FRANZ THIM~I'S

-
SERIES
OF

AFTER AX

EASY AND PRACTICAL :METHOD.

PART XI.

THE ICELANDIC LANGUAGE.

LON"DON":
FRANZ THam,
FOREIGN BOOKSELLER A~"D PUBLISHER.
3 BROOK STREET, OROSVEXOR SQUARE W.

1868.
 A SHORT
PRACTICAJJ AND EASY METHOD
OF LEARXL'iG THE

LD N R !( T N
OR

ICELANDIC LANGUAGE
AFTER THE DANISH
OF

E. RASK

WITH AN ICELANDIC READER

AN ACCOUNT OF THE KORSK JlOETRY AND THE SAGAS
.AND A MODERN ICELM,DlC YOCABULARY FOR TRArELLERS
BY

H. LUND.

SECOND CORRECTED EDITION.

LON"DON":
FnA~Z nIBm,
FOREIG~ BOOKSELLER Al\'D PUBLISHER
24 LATE 3. BROOK STREET, OROSVEl;OR SQUARE W.

1869.


PREFACE.

The Old Norsk or Icelandic and the Anglo ~ Saxon may

he termed the parents of the English Language, and theil'
Knowledge is not only highly useful but absolutely necessary
to every educated Englishman who looks upon his language with
the eye of a historian and philosopher. Nothing is more interest-
ing than to look back to these two sources from whence the
english tongue is derived, and a thorough knowledge of Eng-
lish is only possible by being acquainted with its Oligin.
These languages together with Anglo-Norman, early Ger-
man, ancient, mediooval and modern English, ought to be
regularly studied.
By adapting Rask's abridgement we hare indicated a simple
method of learning Icelandic, which we hope will be found
generally useful.

The Editor.

-'


INDEX.

. PART I.
Page
I. The Pronunciation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
II. l\fodification of Vowels. . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Inflection of Words. . >. . . . . . . . . . . 8
I. The ~oun. 1st. Declension . . . . . . . 8
lInd.... ' 9
III r d . . . ............,.. 14
Declension of Nouns with the Article. . .. .. . . . . 18
II. Adjecthes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
The Comparison of Adj ectives. ........ 26

III. Pronouns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Numerals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3~
IV. The Verb. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Auxiliary Verbs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
V. Particles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

The Formation of Words.. . . . . . . . . . 52
Synlax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1
Prepositions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55-
Prosody.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

PART II.
The Old Norsk Poetry and the Sagas. . . . . . 58 - 73
PART III.
Icelandic Reader. . . . . . . . . 74-101
PART IV.
}Iodern Icelandic for Travellers. . . . . . . 102 -121

 PART I.

The Pronunciation.

The Alphabet.
The Icelandic Alphabet is composed of the following letters
Pronunciation Pronunciation
A a ah R r err
nb bay S s s
D d day T t tay
Ee a U u 00
F r eff V v yay
Gg ghay X x iks
II h hah Yy ue
I i e Z z zet
J j yod II ~ th
K k kah D ~ dh
L 1 el IE ill ae
1\1 m em ill re oe (Danish 8, Ger-
N n en man 0)
o0 o o 0 oe (German 0)
p p pay
1. The Old Norsk order of the vowels was the following
Vowels Diphthongs
a a ro
0 au ey
e - el

I -(I
I
0 ffi
U Ii -
Y - Y
Icelandic Orammo.r. 1
 2

2. ti alw<lYs open, as in the danish words: Duren, [(jnne.

3. e, the same as in the danish: bedre, lIest. Before the
open e (c) an j is often added in the pronunciation, which
generally receil'es the acccnt n as: lct lifet) lod, agreeing
with the Danish sjetle from s r. Ie s, jeg f!'Om trw. It is uncer-
tain how far back into past ages this pronunciation may be
traced.
4. i, as in the danish vis, til, it comes De<lr to the d<lnish
Ii in leve, anfl is both long alld short. When it goes ol'er into
i, it sounds like the danish in Pil, vis, fire.
5. 0, alw<lYs open, as the danish Ii, it is both long and
short, as in: Bogen, os, komme; whilst 6 sounds like the danish
in Os, Stol, stor, perbaps a little broader.
6. n as in the danish words Blld, Hul, kun, long and
short, in its transition to !i it sounds like the danish lIus,
Ibtl, bruno That this pronunciation of Lhe nand u is the ge-
IlIJine old norsl<, is proved not only by all the northern lan-
guages, but also by the Ferroe dialect, in which the correct
sound has been maintain ted to this day, f. i.
oldnorsk-ferroe danish
kunna kUllne
JdJ.ga ldta kue.
7. y as in the danish Byg, hyppe; it approaches a little to
the danish (j and is both long and short; changed into y it
sounds like tile danish Bly, Syre, flyde. That y was really dis-
tinguishe(j from i, is proved partly by the languages of the
northern conlinent (Fastlands sprogene) partly by the icelandic
pronnnciation of the day, wbich pronounces y in kyrr short,
hUl the letter y long: but more particularly by the circumstance,
that the poets (skaldene) form a hair-rhyme with i, as Fms. 6, 35.
Herstillis parf ek hylli,

1111lf eru void und l{alfi
8. d like the danish av in lIavre, greek, latin and italian
au in aura with a clear a (not like the german au).
9. (I' almost like aj" so that the sound of a approaches
the danish (e, and the sound of j somewhat resembles e (noo-
sten (J'je '.
10. au, as the danish tiw 01' ow, which is still the pro-
nUnCi<llion 01' the northern au, -it is very much like the german
au: AU!Jo, Auge, the eye.
 3
11. ey, as written, somewhat like nj, on northern monu-
ments (Mindesmrerker) it was often written oy, resembling the
german eu. That it was distinguished from ei is partly seen
from the Ferroe in which ey is changed into oj, ei into aj,
but more particulal'ly from the old verses, in which ey with ei
form a half-rhyme as: Fms. 7, 13.
hvern Peirra halS hrorra
(hjaldr-bliks) en sik miklu
(beilS ofmildt eylSir
, angr) makligra at Mnga.
12. ei like a broad e, in conjunction with i (or 1') the
e loses its open sound and adopts the close one, in which
the sound of l' is but little heard, on this account this diph-
thong has sometimes been written e (not the german ei).
i and 0 (see 4 et 5).
13. 00 (0) like a broad danish 0 as pronounced by the
people i To j the l' sound becomes faint and ends al-
most with e (as in (lje).
In many good and ancient icela~dic manuscripts this sound
is blended (foreblandet) with re, and in the modern icelandic
language re (oe) has regulal'ly changed into re (ae) j in Ferroe
it has changed into 0, as: sffikja (sol\ja) ferroe: sokja, soje.
1(, and y (see 6 et 7). .
14. The simple vowels, a, ii, 0, 1t are hard e, i, y, soft
after g, k j the diphthongs fOJ'med with v are hard, as: d, au,
0, 1(,; those formed with 1', are soft j as: re, ey, ei, i, m, y.
f. i. k ann, It II tt 1', k 0 In a, I\U nn a; also: k a I, k au p, k 0 I,
kugaj but: kenni, kirkja, kyrldj and: krort, keypt,
ke ipJ', kif, kffili, kyr.
15. The order of the Consonants is the following:
1) soundless (silent) Consonants:
Labial letter lingual letter palatal__
letter
hard
- ----~-:---
---:::
p, f,
....
t,
"----...
\l,
.~_A

k, h,
,

, soft b, v, d, lS, g, J;
2) liquids:
'm, n, I, 1', s, z.
3) mixed:
x (z)
Of their pronunciation is to be remarked:
16. f has a double sound, Illunely 1) like f in the be-
t*


ginniug aud when it is doubled, as in: fara, I'd, raff. 2)

lilw a hard v ill all other cases, as: hal', n a fn, h Ufn ,
s te fn i, as seen in the Ferroe: Navl!, IIovn, stevni, stevndi,
stevnt.
17. P (tlt) sounds like the english tll in thinTi, thought.
It is only found at lllll heginning of a word, aud is thercfore
never douhled. 0 (dh) sounds almost like the d in the danish
words: med, -Bad, RUll, most. like the english th ill: bathe,
(ather; it is heilrd more slrongly rolling than other Consonants
as in: aorir, tlolast, feorum, rioniJ', fa omar. It does
uot appeal' at the beginning,- of words and nel'C!' doubles, hilt
it changes indo dd, as: gleo = gladdi, ryo = rllddi.
The Andenls often wrote II for 0, if the sense expre3scd its
meauing, but they nel'er wrote d for 0 before the 14'10 Century.
18. Ii has 1) the hard sound as in the danish kan, 2)
the soft sound IliJ) as in klErt (14) but never aspi,'ated as in
the swedish kanner; nor has sk the aspirated sound as in the
swedish shir or ill the german word Scheere, but it is pronoun-
ced lil<e the danish skaere.
19. g has 1) 'the IUlff1 sonnd as in gar; 2) the soft (gj)
as iu the danish Grer (14); 3) au aspirated sOllnd after 1'011'-
ds or at the end of words or syllables, ,IS lhe danish g in
Sag, R8g ctc. We recognise this from the fact that the Ancien ts
always wrote in snch cascs 911, as: I tl g h, 'v I' g II. But it nel-CJ'
sounded like J, not even when followed hy i, this is visihle ill
the old ('erses, in which otherwise the half-rhyme would have
either been corruptcd or vanished altogether, as: Fms. 6, 23. 88.
eig-i g-aztu lillslwst lag-an ...
syg ek or stlltllm lE9-i ...
20. It is sonndcd at the beginning of words, also De['ore
J. v, l, r, n, as: bjarla, IIYat, hleo, hring, hnooa.
21. nn, has a very peculiar hard sound after lliphthongs,
hke dn, as: steinn (steidn) frann, kcclln, hlinn; bulnot
if nn is joi ned to diphthongs as a compound, as: a - nil i ,
k \) -lin i, in sucb a case and after single rowels nit is pro-
nounced as nsual.
22. II Iws a similal' hard pronunciation after all "owe1;;
and diphthongs, and sounds like dl, as: k a II, a II, ill, I'll I,
fn II, fiJi I; lmt it loses a great deal of its hardness whell
fulluwed hy t, d, s, as: alit, felldi, fulls.

 5

23. 1'1t 501l11lls very hard llIlIl ~,hort, allllo"t lilic tin or
more cOITcclly like rdll, as: banI, horn, hOI"II, it j:; there-
forc often fOllnd ill defective lIlodel'll nWllll~{:I'jpl:; or Looks
stcinl, seirn for sIc in II, sc i 1111. rl SOli lids lilie\\'ise hard aad
~llort, almost like dl 01' more correctly like TIll; on this nCCl.\Int
one oftcn filltls jaI'l and jail, kad and kall, kerJing and
I, ell i II g.
24. s is always hard, like the Danish or like the gel'ln<J1I
fi (sz), ne\'el' soft liliC the german f.
25. Z always sOllllds like s and is only IIsetl as nn ety-
mological sign for s, when a t, d, or 15 liaS th'opped as: ve iz-
Ia for 1Jcitsla, is len z k I' for islcndskr, ge I' z I, r lor ger15s~T.
In old manuscripts they made usc of z sometimes as an ahhre-
viatioll of ss, sometimes of st, ahont in the same mannm'
in which the greek ~ stood 1'01' ao, in modern and good edi-
tions the use has hecn ,restricted, to sJlecify distinctly the two
pronunciations and derivalions.
26. x always sounds hard, like ks or gs with a hard 9
and s, as: lax, sex, Ox, uxi, (never like gz as in the french
word exact).
27. The old Norsk pronunciation was'altogethcl' hrond,
rich ill sOllnd tldnngfuld) logical and precise. A \'owel before
a simple consonant is rather long, whcther the conS{lnant. he
h:lrd 01' soft, as: e k (I. mk) or e g (I. reg), set (I. 8mt) , Ia s
(I. las) to express the short sound, the consonant is doubled,
ns: egg, set t, h Iass.
Even vowels are shortenet.l in the pronunciatio.n if a con-
sonant is adt.letl, as: ,
h Of -115 has a long 0 h Uf15 i a short and sharp onc.
bel', slar - - - c hel'ja, Dat. had~i, has a short one.
vii - - - i vilja, vilrli - - - -
28. To lhe syllahle helong all cOllsonants which follow a
vowel, as: ask-a, selt-II, hOf(l-ill-u, vild-i, marg-ir,
h cst a 1'. According to this rule the words nre abbre\'intcd <tl
the end of a line.
29. Exceptions arc j and v, which bclollg to the vowel
following thcsc letters, as: Ic g g- j 11 m, hog g - va, the lettcl' 1",
also nc\'el' attaehcs itself to the preceding vowcl, exccpt, whe 11
it hecomes altogether hlendcd with the vowcl as: s te in II
grmull, hmll, filII, it is generally rcad wilh the ncxt. vowel,
 6

as: vel'l-rit, vel'l-f, al-r, set-fi such an r wiII always in

future be thus accented f.
30. The principal accent is constantly on the first syllable
of the word as: vel'-ald-ar-inn-ar; the secondaI'y accent,
lies on the penultimate in words of three or four syllables as:
Upp-Iend-ing-ar, nn-atta, svaralSi, 110t Oil the last syl-
lahle, except in composed words, ending in a monosyllabic:
kon ungso n.
,

II.
Modification of Vowels.
The Modification of vowels 'plays an important part in the
declension and derivation of the Old Norsk Language. It is
of a double

kind. ,
31. a) a into (J in the pl'inciple syllable of a word if it
ends in u, as: aska, osku. Sometimes even if u is dropped
as: bla15, Plural bl05, leaves. Jafn, jUfn. Reversed:
32. (J into a.. if the termination be a, as: Ug n, a gn a r,
sometimes before ir or with shortened terminations in compounds
o~ derivations, as: agnir, jar5vegr, jadSneskr.
33. b) Before endings in i, j, or r, even if these letters
are left out:
a inlo e: land, lendi - nafn, nefni;
(j - e: grllf, gef - sok, sekr;
ja - i: bjart, birti - djarft, dirfist;
j(i - 2": hJor5, hir5ir - bjorn, birni;
e - i: regn, rignir - hverfi, hvirfill ;
d - m: r:l5, rmlSl- - n a. nm;
au - ey: raun, reyni - dranp, dreypi;
o - y: son, synir - of, yfir;
1t y: gul'l, gy5ja - full, fylli;
u - y: hUs, hysi - prutt, prylli;
jo - y: bjolla, by(jf - hljoll, hl)lli;
}it - y: iljuga, flygf - djupt, lly'pra;
o - re (m): klo, IdlEr - bot, bmti.
o sometimes, although rarely into e, as:
hnot, hnen tr05a, trellr;
k 0 m a, k e m r - 0 f, e f r a, e f st.


