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Chapter 5
Semi-variable Costs
Refers to costs that have both variable and fixed components
Examples: repair and maintenance costs, utility costs
Semifixed Costs
Refers to costs that increase in steps
Example: A quality-control inspector can examine 1,000 units per day. Inspection costs are semifixed with a step up
for every 1,000 units per day
Distinction between fixed and semi-fixed is subtle
Change in fixed costs usually involves a change in long-term assets: a change in semifixed costs often does
not
Cost Estimation Methods
Cost estimates are used in various business decisions, planning exercises, and performance evaluations
Three methods discussed
Statistical regression analysis
Account analysis
Engineering estimation
TC=F + VX
Account Analysis
Analysts review each cost account and classifies it according to its relation to a cost driver
The sum of costs for each activity are divided by the sum of the cost driver volumes to determine the cost driver
rates
These cost driver rates correspond to the coefficients calculated using regression analysis
Data Problems
Missing Data
Outliers
Allocated and discretionary costs
Inflation
Mismatched time periods
Trade-offs in choosing the time period
Interpreting Regression Analysis Output (Slide 1 of 2)
Standard errors of the coefficients indicate the degree of confidence we can have in the fixed and variable cost coefficients
The smaller the standard error, the more precise the estimate
The t-statistic is the ratio between an estimated coefficient and its standard error
If about 2 or larger, we can be relatively confident that the actual coefficient differs from 0
R2
2
R measures how well the line fits the data
An R2 of 1 means that the regression explains all of the variance
An R2 of 0 means that the regression explains none of the variance
Many believe that a low R2 indicates a weak relationship between total costs and the activity base
Cautions When
Using Regression
Users of regression analysis should be cautious in drawing inferences from regression results unless they are familiar with
statistical estimation problems such as:
Multi-collinearity
Autocorrelation, and
Heteroscedasticity
Dranrey Gaon
BSBA-FM3A
ACC311