th century, there were already 400 industrial
water electrolysis units in use.
As mentioned before, water is decomposed to hydrogen and oxygen, by
passing a current through it in the presence of suitable substances, called
electrolytes. Electric current causes positively charged hydrogen ions to migrate
to the negatively charged cathode, where a reduction takes place in order to form
hydrogen atoms. The atoms formed then combine to form gaseous hydrogen
molecules (H2). On the other hand, oxygen is formed at the other electrode (the
positively charged anode). The stoichiometry of the reaction is two volumes of
hydrogen to one volume of oxygen. The most important part of the construction of
electrolysis units is to use adequate electrodes to avoid unwanted reactions, which
produce impurities in the hydrogen gas. Another necessary component of such a
unit is a separating membrane that allows the passage of ions, or electrons and not
oxygen, or hydrogen atoms. This membrane allows the gases to be kept separate
in order to avoid the risk of an explosive mixture being formed in the electrolysis
unit.
Electrolysis is considered as the cleanest way to produce hydrogen, when
the required electricity is derived from renewable energy sources. In countries
with a lot of waterfalls, hydroelectricity can be used as the energy source for water
electrolysis. Other renewable sources that could be used for supplying electrolysis
units are solar energy. Photo electrolysis, in which the photovoltaic cells are also
electrodes that decompose water to hydrogen and oxygen gas could be used for
the production of hydrogen. These technologies could be used in order to store
energy as hydrogen, which can be transformed to electricity in fuel cells, when the
natural source of energy is not available. The production of hydrogen through
electrolysis using renewable energy sources has the smallest impact on the
environment.
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Where G and H are the Gibbs energy and standard enthalpy of formation
respectively, of liquid water at reference temperature T 0.
Enthalpy (H) is an intrinsic property of a material that is a function of
temperature and pressure, thus H(T) is the total amount of energy that has to be
supplied to an electrolysis cell in order to split water molecules according to the
reaction above. Gibbs free energy (G) is defined as the net internal energy
available to work, therefore less work is done by changes in temperature and
pressure, therefore the change of Gibbs free energy G(T) represents the amount
of electrical energy. Meanwhile, TS(T) represents the amount of heat, which
have to be supplied to an electrolysis cell to drive the water splitting reaction.
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In electrolysis, the energy is supplied to the cell by heat (Q) and electrical
energy (Welec). The relationship between enthalpy, energy input and Gibbs free
energy is shown in the equation below:
() = + = () + () (2-2)
where T is temperature and S is change in entropy. By considering the change in
the functions above, the overall change in Gibbs free energy and the operating
potential can be calculated.
At standard temperature and pressure (S.T.P., 298 K, 1 atm), Gibbs free
energy of formation represents the thermo-neutral voltage and is where hydrogen
and oxygen are produced with 100% thermal efficiency. To enable electrolysis
mode, the voltage must be greater than the voltage corresponding to zero current
(open circuit voltage (OCV)). It is determined by the variation in Gibbs free
energy of formation between reactants and products. As previously mentioned,
Gibbs free energy varies with temperature and state (gas or liquid). The equation
below shows this relationship:
= (2-3)
and
= (2-4)
where E is the theoretical minimum reversible potential of an electrolysis cell,
Vrev is the minimum applied cell potential for starting a water splitting reaction is
represented by the reversible voltage, z is the number of electrons transferred in
the reaction, and F is the Faraday constant (96,485 Coulomb mol-1).
At S.T.P., the Gibbs free energy of formation of water is +237.2 kJ mol-1 ;
therefore, E is 1.23 V. It is the minimum voltage required to split water. Ignoring
heat transfer in the system, the total enthalpy required must be provided by the
inputted electrical energy. In reality however, heat transfer does exist and the
thermo-neutral potential (1.48 V) is required to enable the electrochemical
reaction, as explained in the equation below:
= = + (2-5)
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where 2 , 2 and 2 , are the partial pressures of hydrogen, oxygen and water
respectively.
In practice however, as previously mentioned, hydrogen evolution does
not occur at the reversible potential (1.23 V). This is the result of resistances
(overpotential) in the electrolysis system. These resistances in the process mean a
higher potential is required to split water in order to overcome these barriers. An
electrical circuit analogy can be used to illustrate the various resistances
encountered during the electrolysis process, as shown in the figure 2.3.
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The system efficiency can be calculated from the electrolysis cell energy
and the ancillary losses. The system efficiency uses the higher heating value
(HHV) of hydrogen (39 kWh/kg), the energy used by the cell (kWh), the DC
power supply efficiency, and the ancillary loads e.g. pumps, values etc. (kWh), as
shown in the equation below:
=
+ (2-9)
( )
where HHV is measured in kWh/kg, cell input energy and ancillary losses are in
kWh, and hydrogen produced is measured in kg. To calculate the cell efficiency,
the Nernst equation can be used to calculate the theoretical cell potential and then
the cell efficiency can be calculated from the equation below:
= (2-10)
Voltage efficiency allows the measurement of effective voltage to split
water in the total voltage applied to the whole electrolysis cell. This is shown in
the equation below:
( )
= (2-11)
where Ea and Ec are the potential of the anode and cathode respectively.
