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B. INTERMEDIATE LEVEL
11. LESSON 1
11.1. ADJECTIVES (ADJETIVOS)

Los adjetivos son palabras que nos ayudan a aadir informacin sobre un objeto y/o
persona. Con los adjetivos podemos identificar y/o describir un objeto o persona con
mayor detalle. En ingls es importante seguir un determinado orden a la hora de
aadir los adjetivos. Por ejemplo:

A black fat cat/ un gato negro gordo no sera correcto.

En primer lugar colocaramos los adjetivos de opinin, es decir, aquellos que


expresen una opinin general. Por ejemplo:

Opinin general / General opinion

Good, brilliant, awful, bad, nice, important, lovely,


brilliant, wonderful, excellent, nasty

Tambin es cierto que tenemos algunos adjetivos que aaden una opinin especfica,
es decir, que los utilizamos cuando nos referimos a :

Opinin especfica/ Specific opinin

Food: tasty, delicious.


Furniture, buildings: comfortable, uncomfortable.
People and animals: clever, intelligent, friendly.

Cuando un sustantivo va acompaado de ms de 2 adjetivos, aunque no es muy


comn, se suele seguir un orden en el cual ordenar los adjetivos:

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
General Specific
Size Shape Age Colour Nationality Material
Opinion Opinion

11.2. THE PRESENT PERFECT (EL PRESENTE PERFECTO)

El presente perfecto es un tiempo verbal que utilizamos para podemos utilizar para
describir:

1) Una accin que ha tenido lugar en un tiempo sin especificar en el pasado. El


tiempo exacto es irrelevante a la hora de utilizar este tiempo verbal, de
hecho, no podemos utilizar el present perfect con expresiones especficas de
tiempo (por ejemplo: yesterday, last week, one year ago, when I was a
child...). Utilizaremos, sin embargo, las siguientes expresiones: ever, never,
once, many times, before

Podemos decir que se puede utilizar para expresar:

1. Experiencias: para decir que hemos realizado algo sin especificar el


tiempo concreto, por ejemplo:
I have been to France 3 times/ He estado en Francia 3 veces.
2. Cambio en el tiempo: para hablar de un cambio que ha tenido lugar en
un periodo de tiempo:
You have grown since the last time I saw you/ Has crecido desde la
ltima vez que te v.
3. Logros: para enumerar los logros de individuos o de la humanidad.
Our son has learned how toread/ Nuestro hijo ha aprendido a leer.
Man has walked on the Moon/ El hombre ha caminado sobre la tierra.
4. Acciones incompletas: tambin se puede utilizar este tiempo verbal
para expresar acciones que esperamos que sucedan aun no se han
realizado
Bill has still not arrived/ Bill aun no ha llegado.
James has not finished his homework yet/ James an no ha acabado
sus deberes.

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5. Acciones diferentes en tiempos diferentes: se puede utilizar el P.


Perfecto para hablar de varias acciones diferentes que han tenido
lugar en el pasado en diferentes tiempos. Con este tiempo verbal se
sugiere que el proceso no se ha completado y que es posible que
sucedan ms acciones.
I have had 5 tests so far this semester/ He tenido 5 exmenes de
momento este semestre.
2) Para expresar la duracin de una accin en el pasado hasta ahora. Sin el uso
de verbos continuos, podemos mostrar que algo ha empezado en el pasado y
ha continuado hasta ahora.
I have had a cold for two weeks/ He estado resfriado durante dos semanas.
She has been in England for six months/ Ella ha estado en Inglaterra durante 6
meses.

Forma del tiempo verbal:

Verbo have + Participio pasado

Afirmativa:

Sujeto Auxiliar Verbo Uso en ingls Traduccin


I have worked onthis He trabajado en este
I (yo) Have Work
project all the week proyecto toda la semana.
You have sleptonthat Has dormido en ese sof
You (t) Have Sleep
couch many times muchas veces.
He/she She has broken her Se ha roto el tobillo tres
Has Break
(l/ella) ankle three times veces.
It (neutro:
It has lost its toy (the Ha perdido su juguete ( el
objetos, Has Lose
cat) gato)
animales)
We have read the
We Hemos ledo las noticias
Have Read news aboutthe
(nosotros/as) del accidente.
accident.
You You have danced to Has estado bailando esa
Have Dance
(vosotros/as) that song for an hour! cancin una hora!
They We have lived in New Hemos vivido en Nueva
Have Live
(ellos/as) York for 6 months. York durante 6 meses.

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Negacin: Se conjuga el auxiliar.

Auxiliar +
Sujeto Verbo Uso en ingls Traduccin
not
I have not broken
I (yo) Have not Break No he roto las reglas.
the rules.
You havent closed No has cerrado la
You (t) Havent Close
the door. puerta.
He/she He hasnt brought No ha trado nada para
Has not Bring
(l/ella) anything to eat. comer.
It (neutro:
It has not worked in No ha funcionado en el
objetos, Hasnt Work
the last year. ltimo ao.
animales)
We We havent live No hemos vivido ah
Have not Live
(nosotros/as) there for six years. durante seis aos.
You You havent come
Havent Come No habis venido a casa.
(vosotros/as) home.
They They have not Ellos no han limpiado su
Havent Clean
(ellos/as) cleaned their car coche.

Interrogacin: Se conjuga el auxiliar.

Auxiliar Sujeto Verbo Uso en ingls Traduccin


Have I closed the He cerrado la
Have I (yo) Close
window? ventana?
Have you seen
Have You (t) See Has visto a Peter?
Peter?
He/she
sHas Leave Has she left home? Se ha ido ella de casa?
(l/ella)
It (neutro:
Has objetos, Work Has it workedwell? Ha funcionado bien?
animales)
We
Have we won the Hemos ganado la
Have (nosotros/a Win
lottery? lotera?
s)
You
Have you read the
Have (vosotros/as Read Habis ledo el libro?
book?
)
They Have they watched
Have Watch Han visto la pelcula?
(ellos/as) the movie?

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11.3. USO DE PREPOSICIONES Y ADVERBIOS DE TIEMPO CON EL


PRESENT PERFECT

Aunque el presente perfecto sea un tiempo verbal en el cual no se hace referencia a


un tiempo especfico, s que podemos utilizar una serie de preposiciones y adverbios
que nos ayuden a concretar un poco cuando se realiza la accin.

- JUST: Recientemente. Puede significar hace solo un momento o en un pasado


muy reciente.
I have just made a cake Acabo de hacer una tarta.
- ALREADY/YET: Nos sirven para remarcar si una accin ha sido realizada o no.
Already se utiliza en oraciones afirmativas y no dice que la accin ya se ha
realizado:
I have already madethe cake Ya he hecho la tarta
Yet sin embargo, se utiliza en oraciones negativas e interrogativas.:
Have you made the cake yet? Ya has hecho la tarta?
I havent made the cake yet An no he hecho la tarta
- FOR/SINCE: Nos sirven para indicar cunto tiempo lleva realizndose una
accin. For se utiliza para expresar la duracin de una actividad.
I have saved money for 2 months He ahorrado durante dos meses.
Por otro lado, utilizamos since cuando queremos sealar el momento en el
que empez la accin.
I have had this dress since I was seventeen Tengo este vestido desde que
tena diecisiete aos.
- NEVER/EVER: Podemos utilizar ever cuando la oracin es una interrogativa
tanto positiva como negativa:
Have you ever been in Barcelona? Has estado alguna vez en Barcelona?
Havent you ever been in Barcelona? Nunca has estado en Barcelona?
Otro de sus usos puede ser cuando la oracin contiene:nothing, nobody
Nothing good has ever happened to me nunca me ha pasado nada bueno.
Nobody has ever been nice to me nadie ha sido nunca bueno conmigo.
Finalmente, tambin es comn utilizarlo con the first time:

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This is the first time that I have ever been here Esta es la primera vez que
he estado aqu.
Por otro lado, never indica que nunca se ha realizado la accin.
I have never been so wrong Nunca he estado tan equivocado.

