Phoenix Chapter

Arizona Chapter

Internet of Things
Innovations & Megatrends Update
Wednesday, December 14, 2016
Mark Goldstein, International Research Center
PO Box 825, Tempe, AZ 85280-0825, Phone: 602-470-0389,
markg@researchedge.com, URL: http://www.researchedge.com/

Presentation Available at http://www.slideshare.net/markgirc

2016 - International Research Center

Internet of Things (IoT) Presentation Outline
IoT Overview and Ecosystems
IoT Computing Platforms and Sensors
IoT Gateway and Network Connections
IoT Application Arenas
Consumer and Home Automation
Wearables
Healthcare and Life Science
Retail and Logistics
Industrial
Smart Buildings
Smart Cities and Environment
Transportation
IoT Security and Privacy
IoT Standards and Organizations
IoT Data Applications and Business Models
IoT Overview and Ecosystems
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Third_Wave_(Toffler_book) (1980)
 Internet of Things Basics

Source: Teradata Corporation

Source: Postscapes (http://postscapes.com/)
Source: Postscapes (http://postscapes.com/)
Source: Postscapes (http://postscapes.com/)
 IoT Vision

Source: IDC & Peplink 2015

 IoT Adoption Landscape

Source: TE Connectivity
Source: IEEE Spectrum 10/16
Typical End-to-End IoT Architecture Solutions
Source:
CompTIA
IoT Computing Platforms
http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/
embedded/embedded-design-center.html
 Arduino, Raspberry & Other Microcontrollers
Arduino Mega 2560

Night Vision Camera Modules

Raspberry Pi 2 Model B Nwazet Pi Media Center

MicroSD Card Adapter

UDOO Quad Core w/SATA

BLE Mini Bluetooth 4.0 Interface Ultimate GPS Breakout
 Raspberry Pi
Camera Board

PiFace Relay+

16GB NOOBS
SD Card

https://www.element14.com/community/community/raspberry-pi/
Intel Galileo Microcontroller

Complements & extends the Arduino line of products

http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/do-
it-yourself/galileo-maker-quark-board.html
 65 mm x 30 mm x 5 mm

The Raspberry Pi Zero is half the size of

a Model A+, with twice the utility. A tiny
Raspberry Pi thats affordable enough
for any project!
1Ghz, Single-core CPU
512MB RAM
Mini HDMI & USB On-The-Go ports
Micro USB power
HAT-compatible 40-pin header
Composite video & reset headers
Can utilize Raspbian Jessie OS Adafruit Raspberry Pi Zero Starter Pack
http://www.adafruit.com/products/2816
https://www.raspberrypi.org/products/pi-zero/
 TI CC2541 SOC
The Texas Instruments
CC2541 is a power-
optimized true system-on-
chip (SoC) solution for
both Bluetooth low energy
and proprietary 2.4-GHz
applications. It enables
robust network nodes to
be built with low total bill-
of-material costs. The
CC2541 combines the
excellent performance of a
leading RF transceiver
with an industry-standard
enhanced 8051 MCU, in-
system programmable
flash memory, 8-KB RAM,
and many other powerful
supporting features and
peripherals. The CC2541 is
highly suited for systems
where ultralow power
consumption is required.

http://www.ti.com/product/cc2541
Intels Edison computer is housed in an SD card form factor and comes with built-
in Linux and both Wi-Fi and Bluetooth wireless. The computer, which is based on
Intel's 22-nanometer Quark chips, can be the basis for a new wave of products
and will become available summer 2014. Source: eWeek
Intel Curie Module Unleashing Wearable Device Innovation
Intels Curie module is a complete low-
power solution for the wearable space
with compute, motion sensor, Bluetooth
Low Energy, and battery charging
capabilities.
Key Features:
Low-power, 32-bit Intel Quark SE SoC
384kB Flash memory, 80kB SRAM
Small and efficient open source real-
time operating system (RTOS)
Low-power integrated DSP sensor hub
with a proprietary pattern matching
accelerator
Bluetooth Low Energy
6-Axis combo sensor with
accelerometer and gyroscope
Battery charging circuitry (PMIC)
Released January, 2015

http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en
/wearables/wearable-soc.html
 Approximately 26 mm x 35 mm

