344-333 4 16 1395

mme.modares.ac.ir

3 *2 1

-1
-2
-3
choupani@sut.ac.ir 51335 - 1996 *

J
J-R J . 1394 15 :
1394 11 :
. - 1395 11 :
- J-R J I/II
. JIC -
90 ) II ( 0 )I J

. ( J-R
I/II
J-R J .
. E1820-13 JIC ASTM-D6068
. ( 7) 15 II I
. I

Measurement of Mixed-mode Fracture Toughness of Polypropylene using

Multi-specimen J-integral Method

Moharram Shameli1, Naghdali Choupani1*, Mir Karim Razavi2

1-Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran.
2-Department of Polymer Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran.
*P.O.B. 51335-1996, Tabriz, Iran, choupani@sut.ac.ir

ARTICLE INFORMATION ABSTRACT

Original Research Paper For ductile fracture, the toughness can be measured as a single parameter value or in a resistance curve
Received 06 December 2015 format (J-R curve) and is often characterized by the J-integral for elastic-plastic materials. Because of
Accepted 01 March 2016 their effectiveness in measuring toughness, the J-integral and J-R curve have become the most
Available Online 30 April 2016
important material parameters in elastic-plastic fracture mechanics, and have been applied widely in
Keywords:
practical engineering. Polymeric materials are widely used for load-bearing structural applications and,
Elastic-Plastic Fracture therefore, understanding their fracture properties is becoming more important. In this study, mixed-
Mixed-Mode I/II mode I/II stable crack growth experiments were carried out on a commonly used polymeric material,
J-Integral polypropylene, using recently modified fixture. Multi-specimen R-curve method was used for obtaining
J-R curve
J-R curves of different states of mixed-mode loading conditions from pure mode-I to pure mode-II by
Modified Fixture
varying the loading angle by 15 steps in accordance with the standard ASTM-D6068 and then the
resulting R-curves have been evaluated to determine the values of initiation toughness, JIC,
following the schemes of the E813 and E1820 standard procedures. Finite-element analyses were done
by ABAQUS and mode-I and mode-II non-dimensional stress intensity factors and geometric work
factors of elastic-plastic fracture were obtained for different conditions. Results show that for this
material the value of JIC is much more than the value obtained for the JIIC. This material also exhibited
a greater resistance to ductile crack growth in mode-I.

-1
.

Please cite this article using: :

M. Shameli, N. Choupani, M. K. Razavi, Measurement of Mixed-mode Fracture Toughness of Polypropylene using Multi-specimen J-integral Method, Modares Mechanical
Engineering Vol. 16, No. 4, pp. 333-344, 2016 (in Persian)
 J

-
. 1961 [4] (CTOD)
6

7
J [5] .
J . -
.
CTOD J .

J
. -
(J-R )J
1

8
J-R J .[6] -
.
(EPFM) 9 -
.
-1-1
.
2

K3
4
.
.[6] (LEFM)

J-R J .
JIC -
.
. .
. G5 K
.
II I )
. I/II . (
)
(
-2-1 . LEFM
(PP)
( - )
. .
( )
. (2 LEFM (1 :
PP [1] .
.
. . [3] [2]

1
Polypropylene (PP)
6 2
Crack Tip Opening Displacement Fracture Toughness
7 3
J-Integral Stress Intensity Factor
8 4
J-R curve Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics
9 5
Elastic-plastic Fracture Mechanics Strain Energy Release Rate

4 16 1395 334
 J

)
( 900

.[7]

-2
Fig. 1 Modified Arcan fixture [9]
[9] 1
1
-1-2

1978
.[8]

1995 .
.[9]

1 .
Fig. 2 Modified and Improved Fixture
2
-2-2
. -
J
.
. [11 10]
.[12] [11]
K G J .
2 .
KIC .
.
J [5]

. .
( )
:[14 13] J .