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11.4. VOCABULARY! 1
11.4.1. Health (salud)

Health/ Salud

English Spanish
health salud to feel good sentirse bien
illness enfermedad (en to catch a cold Coger un resfriado
general)
disease enfermedad to have a cold Estar resfriado
(especfica)
asthma asma to sneeze estornudar
chickenpox varicela to cough toser
smallpox viruela to blow one's nose sonarse la nariz
heart attack infarto to feel sick tener nuseas
heart disease cardiopata to feel dizzy estar mareado
hepatitis hepatitis to faint desmayarse
ulcer lcera to pass out desmayarse
flu gripe to be tired estar cansado
mumps paperas to be exhausted estar agotado
wound herida (por un to have a backache tener dolor de espalda
arma)
injury herida to have an earache tener dolor de odos
blood sangre to have a headache tener dolor de cabeza
hospital hospital to have a sore throat tener dolor de garganta
doctor mdico to have a stomach-ache tener dolor de estmago
family doctor mdico de to have toothache tener dolor de dientes
cabecera
nurse enfermera to have a temperature tener fiebre
injection inyeccin to have a cough tener tos
medicine medicina to have diarrhoea tener diarrea
pill pastilla, pldora to have a rash tener erupciones,
sarpullido
prescription receta mdica to have spots tener granitos
vaccine vacuna to have a black eye tener un ojo morado
painful doloroso to get a bruise Tener magulladuras
painless indoloro to get burnt Quemarse
bandage venda to lose one's appetite perder el apetito
band aid tirita to lose one's voice quedarse afnico
crutch muleta to break one's arm Romperse el brazo
plaster yeso to sprain one's ankle tener un esguince en el

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tobillo
wheelchair silla de ruedas to twist one's ankle torcerse el tobillo
to be constipated estar estreido
to have constipation tener estreimiento
to be allergic to ser alrgico a
to suffer from sufrir de
to vomit vomitar
to throw up vomitar
to hurt doler
to swell hincharse
to take an aspirin tomar una aspirina
to take a medicine Tomarse una
medicacin

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12. LESSON 2
12.1. THE PAST CONTINUOUS (EL PASADO CONTINUO)

El pasado continuo es un tiempo verbal que utilizamos para podemos utilizar para
describir:

1) Acciones que han sido interrumpidas en el pasado. Es decir, para indicar que
una accin ms larga fue interrumpida en el pasado, pero por lo general, la
interrupcin suele una accin ms corta en pasado simple.
I was reading the book when the phone rang Estaba leyendo el libro cuando
son el telfono.
2) Un tiempo especfico como una interrupcin. Es decir, que un evento
especfico o un momento especfico se utiliza como referencia en el momento
de la interrupcin.
At midnight, we were still watching the movie En la medianoche, an
estbamos viendo la pelcula.
3) Acciones paralelas. Cuando utilizamos el pasado continuo en una oracin con
dos acciones en la misma oracin, expresa la idea de que las dos oraciones
ocurren al mismo tiempo.
I was studying while he was making dinner Estaba estudiando mientras l
haca la cena.
4) La atmsfera. El uso del pasado continuo tambin nos ayuda a expresar
mediante la una serie de acciones paralelas la atmsfera de un lugar en un
tiempo especfico del pasado.
People in the office were writing ontheir computers, printing more and more
pages, as the fax machine was releasing important communicates La gente
en la oficina estaba escribiendo en los ordenadores, imprimiendo ms y ms
pginas mientras el fax expulsaba importantes comunicados.
5) Repeticin e irritacin siempre y cuando utilicemos always. Con el uso del
adverbio de tiempo always, damos a entender que la accin en el pasado era
repetitiva y/o irritante.
She always camelate to class ella siempre llegaba tarde a clase.

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Forma del tiempo verbal

Verbo to be en pasado + verbo-ing

Afirmativa:

Sujeto Auxiliar Verbo Uso en ingls Traduccin


I was working when you Estaba trabajando cuando
I (yo) Was Work
called llamasteis.
Estabas durmiendo
You were sleeping when
You (t) Were Sleep cuando nosotros
we arrived
llegamos.
He/she He was breaking the El estaba rompiendo el
Was Break
(l/ella) paper at midnight. trabajo a medianoche.
It (neutro: It was losing hair when Estaba perdiendo pelo
objetos, Was Lose we took it to the vet. cuando lo llevamos al
animales) (the dog) veterinario.
We were reading some Estbamos leyendo unas
We
Were Read magazines when you revistas cuando tu
(nosotros/as)
arrived. llegaste.
You You were dancing when Estabais bailando cuando
Were Dance
(vosotros/as) the match started. empez el partido.
They were living in Ellos estaban viviendo en
They
Were Live Japan when the Tsunami Japn cuando el tsunami
(ellos/as)
hit the coast. golpe la costa.

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Negacin: Se conjuga el auxiliar.

Auxiliar +
Sujeto Verbo Uso en ingls Traduccin
not
I wasnt breaking the No estaba rompiendo el
I (yo) Was not Break envelope when you envoltorio cuando tu
entered. entraste.
You werent locking the No estabas cerrando el
You (t) Werent Lock
car when we saw you. coche cuando te vimos.
She wasnt bringing any No traa ninguna
He/she
Wasnt Bring tool while he was herramienta mientras
(l/ella)
bringing a lot of them. que l traa muchas.
It (neutro: It wasnt working No funcionaba
objetos, Was not Work properly when we correctamente cuando
animales) checked. lo comprobamos.
No vivamos en la
We We were not living in the
Were not Live ciudad en ese
(nosotros/as) city at that moment.
momento.
You You werent helping with No estabais ayudando
Werent Help
(vosotros/as) dinner. con la cena.
They They werent cleaning the No estaban limpiando la
Were not Clean
(ellos/as) house this morning. casa esta maana.

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Interrogacin: Se conjuga el auxiliar.

Auxiliar Sujeto Verbo Uso en ingls Traduccin


Was I closing the Estaba cerrando la
Was I (yo) Close
window this morning? ventana esta maana?
Were you seeing that Estabas viendo a ese
Were You (t) See
bird? pjaro?
He/she Was she leaving the
Was Leave Sali sola de casa?
(l/ella) house alone?
It (neutro:
Was it working this funcionaba esta
Was objetos, Work
morning? maana?
animales)
We Were we playing Estbamos jugando a
Were Play
(nosotros/as) football? ftbol?
You Were you reading the Estabais leyendo el
Were Read
(vosotros/as) newspaper? peridico?
They Were they watching Estaban viendo las
Were Watch
(ellos/as) the news? noticias?

12.2. WHILE VS. WHEN

Tanto while como when se utilizan al principio de oracin, ambas con significado
similar pueden dar pie a la duda de cual es la ms adecuada para cada oracin. Para
saber ms fcilmente cmo diferenciarlo podemos seguir esta regla.

Cuando hablamos de cosas del pasado:

- When + Past Simple


- While + Past Continuous

* While enfatiza la idea de durante ese tiempo.