https://software.intel.com/en-us/node/675623
Netclearance Systems, Inc.s (NCS) mBeaconSense hub embeds temperature, vibration,
accelerometer, magnetic, and light sensors into a 15mm x 20mm form factor making it the
industry's smallest beacon technology to incorporate multiple data sensors into one device.
Combined with the Netclearance Systems' Wi-Fi, Ethernet, and mesh gateways,
mBeaconSense enables multiple remote sensing capabilities in a single tag allowing for
streamlined, and cost-effective deployments. mBeaconSense includes everything necessary
to create next generation IoT sensing capabilities utilizing low power Bluetooth and Wi-Fi.
The mBeaconSense incorporates a near field communication (NFC) antenna and memory to
provide close proximity passive identification capabilities making the product both a hybrid
passive and active tag. http://www.netclearance.com/
 ASUS Chromebit Turns Any TV into a Chrome PC

Rockchip RK3288 (with quad-core Mali 760 graphics)

2GB of RAM, 16GB of solid state storage
Plugs into any HDMI-equipped display
Dual-band 802.11ac Wi-Fi, Bluetooth 4.0, USB 2.0 port

This summer, ASUS will launch a new type of Chrome device: the Chromebit.
Smaller than a candy bar, the Chromebit is a full computer that will be available
for less than $100. By simply plugging this device into any display, you can turn it
into a computer. Its the perfect upgrade for an existing desktop and will be really
useful for schools and businesses.
Source: http://chrome.blogspot.com/2015/03/more-chromebooks-for-everyone.html
 Intel Compute Stick

http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/compute-stick/intel-compute-stick.html
IoT Sensors
 SunFounder 37 Modules Raspberry Pi B+ Sensor Kit
Detailed tutorial, source code
& 32 lessons on project DVD

http://www.sunfounder.com/index.php?c=show&id=47&model=Sensor%20Kit%20for%20B+
 Horizon 2020: Sensors

Source: Telecom Italia

Sensor Cluster Trends for Mobile Phones

(Inertial Measurement Units)

AMS AV-MLV-P2 is a volatile organic compounds (VOC) gas sensor which can detect
alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, organic acids, amines, aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons.
Smart Dust Motes for Multihop Wireless Sensor Network

Wireless Sensor
Networks
(WSN)

Wikipedia on Smart Dust:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartdust
Wikipedia on Wireless Sensor Network (WSN):
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_sensor_network

Source: EDN Magazine

Source: Fujitsu
 Energy Harvesting Sweet Spot

Source: Cymbet
 IoT Gateway and
Network Connectons
 https://www-ssl.intel.com/content/www/us/en/embedded/solutions/iot-gateway/overview.html

Source: Intel
 NetComm NTC-140W

The NetComm 3G-4G and Wi-Fi Wireless M2M Router utilizes the speed and performance
capabilities of a LTE/4G network to deliver seamless M2M connectivity for a broad range of
M2M applications. The NTC-140W features two Gigabit Ethernet ports and high speed Wi-Fi
connectivity making it an ideal device for high speed networking. The device also features
vehicle voltage support, GPS and Ignition input making it ideal for mobile assets and
transportation applications. The NTC-140W creates point-to-point and point-to-multi-point
communication enabling the secure collection and analysis of data from remote and
unmanned applications. The NTC-140Ws powerful processor delivers optimal performance
and its embedded NetComm Linux OS and Software Development Kit (SDK) offers the end
user the capability to install custom firmware to the on-board flash memory via the
programming interface. Built in VPN clients also ensure a secure connection over a public
mobile network. See http://www.netcommwireless.com/product/4g/ntc-140w
EPM2M-LORA Wireless Gateway

Source: Embedded Planet

http://www.embeddedplanet.com/
Telit m2m AIR Mobile Core Service

http://www.telit.com/
Full-Stack IoT Messaging and Automation Platform

https://octoblu.com/ (Now part of Citrix)

 AWS IoT Architecture

Source: VDC Research

 Azure IoT Suite Overview

Source: VDC Research

 IoT Technology Data Rate and Range Needs

Source: Rohde & Schwartz

 Wi-Fi Ecosystem is Undergoing Change

http://www.wirelessdesignmag.com/article/2016/05/now-80211ac-wave-1-rolled-out-whats-next-wi-fi
 IEEE 802.11ah Wi-Fi Approach for M2M Communications
Why the Present 802.11 Technology is Inadequate:
Absence of power-saving mechanisms: The energy constraints of sensor networks are not
considered in the current IEEE 802.11 standard.
Unsuitable bands: Due to their short wireless range and high obstruction losses, existing
Wi-Fi bands require the use of intermediate nodes, adding complexity to the network.