34. In the oldest norsk langnage there were long and

single vowels before ng, nk, these changed according to the
abo\'e rule, as: langt, longll, lengi, in latter times these
\'o\\'els were modified into diphthongs and changed thus:
langt, lallngu, leingi.
35. Sometimes there is DO modification e,-en if i follows,
nor if m'en the vowel on other occasions is changed in its
root, as: 1and, Dati"e 1and i;
nafn, - nafni, and Ilanki, thought
kappi, fighter, although: ek ~einki, I think, ek keppisl,
I fight are used. The reason of this appeal'S to be that in
such cases the vowel, of the termination was not i but e, as
we frequently find it in manuscripts thus: kmde, lIarne, panke,
kappe.
36. In the same way 0 is often found in terminations
instead of tt, particularly, so it appears, jf the chi~f syllable
received no modification of this kind, as: e l' (). val' 0, ~ I n-
go m etc. But according to rule, there is a difference in
such endings between e and i, 0 and u.
37. There arc many kinds of modification in the conju-
gation of the verbs, which will be mentioned in the propcr place.
38. Amongst the consonants chan'ge:
ndt into tt as: b atl, bandt; sa tt, sandt.
71gk - kk -'- s P I' a k k, sprang; e k k j a, Enke.
,
39. nrinto nn as: steinn, steinr; seinn, seinr; seinna,
Sel1I-ra.
ir into li. as: h 0 Il, for hOlr, s re 11 i for sa!l-ri.
40. v is dr'opped at the beginning of words hefore o. 11,
y and r, as: verll, ,'al'(I, u I' (I u. Yl' l\ i, 0 l' (I it; as also: In'crf.
h"arf, h 1I l' fll. 11 Yl' ri, h 0 di t; ra n g t, vrangt, l' e i (I i, rrede,
But we find that the Ancients frcquently did not drop thc v,
as: vu r (I u, v y r l\ i, v 0 l' l\ i t . '

Inflection of Words.

1. The No It n.
41. Nouns are divided into two OJ'ders, the open and the
closed; the one is more simple in its inflection, the other more
complex. . .
The first has bllt one declension, the second has two.
Each has three genders. The Neuter is the most simple.

0lltm Order.
42. First Declension.
the eye the sunbeam the tongue:
Neuter. Masculine. Feminine.
Sin g. Nom. allga, geisli, It'mga
Ace. Dat. Gen. allga, geisla, tilngu (0)
P 1It r a I Nom. augu (0), geislar, tungur (or),
Ace. augu (0), geisla, tungur (or),
Dat. augllm (om), geisillm (om), tlingulll (omj.
Gen. augna geisla tlingna
43. Nouns, whose chief letter is a, change a into (J be-
fore the terminations in u (31): .
hjarta, Plural, D. hjortum, (the heart)
kappi - - kOppum, (the champion)
saga, A. D. G. sogu - sogur, siigum, (the saga)
on the other hand a changes into u in the following syllables~
as: harpari, hllrpurum; leikari, leikurum. .
44. Some masculine substantives ending in ingi, take a
j in all other cases, as:
hOfllingi, hOfllingja, hofllingjar - the captain;
illvirki, illvil'kja - the illdoer;
viii, vilja ~ will.
45. Masculines ending in andi form theil' plural irregularly"
f. i. b Ii a II d i, which word is at the same time contracted, as:.
Sing. Nom. buandi (the yeoman) bOndi, (e)
Ace: Dat. Gen. Manda hOnda,
PluTo Nom. Ace. bUend~, brendl', brendr,
Dat. btiUndum, -endum, bondum, brendum"
Gen. buanda, -enda hOnda, brenda

46. The wOI'ds herra and slra (germ. lIerr, english Sire,
father) which were used before christian Il(lmes of PJ'ie~ts
and Pro\"Osts (Sira And, The nenl. Mr. Arne), are the ouly
masculines ending in a, they only differ f.'om geisl i in the
N'Qmin(ltire.
47. Some Feminincs t(llie ill the plural not -na hut only
-a, as in the Nom. Sing. as: lina, kanna, skepna, lilja,
g y (l j a, \,;If a.
48. The snbst. k 0 n a (Queen), woman, changes in the
Gen. plural into kvenna (wife); the wOl'd kvinna remains
soml.'times in this case unchanged by ancient writcrs, the
moderns always use k v e n n a.

Closed Order
49. This O.'der embraces not only the 1Y0l'ds ending in
consonants, but also those ending in i and ?t. Ten ulasculine
substantives ending in i of the first Declension, ought to end in e.
This order is divided in two declensions, to the first he-
long the words ending in consonants and in i, to the secoud
belong those ending in a plll'e sounding n.

50. Second Declension. ,

N. JL ~
Sin g. Nom. land (land) brandl' (brand) fUr (journey)
Ace, land brand fOr
Dat. landi (e) br(lndi (e) fOr
Gen. lands brands farar
Pin r. Nom. IOnd brandar farir (ar)
Ace. lUnd brallda farir (ar)
Dat. Iondum brondum forum
Gen. landa brauda fara.
51. When there is neither a nor IJ, no modification oc-
curs, as: skip (ship), skipum-lionungr (king), koulln-
gum - eign (property), eign, eignar, eignir, eignum.
,only one word has two forms, namely:
Sing. dagf (the day) Dat. degi,
P lnr. dagar - dogum.
52. The letter r dissolves when It 01' i precede, into nn aud.
Il, as in steinn (the stone) instead of steiul\ hmll (heel)
im;tead ofhmtr, and in longer words as: drottinn (master).
 10

] Ykill (key). Sometimes the i of the Dative drops in the

words ending in lias:
hml, hoI for hmli, holi.
In the last radical letters T and s the use fluctuates be-
tween T and TT, 5 and 55. P.orr, hen, hauss, iss, oss, is
.ollen found because of little consequence.
lloth kinds of words, if they are monosyllalJic in the ~om.
lose tbe i in the Dath'e, as: her, f s, for he l"i, is i.
The T is altogether Qropped after 1~ and 1 when it comes
into collision with other consonants as in: vagn, hraen,
fu gl, karl (Nom. and Ace.) also after 5 and S5, as in h als,
k l' 0 S s (in tbe Nom. Ace. and GeD.).
53. Words in two syllables are contracted when the pro-
nunciation allows it, as: .
Nellt. sumar (summer), sumri - PlttT. sumur sumrum, sumra.
hllfu15 (head), hof15i, hof1511m, hof15a.
Afasc. Imnri, hamrar, hamra, hOmrum
drottni, drottnar - Iykli. Iyklar etc.
Some words receh'e an uncommon vowel in the contracted
forms, as:
meg in, might, power; D. magni, G. megins. Pl. megill or
mogn (as: gollmogn), D. mognllm, G. magna.
g. m. kelill (kettle), D. katli, PlnT. katlar, A. katla, D.I{otlum,
g. f. alin (the ell-measure) G. alnar, - alnir, alnum, alna
54. To the contracted belong the Ma5wl. j 0 fll r 1', fj tH-
urr, they keep (j throughout jijfri, fjlHri PluTo jOfrar,
fjotrar.
The others of this class of all three genders haYe only
an r by the ancient writers (not llr or 11TT) , they must not
therefore be looked UpOIl as contracted, as:
Neu. silfr (siher), silfri,
Alas. akr (acre), akri, Plur. akrar,
Fem. fjo15r (feather) fjallrar, PluTo IJa15ril' (ar) fjollrum, fjallra.
55. The polysyllabic neuters ending in -a15, -an or tbe fem.
ending in an are not contracted, as:
Sing. Nom. Ace. mannlikan (human being) skipan (order),
Dat. mannlikani skipan
Gen. mannIikans skipanar (-onar)
P lUT. Nom. Ace. mannIikun (on) skipanir,
Dot. manllIikunum (onurn) skipunum (onom)
Gen. mannlil,ana skipana.
 11
56. Some words of this declension allow a j or v to creep
in before terminations wbich begin '"ith a "owel, not howen~r
J before i. rarely v before 11. Tbi seems to he a remnant of
terminations in i OJ' tl whieh were originally in these words.
57. The inserted letter v lll'otects a preceding (j (or au)
Irom changing into a or d (see 32) if it tCl'minatcs in a it
has the Sl1me effect as tt. In the Plural of the Fern. the ill
.serted v takes the old termination in ar
Sing. Nom. frm (frro) saungr or
Ace. froo saung or
Dat. frO:J\'i sallngri oru (or)
Gen. [nes sau ngs . ol'\'ar
Plural Nom. frro saung"ar ilr\'ar
Ace, frm sallngra on-ar
Dat. Ihcrum (om) saunglllll (om) i)r1ll11 (om)
Gen. fnera; saungra ; orra.
58. The inserted leller j requires the Masculine to drop
the entire termination (ii) in tbe Sing. Oat. and to take in
the plural ir Ace. i. but the feminine always takes the ar, so
that it terminates in jar, as;
Sing. Nom. nes (Ileek of lalld) dreingr ben (wound)
Ace. ill'S drcing hen
Dat. nesi drcing' ben
Gen. ness dreings benjar
Pltlral Nom. nes dl'eingir IJenjar
Ace. nes dreingi henj{lJ'
Dat. nesjum dl'eingjum henjum
Gen. nesja; dreinja; benja.
59. But there are a number of masculines with simple roweI~
(II' consonants before t, which also drop the i in tlie Sing. Oat.
who tl1ke in the Nom. and Ace. Phil'. ir, and i without insert-
ing j - e{Jll1llly a number of fem. ending in -illg, -lillg or
in r (or i) which talie ar in the plural without the insertion
of either v 01' j as: . [hI/lit)
Siug. Nom. dal'r (dale) drottning (queen) rem'r (reilSi) (chase,
Ace. dal drottJling \'eilSi
Dat. dal dl'oltningll "eilSi
Gen. dais dl'ottningar "eioar
P 1tl r. flom. dalir dl'otlningar "eioar
Ace. dali dl'Ottningar rci~ar
Dat. dolum llrotlningnm reilSum
Gen. dala; t1rottninga; . 'eilSa.
,
 12

But dali is sometimes found in the Dat. (f. i. lIarLarlhl. 18)

~ven in the Plur. lIerdalar (Hk. 2, 8) likewise in the s'\"edish;
hrulH has in the Plural brli~ir.
60. Some words resemble the thil'd declemion as they ter-
minate in the Sing. Gen. in ar, otherwise they arc declined like
branM, dreingr or daIi-. To the fomler belong: hatti,
Jnapd- (kraftl-) grautr, skogl\ vindr in the language of
the old bards ve gr. To the lauer beloT.g: bel gr, mer g 1\
leggr, hryggr, verk,r, reykJ., lrekr, drykki' and boor,
therefore: hmjar, bmjum, bmja with inserted j, which is
strictly observed hy all good ancient authors; of the lalter kind
are m'ostly founll: sta~l., saulH, bragi', vegr (sometimes
in the Ace. vegu), rellr,' vinr (or yin) hugr, hInd"
mnnr (difference) and all those ending in -na~r (-mt~r) and
-skapr, which occur however rarely in the plural.,
61. The neuler temlinating in -i, and the masc. terminat-
ing in -ir, drop the i hefore the terminations: -urn, -ar, -a,
except those having g or k before them, these change i into j.
The feminine ending in a pure j' remains unchanged in
Sing. but takes ir in the Plural:
-Sing. Nom. kvrelli merki lroknir reli
Ace. Dat. k\"(B~i merki lrokni <efi
Gen. k\"lc~is merkis lreknis refi
.P lur. Nom. hre~i merki lrekn-ar refir
Ace. kvro~i merki lrekn-a <efir
Dat. k\"(c~-um merkjum lrekn-um ref-urn
Gen. 1"'re3-a; merkja; lrekn -a ; ref-a.
E)" ri I' (Danish: en Ore) an ear, fOlnlS the plural in
aurar
aura but e yr i a low beach, has in the "
aurnm Gen. Plural cyra r.
aura
11 e1 gi, holiness, holiday, Sunday, forms Gen. PILII'. he I gar.
62. Others again from all three genders have many irre-
.gularities. Thl1s the nenter Ire t i, sound, forms Dat. Plur. I a-
tum, Gen. 1;\ t a. Some neuters become feminine in the Plural, as:
Singular: Plural:
lim, br'ushwood I j mar, branches,
ta I, fraud ta I a 1', frmlds,
eing (Dan. en Eng) meadow eingjar, meadows,
m un d, time m u n <I iI', times,
1)(1 sun d (Dan. Tusende) thousand 11 Ii sun d i r, thousallds.
,