12.3. ADVERBIOS

El adverbio es una palabra que nos ayuda a dar ms informacin sobre un verbo, es
decir nos ayuda a dar ms informacin de cmo, dnde, cundo, etc. el verbo realiza
la accin. Por ejemplo:

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- Para describir CMO sucede una accin:


Jason quickly read the book Jason ley el libro rpidamente.
How did Jason read the book? Quickly Cmo ley el libro Jason?
Rpidamente.
- Para describir CUNDO pasa una accin:
Emma left early Emma se fue pronto.
When did Emma leave? Early Cundo se fue Emma? Pronto.
- Para describir DNDE una accin ocurre:
Lily and James played here Lily y James jugaron aqu.
Where did Lily and James play? Here Dnde jugaron James y Lily? Aqu.

Tipos de adverbios:

- Manera: boldly (notablemente), dangerously (peligrosamente), fast (rpido),


hard (fuerte), quickly (rpidamente), usually (normalmente), well (bien), etc.
- Lugar: by (al lado de), behind (detrs), here (aqu), left (a la izquierda), near
(cerca), over (por), there (all), upstairs (arriba), etc.
- Tiempo: next (despus), now (ahora), punctually (puntualmente), soon
(pronto), tomorrow (maana), etc.
- Frecuencia: always (siempre), frequently (frecuentemente), never (nunca),
occasionally (ocasionalmente), once (una vez), repeatedly (repetidamente),
etc.
- Grado: fairly (justamente), hardly (dificilmente), pretty (bastante), quite
(bastante), very (mucho/muy), etc.
- Opinin: actually (de hecho), admittedly (ciertamente), definitely
(definitivamente), luckily (afortunadamente), etc.
- Interrogativo: why? (Por qu?), when? (Cundo?), where? (Dnde?),etc.
- Relativo: why (Porqu), when (Cundo), where (Dnde),etc.

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12.4. VOCABULARY! 2
12.4.1. Personality - positive ascpect (Personalidadaspectos positivos)

Personality/Personalidad Personality/Personalidad

English Spanish English Spanish


ambitious ambicioso patient paciente
attentive corts polite amable
audacious audaz practical prctico
calm calmo realistic realista
charming encantador reliable = confiable
trustworthy
cheerful = divertido respectful respetuoso
amusing
considerate considerado responsible responsable
courageous = valiente self-confident seguro
brave
creative creativo sensible sensato
curious curioso sensitive sensible
determined = decidido sincere sincero
willed
energetic energtico sociable = outgoing sociable
extroverted extrovertido strong fuerte
frank franco sympathetic compasivo
friendly amigable thankful = grateful agradecido
generous generoso tolerant = patient paciente
gentle = kind, amable understanding comprensivo
polite
honest = truthful honesto zealous entusiasta
humble humilde
ingenious ingenioso
likable / likeable agradable,
simptico
loyal = faithful leal
mature maduro
obedient obediente
optimistic optimista
organized organizado
passionate apasionado

12.4.2. Personality - negative ascpect (Personalidadaspectos negativos)

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Personality/Personalidad Personality/Personalidad

English Spanish English Spanish


absent-minded distrado, irascible irascible
despistado
aggressive agresivo irresponsible irresponsable
annoying molesto jealous celoso
arrogant arrogante, lazy haragn
prepotente
bad-tempered malhumorado lonely solitario
boastful fanfarrn materialistic materialista
bossy mandn mean = cruel cruel
cheeky atrevido mean = stingy, mezquino
tight-fisted
clumsy torpe modest modesto
deceitful falso moody malhumorado
dishonest deshonesto nosey metido
disrespectful irrespetuoso obsessed obsesionado
dominant dominante pessimistic pesimista
dull = boring aburrido proud = arrogant orgulloso
eccentric excntrico quarrelsome pendenciero
envious envidioso querulous quejumbroso
forgetful olvidadizo resentful rencoroso
frivolous frvolo rude = impolite descorts
fussy quisquilloso selfish egosta
hypocritical hipcrita self-seeking interesado
impatient impaciente shy tmido
impulsive impulsivo spiteful rencoroso
indifferent indiferente strict estricto
insecure inseguro stubborn = obstinado
obstinate
insensitive insensible talkative charlatn
insolent insolente unpredictable impredecible
introverted introvertido unreliable = desconfiable
untrustworthy

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13. LESSON 3

13.1. THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS (EL PRESENTE PERFECTO


CONTINUO)

El presente perfecto continuo es un tiempo verbal que utilizamos para podemos


utilizar para describir:

1) Acciones que empezaron en algn momento del pasado y que ha continuado


hasta el presente. Solemos utilizar expresiones tales como For five minutes
(durante cinco minutos, For two weeks (durante dos semanas), for a year
(durante un ao).
I have been reading this book for a week He estado leyendo este libro
durante una semana.
2) Para expresar que una accin ha pasado recientemente o ltimamente, para
esto es importante NO UTILIZAR expresiones tales como: For five minutes
(durante cinco minutos, for two weeks (durante dos semanas), for a year
(durante un ao)
She has been feeling sick Se ha estado sintiendo mal.
Para enfatizar este matiz, podemos utilizer expresiones como lately y recently.
* Es importante recorder que cuando utilizamos tiempos verbales continuos,
nunca debemos usar verbos NO CONTINUOS.

Forma del tiempo verbal

Sujeto + has/have + been + verbo-ing

Afirmativa:

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Sujeto Auxiliar Verbo Uso en ingls Traduccin


I have been workingin He estado trabajando en
I (yo) Have been Work this project for two este proyecto durante dos
weeks. semanas.
You have been sleeping Has estado durmiendo
You (t) Have been Sleep
for 3 hours. durante tres horas.
He/She has been
He/she Ha estado rompiendo las
Has been Break breaking the rules since
(l/ella) reglas desde nio.
he/she was a child.
It (neutro: It has been losing its Ha estado perdiendo la
objetos, Has been Lose energy since this energa desde esta
animales) morning. maana.
We We have been reading Hemos estado leyendo
(nosotro/as Have been Read this book duringthe este libro durante el
) summer. verano.
You have been dancing
You Habis estado bailando
Have been Dance since you were 3 years
(vosotro/as) desde que tenais 3 aos.
old.
They have been living in Han estado viviendo en
They
Have been Live this apartment for a este apartamento durante
(ellos/as)
year. un ao.

Negacin: Se conjuga el auxiliar.

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Auxiliar +
Sujeto Verbo Uso en ingls Traduccin
not
No he estado
Have not I havent been breaking rompiendo las reglas
I (yo) Break
been the rules since I left jail. desde que sal de la
crcel.
You have not been No has estado cerrando
Have not
You (t) Lock locking the main door this la puerta principal esta
been
week. semana.
He/She hasnt been No ha estado trayendo
He/she Has not
Bring bringing his/her sus deberes esta
(l/ella) be
homework this week. semana.
It (neutro: No ha estado
Has not It has not been working
objetos, Work funcionando esta
be all this week.
animales) semana.
Have not No hemos estado
We We have not been living
been Live viviendo en esa casa
(nosotros/as) in that house for 5 years.
durante 5 aos.
Have not You have not been No has estado
You
been Help helping with the chores ayudando con las tareas
(vosotros/as)
lately. ltimamente.
Have not They have not been No han estado
They
been Clean cleaning the house lately. limpiando la casa
(ellos/as)
ltimamente.

Interrogacin: Se conjuga el auxiliar, pero se separa para dejar sitio para el sujeto.