IEEE 802.11ah Requirements to Support M2M Communications:

Up to 8,191 devices associated with an access point (AP) through a hierarchical identifier
structure
Carrier frequencies of approximately 900 MHz (license-exempt) that are less congested
and guarantee a long range
Transmission range up to 1 km in outdoor areas
Data rates of at least 100 kbps
One-hop network topologies
Short and infrequent data transmissions (data packet size approximately 100 bytes and
packet inter-arrival time greater than 30 s)
Very low energy consumption by adopting power saving strategies
Cost-effective solution for network device manufacturers

http://www.ieee802.org/11/Reports/tgah_update.htm
http://www.techrepublic.com/article/802-11ah-wi-fi-protocol-for-iot-solves-two-m2m-problems/
 M2M Unlicensed Wireless Communications Comparison

Source: IEEE 802.11ah: The Wi-Fi Approach for M2M Communications Paper 10/14
https://www.bluetooth.com/specifications/bluetooth-core-specification/bluetooth5
Source: Ingenu
http://www.ingenu.com/
 Typical Cellular IoT Use Cases

Source: 4G Americas
 Potential 5G Services Bandwidth & Latency Requirements

Source: GMSA, Heavy Reading

Consumer and Home Automation
The Smart Home as a Service combines web intelligence, smart home sensors,
data centers, with intelligence living in the cloud all administered by service
providers. Source: Qorvo Low Power Wireless
https://nest.com/thermostat/life-with-nest-thermostat/
LEDs can be engineered to produce practically any desired spectrum of visible
light. Blue or violet LEDs pump mixes of phosphors, which down-convert some of
the light and mix with the pump color to produce something humans perceive as
white light. Near-monochrome LEDs, whose spectrum amounts to a single sharp
peak, can be mixed at varying intensities to produce light of any apparent color in
a wide gamut. Hue is controlled over WiFi. The bulbs and router talk amongst
themselves using a wireless mesh network protocol called ZigBee, IEEE 802.15.4.
Source: Phillips (http://meethue.com/en-us/)
 LED Light Bulbs That Play Audio

Sengled Pulse
http://www.sengled.com/product/pulse

AwoX StriimLIGHT
http://www.awox.com/connected
-lighting/awox-striim-light/

Klipsch LightSpeakers
MiPow PlayBulb Color http://www.klipsch.com/lightspeaker-
http://www.playbulb.com/en/playbulb-color.html in-ceiling-lighting-and-audio-system
Japanese Super Toilet: This luxury toilet from Japan has controls for almost every
aspect of the bathroom experience. It can warm the seat, give a massage, play
music, adjust the height and temperature of the bidet stream (that plastic tube
allows the tester in the showroom to see the height of the stream without getting
water on the floor), and much more. It can even make flushing sounds -- without
actually flushing -- to cover up the sounds of embarrassing body functions.
Source: Contractor Magazine 4/15
http://sandhill.com/article/the-empire-strikes-back-in-amazon-google-battle-royal-over-smarthome/
Wearables
 Garmin vvofit

http://sites.garmin.com/vivo/
 Polar V800 GPS Sports Watch

http://www.polar.com/en/products/maximize_performance/running_multisport/V800
 Apple Watch

Shipping April, 2015

https://www.apple.com/watch/
 Mimo Smart Baby Monitor

Add Pacif-i
Bluetooth
Smart Pacifier
for Temperature

http://bluemaestro.com/pacifi-smart-pacifier/

http://mimobaby.com/
Source: Beecham Research
Source: Deloitte Tech Trends 2014
 You can lie to me, you can lie to your trainer,
you can even lie to yourself, but you cant lie to your Fitbit.
Healthcare and Life Sciences
Source: The Atlantic Council & Intel Security
http://internetofthingsagenda.techtarget.com/
 Micro-Systems Used in Healthcare Applications