= (1)

ds (3 ) y x
.
u T c
w
T
J

J -3
J
:[14 12]
1
Modified-Arcan

335 4 16 1395
 J

1
= (2)
) U
B a -
[15] ASTM-D6068 J
.
= (3)
( )
( a) J
3 . (J- a)
:[16]
= + (4)
Fig. 4 Definition of the elastic and plastic energy components (areas)
for J calculation J Jp Je
( ) 4
J
= - 5)
( )

=2 , SE(B) = - 5)
( )
Up Ue
= 2 + 0.522 , CT (8)
p e . 4
I
a W.
II [18 14]
J .
. I/II
:[17]
. II
(1 )
I/II = (6)
p,m e,m

II I SE(B) CT ) K
.[19] J . (I
I/II :[18 12]
(1 ) , , (1 )
= , + , = + = +
( ) ( )
1 1
= , , + , , (9) = + (7)
( ) ( )
(1 ) , , e
= , + , = +
( ) p f(a/W)
1
= , , + , , (10) . 1
( ) p

+ (1 ) [16]
= , + , =
( )J -

( ) (SENB) (CT)
1
= , , + , , (11)
( )
(KII) II (KI) I
:[20 8]

= ( / ) (12)
(13)
= ( / )
a B W P
fII(a/W) fI(a/W) . Fig. 3 Arbitrary contour around a crack tip and coordinates required in
2 definition of the J-integral
3
.
J

2 1
Non-dimensional stress intensity factor Limit load analysis

4 16 1395 336
 J

( ) . J
. . [21]
( ) ( a)SZ II I
Y ) J=(COD) Y J COD COD3
( ) ( 1
,I+II = ,I ,I + ,II ,II (14)
( )
J=2( a)sz Y
I ( p,m ) p,I+II p,II p,I

I/II II

. 1
,I+II = 2.38 ,I + 0.9 ,II (15)
( )

JIC 5
JIC J-R -4
. ( )
J- a
.[12]
.
J- a
a
.
.[22]
. KIC

R -2-4 .
[23] 1972 ASTM
:[17]
. J-R W 2B a, W-a, B > 2.5 (KIC Y)
2
(16)

.
. (KIC Y)
2

J .
11 9 -
. . KIC
p e

a J

J
. J .
1
"R "
.
. JIC J .[12] KIC
I

(R ) -1-4

- J K
.
.
5 a J

Fig. 5 Schematic J-integral crack growth, a, curve [12]

( 2
) .
[12] a J 5
1
R-curve
3 2
Crack opening displacement Blunting line

337 4 16 1395
 J

[25] ASTM E813-87 - 2- 1- 5

J- a JIC R
R .
0.15 ( ) . J=2 Y

( )
1.5
0.15
0.5 -5
1968 [5] J
. 1.5 1 -
(1972) .
. J [23]
ln = ln + ln (17)
JIC J
JIC 0.2 . J-R
2
ABS - [26] ASTM J-R
ASTM
90 45 0 3 . [14] (1996)
[27] . [24] 1981 ASTM E813 J
[28]
1
J
E1737 ASTM E1152 .
E1820
E1820 - 3- 1- 5 J-R J

E1152 (1987) . E813-87 E813-81 ASTM -1-5

. JIC J-R
JIC
(1996) E1737 J-R (J- a )
J
JU JC . . ASTM

JIC . . JIC
.
E1820 1996 6 .
J K J-R . ASTM
CTOD JIC
2013
[18] E1820-13e1 . [24] ASTM E813-81 - 1- 1- 5
. J-R J J- a
SENB) J=2 Y

. (DCT) (CT) (SE (B) %0.6 ( ) .

) ( )
. %6 (
(LLD) 4

. (CMOD) .
JIC
2
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene
3
Normalization method
4 1
Load Line Displacement Ductile tearing

4 16 1395 338
 J

.
. JIC Y

JIC ASTM
,( ) 10( ) (18)
(19)
( )
aQ=0.2 mm dJ/d( a)
10 18 E1820 .
2013 19 . 25
.[25 24 17 15]
[12]
J- a
10

= (20)
( )

[15] ASTM D6068 -3-5

J
. (J-R)
Fig. 6 J-R curve and JIC data-qualifying schemes according to ASTM
standards; a: E813-81 b: E813-87 [24,25]
. 0.5<a/W<0.65 JIC J-R 6
0.05 ( a) [25 24] b: E813-87 a: E813-81 ASTM
) 0.1b0
( J
. LLD J .
J J J-R .
E1820-13 .(7 )
J-R J
7.5 Jlimit=b0 /7.5 JIC -2-5
Y

15 JIC J

) 4
(
) 3
2
.

= (21)
. C2
. JIC

-6

Fig. 7 Definition of construction lines for data qualification of a J-R

P-FI-80 curve and JIC evaluation according to ASTM E1820-13 [18]
8 dg/min (MFI) 1
. J-R 7
[18] ASTM E1820-13 JIC
1
Melt Flow Rate Index

339 4 16 1395
 J

154 (230C / 2.16kg)

. 0.9

( )1

-1-6

[29] D638-14
Fig. 10 True strain-stress curves obtained from tension tests
- 10 9 (8 ) .
SANTAM
9 . STM-50
50 kN .
.
5 D638-14

10 .
.