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Auxiliar Sujeto Verbo Uso en ingls Traduccin


Have I been closing He estado cerrando la
Have I (yo) Been Close the door wrong all this puerta mal todo este
time? tiempo?
Have you been seeing Has estado viendo lo
Have You (t) Been See
what happened? que ha pasado?
He/she Has she been leaving Ha estado saliendo
Has Been Leave
(l/ella) work late? tarde del trabajo?
It
(neutro:
Has it been working Ha estado funcionando
Has objetos, Been Work
all the morning? todo la maana?
animales
)
Have We Have we been playing
Hemos estado jugando
(nosotro Been Play for two hours
durante dos horas?
s/as) already?
Have You
Have you been Habis estado leyendo
(vosotros Been Read
reading this book? este libro?
/as)
Have Have they been
They Han estado viendo la
Been Watch watching the TV all
(ellos/as) televisin todo el da?
day?

13.2. VOCABULARY! 3

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13.2.1. The enviroment (El medio ambiente)

The enviroment/El medio ambiente The enviroment/El medio ambiente

English Spanish English Spanish


acid rain lluvia cida ozone-friendly que no daa la
capa de ozono
carbon dioxide dixido de carbono ozone layer capa de ozono
chemicals sustancias qumicas pollution polucin,
contaminacin
climate change cambio climtico radioactive sustancia
substance radiactiva
conservation conservacin radioactive waste residuos
radiactivos
contaminant contaminante radioactivity radiactividad
contamination contaminacin recyclable reciclable
deforestation deforestacin recycled reciclado
eco-friendly que no daa el recycling reciclaje
medio ambiente
ecological ecolgico reforestation repoblacin
forestal
ecologist ecologista sewage aguas residuales
ecosystem ecosistema sewage farm (GB) estacin
depuradora
Effluent aguas residuales sewage plant (US) estacin
depuradora
endangered especies en peligro sewage works (GB) estacin
species de extincin depuradora
environment medio ambiente smog smog
environmental medioambiental solar energy energa solar
environmentalist ecologista sulphur dioxide dixido de azufre
(GB)
environmentally que no daa el sulfur dioxide (US) dixido de azufre
friendly medio ambiente
extinction extincin toxic waste residuos txicos
garbage disposal eliminacin de to become extinct extinguirse
(US) residuos
garbage separacin de to conserve conservar
separation (US) residuos
global warming calentamiento to contaminate contaminar
global
greenhouse effect efecto invernadero to die out extinguirse

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noise pollution contaminacin to poison envenenar


acstica
nuclear radiation radiacin nuclear to pollute contaminar
Organic orgnico to recycle reciclar
Ozone ozono wind power energa elica

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14. LESSON 4
14.1. THE PAST PERFECT (EL PASADO PERFECTO)

El pasado perfecto es un tiempo verbal que utilizamos para podemos utilizar para
describir:

1) Acciones finalizadas que ha ocurrido antes de un momento concreto del


pasado. Expresa la idea de que algo ha pasado antes de que otra accin en el
pasado.
I had had this book before He tenido este libro antes.
2) Duracin antes de algo en el pasado. Para mostrar que algo empez en el
pasado y que continu hasta otra accin en el pasado.
We had had that car for 10 years before it broke down Hemos tenido ese
coche durante 10 aos antes de que se estropeara.

Es importante recordar que cuando utilizamos tiempos verbales continuos,


nunca debemos usar verbos NO CONTINUOS.

Forma del tiempo verbal

Sujeto + had + past participle

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Afirmativa:

Sujeto Auxiliar Verbo Uso en ingls Traduccin


I had worked in that Trabaj en esa tienda
I (yo) Had Work
store when I was 16. cuando tena 16 aos.
You had slept in that Dormiste en esa cama
You (t) Had Sleep
bed all your childhood. toda tu infancia .
She had broken up with
He/she Rompi con su novio esta
Had Break her boyfriend this
(l/ella) maana.
morning.
It (neutro:
objetos, Had Lose It had lost its energy. Perdi su energa.
animales)
We
We had read about it in Lemos sobre ello en el
(nosotro/as Had Read
the newspaper. peridico.
)
You had walked to the Caminasteis a las
You
Had Walk mountains before montaas antes del
(vosotro/as)
school. colegio.
They had lived in that
They Vivieron en esa casa antes
Had Live house before moving to
(ellos/as) de mudarse a la nueva.
the new one.

Negacin: Se conjuga el auxiliar.

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Sujeto Auxiliar Verbo Uso en ingls Traduccin


I had not worked in the No trabaj en el turno
I (yo) Had not Work
morning shift. de maana.
You had not slept enough No dormiste suficiente
You (t) Hadnt Sleep
last night. esta noche.
She had not broken the
He/she No rompi el sello de
Had not Break guaranty seal of the
(l/ella) garanta de la botella.
bottle.
It (neutro:
It had not stopped on
objetos, Hadnt Stop No paro a tiempo.
time.
animales)
We We had not read about it No lemos sobre ello en
Had not Read
(nosotro/as) in the newspaper. el peridico.
You had not walked to No caminasteis a las
You
Hadnt Walk the mountains before montaas antes del
(vosotro/as)
school. colegio.
They had not lived in that No vivieron en esa casa
They
Had not Live house before moving to antes de mudarse a la
(ellos/as)
the new one. nueva.

Interrogacin: Se conjuga el auxiliar, pero se separa para dejar sitio para el sujeto.

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Auxiliar Sujeto Verbo Uso en ingls Traduccin


Had I closed the door Cerraste la puerta mal
Had I (yo) Close
wrongall this time? todo este tiempo?
Had you seenwhat
Had You (t) See Viste lo que ha pasado?
happened?
He/she Saliste tarde del
Had Leave Had she left work late?
(l/ella) trabajo?
It (neutro:
Had it worked all Funcion todo la
Had objetos, Work
morning? maana?
animales)
We
Had we played that song Tocamos esa cancin
Had (nosotros/ Play
in the last concert? en el ultimo concierto?
as)
You
Had you read that book in Leste ese libro en el
Had (vosotros/ Read
the school? colegio?
as)
They Had they watched TV in Han estado viendo la
Had Watch
(ellos/as) the camp? televisin todo el da?

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14.2. VOCABULARY! 4
14.2.1. Tourism (Turismo)

Tourism/Turismo Tourism/Turismo

English Spanish English Spanish


accomodation alojamiento sunglasses gafas de sol
admission fee costo de la entrada sunblock filtro solar
brochure folleto sunburn quemadura de sol
camping site, sitio para acampar parque de
campsite diversiones
car rental (US) alquiler de autos time-sharing tiempo compartido
car hire (GB) alquiler de autos tour operator empresa de viajes
car park (GB) estacionamiento tourist office oficina de turismo
caravan casa rodante, rulot, travel agency agencia de viajes
caravana
city centre (GB) centro de la ciudad travel agent agente de viajes
cruise crucero vacation (US) vacaciones
double room habitacin doble voyage viaje (en barco o
nave espacial)
double room with habitacin doble con waiting list lista de espera
twin beds dos camas
downtown (US) centro de la ciudad youth hostel albergue juvenil
flight vuelo to book reservar
fortnight quincena to confirm confirmar
guesthouse casa de huspedes, to drive conducir
pensin
guide gua to fly volar
high season temporada alta to go on holiday irse de vacaciones
(GB), vacation (US)
hiking trail sendero de caminata to go abroad irse al extranjero
holidays (GB) vacaciones to go camping ir de camping
holidaymaker veraneante, turista to go climbing ir a escalar
hostel hostal to go hiking ir a dar una
caminata
hotel hotel to go hacer alpinismo
mountaineering
hotel chain cadena de hoteles to go sightseeing visitar lugares de
inters
inn posada to go skiing ir a esquiar
low season temporada baja to go swimming ir a nadar