Source: Yole Development

 AtomoRapid Blood Testing Platform

Atomo Diagnostics is a medical technology company bringing next generation rapid diagnostic
solutions to market and radically changing the way that we diagnose disease. AtomoRapid has
launched in Africa and the UK, and USA market entry is underway. The AtomoRapid blood
testing platform can accommodate test strips for a wide variety of conditions from celiac
disease, allergy through to infectious diseases such as malaria and HIV. Also offering
AtomoRapid to leading diagnostic companies interested in converting their rapid tests onto
this revolutionary rapid test platform.

http://atomodiagnostics.com/
 Perspiration Biosensor Patches

Source: IEEE Spectrum 11/14

http://www.uh.edu/news-events/stories/2016/September/09272016-Researchers-Create-Glucose-Sensing-Contact-Lens.php
 SCiO Pocket Molecular Sensor

A successful Kickstarter project with over $2.76 million in funding,

the SCiO pocket molecular sensor lets users scan and obtain
information about the chemical makeup of materials and physical
objects. Once an item is scanned, the chemical makeup is
compared against items in a cloud-based database, and the
information about the item is sent back to a smartphone. The device
is capable of scanning food (for nutritional information), medicines,
plants (for health purposes), oils, plastics, wood and more. The
device works by shining a light on an object and using a
spectrometer to analyze the properties of the light reflected back.
Source: Network World https://www.consumerphysics.com/myscio/
 Handheld Spectrometer for
Food and Environmental Sensing

http://tellspec.com/en/
 Medtronic Micra Pacemaker
World's Smallest,
Minimally Invasive
Cardiac Pacemaker

Delivered directly
into the heart
through a catheter
inserted in the
femoral vein

http://newsroom.medtronic.com/phoenix.zhtml
?c=251324&p=irol-newsarticle&id=1883208 Ron Wilson at AZBio
 MESI Modular
Tricorder Concept

Cloud DX Bio
DMI Tricorder Project

http://www.qualcommtricorderxprize.org/
 Continua Health Alliance Enables the
Personal Health Information Network (PHIN)

Source: Continua Health Alliance (http://www.continuaalliance.org/)

 National Health Information Network (NHIN)

http://healthit.hhs.gov/portal/server.pt?open=512&mode=2&cached=true&objID=1142
Arable's Pulsepod Collects Hyperlocal Weather & Crop Data

http://www.arable.com/
Retail and Logistics
Source: Cisco
 Beacon Enabled Local Retail Offer Service

Source: GSA
Swirl iBeacon Platform and Ecosystem

http://www.swirl.com/
Industrial
Source: Intel
Source: LNS Research
Source: LNS Research
Source: LNS Research
Source: LNS Research
 Wireless Connection Technologies for Industrial IoT

Source: Texas Instruments

 Flattening of the Industrial Networking Architecture

Source: LNS Research

Smart Buildings
 Creating an Intelligent Building Starts with Sensors and LED Lighting

Source: EEWeb Sensor Technology

 Enterprise Internet of Things (EIoT)

Source: Cisco
Source: Memoori 2014
 Intelligent Buildings Value Chain

Source: Frost & Sullivan

Smart Cities and Environments
Source: FutureStructure Water, Waste & Energy Systems 6/14
 Cities of the Future: What Do They Look Like, How
Do We Build Them and What's Their Impact?

http://www.forbes.com/sites/jacobmorgan/2014/09/04/cities-of-the-future-what-do-they-look-
like-how-do-we-build-them-and-whats-their-impact/
The Intel Intelligent Systems Framework provides a consistent framework for
connectivity, security, and manageability. Flexible developer recipes use
scalable, off-the-shelf elements that in turn, shift resource investments from
interoperability to extracting value from data.
http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/embedded/intelligent-systems.html
 Source: Ayushi Agrawal/Apple 2015

https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/big-data-analytics-internet-things-ayushi-agrawal
The Array of Things (AoT) is an NSF grant
funded urban sensing project to implement a
network of interactive, modular sensor boxes
that will be installed around Chicago to
collect real-time data on the citys
environment, infrastructure, and activity for
research and public use. The nodes will
initially measure temperature, barometric
pressure, light, vibration, carbon monoxide,
nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, ozone,
ambient sound intensity, pedestrian and
vehicle traffic, and surface temperature.
Continued research and development will
help create sensors to monitor other urban
factors of interest such as flooding and
standing water, precipitation, wind, and
pollutants. See: http://arrayofthings.github.io/
 Smartphones as Personal, Real-Time Pollution-Location Monitors