-
-
13

The word fr m~ i, knowledge, is in the Singular feminine

and rcmains unchanged, likc m fi; but in the Plural it is
nenter and is declinefl like k y iC ~ i.
63. Some neuters are found in the Nom. and Acc. with
and without the tCl'mination in -i, as: e in g and e in g i;
full tin g (Dan. I1jmlp) help; and full tI n g i; sin n, and
sin n i , the longer form belongs to the modern icelandic
language, but often appears in modern copies of old manu-
scripts.
64. The ~Iasculine g II~, which drops the r in the Nom~
and forms the Plm'. in g u ~ i 1', is distinguished from the i'leuter
go 15 (heathen image) PIliI'. go 15. Many words ending in i
and r form the Plur. in -ar, as:
k ro 1'1 e i k r, k re rI e i k, or k re J'1 e ik i, k re 1'1 e ik a ;
Plural k rod ei ka 1'.
san n lei k r, san n 1e i ki; Plural san n 1ei k a r.
The forms -leiki are common in the modern language. The
llew form often gires a new signification as:
odd r, a point, oddi - a neck of land;
m un n r (Dan. ~[lInd) mouth - m u n n i, mOrttlt of river;
k a 1'1, alt old man Kar Ii, male name "Charles".
Some differ altogether:
bra&f (= stal5r 60) a poem - Dragi, male name;
hug 1', leill - hug i, sense, thought and male name Hugo;
hi U 11\ an ounce, thing - hI uti, a part.
It happens sometimes thaI words are similar to these termina-
tions, without being related together, as:
b 0 I j. (= dalr) block - b 0 1i, bull;
hag j., condition - hag i, garden,
It is rare that the neuter of this declension changes into the-
masc. of the former, by taking the termination of i; as:
6 m a k and 6m a k i (Gylfaginning 12) fainting fit;
m aI, speech - for m aIi, tale;
vel'k, work - verki, writing, poem,
with the exception of those which lose at the same time their
entire signification, as:
1and, land - Iand i, countryman;
bli (Dan. Do), furniture - bui, neighbour;
h ij fu 15 (Dan. IIo\'ed) head - h ij fl5 i, Cape;
no riH (Dan. Norden) nortlt - No dlri, name of a dwarr~
 14
65. The other irregular Masculines are:
Sing. Nom. sk6r (shoe) dorr (spear) malS'r (man) flng'r (finger)
Ace. sk6 dor mann fing'r
Dat. sko dur manni fingri
Gen. sk6s dors manns fing'rs
PluTo Nom. skuar derir menn fing'r.
Ace. skua deri menn fing'r
Dat. skom dorum monnum fingrum
Gen. skua;
darra; manna; fingra.
The moderns contract s k() r in the Plural Nom. sk6r..
Ace. sko, Gen. sk6a.
66. II'fegular feminines are: .
sal, tlle soul, Dat. salu - Plural salir, Gen. salna,
also in the Gen. Sing. s a I u, particularly' found in compounds,.
as: s aI u hj aI p. '
grein forms the Plural in greiuir and sometimes greinar..
ey, island, DaL eyju or ey, Plur. eyjar - now eya i~
generally used in Iceland aller the 1st Declension. Monosyllables
ending in a, which come in contact with an a or u following,
genHally supplant them by (i, as: b I' a, eyebrow, Gen. bra r..
Plur. b I' aI', Dal. b I' am, Gen, b I' a. Some derivatives wilh
these endings remain unaltered in the Sing. by the andents
as: a s j a, care.

Third Declension.
67. This declension embraces all those words ending ill
u 01' v, which are however frequently dl'opped or in some other-
mannel' obscured. Thel'e are Lut few neuters, all of which end
in e (for ev). the Mase. end in the Sing. in -ar, Plur. -ir..
Fem. of the Sing. in -ar, or -7:, form the. Plural in -r:
N. ~1. F. [(wood)
Sing. Nont. tre(tr~e) vollurrfield) fjorlSur(bay) rot (Toot) mork
Ace. tre voll fjorlS rot murk
Dat. tre velli fir15i r6t murk
Gen, lres "allar fJar15ar r6tar merk'..
P l1t r. Nom. tre vellir fir3ir rreCr mel'k'I'
Ace. tre "ollu fjor3u rret'r merk'r
Dot. trjam vollum fJor3um r6tnm mlirkum
Gen. trja; valla; fjar3a; r6ta; marka.
 15

6 ' Like tre are declined kne; lWO word hIe and spe
do not occur in the Plural. It was only in the fifteenth Cen-
tury that the Icelanders began to pronounce the e in these
words like je (instead of m) wherefore we meet in good editions
of old worl,s the reading trc, tres etc. Plnr. DaL and Gen.
contracted for trjavum, trjava.
The word fe, cattle, goods, money, is irregular in the Gen.
Sing.; we find fj <i I' instead of fj a \'ar; but ve, sanctllary,
temple (from which 015 ins ve, Odense) is declined, like Iand
or ski Jl after the 2nd Declension.
69. The Masculines we find sometimes only written with
r (instead of 1lr), it not being observed that the termination
in ft was the reason for writing 0, as in the OaL Plural.
Therefore h val j, with a, because the r is 0 nly distinguished
hy an ' from the rool.
But kj () I ur with 0, because the ending contains ft. The
Accus. Plural of all these words has a double form, partly
ending in i, agreeing with the Nom. Plural as: velli, fir5i,
partly ending in -ft, agrceing with the Dative Plural, and
this form is the old genuine one, Several kinds of modi-
tications are to be noticed, althoug~ some words do not modify
by reason of their natUl'e.
Sin g. Nom. sonur (son) drattur (draWing) vi15ur (wood, forest)
Ace. son dratt viiS
Dat. syni drretti vi15i
Gel!.sonar drattar ,i15ar
PItt r. Nom. synh' drrettir vi15ir
Ace. (syni) (drrelti) (vidi)
sonu drattu vi15u
Dat. SOllum draltum ,i15um
Gen. sona; dralta ; ,iiSa.

Irregular are th esc two:

Sin g. Nom. folur (foot) vct'r (for VCll'-ur) (winter)
Ace. f6t \'ct'r (for vetr-u)
Dat. freti vetri
Gen. f6tar vctrar
Pl"r. Nom. Ace. fretr vet' I' (for \'ctr-'r)
Dat. f6tum ,'elmm
Gen. futa; vetra.

 0,

16
70. The feminines of this declension have also several
liinds of modification of vo\\'els; some cannot be modified,
some have a doubled form of declension after this 01' the for-

mel' specImen, as:
Present Declension: Former Declension; [stock)
Sing. Nom. Ace. hnot(nut) staung mork(wood) staung(stake~
Dat. llIlot staling morku staling
Gen. hnotar steingr markar Sl<\ngar
Plur. Nom, Ace. hnell' steingl' markir stangil'
Dat. hnotum staungum morkum staungulll
Gen. hnota ; , stanga; marka ; stanga.
The modification in s'La u n g, s t e i n g r is in reality the
same, as in, rn 0 I' k, mer k r (67) as it is merely a mechanical
consequence of ng; the (j changes into an and e into ei, we
also often find s 10 n g, s tan gar, s ten g r (34).
The words which are declined in two ways like mol' k
and s tau n g are chiefly the following:
strond (strand), rond (edge) spaung, taung, hallnk.
A difference of signification is only accidental, as:
o on d, Plur. end r the duck - 0 n d, Plur. and i I', a spirit~

ghost (dan.: en A n d.)
S t I' 0 n d, I' 0 n d, 0 n d receive in the Gen. Sing. always s t I' a n-
d a 1', I' and a 1', and a 1'; so that 0 n d, spirit, differs only in
one case in the singular, and two cases in the Plural from
on d, duck, Dal. Sing. 0 n d 1\, Nom. and Ace. Plur. and i r.

71. Some accented monosyllables deviate by contraction,
if the. final syllabie begins with a vowel, so that Ii absorbs

a, It but 0, li, absorbs only the 1t; as:

ta, ten, G. t.ir (for taar) - Plur. tmr, D. l1im (for tuum)
klo, claw, G. kl6ar - Plur. klmr, kl6m, kl6a
U, sheep (hun far), Gen. - Plur. ro r.
kil, cow, G. k YI' Plur. k yr.
These forms reI' and kyr we find in the modern language given
to the Sing. Nom.; so that both these words are in the Sing.
Nom. and Plur. Nom. and Acc. the same.
Others blend the r of the Plural with the final letter,
as bl'l'ln, Plur. brynn (Egilss. S.306 and in the Edda Hel-
gakv. IIaddsk. 19) now we say bryn, or hryr; milS forms
the Plur. in myss or mys; dyrr or dyr, door, is only found
 17
in the Plural anti forms the Dat. and Gen. d ur u Ill, U11 r a
or d yrum, U)'f a.
The following arc still more irregular:
Bing. Nom. Ace. hBllu (hand) natl or noU (night)
Dat. hendi noHt n6Uu
Gen. handar nattar n<etr (nrotr)
Plu r. Nom. Ace. hendr naltr (nrotl')
Dat. hl)ndum nauum n6ttllm
Gen. handa; natta; n6Ua.
72. Some of the names of relations ending in -ir, would
require a separate declension, if there were not so few,
namely:
{athtr brother daughttr sisttr

Sing. NOli!. fa15ir br615ir dottir, systlr
Ace. Dat. Gen. fB15ur bru15ur d6ttur systur
Plur. Naill. Ace. fe15r br.::e15r drotr systr
Dat. fe15ruffi brre15rum dretrum systl'utn
, Gen. , fe15ra; brre15ra; drotra; systra.
Like br615ir is dccliued m615ir, mother.
( We find in the Ancients the Dat. Sing. of falSiI', fe15l,
'Of brulSir, brro15r.
73. We also find in the Ancient langnage some peculiar
names of relatives with different terminations, which embrace
two and more pCl'sons in one namc, and wllich occur there-
fore only in thc plural; if the two ]Jersons are of diffcrent
genders, they orc in the 'ncuter:

h jon, man alld IOOntan;
s y s t kin, brother amI sisttr; ,
hj u, yOllth and girl, or Ulatt and womml;
f e 15 gin, {ather and dallghttr;
m re 15 gin, mother and son;
f e 15 gar, {athtr alld SOIt;
m ro 15 g ur, 11~other and daughter.
To these belongs also bi} rn, the only onc which also occurs
in the Sillgulal'. bar n (= ]and); only f e 15 gar is masc. and
mre3gur, fem. (=t"lI1gur) Gen. mro15gna.

Icelandic Gramm". 2
 18

Declension of Nouns with the Article.

74. In the declension of the nono with the arLicle hi t,
hi no, hi n, both reLain their endings unalLered, so that both
combined have a double declension. The article is thus.
declined:
Sing. Nom. hit hinn hin
Acc. hit hinn hina
Dat. hinu hinum hinni
Gen. hins hins hinnar
Pill r. Nom. hin 'hinir hinar
Acc. hin hina hinar
Dat.
.. ......"..----".
hinoum

- Gen.
hinna
The 11 is continually dropped when Lhe article is com-
pounaed wiLh a substantive ending in a short vowel, a, i, u,
the -i is also dropped after every polysyllabic word ending

m -r.
75. The substantives when used with the article drop'
tbe m of the Dative Plural, they end therefore in 1/, whilst the
article drops -hi.
First Order.
Sing. Nom. hjarta-t (heart) andi-nn (spirit) gata-n (road)
Acc. hjarta-t anda nn gtHu-na
Dat. hjarta-nu anda-num gtHu-nni
Gen. hjarta-ns anda-ns gotu-nnar
PluTo Nom. hjijrtu-n andar-nir gotur-nar
Acc. hjortu-n aoda-na gotur-nar
Dat. hjijrtu-nllm ijndu-num gotu-num
Gen. hjartna-nna; anda-nna; gatna-nna
76. It must be borne in mind with respect to the 2nd and
3rd Order where the i in the Oat. of masc. subst. is wangtin
they do not take the i of the Article either, as:
d rei n g r - inn, d rei n g n II m; d a I r inn, d a In u m. r-'9
But those which can take an i keep it, as: is in urn, bettef'
than isnum; st61inum (Snorra-Edda 114) beller than
st6lnum. .

 in
77. Secolld Order.
N. M. F.
Sin g. Nom. skip-it (ship) komingr-inn (king) eign-in (properly)
Ace. skip-it kon(mg-inn eign-ina
Dat. skipi-nll kom'mgi-num eign-inni
Gen. skips-ins konungs-ins eignar-innar
P luI'. Nom. skip-in kOll\lngar-nir eignir- nar
Ace. skip-in konunga-na cignir-nar
Dat. skipn-num komingll-num eignu-num
Gen. skipa-nna j kon(mga-nna; eigna-nna.
78. The r before a "owel is pronouoced with it amI loses
its half sound, as: silf-rit, maIm-rinn, fjlllS-rin.
. ,
7n. All the contracted and irregular forms remain as they
are, as:
degi-num, katli-nulll, saIu-nni, alnar-innarj
r-
) retains its half-sound before n, as: b mn d nil', fl n g -IJ a. r
Only m a lS r (65) adds in the Nom. Plur. -ire and in the Ace.
-i, therefore: mennir-nir(rarelymenninnir), menni-na.
80. The monosyllabic feminine often expels the 1li of the
article in the Ace. Sing. as:
for-na, instead of for-ina, grllfna inst. of grof-ina
(Snorra-Edda, 138); reil\-na for reilS-ina; IltilSna
for h Ii lS ina (Snorra-Edda 144).
81. In case the substantiye be a monosyllable, ending ill
a long vowel 01' double sound (TYelyd) the i of the article is
retained if the word remains monosyllabic, but it is Iell. out
jf the word becomes tl'isyllabic as:
skra-in, skr{l-na, skra-nnij
ey-in, ey-na, ey-nni (thus also eyju-nni 66).

82. Tliird Order.

N. M. F.
S i 1t g. Nom. kne- 'it (knee) kjuIr-illn (keel) 16k-in (book)
Ace. kne-It kjuI-inn b6k-ina
Dal. kne-Ilu kili-num hOk-inlli
Gen. klles-ins kjalar-ins bOkar-innar
PlUTo Nom. klle-In kiIir-nir brekr-nar
Ace. klJe-Ill kjulu-na bmkr-nar
Dat. knj;i-num kjoIu-num bOku-num
Gen. knja-nna j kjaIa-nna; boka-una.
2*
 20
83. The more modern form t I' eis for t I' e It is let found
in good manuscripts.

84. On the whole the ilTegularities before the article re-

main as in the second Order, as: mysnar, dyrnar, or ill
the Neuter dyrrin; but brynnar, with two, not three 1l
(Snorra-Edda 50) is used.