Two other types of efficiency measurement of electrolysis reactions,
which are based on energy changes in the system, are the Faraday Efficiency and
the Thermal Efficiency. They used Gibbs free energy and enthalpy of the water
splitting reaction respectively. Both use the theoretical open-circuit energy
requirement plus ancillary losses as the energy input, as shown in the equations
below:
= = (2-12)
+
and
= = (2-13)
+
The Faraday efficiency is the percentage of theoretical energy needed for
water to decompose in the actual cell potential. In contrast, the thermal efficiency
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defines that additional cell potential is required, above the open-circuit voltage, to
maintain the thermal balance throughout the reaction. Theoretically, this means
that if the reaction is occurring endothermic, then the thermal efficiency may
exceed 100% (heat being consumed from the environment).
The Faraday efficiency will always be less than 1, because there are
always resistances (losses) in an electrochemical system. Thermal efficiency can
be higher than 1, if the cell potential is between the open-circuit voltage and the
thermo-neutral voltage.
Another type of efficiency calculation is the measurement of hydrogen gas
output from the electrolysis cell in terms of the total electrical energy applied to
the system. These are with respect to the HHV of hydrogen and the hydrogen
production rate, as shown in the equation below:
2
(2-14)
= =
where E is the cell energy input (kJ), V is the hydrogen productivity per unit
volume (m3/m3h), U is the cell potential (V), i is the current (A), and t is the time
(s). Alternatively, the yield of hydrogen produced can be measured in terms of
electrical energy input, as shown in the equation below:
283.8
= = (2-15)
where 283.8 kJ is the HHV of one mole of hydrogen and time t, corresponds to
the time required to produce one gram of hydrogen.
Lastly, energy efficiency can also be calculated by subtracting the energy
losses (sum of resistances) from the energy input. This is shown in the equation
below
= 1 (2-16)
Applying the equation above allows the identification of high resistance
locations in the electrolysis cell, which need to be improved. A method for
increasing efficiency is to lower these resistances which contribute a significant
amount to the overall resistance of the electrolysis cell. This can include electrode
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and anode) are held apart by microporous separators which are alternatively
suspended in a tank filled with the water-based solution. The positive electrodes
are all coupled together in parallel, as are the negatives.
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connected in series to produce higher stack potentials. Therefore, only the end
plates of the stack are connected to the positive and negative DC power supply.
These cells are relatively thin, so have a smaller footprint that the unipolar
design. The bipolar design also operates at higher current densities, and has the
capability to produce higher pressure gas. When a problem with the stack arises
however, the whole stack is under shutdown i.e. the individual cell(s) cannot be
repaired without servicing the whole stack.
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until the bubble grows large enough to produce a buoyancy force, greater than the
interfacial tension holding the bubble to the electrode. When this occurs, the
bubble discharges from the surface of the electrode, rises to the surface the water-
based solution, and the bubble collapses to release the hydrogen or oxygen gas.
The attachment of bubbles to the electrode surface adds resistance to the
electrolysis process (the bubble overpotential). The bubble formation reduces the
contact area between the electrodes and electrolyte. This is turn limits the number
of active sites on the surface of the electrodes available for electron transfer, and
hence can be characterized as a transportation issue and thus is an ohmic loss.
Attempts to reduce these resistances include the addition of surfactants to
the water-based solution that decrease the surface tension between the bubbles and
the electrode surface. Other methods include, the mechanical removal of bubbles
from the electrode surface through continuous circulation of the water-based
solution through the electrolysis cell, and modifications to the surface of the
electrode which make it less favorable for bubble formation to occur. This could
however, reduce the productivity of hydrogen and oxygen gas evolution reactions.
The cell operation potential for the designs differs also. For the unipolar
design the stack usually operates at 2.0 V, whereas for the bipolar design the stack
operates, for the same input potential as the unipolar design, 2.0 x (n-1) Volts,
where n is the number of electrodes.
.
Figure 2.8 Schematic of Three Phase Boundary
(Source: Symes, D.R., 2015)
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2.2.3 Power
Photovoltaic (PV) devices generate electricity directly from sunlight via an
electronic process that occurs naturally in certain types of material, called
semiconductors. Electrons in these materials are freed by solar energy and can be
induced to travel through an electrical circuit, powering electrical devices or
sending electricity to the grid.