In a study of air pollution, a small pollution sensor was used to measure black carbon level
continuously, combined with an Android smartphone with CalFit software for recording GPS
information on user location. The indoor/outdoor study of 54 Barcelona schoolchildren was
associated with BREATHE, an epidemiological study of the relation between air pollution
and brain development. The researchers conclude that mobile technologies could contribute
valuable new insights into air pollution exposure. Source: Kurzweil AI
http://www.kurzweilai.net/turning-smartphones-into-personal-real-time-pollution-location-monitors
 Mobile Operators Can Enable Smart City Services

Source: GSMA
 Smart City Multidimensional Factors

Source: Beecham Research

 3 Smart City Trends to Expect in 2016
1) A growing adoption and awareness of the smart city concept by an expanding set of
government leaders. Not only does IDC see more demand for strategy development and
implementation road maps, but the requests come from cities, counties, states and central/federal
government agencies. We predict that by 2017, at least 20 of the worlds largest countries will
create national smart city policies to prioritize funding and document technical and business
guidelines.
2) A high variability in understanding the impact of the Internet of Things (IoT) and the
benefits and challenges that must be considered from new types of mobile and connected
things (drones, wearables, connected cars). We continue to see many of the same cities
investing in the smart city IoT, but even for cities with pilot projects, there is a lack of citywide
strategy at the level of guidelines for implementations. As such, we predict that in 2016, 90 percent
of cities worldwide will lack a comprehensive set of policies on the public and private use of drones,
sensors and devices. This will result in increased privacy and security risks. Similarly, we see a
more acute and faster adoption of public safety and transportation IoT investment, often without a
strategic framework, which IDC believes will lead to more project risk and wasted spending, such
as spending on duplicative systems or devices.
3) Information from social media, crowdsourcing and sharing economy companies will have
a greater impact on cities. Cities are grappling with how to ingest this data into systems and put it
to use. Not only is this data unstructured in the form of text, video, images and audio, but it also
comes from a variety of sources that exist independent of government. This presents a challenge
since data from these sources can be highly relevant and useful for improving government services.
The Waze traffic app is a great example of this crowdsourced traffic information for commuters, if
integrated with systems in the transportation management center, would help operators update
digital signs more quickly, potentially adjust traffic signals and dispatch responders more quickly.
But getting this information into existing systems is not a simple task. Source: IDC
Transportation
Intel In-Vehicle Solutions on YouTube: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lk2XNc7qyJ0
Source: KPMG
Source: Parks Associates
Imaging Technologies for Automotive
 Vehicle Terminal Software Architecture

Source: Intel
 Intelligent Transportation with IoT

Source: Intel
Intels Road to Autonomous Driving

Intel In-Vehicle Solutions on YouTube:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lk2XNc7qyJ0
 Plug-in Electric Vehicle (PEV) and Smart Grid Ecosystem

Source: Electronic Design Magazine 6/10

IoT Security and Privacy
 Privacy Panic Cycle

Current technologies on the privacy panic cycle. (Adapted from Castro, D., & McQuinn, A.
(2015). The privacy panic cycle: a guide to public fears about new technologies.
Washington, D. C. Source: Information Technology & Innovation Foundation ITIF)
Source: PubNub
 Internet of Things Security Attributes

Source: Hewlett Packard Enterprise

Source: Atmel
 Internet of Things (IoT)
Smart devices incorporated into
the electric grid, vehicles including
autonomous vehicles, and
household appliances are improving
efficiency, energy conservation, and
convenience. However, security
industry analysts have demonstrated
that many of these new systems can
threaten data privacy, data integrity,
or continuity of services. In the
future, intelligence services might
use the IoT for identification,
surveillance, monitoring, location
tracking, and targeting for
recruitment, or to gain access to
networks or user credentials.

http://content.govdelivery.com/attachments/USODN
I/2016/02/09/file_attachments/496870/SASC%2B201
6%2BWWTA%2BSFR%2B-%2B9%2BFeb%2B16.pdf
Source: Auth0 (https://auth0.com/)
IoT Standards and Organizations
 Information Flow Between the Cyber and Physical Worlds

Source: IEEE Computer - Imagineering an Internet of Everything 6/14

http://openinterconnect.org/
Universal Plug and Play Forum

http://www.upnp.org/
 IoT Groups Merge Efforts
OIC taps UPnP, eschewing rival AllSeen
The Open Interconnect Consortium will acquire assets of and combine its
technologies with those of the Universal Plug and Play Forum, a fifteen-year old
group focused on automating links between PCs and peripherals typically over
Wi-Fi. By adopting the UPnPs widely used service discovery software and likely
many of its members, OIC will bolster its position as an applications-layer
software stack for the Internet of Things.