II. Adjedim.
85. The Adjective agrees much wilh the noun, but by no
means in so perfect a manner as in greek or latin.
Joined to the al'ticle, which precedes the adjective, it
makes an imperfect declension, which is termed the "definite
form", resembling the first order of the noun, only that its
plural is much simpler, as it always euds in 11, leaving to the
article its fmther definition. Without an artiCle the adjective
has quite a different and perfect decleusion, which is termed
the "indefinite form" resembling the closed form of the noun in
its second declension. For there is no Adj. in which the Plm"
n. g. ends in -e, or the m. g. Ace. Plur. in -u, or the f. g.
Plur. in J:. This is the more primitive form and has therefore
the preceden t.
Both forms distinguish three genders, and they resemble
therefore the six classes of the declension of the noun.
86. Spa k t may serve as a complete Paradigm:

Indefinite Form.
N. 1\1. F.
Sing. Nom. spak-t (wise) spak.;' spllk
Ace. spak-t spak-an spak-a
Dat. spok-u spok-nm spak-ri
Gen.
-
spaks
.. spak-rar
Plur. Nom. spok sllak-ir spak-ar
Ace. spok spak-a spak-ar
Dat. - ~

spllkum
....
Gen. spakra.
 21

Definite Form.
Sing. Nom. sllaka spaki spaka
Gel!. Dat. Ace. spaka
",.
spaka
r-~ ~
spuku
........

Phi r. Nom. Ace. spoku

Dat. spll.ku or sptlkum
Geu. spoku.
87. Allhough the adjective has but one declension there
are several exceptions to he observed which occur through the
joining of the final syllable with the root.
If the last radical leller be I! preceded by a ,'owel or a
diphthong, it absorbs in the n. g. with t to It as:
r,
g I a tt, g I a I! .g I uI! - glossy, bright;
h rei tl, b I' e i I! r, b rei I! - broad;
in one case, the accent is lost, namely in
go 0 t t, g 0 I! r, go I! (good).
If a consonant precedes, the I! is altogether dropped:
r,
h art, h a r I! r, h 0 r I! (hard) - sag t, sag I! s ug I! (said)
haft, hafl!r, hUfl! (clever)
The same in dissyllabic words, if a vowel precedes:
kallat, kalla(lr, kullul!;
Ia git, Ia gil! r, Ia gil! (for k a II a I! t, Ia gil! t).
Also d after a consonant as:
van t, vandr, vund (diffiC1tlt) - sell, seldr, seld,
geymt, geym,dr, 'geymd. . ,)
gladt, gladdr, gludd (glad) - breldt, brelddr,
breidd (broad) - mredt, mredH, mredd (tired).
If the word entls in tt, no further t is added in the n. g. but
the form becomes similar to the feminine, as:
) ,
sett, settr, sett - mretl, mrellr, mretL
In weaker consonants the gender may part as: Ia tt, Ia tt r,
Iu t t, nor can it be distinguished in' the n. g. from a similar
word 'with single t, as: .
Ia It, latr, lut (lazy) hYatt, hva ttl', hvutl anti
hvatt, hvatr, IlvUt (hasty).
88. The adjectives, the root of which end in an accented
vowel, deviate in so far that they double the -t in the n. g.,
the -r in the f. g. in the terminations -ri and -rar, the -ra
in the Gen. Plur., and often the -s in n. and m. g. Gen. Sing. as
 22

~ratt, prar, pra, prass, l)rarrar, IHarra;

au lS s re tt, a u lS s:e 1', au lS s re (clear).
mj6tt, mj6r, mj6 (delicate, narrow) - truB, trur,
t I' U (tnte)
n y t t, n y 1', ny, n ys s etc. (new)
Those with -d, are sometimes contracted if followed by a or 1,
which are swallowed up by el, as:
bla for bUu - bUn for bUan - bIam for blaum.
Likewise in the definite form, as:
hinn grai, Ace. hinn gra, Dat. hinum gra, Gen. hins
g I' a. The con tracted forms belong to the modern Icelandic
and are scarcely written in 'old Manuscripts. The ancient lan-
guage therefore sometimes inserts f (or v) to escape the con-
traction, as:
hatt, hal', ha (high) m. g. Ace. haran, Dat. hafum,
hafom (or ham); def. form hafa, hafi. hafa, haru.
mj6fa, mj6fan, mj6fumj def. form mj6fa, mj6fi etc.
The word n y t t inserts j before all vowels, with the exception
of i, as: n yj u, n yjan.
89: Some adjectives insert j or v after the last con-
sonant, without altering the declension, these resemble the
nouns in 57 and 58, as:
dukkt (dokt), dnkkr, dllkk (dark);
PlitT. dnkk, d llkkvir (d<lcqvir), dokkvar;
Def. form: dokkva, dokkvi, dokkva.
The only adjective which inserts j correctly is:
mi t t, mi lSI', mi lS - therefore:

milSjan, milSja, milSju, milSj um, milSri.

In some words the last radical leIter of w,hich is 9 or k,
a j is sometimes inserted before a or tt, as:
fr:egt, frregr, frreg; Ace. frregan or frregjan; Dat.
fr:e gum or frregjum.
sekr, sekan or sekjan.
90. Monosyllables ending in l' afl.er a long vowel or diph-
thong are regular, as:
ber-t, ber-r, bel'; frer-t, frer-r, frer.
The masculine termination -1' is dropped in modern Icelandic,
as the pronunciation has changed and the m. g. and f. g.
Jlave become the same in ale Nom.
 23
Those words whose vowels are short, and have therefore
Cl double 1', drop one l' in the n. g., before -I and before the
termination to satisfy the orthography as three 1"8 ought not to
Clppear; hut such words rctain the double l' in thc f. g. Nom.;
as otherwise the vowels would be long and the root deformed.
As: Ilurt, llUrr, I>urr (dry); kyrt, kyrr, kyrr (still/.
Those ending in s, agrce with this rule, as: Ia u s t, Ia u s 10,
1a us (free); particularly as a diphthong preccdes; but h vas t,
JJVass, JIYOSS (not h"os) becau5c the vowel is short
In a word with a double s the "owel is accented in the
n. g. as: vist, viss, viss.
91. If a consonant )Irecedes the last radical letter 1', it
.changes before -I and s into ) (halfsound), never illto ur; bllt
ifJto l' before a vowel and the terminations -ri, rar, ra, one
(If the l' is dropped, as a double r behind a consonant cannot
be pronounccd. The following example will prove the force
(If these observations:
Sing. Nom. fagn fagf fogr (for fog-ru)
Ace. fagft fagran fagra
Dat. f(jgru fogrum fagri ({or fagrri)
~---:~-~.
....,;.

Gen. fag-rs fagrar (for fagrrar)

P l1t r. Nom. fog!- fagrir fagl'ar
Ace. fogr fagra fagrar
Dal.
-....;~---~,,----.,;:::..-
.fogrum
.
GeT.. fagra (ror fagITa)

Definile Form.
N011l. fagra fagJi fagra

Ace. fagra; fagra; fogru.

92. Words whose characteristic letter (Kjendebogst3v) is
l after a douhle vowel, or, ir dissyllabic, stands aner any
l'owel, change it in the tennination of r into II (39) as:
heilt, heill, heil and in f. g. Dat. heiIli, GeTI. hei!-
lar, Plur. Gen. heilla;
gainalt, gamall, gomul, Dat. gamalli, Gen. gamaHar
Plur. Gen. gam aII a; thus also:
II a ga It or II 0 g u It, 110 gull, 110g u 1 etc.
Before terminations, beginning with a "owel, contractions occur
as: gamlan, gamla, gomlu, gomlum. De{. Form. gamla,
 24
gamli etc., but: heimilt or heimult does not contract.
F uIt, fij I 1', I' u I, does not contract its lr into ll, being a
monosyllable with a simple vowel.
93. In two words the 1 is dropped in the neuter before-
the characteristic letters t, ~, except in a different declension in
the m. g. Ace.; it is declined
liti~,. litill, Util, Ace. m. g. litinn (for litiln) f. g.
litla, Dat. litlu, litlum, litilli etc.

It will be observed that the vowel loses its accent, as soon as
a concussion of consonants occurs. Writing Ii t i ~ for I it i t
is for euphony's sake, and occurs in the best manuscripts;
viz: the changing of this t into ~, as soon as the word re-
ceives t in the ~eginning, therefore ri ta l'l, but ba kat etc.
The second word is mikit, mikill, mikil, Ace. mikit l
m i kin n, mi k I a, Dat: ,
m i k I u etc. .
94. Those whose characteristic letter is n after a diph.,.
thong, or dissyllables, followed by a vowel, contl'act the n with
r into nn (39) as:
vront, vronn, vron, Ace. vronl, vronan, vrona; Dat.
vronu, vronum, vronni and in f. g. Gen. vronnar, Plur.
Gen. v ro n n a.
Dissyllables deviate besides in m. g. Ace. by contraction
if the termination begins with a vowel, as:
Singular Nom. hemit hei~inn heil'lin
Ace. heil'lit hei5inn heil'lna
Dat. hei5nn
.
heil'innm .
hei5inni
Gen. hei5ins heminnar
Plural Nom. heil'lin heil'inir heillnar
Ace. heil'lin hei5na hei5nal'
Dat. -- heil'ln-u-m--------- ,
,
Gen. heil'linna
De{. Form Nom. heil'ina ;heil'ini; heil'lna etc.
95. In this maJllier are declined all regular participles of
the closed Order of Verbs (which remain monosyllabic in the
Dat.) as: ral'lit, ral'iin n, raISin; gefit, gefinn, gefin;
t e kit. t e kin n. t e kin etc.; also several of the 3rd order of
the first chief pass (with modilication of vowel) barit, bar-
inn, bar i n. But these terminations stand in reality for -it,
-i5r, il'i a change
, ofpronuuciation in accordance with tho
 25
oldest danish language; they shorten the radical letler S()
that i is dropped and ts is hardened into d or t, in words the
characteristic letter of which is a hard consonant as:
bart, bartsr, bUrts; tam t, tamdr, tumd; Yak t,
vaktr, vUkt.
In this manner we find in some of these words a double
or triple form, of which the contracted one is the oldest;
those in it, inn, in, are modern Icelandic. - The words of
double form receire the general mixed declension after the
euphony, as:
Sing. Nom. vakil (Ioakened) vakinn "akin
Ace. \'akit '-akilln vakta
Dat. vUktu vuktum vakinni
---~- "
Gert. \'akins "akinnar
Plural Nom.vakin \"3ktir vaktar
Ace. vakin ,-akta vaktar
....._-----~,..-----_ ....
Dat. \,uktum
- Gen. \'akinna
Def. Form. Nom. vakta vakti vakta etc.
As a proof of the real use of contractions by the ancients~
we cite:
k raft (Fms. 4,122 and 176), I' a k t I' (Fms. 2,305); but,
II a ki IS 1', (Grimnism. 9), d u It (lsl:indingas. 2,243);
h ul d I' (Snorra-Edda 136), skill (Fms. 6,220).
The modern forms are:
krafit, }>akinn, dulit, hulinn, skilit.
96. There is another kind of words which contracts as:
au ts i g t, ri g- t, Pilir. a u IS u g, a ulS gil', a u IS g a I' ;
m alug r, III til gil'; Ufl u gl\ 0 fI gi r etc., but it is rare and
Dot irregular. lIeilagt, -Iagr, -lug contracts in the short-
ened forms ei in to e, Plur. h e iI ug, Ii e Igil', II eI g a 1', def.
Form helga, helgi, helga. The root ill is accented in the
n. g. ill t, ill;', ill, and sarm contracts 1m with t into It:
satt, sannr, sunn; allt, allr, 011 wants the def. form,
because it is definite in itself.
-
97. Compound Adjectives in a are not declinable as:
einskipa (Fms. 7,123), sundrskila (Fms. 11,131). But
there are some, in which the gemler is shown in the Nom.
in the Ill. g. in -i, f. g. in -a as: sam m (ll (\ r i (Fms. '6,50),
 26
sammrelSra, forvilri, fonitra (Fms. 6,56) also: orvili
(Fms. 7,158), mal6lSi (Frereyjlngas S.218), fulltilSi (Egiiss.
185).

Tbe (l parlson of AdJ edins.

98. The Comparative is formed in Icelandic by:
-am (neut.), ari (masc.), ari (fern.), (kalda-ra, coMer; bar-
I ~ a - I' a,
harder); whicb takes the place of tbe a in tbe definite
form. The fern. Sing. and all genders of the Plur. retain i
~\"erp\"here (rarely Dat. in -um) as: spa k a, Comparative;
.spakara ,
Neul. l\lasc. Fern.
Sing. Nom. spakara spakari spakari
Gen. Dat. Ace. spakara
~ __~---:...,v
spakara spakari
PI u r. Nom. Gen. Dat. Ace. spakari
99. The Superlative is formed by adding to the root

-ast, astr, 1lst, and is thus declined:
Neul. Masc. Fern.
J n d e{. {o r m. Nom. spakast spakastf splikuSl
Ace. spakast spakastan spakasta etc.
Der. form. Nom. spakasta spakasti spakasta
Ace. spakasta spakasta ,sptlkustu etc.
Those which shorten in the Posit., also do so in tlle other
,degrees, if the same cause exists, namely, that the termination
begins with a vowel, as:
aulSgara, au(\'gari, au(\gast, aulSgastr, aulSgust etc.
100. There is however in many cases a shorter manner of
formation for these degrees, namely by dropping the final -a
.and adding for tbe Comparative -ra, -ri, -ri, and for tbe Super-
Jati\'e -st, -str, -st. The modification of \'owels which requires
-r takes place (see 33. 34).
hit fagra fegra -ri fegrst fegrstr fegrst
- I<\ga lregra -ri lregst lregstr lregst, lowest
- langa leingra -ri Ieingst leingstl leingst, longest
or langa lengra -ri lengst lengstr lengst
hit ~raungl'a )lfeingra -ri ))reingst -str -st, dosest
or ~rongva .llrengra -ri prengst -str -st, narrowest
bit st6ra strerra -ri stoorst -str -st, greatest

 27
Ilit unga j-ngra -ri )'llgst -str eSt, YOlHlgest
- llUnlla jlynnra -ri ll}'nllst -~tl: -st, thillliest
- djilpa dypra -ri d}'pst -st1' -st, deepest
- dyra dyrra -ri dyrst -stf -st, dearest
- vrena; vrenlla -Ii; "renst -str est, prettiest.
The word mjott, mjor, mjo, small, hit mjOfa does not
modify the vowel, although it takcs the shorter termination
.mjorra, mjost.
101. Some form their degrees in both manners, thus we
meet with:
djup ara, jupa ri, djupast, -astr, -us t
:the shorter form almost always belongs to the old language.
Several take the shortcr form in the Comparativc and the
longer one in thc Supcrlative, as:
, . .
selnt, selnna, selnast,
srelt,
,
srella,
. srellast;
,.
.n y tt, 0 YI' I' a, II YJ a st. .
102. The following arc quite irregular:
Positive. Compo Superl.
.gooa, gou, hit golSa betra bezt-a best
illt - ilia '( \'erra "erst-a worst
'VAnt \'~nda
mikit - mikla meira mest-a greatest
litilS - litla minna minnst-a least
mart (margr, morg) fleira flest *) most
ellra ellst-a ld t
.gama It; - gam Ia; eldra; elzt-a: e es;
103. Some compar. and supcr!. are formed from adverbs,

llrepos. and subst. and have therefore 00 posithe, as:

(norlSr) nyrlSra oorlSast, 1l)'flSst, tlorthmost
(auslr) eystra austast eastmost
(sulSr) sylSra sylSst (synnst) sOlltlmlOst
(,-estr) "estra \,cstast llJestmost
{fram) fremra fremst foremost
taptr) eptra aptast, epzt aftermost
(tit) ytra yzt Olttll/OSt
(inn) innra innst ill most

.) This is not used definitely except in the plural: hi n morg u, -

ldnir f1eiri, hinar flestu mostly used by the modt'rns.