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motor-home casa rodante to go to the beach ir a la playa


package deal paquete to have a good pasarlo bien
time
parking lot (US) estacionamiento to have a bad time pasarlo mal
resort lugar de vacaciones to make a reservar
reservation
return ticket (GB) viaje de ida y vuelta to hold a mantener una
reservation reserva
round ticket (US) viaje de ida y vuelta to plan organizar
season temporada to rent a car alquilar un auto
sightseeing tour visita con gua to stay permanecer
single ticket (GB) viaje de ida to sunbathe tomar sol
single room habitacin simple to take a holiday tomarse
(GB), vacation (US) vacaciones
sightseer turista, excursionista to take a tomar una
photograph fotografa
ski resort estacin de esqu to travel viajar
sun lotion bronceador

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15. LESSON 5
15.1. THE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS (EL PASADO PERFECTO
CONTINUO)

El pasado perfecto continuo es un tiempo verbal que utilizamos para podemos


utilizar para describir:

1) Duracin de una accin hasta que es interrumpida en un momento concreto


del pasado. Para expresar que algo empez en el pasado y continu hasta
otro tiempo en el pasado. Es similar al presente continuo pero no continua
hasta ahora, sino que finaliza (la accin) en algn momento del pasado.
I had been reading this book when I was at school Estuve leyendo este libro
cuando estaba en el colegio.
2) Causa de algo en el pasado.
Jason was tired because he had been jogging.Jason estaba cansado porque
haba estado corriendo.

Forma del tiempo verbal

Sujeto + had + been + verbo + ing

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Afirmativa:

Sujeto Auxiliar Verbo Uso en ingls Traduccin


I had been working in Estuve trabajando en esa
I (yo) Had been Work that store until I turned tienda hasta que cumpl 18
18. aos.
You had been sleeping
Estuviste trabajando en esa
You (t) Had been Sleep in that bed when
cama cuando Martin llego .
Martin arrived.
She had been speaking Estuvo hablando por
He/she
Had been Speak on the phone before telfono antes de que
(l/ella)
you arrived. llegaras.
It (neutro: It had been losing
Estuvo perdiendo energa
objetos, Had been Lose power before we
antes de que llegramos.
animales) arrived.
We had been reading Estuvimos leyendo sobre
We
about it in the ello en el peridico cuando
(nosotro/as Had been Read
newspaper when they lo anunciaron por la
)
announced on TV. televisin.
You had been singing Estuvisteis cantando esa
You
Had been Sing that song when they cancin antes de que la
(vosotro/as)
played it on the radio. pusieran en la radio.
They had been living in Estuvieron viviendo en esa
They
Had been Live that city before the ciudad antes de que fuera
(ellos/as)
hurricane strike. golpeada por el huracn.

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Negacin: Se conjuga el auxiliar.

Sujeto Auxiliar Verbo Uso en ingls Traduccin


I had not been working in No estuve trabajando
Had not
I (yo) Work that store until I turned en esa tienda hasta que
been
18. cumpl 18 aos.
You had not been sleping Estuviste trabajando en
Had not
You (t) Sleep in that bed when Martin esa cama cuando Martin
been
arrived. llego .
She had not been Estuvo hablando por
He/she Had not
Speak speaking on the phone telfono antes de que
(l/ella) been
before you arrived. llegaras.
It (neutro: Estuvo perdiendo
Had not It had been not losing
objetos, Lose energa antes de que
been power before we arrived.
animales) llegramos.
Estuvimos leyendo
We had been not reading
sobre ello en el
We Had not about it in the newspaper
Read peridico cuando lo
(nosotro/as) been when they announced it
anunciaron por la
on TV.
televisin.
You had been not singing Estuvisteis cantando esa
You Had not
Sing that song when they cancin antes de que la
(vosotro/as) been
played it on the radio. pusieran en la radio.
Estuvieron viviendo en
They had been not living
They Had not esa ciudad antes de que
Live in that city before the
(ellos/as) been fuera golpeada por el
hurricane strike.
huracn.

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Interrogacin: Se conjuga el auxiliar, pero se separa para dejar sitio para el sujeto.

Auxiliar Sujeto Verbo Uso en ingls Traduccin


He estado cerrando la
Been Had I been closing the
Had I (yo) puerta mal todo este
close door wrong all this time?
tiempo?
Been Had you been seeing what Has estado viendo lo
Had You (t)
see is happening? que esta pasando?
He/she Been Had she been leaving Ha estado saliendo
Had
(l/ella) leave work late? tarde del trabajo?
It (neutro:
Been Had it been working all Ha estado funcionando
Had objetos,
work the morning? toda la maana?
animales)
We Hemos estado tocando
Been Had we been playing that
Had (nosotros/ esa cancin en nuestros
play song atour concerts?
as) conciertos?
You
Been Had you been reading Habis estado leyendo
Had (vosotros/
read that book in the school? ese libro en el colegio?
as)
Han estado viendo la
They Been Had they been watching
Had televisin en el
(ellos/as) watch TV in the camp?
campamento?

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15.2. VOCABULARY! 5
15.2.1. The Theater(El teatro)

Teather/Teatro Teather/Teatro

English Spanish English Spanish


theatre (GB), teatro performance actuacin
theater (US)
amphitheatre anfiteatro play obra de teatro,
(GB), pieza teatral
amphitheater (US)
actor actor playwright dramaturgo
actress actriz producer productor
audience audiencia, pblico program (US), programa
programme (GB)
ballet ballet revue revista
cast reparto, elenco scene escena
choreographer coregrafo behind the scenes entre bastidores
choreography coreografa singer cantante
chorus coro stage escenario
comedy comedia stage design escenografa
composer compositor stage designer escengrafo
conductor director de orquesta stage fright miedo al pblico
costumes disfraces, vestuario stage manager director de escena
director director stage name nombre artstico
drama drama star estrella, celebridad
dramatist dramaturgo starlet joven estrella
duet do trio tro
intermission intermedio, understudy suplente
descanso
librettist libretista de perausher acomodador
libretto libreto de pera isle pasillo
musical musical backstage entre bastidores
opera pera balcony, galera
mezzanine
light opera opereta box palco
opera festival festival de pera pit platea
opera glasses gemelos de teatro stalls platea
opera house teatro de la pera wings bastidores
opera season temporada de la to act actuar
pera

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opera singer cantante de pera to conduct dirigir una


orquesta
overture obertura to go on the stage subir al escenario
pantomime (GB) comedia musical to stage representar, poner
navidea en escena

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16. LESSON 6
16.1. THE FUTURE CONTINUOUS (EL FUTURO SIMPLE CONTINUO)

En ingls el futuro continuo se puede formar de dos maneras, con will o con going to.
Utilizamos este tiempo verbal para expresar:

1) Indicar que una accin ms larga ser interrumpida por una ms corta en el
futuro. Puede ser una interrupcin real o una interrupcin en el tiempo.
I will be leaving the airport by the time you land Estar llegando al
aeropuerto cuando tu aterrices.
2) Un tiempo especifico como una interrupcin en el futuro.
Tonight at 6 pm, I am going to be eating dinner Esta noche a las 6 de la
tarde, estar cenando.
3) Acciones paralelas en el futuro, acciones que pasan en el mismo tiempo.
While I will be doing my homework, he will be making dinner Cuando yo
este haciendo mis deberes, l estar haciendo la cena.
4) La atmsfera en el futuro, en un punto especfico.
When I arrive at the party, everybody is going to be celebrating. Some will be
dancing. Others are going to be talking Cuando llegue a la fiesta todo el
mundo estar celebrando. Algunos estarn bailando. Otros estarn hablando.