All sides agree the IoT is encumbered with too many competing and overlapping
platforms, networks, protocols and frameworks as the result of a land grab for
what is seen as the next big thing. With the deal, OIC gets an edge over its closest
rival, the AllSeen Alliance. However its not clear whether it gets the heft it will
need to stand out against the two giants in this space Googles Thread/Weave
and Apples HomeKit.

Currently, AllSeen has a lead in the market with more than 185 members and
shipping products using its specifications. OIC, which has about 100 members,
expects first products using its recently ratified spec to appear at CES in January.
Both OIC and AllSeen are hosted by the Linux Foundation.

Source: EE Times 11/23/15

http://www.eweek.com/networking/iot-standards-groups-ocf-allseen-alliance-merge.html
http://www.iiconsortium.org/test-beds.htm
http://www.w3.org/WoT/IG/

http://www.w3.org/WoT/
https://www.shodan.io/
IoT Data Applications
and Business Models
Top 10
Strategic IT
Technology
Trends for
2016

Source:
Gartner
 Future X Network Enabling a New Digital Era

Source: Bell Labs Consulting

https://www.abiresearch.com/pages/what-is-internet-everything/
 Internet of Things Data Value Chain

Source: Navigant Research

Source: HP
Why the Internet of Things Matters
Source: LNS Research
Source: HP
 Big Data and Analytics MaturityScape

Source: IDC 2015

 IoT Success Requires an Ecosystem of
Internal and External Partnerships

Source: Cisco
https://cbi-blog.s3.amazonaws.com/blog/wp-
content/uploads/2016/10/Final-Graphic-2.png
 Internet of Things Playbook

Source: Navigant Research

 Internet of Things (IoT) Maturity Mode

Source: TDWI
 Internet of Things (IoT) Roadblocks
Those making their first foray into connected products can improve the success of their IoT programs by
understanding the following hazards.
Too many inputs and too much data Having too much data is nearly as bad as not having enough.
Its easy to get excited about the promise of new technology. But overdoing it on early programs can
result in data explosion that overwhelms IT systems as well as stakeholders.
Too many alarms Nothing guarantees organizational disengagement from a supposedly smart
system than many false positive errors. False alarms are the spam of the IIoT world. They drown out
the actual errors and condition stakeholders to ignore system feedback.
Missed critical alarms If false positives are frustrating, a false negative can be catastrophically
damaging depending upon the system. No notification or late notification of a potential safety concern
can cause product, personnel, environmental or secondary damage, and can bring the program into
question.
Unclear guidance Feedback must be actionable, correct, and timely to the multiple stakeholders
involved. Feedback that is unclear or requires time-consuming offline analysis substantially reduces
system value.
Unprepared Organization connected products often require connected organizations.
Organizations may need to work together in new and different ways to realize revenue and margin
projections.
Customer Backlash Even in cases where the customer clearly has the most to gain through a newly
connected product, there is a risk of customer backlash. Consumer privacy and security risks are
substantial concerns carrying the specter of legal action. Additionally, there is a risk of Government
charges. This US Federal Trade Commission Report provides a good overview of possible risks as
well as the FTCs recommendations.
Perceived cost versus benefit Ideally, the success of an IIoT-enabled product would be easily
quantified. Cost for a connected product can be high, once infrastructure costs are considered. Costs
are often easier to measure than success, particularly if success is tied to lagging and less correlated
metrics such as customer satisfaction. Subjective comparison of cost versus success puts a program
at risk. Without positive proof of value and clearly defined and accepted targets, a single large adverse
event can undermine the program. Source: LNS Research
 Megatrends Driving Significant Profile Shifts

Source: Gartner 8/15

 Hype Cycle for Emerging Technologies

Internet of Things (IoT)

Note: Added by MG-IRC

Source: Gartner 7/16

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