,
 28
(on efra erst highest
(nilH) nel'lra nelSst flethermost
(for) fyrra fyrst first
(si~) sillara silSast latest
(heldi-) heldra helzt ratherest
(alSr) rel'lra relSst erst
(fjarri) (firr) first farthest
(ml-) (nrer, nrerr) nrost nearest
Frem ra and sil'lara,' have a regular positive, with different
significations:
(ramt, fraror, from, excellent, valiant (poetically);
silt, silSf, silS, shallow, flat.
104. Adjectives which have no positire, receive no com-
parisons, as a II t (96) and those ending in -i, or -a (97) as
well as the Pres. part. pass. in -andi. But these words can
yet be increased or decreased by means of the adverbs:
m e i r, me s t, or he I dr, h e I z t, or: min n r (m i lS r),.
minnst (minzt), sllST, sizt.

Ill. PrOD8UDs.
105. The first two personal pronouns have a dual, which
is commonly used as the plural, whilst the old pI. only occur...
in the high style.
Sin;;. 1. Person 2. Person 3. Person
Nom. ek (eg) pu -
Ace. mik (mig) pik (pig) sik (sig)
Dat. mer ]Jer ser
Gen. min A
pin
_
sin
Dual Plural "'Dual Plural Plural
Nom. vit ("il'l) "er pit per
Ace. okkf oss ykkr yl'lr sik (sig)
Dat. okkf oss ykkf ylSr ser
Gen. okkar var ; ykkar yl'lvar sin
The third person has neither Neuter nor Plural which are re-
placed by the defin. pron. pat, sa, SU, which is thus declined:. .
Nom. hann hon (hun)
Ace. hann hana
Dat. Mnum (om) henni
Gen. hans hennar
 29
106. From the Geniti\'e of the personal pronoun, are
formed seven possessive pronouns:
of the 1st person Sing. mitt minn min (mine)
- - 2nd - - pitt pinn pill (thine)
- - 3rd - - silt sinn sin (liis)
- - pt - Dunl okknrt okkarr okkllr (your)
- - 2nd - - ykkart ykknrr ykkllr
- - 1st - Plm'al rArt YArr ,'ftr
- - 2nd - - J()\'art Jararr )'l'lur
The three first are declined like the article (74), ollly they
l'ecei'"e a double t in the 'eutr. and an accent, when an n
follows the i, as: mins, mins, minnaI'. 'Ole four last
pronouns al'e declined like indefinite adjectives, but they only
take n (instead of all) in the Ace. l\lasc. as: okkarn (not
()kkuan), "clt'n (not vc1ran) etc., hut the dissyllabic ones
olltract as usual, Dat. okkru, okkl'um, okkari.

107. The dcmollstt'ativc Pronoun is irregular:

11<U, sa, su, that; petta, pessi, 11essi tltis;
hi IIU, 11 in, that, the other; dcclined th us: .
Sing. Nom. 11at sa su IleUa }lessi }lessi
Ace. 11at Ilanll Ila }lelta j1cnna }lessa
Dat. 11vi jleim Ileirri }lessu 11essum 11essi (-arri)
Gen. }Jess Iless 11eirrar pessa }lessa pessar (-arrar)
.PluT. Nom. 11au }leit, }ncr }lessi }lessil' Ilessar
Ace. IHlU
.., }l3 }Jalr; j1essi 11essa j1cssar.
..
'V r ...

Dat. 11eim Iles Ulll

Gen. }leirra }lessarra.
and the article hit, hi n n, 11 i n (74) which "ery frequently
drops tIle h and forms in it, i 1I1l, in, or even e t, ell n, en.
These are all used as dem, pronouns, but the t is doubled in
the n. g. as hit t, hi n 11, hi n, nor is the It dropped or the
e addcd, as its pt'Ollllllciation sounds purcr and more cmphatic.
lOS, Relative and intcrrogative pronouns, are with the
~xception of e I' nnd s c Ill, the same, as:
Itd.rt (hyort), hvftrr, hv;\t', which of the two
It vert, In e 1'1', h vel', tchich of 111 aII y
in' ill k t, what like, of wMt kind
both declined ns the indef, Adjectiv; only that thcy take in the

,
 30

Ace. m. g. -n instead of -an; and h vert inserts j, when the

ending begins with the vowels a or u, as:
Acc. hvert, hvern, hverja;
Dat. hverju, hverjum, hverri.
The Skalds use in Ace. m. g. h vel' jan, everyone.
,
Declension of lwort (hvdrt):
Neut. Jllasc. Fern. lVeut. I1lllsc. Fe1ll.
Sin g. Nom. hvort hvorr hvor hvert hverr hver
Acc. hvort IlVorn hvora hvert hverjan hverja
Dat. hvol'u hvorum. hvorri hverju hverjum hverri
Gen. hvors hvors hvorrar hvers lIVers hverrm-
Plur. Nom. hvor hvorir hvorar hver hverlr hverjar
Acc. h\"Or hvora hvorar hver hverja hveljar
Dat. hvorum hvorum hvorum hverjum hverjum bvel'jum
Gen. hvorra hvorra hvorra hverra hverra hverra.
109. There is also in the old norsk language a separate-
form for the interrogative pronoun what; it is thus declined:
Neuter g. Common g.
Sing. Nom. hvat hverr (hvarr)
Ace. hvat hvern (hvarn)
Dat. hvi hveim
Gen. hvess hvess;
in common speech hvat is only used a as pron. and h vi, as.
an adjective.
110. The indefinite pronoun is partly primitive, partly de-
rived from other in terr. pron. Primitive is:
e itt, e inn, e in, one, each one, alone; sometimes it is.
declined like vren t (94) except that nt in n. g. takes tt, and
that the Ace. m. g. has a double form as:
einn and einan.
111. Annat (aliud, alterum, secundum) the one, the se-
cond, another,
has a very irregular declension, thus:
N. III. F.
Sing. Nom. annat annarr unuur
Acc. annat annan a(Sra

Dat. Mru o(Srum annarrl

Gen. annal's annal's annarrar
 31

PI u r. Nom. onnur alSrir a~rar

- Ace. onnur ......
a~ra
.,..,------_ a~rar
....
Dut. o~rllm
Gen. annarra
It has the same form when the article is added, It ita n nat,
the other, second; but when the question is of two, no article
is used.
112. B mlSi, botll, is only used in thc Plural:
Nom. ba'~i b<llSir ' balSar
Ace. I3mlSi balSa ba~ar
Dat. ba~um ba~um b:i~um
Gen. beggjOl beggja beggja.-
113. The most important of the derivati"cii are:
h v(\ r tt vc g gj a, It v 1\ r r I vegg i , It d r I vegg j a, each one-
of troo; both parts are declined: It v;\ r I (like 108) and I vegg j a
like an adj. in delin. form, therefore in Plural:
h v:i r tv egg j u, h vAri r Iv eggj II, h v t\ r a r Ivegg j 1I etc.
Ann a Ih v1\ r t, ann a r r h v:\ r r, (j n n u r It v[, r, olle or
two, one part of many parts, has also a double declension,
particularly in the Sing.; in the newer language the last parI
is mixed with IIV er I, and is thcrcfore gencrally met with an.
inserted J~ as:
o ~ r 11 h ve r j 11 for 0 ~ l' U h v:\ r 11 etc.
We also find: [other-
h v ar I (or It vat) ann a I, h va r ran nail , b v:l r a 3 r a, eacTt
and h ve r I ann at, It verr ann an, hver a3ra
or in Plur. hvert onnur, hverr alSra, hver a~rar
in Ihis case it is not compounded.
lIvArigt, hv:\rigr hVl\rig (01' hv:\rugt etc.), (liont
of the two, no part of the other) is declined like an adjective
indefinite form.
S i tt h v it t, 01' sit Ih v;\ r t, sin /I h va rt', sin h \' :\ l' (each
IN's OlDn, each one's) is used divided, but s i tt stands first. More-
CrelJuently is uscd:
s i tt h ve r I, sin n h vcr r etc. as: }I e i r Ii t a sill n f vh e r-
j a <I It, each looks to his OW1l side.
114. Without refcrencc to two, is used:
e itt h vat (Germ. etloas) some, or:
ci t th vert, ci n nhverr, einh ver.
 32
115. No k k ut (danish noget) any, is contracted from
nak and bl-el't, hvat or lIvart, in which ve or va is con-
tracted into n; this has many fOnDs, of ,vhich we gi,"e the
oldest and most correct one.
Sing. Nom. nakkrart nakharr nllkkur or nokkor
Ace. nakkvart nakkvarn nakkvara or nokkora
Dat. nokkuru nllkkurum
nakkvarri
Gen. "
nakkvars nakharrar
Plur. Nom. nUkkUI' . nakharir nakkvarar
Ace. nllkkur nakkvara nakharar
..... --,.-------~
Dat. nokkurum
Gen. l1akkvarra.
In n. g. also nakkvat, if derived Irom hvat, Dat. nokkvi
Sometimes no k k u t, no kk u l' l' , n Il k k u 1',
and often nokkut, nokkurr, nokkur,

which has been adopted in the modern language. The two

I~st forms are also abridged by the modems as:
Dat. nokkru, llokkrum, nokkurri

116. The negative pronoun is a compound of e i tl, e inn,
c i.n and the negative termination -gi, -ki, which also takes
many irregular forms; the oldest and most correct seem to be:
Sing. Nom. ekki (for eitki) eingi eingi
Ace. ekki eingan (eingi) einga
Dat. eingu (einugi) eiDgum eingri
,
Gen. eingis, eiDkis, einskis eingrar
Plur. Nom. eingi eingil' cingat'
Ace. eingi einga eingar

Dat.
... ...;..-----_
eiDgum
....
Gen. eingra
The syllable ei n g is often found contracted into eng j
thus ill the Acc.: ell g an, eng a; and this eng changes with
ong, as: ongan, ongaj or with an inserted v
as: Il n g van, 0 n g va,
Dat. 0 n g u, ij n gum, ij n g l' i,
or even: Un ga 1'1' i, Gen. ij n ga 1'1' a 1', it also lengthens into
aung, as: aungan, aunga, or aungvan, aungva.
But in n. g. and m. g. Gen. occur the changes of ei,
or i in the chief syllable, not II n k is, ann ski s.
-
 33

J 17. Numerals.
Cardinal Xumbcrs. Ordinal Xumbers,
one eitt, einn, ein; the first rlTsta, -i, -a; ,
tICO trau (tra), tveir, tncr; - second annat, annarr, unnur;
three ]lljll, ]lril', }H'jal'; - third ~I'ii'lja, ]H'ii'Si, ~rioja;
(om' fjognr, fj6ril', fj61'al'; 4 th /j6r\la, i, -a; ,
five Iimm; 5th fimta, -i, a;
(j sex; 6th sella, (sjillla);
7 sjau (sja); i th sjaunda,sjonda(sjaunda)
atta; th att'! (attunda);
9 niu; 9 th Iliunda;
10 tiu; 10 th liunda;
11 ellifll ; 11 th eHifla;
12 tolf; 12 th l6Ifta;
13 ~retlan; 13 th ~rettanda;
14 1}6rtan; 14 th '/}6r'tanda;
15 fimtan; 15 th fimtanda ;
16 sext,in; 16th sext:inda;
17 ~auljall (seytjan); 17 th sa~lljallda (scytjanda);
18 atjan ; 18 th alJanda;
19 nitj,in; 19 th Ililj{lllda ;
20 tuttugll; 20 th tlillugasta;
21 tlittUgll ok eitt elc.; 21S t IUllugasta ok f)'rsta etc.
30 ]ll'jatlU; 30 th },ritugasla ;
40 fjiil'utiu j 40 th ferlugasla;
50 Iimtlu; 50 tb limtugasla ;
60 sexliu; 60 th sextugasla;
70 sjautiu (sjaliu); iO th sjautugast..1 (sjlHugasla);
o ;\ltatfu; Oth attatllgasta;
90 niutiu; 90 t1l nitllgasla;
100 hundl'ai'l, tlutiu; 100 th hundra\lasta;
110 hundrai'l ok tiu, ellifuliu; 110 t1l hundraoasla ok tlullda;
120 h. ok tuttllgU, stort hllndrao; 120th h. ok lultugasla;
200 trail hlludra~ elC. 200 th trau hnutiralSasla;
1000 ]n'lsund \ 1000 th ]n'lsuIH]asta
11 . The four Ii,'st of the numeral pl'On. al'e declined.
Eitt (see 11 0,) the olhers in the Plural lhus:
P lnrul Nom. t"all treir l"all' III'j,i I>ril' Ilrjal'
Ace. trau
___ --"~
t\',i tncr
_
\Jjrll
_
}JI'ja ]H'j:il'
A_":-;:-"'.
Dut. t\'cim It\'eimr) ],rilll (JH'imr)
GeJl. t\'cggja. ],riggja.
Icelandic Grammar. 3

Plnral Nom. fj og 111' fj6l'ir fjrkar

Ace. fjogur fjora ~i6rar
----~~'--.....;;...-..-

, Dat. fjorum
Gen. fjogUI'J'3
119. Those compounded with -tilt, have orten another form
in -tigir, -tigi as: lnjiltigir, lll'jatigi, but are not furtbel'
declined, as: prjatigi ok fimlll arum Landn. pag. 2, still
more visible in the noun t i g r ()t u g1", tog r, to g f ), PluT".
tigir, as: sex tigir, Srerriss. pag, 230 and atta tigir,
Ilk. 3,357. - IIundl'a15 is a regular noun (55). The ancients
almost always reckoned '. by the great hundred (120) so that.
h aif t hun dr a 15 coun ted for 60 etc. P(I s u IHI (lll'( s h 11 n d-
I' a 0) is irregular (62).