Photons strike and ionize semiconductor material on the solar panel,
causing outer electrons to break free of their atomic bonds. Due to the
semiconductor structure, the electrons are forced in one direction creating a flow
of electrical current. Solar cells are not 100% efficient in part because some of the
light spectrum is reflected, some is too weak to create electricity (infrared) and
some (ultraviolet) creates heat energy instead of electricity.
The cost of PV has dropped dramatically as the industry has scaled up
manufacturing and incrementally improved the technology with new materials.
Installation costs have come down too with more experienced and trained
installers.
Most modern solar cells are made from either crystalline silicon or thin-
film semiconductor material. Silicon cells are more efficient at converting
sunlight to electricity, but generally have higher manufacturing costs. Thin-film
materials typically have lower efficiencies, but can be simpler and less costly to
manufacture. A specialized category of solar cells - called multi-junction or
tandem cells - are used in applications requiring very low weight and very high
efficiencies, such as satellites and military applications. All types of PV systems
are widely used today in a variety of application
The amount of power needed from the solar cells is depend on the
production capacity of the plant and the electrolyzer itself. If the production
capacity is high, which mean if we want to produce many hydrogen, so it also
needs high amount of energy to do the electrolysis process to convert water into
hydrogen and oxygen. Because of the electrolysis is the main process of our plant,
so if it needs high amount of energy, this means that the overall process in our
plant need high amount energy from the solar cell.
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2.3 Diagram
2.3.1 Block Flow Diagram (BFD)
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The two best options for the temporary oxygen storage are high pressure
gas tanks or metallic hydride tanks. According to Gahleitner (2012), oxygen
storage in high pressure gas cylinders is the current and future method of choice.
As an alternative, metal hydride tanks were installed in 12% of the P2G. The
oxygen then will be sold to the consumer that need this pure oxygen.
2.4.2 Pump
Pump is a device that moves fluids by mechanical action. Pump in our
manufacture is used to moves demineralized water from storage tank to
electrolyzer. The condition of demineralized water is at room temperature, so we
use centrifugal selfless magnetic drive chemical pump made up of plastic with
encapsulated impeller. This kind of pump is ideal for applications such as
chemical recirculation and chemical transfer. The standard wet end (the materials
that come into contact with the solution) is composed of Propylene, Viton, and
Ceramic. This pump is capable of handling mildly or highly corrosive chemicals,
acids, and solvents. So, this pump is suitable for our process.
2.4.3 Electrolyzer
An electrolyzer is an electrochemical device to convert electricity and
water into hydrogen and oxygen. The standard membrane material used in PEM
electrolysis is Nafion 117 which is produced by DuPont. Nafion is a co-
polymer of tetrafluorethylene and perfluorinated vinyl-ethersulfonyfluoride.
Perfluorinated sulfonic acid membranes, such as Nafion have proved to be
extremely resistive to the oxidative power of oxygen.
are deposited directly onto the membrane, creating the key component of a PEM
electrolysis cell, the membrane electrode assembly (MEA). The MEA is
sandwiched between porous current distributors/collectors (current collectors,
CC). In some cell designs, the electro catalysts are coated onto the current
collectors. Following the nomenclature known from fuel cells, this combination is
called gas diffusion electrode (GDE). The current collectors enable an electric
current to flow from the bipolar plates to the electrodes and, simultaneously, the
supply of reactant water to and the removal of the generated gas bubbles from the
electrodes. The bipolar plates encase the two half-cells and provide the electrical
contact to the external power supply. Usually, they include flow field structures to
enhance the transport of liquid water to the electrodes and oxygen and hydrogen
out of the cell. Frames with sealing elements or gaskets tighten the half-cells to
prevent gas and water leakage from the inside to the environment.
bipolar plate (BPP) separates two adjacent cells, so that it simultaneously acts as
the anode of one cell and the cathode of the adjacent cell. The most common stack
type is the filter press bipolar pressurized cell stack for PEM water electrolysis.
Pressure plates fix the components of the cells and provide the clamping force by
thread bolts and nuts.
temperature of electrolyzer input still lower than the condition operation of PEM
electrolyzer. Other heat exchangers are required to decrease the temperature of
oxygen gas and hydrogen gas.
2.4.6 Compressor
Compressors is required to increase the pressure of H2 up to 200 bar
pressure and O2 up to 137 bar. Compressed hydrogen will be transmitted using
hydrogen pipeline and compressed oxygen will be stored in the oxygen storage
tank. The pressure relief valve is set at 10% higher than operating pressure.
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cutting is 137 bar. After being compressed, oxygen then go to heat exchanger to
make its temperature to ambient temperature.
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3.2.2.2 Separator
Table 3.3 shows the mass balance of separator. Separator input are water
and oxygen from Stream-5. Separator output are water in Stream-6 and oxygen in
Stream-9.
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3.2.2.2 Electrolyzer
Table 3.4 shows the mass balance of electrolyzer. Electrolyzer input are
water Stream-4. Electrolyzer output are hydrogen in Stream-12 and oxygen in
Stream-5.