Fig. 11 True stress versus true plastic strain curves obtained from . 11
tension tests
1
11

Y =( yt ut)/2= 20 MPa
1
Table 1 Mechanical properties of polypropylene specimens
E yt ut
(MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (kg/m3)
830 11.5 28.5 0.42 0.9

10.423 0.2217 0.7932 [7] [7]

- 2- 6
22
.
. a/W=0.6
1 Fig. 8 Standard tension test specimens
D6068 8

) ( 1.7 %5 )
.(12
.
I/II
.(13 )
1 D6068
- .
Fig. 9 Tensile testing machine; new fixture and tension specimen
installed on it
9
15
. (25C)
1
Water-Jet

4 16 1395 340
 J

16 . 45
.
(17 ) D6068
.
3 5 1
( 4 ) 4 3 2
ap

-7

(18 )

10 (CPE8R)

Fig. 12 Fracture butterfly-shape specimens and their preparing

12

Fig. 14 Some of displacement-load curves obtained from ductile

fracture tests under in-plane mixed-mode conditions with increment
of 15 degrees for loading angle
) - 14
15 90 0 (

Fig. 13 Fracture tests under mode-I, mode-II and I/II mixed-mode

Fig. 15 Crack growth style in three loading conditions states with increment of 15 degrees for loading angle
15 I/II II I 13
15

-
7 ) .(14 )
- (
Fig. 16 Breaking open to expose of the crack surface after chilling .
specimens using immersion in liquid nitrogen
16 ( )

15 .

341 4 16 1395
 J

Fig. 18 Meshing of the fixture and specimen in ABAQUS

18

Fig. 17 Measurement of crack growth, a [15]

[15] a 17

. J
. ( )

1/ r
. 1/4
Fig. 19 Mode-I and mode-II non-dimensional stress intensity factors
versus mixed-mode I/II loading angle 2965 1638
II I 19 4603
I/II
( 0. 1 )
( 15 90 0 )
.
-
(1000N)
13 12 II I
19 II I
.
p e (11-9 3

20 .
Fig. 20 Mode-I total, elastic and plastic geometrical work factors; , . I
e and p

I 20
. ( )
p e
)

21 . ( 5000 )

I 0
II 90

Fig. 21 Total work factor, , for several in-plane mixed-mode -8

loading angle versus load
21
I/II J-R

4 16 1395 342
 J

D6068 JC J .
E1820-13
22 I J-R
-9
.
-
Jlimit J
II I I/II
ASTM D6068 ASTM E1820-13 15
.
. J-R
I J-R 23 .
E6068
.
.
J-R
0.96 (R2)
I JQ . E1820
2 0.2
JIC .
.
30 E1820-13
.
%7 28 kJ/m2 D6068
E1820-13
35 I .
JIC JQ D6068
(J0.2) JQ 2 J-R 24
Table 2 JQ (J0.2) values and evaluation of plane strain requirements
JQ
90 ) II ( 0 ) I I/II
b0 a
mm
kJ/m2 15 (
C2=0.7626<1 10JQ Y =15 30 E1820- I J-R .
R2>0.96 2013 II J-R
C2=0.8184<1 ----- 28 D6068
R2>0.96 3 .
R2 >0.96 25JQ Y =38.75 31 E813-81

Fig. 24 Polypropylene mixed-mode I/II J-R curves according to

ASTM D6068
Fig. 22 Mode-I J-R curve according to ASTM E1820-13
D6068 I/II J-R 24
ASTM E1820-13 I J-R 22

J-R J 3
I/II
Table 3 Critical J-integral values and J-R curves equations for all
studied mixed-mode I/II conditions
R2 J-R JC kJ/m2
0.8184
R = 0.9955 J = 31.234 a 28 0
0.9302
R = 0.9951 J = 28.085 a 19 15
0.7871
R = 0.9854 J = 22.408 a 13.5 30
0.9179
R = 0.9908 J = 17.629 a 7 45
R = 0.9796 J = 11.152 a 0.991 2.8 60
R = 0.9812 J = 4.593 a 0.985 0.9 75
R = 0.9919 J = 3.0857 a 0.9718 0.8 90
Fig. 23 Mode-I J-R curve according to ASTM D6068
. II JIIC D6068 I J-R 23

343 4 16 1395
 J

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