Forma del tiempo verbal

Will be + verbo+ing

Verbo to be + going to be + verbo+ing

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Afirmativa:

Sujeto Auxiliar Verbo Uso en ingls Traduccin


I will be calling you Te estar llamando cuando
I (yo) Will be Call
when I get to the hotel. llegu al hotel.
You will be watching Estars viendo la televisin
You (t) Will be See
the TV later. ms tarde.
He/she He will be staying at l se quedar casa esta
Will be Stay
(l/ella) home tonight. noche.
It (neutro: It will be looking nice Se ver bien en la pared
objetos, Will be Look on the wall when we cuando acabemos. (la
animales) finish. foto)
We We will be driving you Te estaremos llevando a
Will be Drive
(nosotros/as) home tonight casa esta noche.
You You will be
Will be Leave Te irs maana.
(vosotros/as) leavingtomorrow.
They They will be reading Ellos estarn leyendo ese
Will be Read
(ellos/as) that newspaper later. peridico luego.

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Negacin: Se conjuga el auxiliar.

Auxiliar +
Sujeto Verbo Uso en ingls Traduccin
not
I will not be closing the No estar cerrando la
I (yo) will not be Close
store tonight. tienda esta noche.
You are not going to No estars pasando
Are not/
be having a good time un buen rato cuando
You (t) arent goint Have
when your dad knows tu padre se entere
to be
it. (de eso).
She is not going to be
He/she Is not going Ella no se ir pronto
Leave leaving early
(l/ella) to be maana.
tomorrow.
It (neutro: No estar
Will not/ It wont be working
objetos, Work funcionado hasta la
Wont be until next week!
animales) semana que viene!
We are not going to be No estaremos
We Are not
Play playing videogames jugando videojuegos
(nosotros/as) going to be
tonight esta noche.
You will not be No estars leyendo
You reading that magazine esa revista si no
Will not be Read
(vosotros/as) later if you dont finish acabas tus deberes
your homework first. primero.
They wont be Ellos no estarn
They watching the movie viendo la pelcula
Wont be Watch
(ellos/as) tonight. They will go esta noche. Irn
tomorrow. maana.

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Interrogacin: Se conjuga el auxiliar.

Auxiliar Sujeto Verbo Uso en ingls Traduccin


Will I be paying the Pagar la reparacin de
Will I (yo) Be pay reparation when it is la cmara si no es mi
not my fault? culpa?
Estars jugando
Will you be playing
conmigo esta tarde
Will You (t) Be play with me this afternoon
cuando todos se hayan
when everyone leaves?
marchado?
Estar limpiando este
He/she Will he be cleaning this
Will Be clean desastre cuando nos
(l/ella) mess when we leave?
vayamos?
It (neutro:
Will it be staying in Se quedar en su sitio si
Will objetos, Be stay
place if we fix it? lo arreglamos?
animales)
We Will we be cooking Estaremos preparando
Will (nosotros/ Be cook dinner when the movie la cena cuando empiece
as) starts? la pelcula?
You
Will you be reading the Estaris leyendo el libro
Will (vosotros/ Be read
book on your trip? en vuestro viaje?
as)
Will they be watching Estarn viendo el
They Be
Will the match when we partido cuando nos
(ellos/as) watch
leave? vayamos?

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16.2. VOCABULARY! 6
16.2.1. The Law (La ley)

Law/Ley Law/Ley

English Spanish English Spanish


the accused el acusado lawyer abogado
acquittal absolucin lie detector detector de
mentiras
affidavit declaracin jurada litigant litigante
Alibi coartada litigation litigio
Alimony pensin alimenticia notary notario
allegation alegato, alegacin ordinance ordenanza
Appeal apelacin pardon indulto
Arrest arresto, detencin plaintiff demandante
arrest warrant orden de captura prison crcel, prisin
attorney (US) abogado proof prueba
barrister (GB) abogado (en prosecution acusacin, juicio
tribunales
superiores)
Bailiff alguacil prosecutor fiscal, acusador
the Bench el Tribunal punishment castigo
Brief escrito, informe solicitor (GB) abogado (en
tribunales
inferiores)
Case caso statement declaracin
Charge acusacin, cargo superior court tribunal superior
confession confesin Supreme Court Corte Suprema
convict presidiario suspect sospechoso
conviction condena testimony testimonio,
declaracin
Court corte trial juicio, proceso
courthouse palacio de justicia under oath bajo juramento
courtroom sala de justicia verdict veredicto, fallo
Crime delito witness testigo
custody custodia witness box (GB) estrado
death sentence pena de muerte witness stand (US) estrado
death warrant sentencia de muerte writ orden judicial
defence defensa guilty culpable
defendant acusado innocent inocente
defender defensor in escrow en custodia

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diplomatic inmunidad on bail bajo fianza


immunity diplomtica
Docket expediente, sumario on parole en libertad
condicional
Duress coaccin on probation en libertad
condicional
Edict edicto, decreto to accuse acusar a alguien de
somebody of algo
something
execution ejecucin to acknowledge admitir, reconocer
Exhibit prueba instrumental to acquit absolver a alguien
somebody of de algo
something
expropriation expropiacin to arrest arrestar a alguien
somebody on the con cargos de algo
charge of
something
evidence evidencia, to adjourn levantar la sesin
testimonio
Felony delito grave to arraign procesar
Fine multa to attest atestiguar, avalar
foreman, presidente del to be cleared of all ser absuelto de
forewoman jurado charges todos los cargos
fugitive fugitivo to be guilty of ser culpable de
something algo
hearing audiencia to be on trial for ser juzgado por
something algo
indictment acusacin to charge acusar a alguien de
somebody of algo
something
inferior court juzgado de primera to convict condenar, declarar
instancia somebody of culpable a alguien
something por algo
Jail crcel, prisin to dismiss the case sobreseer el caso
John Doe N.N. masculino, to execute ejecutar a alguien
desconocido somebody for por algo
something
Jane Doe N.N. femenino, to expropriateexpropiar, requisar
desconocida
judge juez to extradite extraditar a alguien
somebody to a a un lugar
place

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jurisprudence jurisprudencia to find somebody encontrar a alguien


guilty culpable
Juror miembro del jurado to find somebody encontrar a alguien
not guilty inocente
Jury jurado to give evidence prestar declaracin
jury box banco del jurado to incriminate incriminar
justice justicia to nullify anular
juvenile court juzgado de menores to pardon indultar a alguien
somebody for por algo
something.

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17. LESSON 7
17.1. THE FUTURE PERFECT (EL FUTURO PERFECTO)

En ingls el futuro perfecto se puede formar de dos maneras, con will o con going to.
Utilizamos este tiempo verbal para expresar:

1) Expresar la idea de algo ocurrir antes que otra accin en el futuro. Tambin
para expresar que algo pasar despus de un tiempo especifico en el futuro.
By next November, I will have received my promotion Para el prximo
noviembre ya me habrn ascendido.
2) Para expresar que algo continuar hasta otra accin en el futuro.
I will have been in London for 6 months by the time I leave Habr estado en
Londres durante 6 meses cuando me vaya.