120, From the ordinal Numbers are formed, those ending

in -tugt, -tugr, -tllg (-logt or togt),
a nd -nett, -rwor, -rm6, as: .
the 2nd part: tvltugt, tugI', tug; the 8th part: attrrett, -rrel5l', -rre15 ;
- 3rd - IJrltuot " , - gtl. - nirrett ,
- 4th - fertugt; - 10 th - tirrett;
_ 5th - fimtugt; - 11 th - ellifurrett;
- 6th - sextugt; - 12th - 6lfrrelt.
- 7th - sjautugt (sjutugt);
The half is expressed by: h iII f t, h a I rr, h a If, as: h a If-
pritugt, haIrfertogl' etc. which points out that 5 has been
deducted from the last ten, thus:
JuUffertogr = 35, h.Ufattrre3r = 75.

The Verb.
121. Verbs al'e divided like the substantives into two chief
orders the pt or open, with the rowel in its termination;
2 nd 01' cl 0 sed, with a consonant
The first has more than one syllable in the Imperfect, the
second is monosyllabic.
The open oJ\ler is subdirided into 3 classes:
1st CI. has three syllables iu the Imperfect, with vowel a,
2 nd CI. has two syllables in the Imperfect, witb vowel i,
3rd CI. has two syllables with change 01' modification of vowel

 35
51
(it has in the 1 person 11S, but seems originally to have had
the mwcl 11).
The closed order has two mannel'S of inncl'lioll.
l,t CI. the one in which the change of \'0 weI takes place
ill the Indicative and Conjunctiye of the hnperfcct; the Part.
takcs the sallle \"0 weI of the l1I~in syllabIc as the prescnt ten~e.
2nd CI. contains the modification of the rowcl of the Im-
perfect in the ParI. wilh some exccptions,

Each of these two ~onjugations is suhdivided in thre(~
dasses according 10 the modification or the yowel of the Im-
perfect. There are therefore altogether 9 Conjugations in \\hich
e\'cry rcgular and irregular yerb is included.
122. The following table will show the distillCli\'e feature
of each:
I. IIpen Order.
51
1 Form.
Pres. ludic. Imperfect. Sup.
15t Class ek rolla rotlalla rollal
2 nd - - heyri heyrlla heyrt
3"( - - spy" spllrlla spurt.

II. Closed Order.

2 nd Form.
1>t Class ek drep drep drap drepit
2 0 1 - - rrell nill fell rallit
3,d - - dreO'D drag dfo drcgil.
3,d Form.
pt Class ek renn rann Pl. runllum rnnnit
2"1 - - III Icit - litum lilill
3'd - - hyll haull - hUOlllll hooil.
123. It must he borne in mind. thaI the Illdicatil'e and
Conjunctiye distingnish the Present allll Impcrfect, the Impe-
rative is only IIsed in the Prescnt
The Infinitive and Participle arc only ~ingle forms, but
they are both decliued like nOllns.
The Supine is the Participle in n. g.
The Participles cnd generally in -st, in the oldcst lan-
guage in sk (all abhrc\'iation of sikj.
3*


36

124. lSI Open Order.

1&1 Form.
k a JI a, to call; b I' e n n a, to burn; tel j a, to tell.
1" Class. 2 nd
Class. /Jrd. Class.
Indicative Active.
Pres. Sing. 1. ek kalla hrellni tel
2. Ill} kallar brennir tell'
3. hann kallal' Iwen nil' tell'
PluTo 1. "er I,ollum
. 'hrennum tclJum
2. l,er kallit hrcnnit telit
3. lleir kalla brcnna telja
Imp. Sing. 1. eI{ kalla(la (i) hrenda (i) talda (i)
2. ~u kalla(lir brcndir taldir
;~. hann kalla(li brencli taldi
PluTo 1. vel' kiillll(llllll brendum tOldum
2. per kollllllut brendut toldut
3. lleir kollu(lu hrendu Hlldu
Conjunctive
Pres. Sing. 1. ek kalla (i) brenna (i) telja (ieli)
2. pli
kallir hrennir telir
3. hann kalli brenni tcli
Plur. 1. vel' kallim brennim l.clim
2. ~er kallit brennit Ielit
3. ~eir.kalli brenni teli
1mB. Sing. 1. ek kalla(li (a) brendi (a) leldi (a)
2. pu I{alla(lil' hrendir . teldir
3. haun kalla(lj hrendi tcldi
PlitT. 1. vel' kalla(lim brendim teldim
2. per kalla(lit hrendit lcldit
3. peir kaIla(li brendi tcIdi
Imp. Sing. 2. kalla (.(lu) brenn (-du) tel (-dll)
PluTo . 1. kollum (vel') brennum teljllm
2. kallit (per) brennit telit
Infinitive at kalla brenna lelja
Purt. liallanda, i brennanda, i teljanda. j
Sup. kallal. hrent. talit (talt).
 37
lsi Class. 2" Class.
d

Indicative Pass ivc.

Pres. Sing, 1. kallast brennist telst
2. kallast brcnnist tclst
3. kallast brellnist tclst
Plrl1'. 1. kol1l1lllst brenllllmst teljllmst
2. kallizt brennizt tcHzt
3. kallast. brcnnast. teljast.
IlIIp. Sing. 1. kallalSjst brendist tahlist
2. kallalSist brendist taldist
3. kallalSist brcndist taldist
Plur. 1. kullu15umst brentlumst Wldumst
2. kullu15uzt brenduzt u;ldllzt
:l. kullll<Susl. hrcndust. toldust.
Conjunctive
Pres. Sing. 1. kailist hrennist telist
2. kalli~t hrcnnist telist
3. kallist brennist tclist
Pillr. 1. kallimst brennimst teHlllst
2. kallizt brennizt teHzt
3. kallist. brcnnisL telisl.
IlIIp. Sing. 1. kalla~isl brcudist tcldist
2. kal1a<Sist brendist tcldist
3. kalla~ist brcndist teldist
Piltr. 1. kallalSimst hrendimst teldimst
2. kalla~izt brcndizt tcltlizt
3. kallalSist. hrcndist. tc1dist.
IlIIp. Sing. 2. kallast-u hrend-u telst-u,
Piur. 1. kul1umst (vcr) hrennumst teljumst
2. kallizt Oler). brennizl. telizt.
Infinitive at kallast. brennast. teljast.
Part. (kal1alldist). (brennadist). (teljamdist).
Sup. Pass. kallazt. brcnzt talizt (talzt).
125. Many of the pcrsonal terminations arc unsettlcd, we
ha\'e taken as thc regular onc those which have most claim
to bc called so. The I sl Pcrson Prcs. has sometimes r, and
becomes alike to the 2,1 and 3rJ Pcrson, as:
ck kallal', ck brcnnir, ck tell',
 38

hut the frequent and best use, as well as contt'actions, show

the r to be ;;purious as
kallag, brennig, telk, {or kalla ek etc.,
hyggig, hykk {or hygg ek etc..
51
126. It is more correct to end the 1 Pel's. of the Im-
perfect in -a, than in -i, for the preceding part of the verb
has always those vowels which harmonize wilh a, and not with
i, except when l' in the Present has heen substituted by deri-
vation and runs in every tense through the entire wOl'd, as
brenni, li'om brann.
127. The 1"1 Pel's. of the COllj. Present is also more
correctly ended in a than i, but both are frequently used, and
good manuscripts prefer in certain cases the -i.
Abbreviations liI{e hug (j a k (Lodbrkr. 24) m una k (Snon'a
E. 35) also prove the termination -a.
The 1 Person Plural has -im, in harmony with the other
51

tel'l11ination, and by a general use of the ancients; in the mo-

dern language this person has been changed into -wn as the
Indicative (kollnm, hre n n um, teljum).
128. The 151 Pel's. of the Conj. Imp. has sometimes -a
instead of i in ancient writers, chiefly used by the Skalds;
but it is less correct considering the vowel of the chief syllnhle.
It is therefore less correct to say ve k II a e k than ve lili e k
b;ella ek - oreoi ek
(Snorra E. 97) except the third person be taken, which could
perhaps be placed in the 1'1 pel's., as is done in the oriental
languages.
It is howe\'cl' always correct in the plural that the pi pel's.
should terminate in -im, the 2u~ in -it, although, -wn, 11f, is
to be met with in more recent .Mss. In all verbs, (except the
151 Class) with the modification of vowel in the principal syl-
lable, which requires the termination -i, as:
ki.llluoum, kolluout, brelldum, bren<.lut, teldl1111,
teltlu!..
. The 3" Pel's. is only found in 11, in the modern icelandic
of the northcrn dialect, as:
kolluou, bl'endn, teldu
although these forms have crept into all 1\158. The two first
persons in -um and -ut are generally wrong, even if they all-
pear in the Sagas or the Skalds.

 39

129. Il musl be obserred lhat the Imperali\'e 1'1 and 2'~

pcrson harlllonizc with the Indicati\'e Present. The third per-
son is formed hy Ihe Conjunctive, as: Nj. 67:
kollum karl cnn skcgglausa I
and S\'crriss. S. 1 5:
l\'nom

DirkibeinuJl1!
hcri Sl'ert'ir hlnl verl'a I ctc.
130, In rcflccth'c vCl'hs the 1'1 Pcrson Plur. -tWIst, is onen
seen, also in the 1'1 Pel's. Sing. as:
eigi hel'Jnmsl ek (Fms. 6, 25),
ek hngi\umsl (Snorra E. 97).
1:U. TIIC lcnuinations of the Plnral drop in the pI Pcrs.
-m, i II the 2"d Pel'S. -t (lS) if immedialely followed hy a pronoun,
particularly in the Imperali\'e, as: ,
III C g II \' e 1', meg n Iii t ( 'j. 171,
1'01'11 yer! fari hCI'!

132. Thc 1'1 Class is "ery regnlar. Words which have no

-a in the pri~cipal syllahlc lake natnrillly no modificatioll, as:
ck skipa, Hr sldJlUIll, ek skipalSa, \'er skil'ulSum,
nol cvcn those which have (J, changc il into a, although lhc
-'It termin., which scems lo have occasioned Ihc (J in the prin-
cipal syllable, is dl'oppcd allli terminates in -a, as:
ek fjulra, \'el' fjolrum, ck fjolra(\a, \'cr fjOlrulSum,
I' jill rat.
133. The othc.' elass has sOllie irreglllai'ities, occasioned
by the vowcl -i in the Imperfect and Part" which is droppcd
if the consonant is thc samc as lhe 1'001. The ancienls make
il ~,ingle, whcrc il was lloublc as:
hyggi bygoa bygl -glSl' -glS
hn)kki hnykla hnykt kt.' -kt
kiJlpi kipla kipt -ptl' -pt
kcnni kcnda kcnt -dr -d ,
slelllmi slcmda stcmt -dr -d
hvcssi hvcsla h"cst -II' -t.
134. Thc tcrmination is slill morc influenced h~' the con-
sonant of Illc rool
-Ia after p, t, k, s,

 40
-cia after h, 0 (changed into d) /1, 91, {n, gn, m,
-oa artcr {, g, r nnd every vowel; with another consonant
preceding t is dropped behind tt or t,
-d behind nd etc" 0 behind ro, as:
steypi steypta steypt -ptl' opt
veiti veilla vcitt -ttl' -U
kl'mki krrokta knekt -ktr -kt
hesi Iresta lrest -sll' -st
kembi kembda kembt -bdl' -bd
rei15i reiilda reidt -ddr -.td
,eOi eflda ellt -Idr old
oefni nefnda nefnt -ndl' -nd
floomi flremda IJremt -mdl' -md
dcyfi deyfoa deyft -101' -m
vlgi Ylglla vigt -glll' -go
lreri lreroa - loort -I'llI' I'll
pjai l'jalla pall -01' -ll
hitti hiUa hilt -ttl' ott
voonti vrenta vamt -tr -t
heimti heimta heimt -tl' -t
sendi senda sent -dl' -il
viroi virlla vilt -llr -ll.
135. Those in -lg, -119, receive in some Mss. -lglla, -n911a;
in others .1gda, -ngda; as fylgda, Lengda (Fms. 7) -
Those in l, n receive partly -da, partly -ta, as: fell, fell d a
(felda); mmli, mmlta, syni, synda; rami, nenta.
136. Those whose last consonant is 9 or k, even with
,mother consonant preceding, do not always drop the i, but
change it into j, which they retain before the tCl1llinations -a
and -'It, as:
hyggi, vel' hyggjum, peir byggja, a t b \""'J' JDD a
by g gjan d a; likewise:

ek fylgi, vel' fylgjum; ek s YI' b"I , V e l' s y I' '""J um'
e k .t ei n g i , vert e i n g j urn; ek fylki, vel' fyllijlllJl;
ek merki, vel' merkjum.