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3.3.2.2 Separator
Table 3.7 shows the energy balance of separator. Separator input is
Stream-5. Separator output are Stream-6 and Stream-9.
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3.3.2.3 Electrolyzer
Table 3.8 shows the energy balance of electrolyzer. Electrolyzer input is
water in Stream-4. Electrolyzer output are hydrogen in Stream-12 and oxygen
Stream-5.
3.3.2.4 Pump
Table 3.9 shows the energy balance of pump P-101. P-101 input is Stream-
1. P-101 output is Stream-2. Work of pump P-101 is difference of enthalpy both
in Stream-1 and Stream-2.
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CHAPTER 4
HEAT EXCHANGER NETWORK
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400
350
300
T (C) 250
200
HOT
150
COLD
100
50
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
H(kW)
Figure 4.1 Combined Hot and Cold Fluid Composite Curves before HEN
For heat exchange to occur from the hot stream to the cold stream, the hot
stream cooling curve must lie above the cold stream-heating curve. The premium
approach temperature (Tmin) can be measured directly from the T-H profiles as
being the minimum vertical difference between the hot and cold curves. We are
using temperature difference about 10 C. The graph after Heat exchanger
networks can be seen in the figure 4.2. Minimum cold utility requirement based
on cumulative curve after pinch is 54.13 kW.
400
350
300
250
T (C)
200
HOT
150
COLD
100
50
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
H(kW)
Figure 4.2 Combined Hot and Cold Fluid Composite Curves after HEN
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Table 4.2 Shifted Temperature for the Data from Table 4.1
Stream No. Condition Tin (C) Tout (C) Tin* (C) Tout* (C)
103 Cold 27 45 32 50
107 Hot 75 27 70 22
110 Hot 306.88 27 301.88 22
113 Hot 359.8 27 354.8 22
The basic approach can be developed into a formal algorithm known as the
problem table algorithm. The algorithm will be explained using the data from
table 4.1 for Tmin. The first step is determined the shifted temperature intervals
(T*) from actual supply and target temperatures. Hot streams are shifted down in
temperature by Tmin/2 and cold streams up by T min/2 as detailed in Table 4.2.
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354.88
301.88
70
50
0.324389 -0.00323 -0.12475 -0.06536 18 0.131046 2.358827 DEFICIT
32
-0.00323 -0.12475 -0.06536 10 -0.19334 -1.93343 SURPLUS
22
No 1 2 3 4
FCp 0.324389 0.003229 0.06536 0.124754
After we have the problem table, we can cascade any surplus heat down
the temperature scale from interval to interval. This is possible any excess heat
available from the hot streams in an interval is hot enough to supply a deficit in
the cold streams in the next interval down. From the figure above we can
determine the minimum utility requirement:
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400
350
300
250
T (C)
200
150
54.13 Cold Utility Minimum
100
50
0
0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00
Q(kW)
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exchanger. Before that, we can calculate the amount of heat exchanger needed
using equation below,
Number of Exchanger = Number of Stream + Number of Utility 1
Number of Exchanger = 4 + 1 1
Number of Exchanger = 4
The design is shown in the figure 4.5.
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CHAPTER 5
UTILITY
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to hydrogen gas want to heating. Total requirement for before HEN is 4,512 kg/h,
whereas after HEN chilled water requirement is 4,112 kg/h.
For our startup process, there is no stream that can supply hot utility, so we
decided to use our excess PV power to heat the cold stream. Cold stream in
Stream-3 needs -5.839 kWh. Our electricity requirement in startup process is
different with process after HEN. It is shown in table 5.3.
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CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION
Our plant design regarding the conversion of excess PV power into gas
(P2G) was chosen due to the high demand of electricity in Indonesia
coupled with a pressure to change lane into renewable energy.
Most of Indonesia lies on the Equator line making it have the highest solar
intensity on the planet and thus making it have the potential to develop a
thriving Power-to-Gas system.
Our plant location selection is based on Pontianak because of its strategic
location to set up PV cells and its high solar intensity.
Currently, our plant will produce about 31 kg of hydrogen per hour and
246 kg of oxygen per hour.
We pursued the endeavor to optimize systems energy balance in terms of
utilizing its excess energy for different parts of the plant.
This goal is aided by creating a heat exchanger network of our plant which
comprises of 4 heat exchangers.
From the composite curve, we calculated that the minimum utility
requirement based on Cumulative Curve After Pinch is 54.13 kW.
In terms of utility, our plant uses 4,112 kg/h of chilled water or 578.55 L/h
of liquid nitrogen.
Our PV Power can supply up to 45,000 kWh per day, so there is enough
supply for our electricity requirement. Thus, the electricity requirement for
one year is 13,660,780 kWh.
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REFERENCE
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APPENDIX
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