Forma del tiempo verbal

Will have + past participle

Verbo to be + going to have + past participle

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Afirmativa:

Sujeto Auxiliar Verbo Uso en ingls Traduccin


I will have been called Te habr estado llamando
Will have
I (yo) Call you 3 timesby the 3 veces cuando llegues a
been
time you get home casa.
Are going You are going to have
La estars viendo durante
You (t) to have See been seen her for
semanas.
been weeks.
Will have He will have been l se estar quedando
He/she been stayed in the house ms tiempo en la casa del
Stay
(l/ella) more than I did by the que lo he hecho yo
time I leave. cuando me vaya.
It (neutro: Will have It will have been look
Se ver raro para cuando
objetos, been Look odd by the time we
nos vayamos.
animales) leave.
We Will have We will have been Habremos conducido
Drive
(nosotros/as) been driving for hours. durante horas.
Will have You will have been Te habrs ido ya de la
You
been Leave left the party by the fiesta cuando ellos
(vosotros/as)
time they arrive lleguen.
Will have They will have been
They Ellos habrn ledo ese
been Read read that book when
(ellos/as) libro cuando te vayas.
you leave.

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Negacin: Se conjuga el auxiliar.

Sujeto Auxiliar + not Verbo Uso en ingls Traduccin


I wont have been
will have No estar cerrando la
I (yo) Close closed the shop that
been not tienda esa noche.
night.
You wont have been No estars pasando
You (t) will have Have had a good time when un buen rato cuando
been not your dad arrives. tu padre llegue.
He/she will have She will have not been Ella no se habr ido
Leave
(l/ella) been not left by tomorrow. maana.
It (neutro: will have No estar
It wont have been
objetos, been not Work funcionado para la
work by next week!
animales) semana que viene!
will have No estaremos
We wont have been
We been not jugando videojuegos
Play played videogames
(nosotros/as) cuando ella llegue a
when she gets home.
casa.
will have You will have not been No estareis leyendo
You
been not Read read that magazine by esa revista a la hora
(vosotros/as)
the dinners time. de la cena.
will have Ellos no habrn
They wont have been
been not estado viendo el
They (ellos/as) Watch watched the match if
partido si la TV no
the TV wont work.
funciona.

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Interrogacin: Se conjuga el auxiliar.

Auxiliar Sujeto Verbo Uso en ingls Traduccin


Have
Will I have been Estar pagando la
Will I (yo) been
payfor the repair? reparacin?
Pay
Have
Will you have been Estars jugando
Will You (t) been
play with me? conmigo?
Play
Have Will he have been Estar l limpiando
He/she
Will been clean this mess este desastre cuando
(l/ella)
Clean when we get home? lleguemos a casa?
It (neutro: Have Will it have been Estar quedando
Will objetos, been look pretty when bonito cuando lo
animales) Look they finish? terminen?
We Have Will we have been
Estaremos ganando el
Will (nosotros/as been won the match
partido ms tarde?
) Win later?
You Have Will you have been Estars leyendo el
Will (vosotros/as been read the newspaper peridico a las 6 de la
) Read at 6 pm? tarde?
Have Will they have been Estarn vigilando el
They
Will been watched the car if coche si llegamos
(ellos/as)
Watch we arrive late? tarde?

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17.2. VOCABULARY! 7
17.2.1. Money (Dinero)

Money/Dinero Money/Dinero

English Spanish English Spanish


currency Moneda que se to lend prestar
usaen un pas
fund fondos to borrow Tomar prestado
coin Moneda a loan Prstamo.
finance finanza to loan Prestar
shares acciones to owe deber
bonds bonos to pay back Pagar un prstamo
assets activos due A vencer
to pay cash Pagar en efectivo overdue vencido
to pay by cheque Pagar mediante a debt Deuda
cheque
to pay by card Pagar con tarjeta income ingreso
draft giro expenditure gasto
overdraft giro en descubierto budget Presupuesto
postal order giro postal to be tight Ir justo
money order orden de pago to be penniless Estar sin un duro
a deposit depsito to be broke Estar sin un duro
to deposit depositar bankruptcy bancarrota
to withdraw Sacar dinero to inherit heredar
to cash a cheque Cobrar un cheque heir - heiress Heredero/a
balance balance to make a fortune Hacer una fortuna
bank statemen Resumen bancario to win a fortune Ganar una fortuna
bank charges Cargos bancarios to run into debt Endeudarse
interest rate Tasa de inters to be in debt Estar endeudado
teller cajero to be up to one's Endeudado
ears in debt hastalas orejas
clerk cajero to pawn empear
cuts reducciones to be on the dole En el paro
to squander despilfarrar wealth Riqueza
stake money Dinero usado para poverty Pobreza
apostar.

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18. LESSON 8
18.1. THE FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS (EL FUTURO PERFECTO
CONTINUO)

En ingls el futuro perfecto continuo se puede formar de dos maneras, con will o con
going to. Utilizamos este tiempo verbal para expresar:

1) Una accin continuar hasta un momento en particular o un evento en el


futuro.
They will have been talking for over an hour by the time Thomas arrives
Habrn estado hablando durante una hora cuando Thomas llegue.
2) Una causa - efecto.
Jason will be tired when he gets home because he will have been jogging for
an hour Jason estar cansado cuando llegue a casa porque habr estado
corriendo durante una hora.
3) Con este tiempo verbal enfatizamos la duracin del tiempo antes de que algo
ocurra en el futuro.

Forma del tiempo verbal

Will have been + verbo+ing

Verbo to be + going to have been + verbo+ing

Afirmativa:

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Sujeto Auxiliar Verbo Uso en ingls Traduccin


Will I will have been calling
Te habr estado llamando
I (yo) have Call you when I get to the
cuando llegu al hotel.
been hotel.
Will
You will have been Habrs estado viendo la
You (t) have Watch
watching the TV later. televisin ms tarde.
been
Will He will have been l se habr estado
He/she
have Stay staying at home quedando en casa esta
(l/ella)
been tonight. noche.
It (neutro: Will It will have been
Se ver bien cuando lo
objetos, have Look looking nice when they
reparen.
animales) been fix it.
Will We will have been Habremos estado
We
have Drive driving eight hours conduciendo ocho horas
(nosotros/as)
been when we arrive. cuando lleguemos.
Will
You You will have been Os habris ido a las 8 en
have Leave
(vosotros/as) leaving by 8 oclock. punto.
been
Will They will have been
Habrn estado leyendo
They have reading that
Read ese peridico despus de
(ellos/as) been newspaper after the
la cena.
dinner.

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Negacin: se conjuga el auxiliar.

Auxiliar +
Sujeto Verbo Uso en ingls Traduccin
not
I will not have been No habr estado
Will not
I (yo) Close closing the store when cerrando la tienda
have been
they arrive. cuando ellos lleguen.
No habrs estado
You wont have been
Wont have pasando un buen rato
You (t) Have having a good time
been cuando tu padre
when your dad arrives.
llegue.
She wont have been Ella no se estar
He/she Will not
Leave leaving early in the marchando pronto
(l/ella) have been
evening. por la tarde.
It (neutro: No habr estado
Wont have It wont have been
objetos, Work funcionado por una
been working for a week!
animales) semana!
We wont have been No habremos jugado
We Will not
Play playing videogames for a los videojuegos por
(nosotros/as) have been
a month. un mes.
You Wont have You will not have been No habrs estado
Read
(vosotros/as) been readingfor a year. leyendo en un ao.
They wont have been Ellos no habrn
They Will not
Watch watching the movie for estado viendo la
(ellos/as) have been
a year pelcula por un ao.