137. It will be obseJ'Ved that this class does not modify

the vowel, having already received the modification in the first
person (- i), which is transmitted without regard to the ter-
mination. In some words this is not accidental; it seems as if

 41

Ihe characteristic letter should be e; these words han) other

irregularities, the most important of them arc:
dugi al duga dugdka Conj. dyg<li t1u~at
\'aki - yaka yakta - vekti \'akit -inn -in
kaupi - kaupa keypla - keypti keipt -Ir'-t
!)oli - llOla }>olda - !Jyldi ~olat
Ilori - IlOra 1>01'<1 a - jJyrlSj IlOrat
uni - ulla unda - yndi IInat
\'ari - \'ara \'ar<la or vara<la-i varat
Irlli - In'la tn'i<la Conj. try<li trilat
me - 113 nalla - mclli na(l
Ie (ljre) - Ija lc<la - Iclli Ic(l.

138. To Ihis class belongs the auxilliary \'erb hefi"

10 have: "
In d i cat i v e. , , Conjunctive.
Present. Sing. 1. hefi Present. Sing. 1. hafa
2. 3. hefir 2. hafir
Pillr. 1. hofum 3. hall
2. hafit Plnr. 1. hafim
3. hafa 2. hatH
Imperf. Sing. 1. hama 3. hafi
2. haflSir Imperf. Sing. 1. hef<li
3. lwf<li 2. hemir
Plur. 1. hofOum 3. hef(ji
2. homnt PIIlT. 1. hef<lim
3. hofOu. 2. hef<lit
3. heflSi.
Imperat. Sing. 2. haf-<lu Infinit. aI hafa
Plw'. 1. hofum Part. hafanda, i
2. hafi<l Sup. haft, f(jr, huf<l.

139. Sometimes the modification of a vowel appears m
the Present:
Sing. 1. vaki nre veld
2. 3. vakil' nrer veldI'
Plltr, 1. \'okum
2. vakil 11alt
..
nam (for nilUm) voldulll
valdit
3. vaka; na (for nan); valda.

 42

Vel d is one of the most irregular verbs: ImpM'f. 0 IIi,

Conj. ylli, Sup. "aldit, now olIat, Infin. valda (only
o II a). In tbe Supine dilTers: Ii fi. Ii f5 i, Ii fat.
140. The third Class is monosyllabic in the Present
Sing.,' but takes a -j before the finals in -a, -ft. In the Im-
perfect it has like the preceding -ta, -da, 01' 5a, but more
regularly da after I, n. In the Part. Past. it has sometimes
the shortened sometimes the mixed form (95). The Imperfect
and Part. Past. bas only a double modification of vowel, either
e into a, or y into u, as:
glep at glepja glapta glepti glapit (glapt), to lead astray
let - leLJa latta letti lall. to let
vek - vekja vakti rekti vakil, to waken
kve5 - kvedja kvaddi kveddi hadt, to take leave
vel - velja valda veldi valit, to chose
ven - venja \";lIlda vendi vanit, to wean

tern - temja tamda terndi tamil, to tame
kref - krelja kl'al'l'ia krefl'ii krafit (kraft), to crave
Ie""
00 - le""J'a
00 Ia 1::)0
""l'ia le"l'ii
0 (Iagil) lagt, to lay down
bel' - berja barl'ia herl'ii barit (bart), to smite
flyt - flytja flulla flylti flull, to carry
Iyk - Iykja lukta Iykti lukt, to shut to
lJys - })ysja Im!>ta })ysti Imst, to rush on
ryl'i - ry'l'ija rudda ryddi md t, to root out
hyl - hylja hulda hyldi (hull) hulit, to hide
stYli - stynja stunda styndi (stllnt) slunit, to groan
rym - rymja rllmda rymdi rumt, to roar
tygg - tyggja tug5a tygl'ii tuggit, to chew .
spyr - spyrja spur5a spyrl'ii spurl, to ask
Ij' - Ijja lUl'ia ly5i luit (1M), to hammer.
141. Irregular in the Sup. is: hygg, hugl'ia, hugat.
The five following do not change the vowel:
set at setja setta selli sett, to set
sel - l'elja selda seldi sell, to sell
skil - skilja skilda skildi (skilt) skilit, to separate
viI - vilja vilda vildi viljat, to will
fly - fljja 11yl'ia Ilyl'ij fiyit, to fly.
(If these vi I is found in the ancient ~Ianuscripts in the 2 nd
nd
and 3'd person: viII (for viiI') sometimes 10 tthe 2 person
rilltn or \-ill, modific. form fnfin. vildn for vilja.
 43

The five following ha\'e III the Present:
,
scgl at segja sngoa segoi sagl, to say
}Jegi - !Jegja !lagoa llegoi !lagat, to be silent
Vykki - llykkja }Jolla l)(l~tti Vott, to thillk
~Tti ort to write verse
yrki - yrkja { orta
yrkta yrkti vrkt to work

sccki - scckja sotta scctti sott, to seek.
142. Some are also irregular in the Present, where they
becoIne 1JI0nosyll.; and like the Imperfect of the closed order,
they are:

anll at ullna ' IInM ynlll unt, to grant
man - muna munda myndi munat, to remember
kanll - kunna kunna kynni kUllllnt, to be able
man - mundu } munda {myndi wanting will, would
mun - munlJ Inundi
skal {-_ skyldu } skylda skyhli wanting shall, ought
skulu
!l;Jrf - !lurfa lJUrfta 11)Tfti purf!, to be needful
a - eiga atta cetti all, to own
lOa - mega malta Dl,ctti matt, \ b bl
Ima _ knega knalla kncetti (knalt), ( to e a e

veit - vita vissa vissi vitao, to know.

A regulal' word un n i, un t a, y nt i, un t must be di-
stinguished from ann. For k n a is also found k n ai, knit. 0 a,
k nil o.
143. The irregularities in the Present consist in these
verbs, that the 1"\ and 3 rd person are nlike, the 2nd recl'iI"es
the termination -t or -st in words in which the principal letter
is t, chiefly in the word ve it; the 2 nd pers. Plul'. receives ill
some words -1ft or -it, the 3 rd pel's. Plur. orren receives -'It (0)
by the ancient, and -a lJy the modern \\Titers, as:
Sing. 1. 3. knnn sknl il \'eit
2. knnt skalt::ltt veizt .
Plur. 1. kunnum skulum eigum "hnlll
2. kUllnit slmlut eigut Ii) \'itiO (ao)
3. kllnna. skuln. eig-II (a). vita (u).

,
 44

144. 11" Closed Ordu.

/lnd Form.

gefa, to 9we j I at a, to let: fara, to fare.
rd
1'1 Class. 2"d Class. 3 Class.
Indicative Active.
Pres. Sing. 1. gef . lret fer
2. 3. gel'r lrelr ferr
Plw. L gefum '., hitum forum
2. gefit lillm farit
3. gefa lata fara
Imp. Sing. 1. gal lei for
2. gall. lezt f6rl
3. gaf let. fOr
Plltr. 1. gilrum lelum forum
2. gMut lcluiS forut
il. gMu. leln. foru.
Conj1tnctive
Pres. Sing. 1. gefa (i) lata (i) fara (i)
2. gefir latir farir
3. gefi lilli fari
Plltr. 1. gcfim hHim fa rim
2. gefil liltilS farit
3. gefi lilli fari
Imp. Sing. 1. goofi (a) leli (a) freri (a)
2. goofil' lelir frerir
3. grefi leli freri
PlllT. 1. grefim Jelim frerim
2. grefit IctiiS frerit
3. grefi leli freri
Imp. Sing. 2. gel' (-iSu) leit far
Plur. 1. gefum Ialum forum
2. gefit latilS farit
Inf at gefa lata fara

Part. gefanda, i. Wanda, i. faranda, J.

Sup. gefit. liltiiS. farit.

 45

Il1'd Form.
b r c n n a, to bum; g rl P a, to gripe; :- k j 6 t a.
til Class. 2'd Class. 3 rd
Class.
,
Indicative Passive.
Pres. Sing. 1. brcnn grip kyl
2. 3. brcnnr grlpr skytr

Plur. 1. hrcnnllm grlpllm skj6tum
2. brennil grlpit skj6li15

3. brenna gnpa skj61a

Imp. Sing. 1. hrann grClp skanl
2. brant greipt

skauzt
3. brann grelp skaul

Plur. 1. brunnllm gnpum sknlulIl
2. bnmnut gripul skulll15

3. hrllllllll. grJpll. skulu.
Conjunctive
Pres. Sing. 1. IlI'en na (i) gripa skj61a (i)

2. brcnnil' gnplr skjolir
3. brenni glipi skjOti

Plur. 1. brennilll gnplm skjOlim
2. hrennil grlpil skj6ti15
3. brenni grlpi skj6ti
Imp. Sing. 1. hrynni (a) gripi (a) sk)'li (a)

2. hryllnir gnpJr sl,ytir

3. hrynni gnp! sk)ti

Plur. 1. brynnim

grlpnn skylim

2. hrvnnil

gnp!l skyti15

3. hr)'lllli grlpl skyti
Imp. Sing. 2. hrenn grip skjol
flur. 1. hrennum grlpum skj6tum
2. hrcnnit grlpil skj6ti/5
Inf al brenna grlpa :-kjMa
Part. brennanda, i grlpanda, i sl,jolanda, i
Sup. brunnit. gripit. skotit.

145. As a singularity in the Conjugation of this closed Or-
der, il must hc noticed that those whose principal lettcr is- s.
 46

take in the 2 nd and 3rd person not -r, but in the 2"d -t, amI
rd
retain in the 3 I.he termination of the first, as:
e Ii I e s, Ill] Ie s t, It ann Ie s, Imp. Ias, Sup. Ie sit;
e k hire s, llU b Ims t, han n bIms, Imp.' b Ie s j Sup. b Ia sit;
e k r is, 1111 rl s t, han n r f s, Imp. rei s, Sup. r isit j
ek frrs, Jlu fl'yst. hann frrs, Imp. fraus, Sup, Crosit.
No doubt this belongs to the modern icelandic language, not to
the genuine old NOl'sk, in which the termination was without
doubt r, contI'acted with s into ss:
eke ys ,. I) u eiss (Lokagl. 4), han n eiss, vel' a usum,
Imp. j 6 s, Sup. au sit. Also:
ek vex, Jlu vex (not !)u vextl, Snorra E. 114, hanD
vex, sst. ver vilxum, Imp. vox or ox, Sup. vaxit.
The model'll language applies this rule generally to those words,
whose principal letter is r as:
e g fer, Jl u fer 5, han n fer, for
ek fer, Jlu fen, hann ferr,
which is generally the rule in the ancient language.
146. The 2 nd form, 1~l Class, contains some irregular
verbs, as:
ek tred at tl'05a tra5 tra5um trm5i tr05it, to tread
- kern - koma kvam kvamum kvmmi komit to come
- sef - sofa svaf svMum svmfi sofit, to sleep
- get - geta gat gatum g'mti geti5, to beget
- get - geta gat gatum gmti geta5, to talk of
- et - eta at -um mti etill, to eat ,
- \'eg - vega va -gum vmgi vegit, to kill
- ligg - liggja Iii -gum Imgi legit, to lie
- pigg - piggja pa -gum pmgi pegit, to receive
- se - sja sa -m smi sed (sell), to see.
For k va m etc. we find often k 0 Ill- urn, k mm i, ral'ely iu the
Imp. Sing. vag, I a g, I> a g j the second pel'son is p (I vat t
(Nj. 203), not vagt. The word s e shortens, when u follows
aftel' a, as: in the Pres. sj am (\'er), Hk. 1, 163, and in the
Imperf. sail (perl, Nj. 8. Part. Pass. adds j before e or takes
the accent, as: in n. g. set (or se5), in m. g. se n n (Fms.
5,249) or sell I', in f. g. sc n.

J .1 47 .
To this class belongs also the auxiliary verh, ek
em, I am:

 4i
Indicative: Conjunctive: Imperative:
,
Pres. Sing. ek em (er) I am, sc ven
pu ert SCI' vcr-tn (vcrir)

hann Ct' se ven

Plur. VCI' erum sem verum
Ilel' eru t selS verit

}lcir em. se. ven.
Imp, Sillg. ek val' I was. vred (a) Infinitive:
)11] vart \'rerir Pres. at vera
hann val' \'mri Part. veranoa, i
Pillr. vel' vilrum vrerim Slip. verit
)ICI' v:\ru t vmrit
lleir vilm vmri.