18.2. GO VS. COME (IR VS. VENIR)

A primera vista puede parecer que la diferencia entre ambos verbos est clara y que
no precisa ningn tipo de aclaracin. Sin embargo, estos dos verbos crean gran
confusin a la hora de utilizarlo a los estudiantes hispanohablantes ya que come
puede traducirse como ir y como venir, dependiendo del contexto.

Come: Este verbo lo solemos utilizar para hacer referencia a la procedencia de algo o
de alguien, eso s, siempre acompaado de la preposicin from.

I come from Spain Soy de Espaa/Vengo de Espaa.

Where do you come from? De dnde eres?

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La confusin con este verbo se produce cuando adquiere el equivalente al espaol


del verbo ir, es decir, cuando hablamos de un desplazamiento. Para poder diferenciar
fcilmente cuando usamos come y cuando go tenemos que tener en cuenta que en el
caso del primer verbo los dos hablantes tienen que conocer el lugar del que se
habla.Ej:

Are you coming to my house later? Vienes luego a mi casa?

She is coming to the church on Sunday Vendr a la iglesia el domingo.

As que finalmente, si uno de los dos hablantes no conoce el lugar de destino o no se


haba mencionado previamente utilizaremos el verbo go.

I am going to New Zeeland this summer Voy a Nueva Zelanda este verano.

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18.3. VOCABULARY! 8
18.3.1. Office supplies (Material de oficina)

Office supplies/material de oficina Office supplies/material de oficina

English Spanish English Spanish


adhesive tape cinta adhesiva keyboard teclado
ballpoint pen Bolgrafo marker marcador,rotulado
r
binder clip broche aprietapapel monitor monitor
block of paper Bloc mouse ratn, mouse
box Caja out tray bandeja de salida
board eraser Borrador overhead retroproyector
projector, OHP
briefcase portafolios, maletn paper papel
calculator Calculadora paperclip clip, sujetapapeles
calendar calendario, pen lapicera, bolgrafo
chair Silla pencil lpiz
computer computadora, photocopier fotocopiadora
ordenador
desk Escritorio photocopy fotocopia
desk tidy (GB) Portalpices pin alfiler, clavija
drawer Cajn printer impresora
drawing pin (GB) tachuela, chincheta puncher, hole perforadora
puncher
eraser (US) goma de borrar ream resma de papel
envelope Sobre ruler regla
fax machine Fax scissors tijeras
file Archivo Scotch tape (US), cinta Scotch, cinta
Sellotape (GB) Durex, celo
filing cabinet Archivador sheet of paper hoja de papel
older Carpeta stamp sello
fountain pen Pluma stapler grapadora,
glue Pegamento staple remover Quitagrapas
highlighter pen Fosforescente telephone telfono
in tray (GB), in bandeja de entrada thumbtack (US) tachuela, chincheta
box(US)
ink Tinta toner tner
ink cartridge cartucho de tinta typewriter mquina de
escribir

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19. LESSON 9
19.1. THE FUTURE IN THE PAST (EL FUTURO EN EL PASADO)

En ingls el futuro en el pasado se puede formar de dos maneras, con would o con
was going to. Utilizamos este tiempo verbal para expresar la idea de que en el
pasado se pens que algo pasara en el futuro.

- Would: voluntad o promesas.


He promised he would send a postcard from Italy Prometi que enviara
una postal desde Italia.
- Was going to: planes de futuro en el pasado.
I told you he was going to come to the party Te dije que l vendra a la
fiesta.

Forma del tiempo verbal

Would + verbo

Was/were + going to + verbo

Afirmativa:

Sujeto Auxiliar Verbo Uso en ingls Traduccin


I would call you when I Te llamara cuando llegu
I (yo) Would Call
get to the hotel. al hotel.
Were You were going to see
You (t) See La vers ms tarde.
going to her later.
He/she He would stay at home l se quedar casa esta
Would Stay
(l/ella) tonight. noche.
It (neutro: It was going to look
Was Se iba a ver bien en la
objetos, Look nice on the wall when
going to pared cuando acabramos.
animales) we finish.
We We would drive you Te llevaremos a casa esta
Would Drive
(nosotros/as) home tonight noche.
You Were You were going to
Leave Te ibas a ir maana.
(vosotros/as) going to leave tomorrow.
They They would read the Ellos leern el peridico
Would Read
(ellos/as) newspaper later. ms tarde.

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Negacin: Se conjuga el auxiliar.

Auxiliar +
Sujeto Verbo Uso en ingls Traduccin
not
I would not close the No cerrar la tienda
I (yo) Would not Close
store tonight. esta noche.
You were not going to No ibas a estar
Were not have a good time pasando un buen
You (t) Have
going to when your dad knew rato cuando tu padre
about it. se enterase.
He/she She wouldnt leave Ella no se ira pronto
Wouldnt Leave
(l/ella) early tomorrow. maana.
It (neutro: No iba a estar
Wasnt It wasnt going to
objetos, Work funcionado hasta la
going to work until next week!
animales) semana que viene!
No jugaremos a los
We We would not play
Would not Play videojuegos esta
(nosotros/as) videogames tonight
noche.
You were not going to
You Were not No ibas a estar
Read read that magazine
(vosotros/as) going to leyendo esa revista.
later.
They They wouldnt watch Ellos no vern el
Wouldnt Watch
(ellos/as) the match. partido.

Interrogacin: Se conjuga el auxiliar.

Auxiliar Sujeto Verbo Uso en ingls Traduccin


Would I pay the Pagar la
Would I (yo) Pay
reparation? reparacin?
Were Were you going to Ibas a jugar
You (t) Play
going to play with me? conmigo?
He/she Would he clean this Limpiara l este
Would Clean
(l/ella) mess? desastre?
It (neutro:
Was Was it going to look Iba a quedar
objetos, Look
going to pretty? bonito?
animales)
We Would we win the Ganaramos el
Would Win
(nosotros/as) match? partido?
Were You Were you going to Ibas a leer el
Read
going to (vosotros/as) read the newspaper? peridico?
Would they watch
Would They (ellos/as) Watch Vigilaran el coche?
the car?

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19.2. VOCABULARY! 9
19.2.1. Writing a letter (Escribiendo una carta)

Office supplies/material de oficina Office supplies/material de oficina

English Spanish English Spanish


to send enviar letter carta
to deliver entregar letterbox (GB), buzn de la casa
mailbox (US)
to receive recibir mail train tren de correos
to get recibir package, parcel paquete
to forward remitir, reenviar post (GB), mail correo
(US)
to answer responder post office oficina de correos
to write escribir postage franqueo
to type escribir a mquina postcard (tarjeta) postal
to erase borrar postbox (GB), buzn del correo
mailbox (US)
to sign firmar postcode (GB), zip cdigo postal
code (US)
address direccin postman (GB), cartero
mailman (US)
airmail correo areo PO Box (GB), P.O. casilla de correos
Box (US)
correspondence correspondencia recorded delivery envo certificado
delivery entrega registered letter carta certificada
dotted line lnea de puntos return address domicilio de
respuesta
email correo electrnico signature firma
envelope sobre snail mail correo comn
form formulario stamp sello de correos
handwriting escritura, letra surface mail correo por va
terrestre
junk mail correo basura telegram telegrama

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19.3. VIDEOS RECOMENDADOS


- Pasado perfecto simple: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0X5dcyGHE7w
- Futuro con will:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bl6lKWj6qn8
- Futuro continuo:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N9KLnVf2_gQ

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