148. Some have irrcgular modification of thc vowcls in
the Supine, ;,IS:
nem at nema nam namllm na'mi nlllllit
breglS - hreglSa bra bruglSum bryglSi bl'ugoit
bel' - bera bar bal'um breri borit
sker - skera skal' skal'um skreri skol'it
stcl - stela stal statum streli stolit
fel - fela fal falum fmli falit}
{ (fOl fulum) mIg-it
149, The secono class has but few irreguhlritics, these :lrc:
!Ieit at heila !IN -um -i heitilS
!Il'iti - hcita het -urn -i heitilS
hangi - hanga hckk hengulll -i hllngit
geing - ganga gckk gengum -i gengit
I'm - fa filkk fengum -i fengit.
150. Scm'al belonging to this dass are quite irregular in
the Imperfect:
ny n (w nem -rnm -I'i nllit
tilly sn(1;I ~nera (Nj. 95) -I'um -ri snuit
rro roa rera -rum -ri roit
grm gl'oa grcra -rum -ri groit
nd
they are conjngated according to the I1rst form, namely 2 PCI'S,:
nerir, 3'd neri etc. In the old language we often lind iJ
or ey for e, in thc ncw language e, as: ncra or ncri, sncri,
elc, The word rrelS, which is reglllar in the old );llIgnage,
fOl'lIIs in the new the Imperfect with additional i, I' CII i.
 48
151. The third Class has the following irregularities:
, { svarlli svijrllum s\'erlli \
svrer" sverJa s6r sorum sreri' svarit, to slOear
stend standa stoll -um strelli slallit, to stand
sire sl<\. slO -gum slregi slegit, to strike
fire fia flo -gum firegi flegit, to flay
hIre hlreja hl6 -gum hlregi hlegit, to langh
dey deyja do . gum d<egi duit, to die
spy spjja spjp -m - spuit, to spit.
In the Sing. Imperf. we find, although rarely
s 16 g, fl 6 g, 16 g, dog.
The 9 is more frequently \"!t'opped in the Plur. of the Conj.
Imperfect, as:
sloum, d6n, hlrei (Fms. 2, 152).
152. Some verbs are quite il'regulal' in the i!lural of the
Imperfecl, ludicative and Conjunctive, as:
vex vaxa 6x uxum yxi vaxit, to wax, grolO
eyk auka j6k jukum jyki aukit, to increase
eys ausa JOs jusum jysi ausit, to sprinkle
hll'Jp hlaupa hlj6p hlupum hlypi hlaupit, to run, urge
bY bua bjo bjuggum bjyggi 'bUit, to dwell
hUgg hllggra hj6 hjuggum hJyggi Mggvit, to hew.
We also find 6x u m, hI j 6 P u m, but this form is spllfiou~,
as the Conjunct. ffixi, hljrepi is not used, but only yxi,
hI Ypi, which presupposes in the pIliI', of the Indicat. u x u Ill,
hili P \I m.
51
153. The 1 form of the 3'd Class has algo the following
irregular verbs:
finn finua fann fundum fyndi fundit, to filld
bind binda batt bundnffi byudi bundit to bind
vind vinda vaU nndulll yndi undit to lIJind
sting stinga stakk stI'Jngum st'yngi stUngit to sting
spring springa sprakk spl'11ngnm sprjngl sprungil, to split
geld gjalda galt gnldum gyldi goldil, to be worth, pay
skclf skjalfa skalf skulfuffi skylfi skolfit, to shake
hver/' hverfa hvad hurfullI hyrfi hortH, to dimini.~h.
The last are regular with the exception of the accent iu skj iJ Ifa,
such is also the auxillial'y verb:
ek vcrll, at verlla, varll, nrllum, yt'lli, orllit.
~Iost of the regular "erbs hm'e 0 in the first syllable of 111c
Sup.; only those which have n after the vowel, receive It; also
drekk, drakk, drukkit
because kk stands here for 11k or ngk (38).
154. The second cIa~s is vCl'y regular. But the Verbs in
-i9 have in the Imperfect not only -eig, bUl also the 2n 1 fonn
of the 2"d Class in e, with a dropped 9, as:
stig stiga {steig stigum sti~i l stirrit.
stc (stcum stel) ( tl

Lil;ewise: \"ik, vlkja, veik or va (paradism. S.218).

155. The third cla~s is also very regular; only a few have
(J in the Imperfcct; occasioned by a double Consonant follo"ing
it, which is pronounced hard. Some in -1Ig take in the first
syllahle of the Sup. after a vowel 'Ii. These ought to be added
to those which take (J in the Imperfect; but the extension of
all \"Owels before -ng (34) is the reason that they generally
take -alt, as:
Silkk sokha sokk suklwm s)'kki sokkit, to sink
swkk stukkva stukk stukkum st)'kld stokldt, to leap.
hrokk hrokkva hrokk hrukkum hrykki hrokkit, to move quickly
s)n g syngja saung slmgum sS'ngi sung!t, l to sing.
{s)'ng syng,'a song suugum: syngi sunglt, r
1'hlls also slyng, s-Iallng (Helgakv. lIundb. I. V. 33); slun-
git, and t,ryng, praung, llrungit, which are howe\'er
antiquated poetical words.

Auxiliary Verbs.
156. Thcse auxiliary verbs are used to supply the wanting
tenses by periphrase; they are very simple in the Old NOI'~k,
and were less frequently in use than in the Danish, otherwise
they are about the same.
Httllre peripltr. man (m~n) and skal;
Htl11re preterite. In u n d a, sky Id a;
Perfect. he fi, e IJJ (e r);
Pluperfect. h a fi'S a, val',
f. i. with the :luxiliary vcrhs em and veri'S.
IcelAndic Grammar, .. '
 50

Indicative
Fut. ptriph. ck man vcra ck man '-crl'la
- skal ,-cra - skal vcrl'la
F1It. preter. - munda vcra - munl'la ,-crl'la
- skylda vera - skylda verl'la
Ptrfect. - hefi yerit - hefi orl'lit
Pluperfect. - hatOa verit - em orl'linn

- hafl'ia orl'iit
- Val' orl'linn
Conjunctive
Fut. periph. ck muna fi) Vel'a ek muna (i) verl'la
- skula (i) vera - skula (i) verl'la
Fut. preter. - myndi (a) ,-era - myndi (a) verl'la
- skyJdi (a) vera - skyldi (a) verl'la
Perfect. - hafa (i) verit - hafa (i) orl'lit
- se ordinn
Pluperfect. - hetOi (a) verit - hetOi (a) orl'iit
- vreri (a) orl'iinn
Derivative Forms
Ind. Fut. per. (at) munda vcra (at) munda verl'la
- skyldu vera - skyldu verl'la
Perfect. - hafa verit - hafa orl'lit
- vera orl'linn
Part. Perf. - hafanda verit. - hafandi orM
- hafanl'ii orl'linn.
The Part. Perf. was rarely used.

157. Passive.

Indicative
Pres. ck em (cr) kallal'lr talinn etc.
Imp. - val' kallal'lr talinn
Futl/re. - man (verl'la) kallal'lr talinn
Eut. pret. - munda (verl'ia) kallallr talinn
Perf. - hefi verit kallal'lr talinn
Pluperf. - hatOa verit kallal'ir talinn
Conjunctive
Pres. ek se kallal'lr talinn
Imp. - vreri (a) kallal'ir taJinn
Future. - muna (i) [verl'la) kallal'ir talinn
\ '.

 51
Flit. pret. - myndi (a) [verlSa] kallalSr talinn
Perf. - hafa (i) verit kallallr taliun
Plllperf. - heflli (a) verit liallallr talinn
Derivative Forms
Ind. Flit. per. at vera kallalk talinn
Perf. - mundn [verlSa] kallalSr talinn
Plllperf. . - bafa verit kallalSr talinn
These periphrase forms are rarely used in the order we have
gil"en, they are partly separated, partly transposed by inserted
words.
S k aI is used in an ohligatory and assured sense. After
man or skal verlSa 01' vera is frequently left out. Vera
is used for the present time, which has begun, vel' lS a, for the
future time, which is now beginning, man and s k al for the
future time, not yet begun.
158. The Passil"e form in -st, has also derivatives, as:
ek man kallast teljast
- munda kallast teljast
- hefi kallazt talizt
- harna kallazt taHzt etc.

V. Particles.
159. This class of words, generally not inflected, take a
comparison, they form the Comparalive in -a, the Superlative
in -ast; some have shorter forms in -r, -st:
opt oplar optast often
till tillal' tillast closely
"llla villar "mast widely
norlSr norlSar norlSast northerly
skamt skemr skemst shortly
leingi leingr leingst long ago.
160. Some are irregular, 0\' imperfect:
vel bell' bezt good
ilia "err vcrst bad
mjok meir mest much

lilt , minnr (millr) minnst little
gjarna helllr helzt rather

uti ular yzt without
4*
 52
inni innar innst within
uppi ofar (efra) ofarst (efst) up
nilSri nelSal' nellst beneath.
The n. g. of the adjecth'e i'n the l't and 2 001 degree has nften
two forms willI differellt significations as:
u l a r, outside (opposite the door, but "isihle),
ytra, without (out of sight), \
1e i n grand s k e III r, shorttr,., only of time,
leingra and skemra, shorter, only of place.

"

The Formation of Words.

161. The formation of words, much resembles the Danish,
but it is more lively, richer and more certain. We do not
intend to enter here into a minute disquisition, but one of the
chief sources of derivation deserves attention, iL is the Imper-
fect of the 2 nd Order. From the plural are derived:
162. A) Nouns, such as:
drap, from drep, drap, drapum;
nam from Iltlm, naIll, namum;
fengr from fm, fckk, fengum;
sre ri from s" 1\)', SOl';
hlregi from hire, hlog;
fundr from finn, fann, fundum;
sprunga from spring, sprakk, sprungum;
II\'arf ffom bverf, ll\'ad;
s t i g from s li g, s t e i g, s t i gum;
bit from bit, be it, bit u m;
saungr (songI') from syng, saung (song).
Sometimes there is uo differencp- at all, and the 1I0un
seems to he the genuine old Imperfect, as:
hra gil from breglS, bra;
boll from hylS, haulS;
s k 0 t fl'om sky t, s k aut.
The plural brugllum seems to be fOfmed from bragC5 and
not from b r it; also s t i g U 111 from s t i g, not fl'om s t e i g ,
bilum from bit, not from beit; bullum, Conj. form bylli,
from b 0 lS, not from b a u II ; sku tum, Conj. form sky t i
 53
from s k 0 t, not from 5 k aut. [tela ted languages show the
same, as for instance the english
J bite, bit, I shoot, shot, with a bit, a shot, as nouns;
such is also the german:
beisse, biss, schiesse, schoss and the nouns: Biss, Sch1/SS.
Sometimes the r.el'man language lengthens the ,owc! as in
steige, stieg; biete, bot;
but eyeD these lengthened Imperfects harmonize with the Old
~or"k nouns:
8 t i g, b 0 (\, 1I0t s t e i g, b a u o.
But transitions DCCU.' fWIlI
ei into t"
an (ey) into 0 (to
even in the old Ilorsk formation of words, as:
veik-t vik-na; baugr, beygi - bogi, bugI'.
163. B) Adjectives which show in the Active as well as
llasshe that the extention of the yerb is possible. These are
50 much more remar kable, as they have entirely disapearcd
in the modcrn language, as:
d I'ro p - t, d r ro)) - r, d r ro p, what olle may kill;
n iC 1lI- I, to take easily, contagious,
;\ - fen g 1', which is easily received, goes into the head, t"ntoxicates;
a 1- g eng - t, (german gang 1md gdbe) C1trrellt, usttal, fI'om
geng, gekk, gengllm;
fmr- t, navigable, from fer, for;
up p - t mk - t, takeable, from te k, t 6 k.
fI e y g - t, (german {Wgge) fledged, from f1 yg, fI aug;
II C Yt-l, use[ul, from 11 y t, n au t etc.

164. C) Verbs, which instead of the unobjective take lbe

active signification, or if the root were actiye lhey take the
figurative significa tion as:
svrofi, to [all asleep, from sef, svaf, svafum;
smt i, to toatch, from sit, s a I, s aI urn;
hrongi, to hang tip, from hangi, hekk, hengllm;
fell i, to [ell, from fell, fe 11- urn;
breyti, to alter, from bryt, braut;
neyti, to eat etc.
 54

Syntax.
165. In the position of sentences the Old Norsl, resembles
the Danish, but the definite inOection to which the ancients
paid great attention, gave them greater scope and freedom in
the composition of the sentence. - The most remarkable differ-
ence of this kind is the custom of placing the verb, particu-
larly the Imperfect, before the noun or pronoun, as:
kallaoi Njall petta logvorn; -
varu i llessu lla margir hofoingjar; -
ok fekst pat af;
gengu hVilrirtveggju pa; -
rloa lleir nit heim.
166. The numeral pronouns up to 29 are always added to
the Doun as adjecti,'es, whether decl~Dable or not, as:
prir islenzkir menn; fimtan brendr; tuttugu skip
(IlK. 3,344),
but 30 and the higher decimals govern the word in the Acc. as:
IHjatigi sldpa; sextigi hcioingja (Fms. 6, 61);
liutigi manna (Fms. 7, 303).
The reason of this is, that the last part of this compound is
a noun (119) as with
hundrao as: IHju hundruo nauta.
167. The Verbs frequently govern the Gen. as in other
languages, often the Dat and Acc, Some govern two cases,
two Gen" two Dat. or Gen. and Dat., Dat. and Acc. etc.
One of these rules has such expansion that we must spe-
cify it; it is this: a number of verbs govern the Dative, showing
that a thing changes place and position, without being changed
in its own basis, as:
sny, vendi, fleygi, kasta, sl,yt, lypti, dreifi, sai,
styri, rreo etc.
Some take the Gen. in a different signification, as:
hann s k aut 0 I' u til mannsins; but:
skj6ttu manninn llann hinn mikla.
All Verbs which express a use, assistance, injury, saying etc.
govern the Dative, some of them take two Datives, as:
hann lofaoi henni lwi; hon svaraoi lulnum JlVi.
 Prepositions.
16 . The following govcrn thc Accusativc:
urn (of), over umfram, before
1JI1lhvcrfis, rOl/ltd abollt fralllyfh', over
I gcgnllrn, tlll'Ollgh, by fralllundir, against,
also a grcat many combinations wiLh \I Ill, as:
II t U Ill, ont of, olltside,
inn U m; y fi l' U m, j h rl n g U 111 (arollltd in a rillg),
.mel thosc signifying a position, as:
fyrir nor5all, fyrir sunnan, fyl'ir o I'an, fyrir nc5-
an, fyrir utan, fyrir innan, also fyril'handan ana.
169. The Da li,- govcrn:
aI', of hja, by
fra, from asamt, together with
or, yr, ur, or, Ollt gagnvart, above
undan, 01lt of m6t, a moti, 1 moti, against,
with somc combinations, as:
lit aI', Hpp fril, fram or, a undan (before),
framhja, by, over;
i g c g n, against;
a h c n d r; against, in opposition;
til han d a, for, for the best;
a15o: nalr, nalrri, fjarri, near, yet

170. The Genitivc gO"crn:
Lil, to milium, a milli, a me5al, between
an, on, witholtt 1 sla5 (hans), instead of (his)
utan, 01lt of sakiI' (fyrir sakiI')
innan, within sukulll by means of,
auk, withollt vegna
and the composita with III e gin, as:
!.J a. ~ u III III C gin, on both sides,
ij I51' II m III c gin, hi n u m m c gin, 011 eadl side,
11 C S S 11 III m c gin, on this side,
ij lIn m meg in, on all sides.

171. The Accusativc and Datire govern:

a, on cJllir, behind
1, to, in f}Tir, for
mc5, loiOt undir, nnder
vi5, with, by, against yfir, over,
 56
and a gl'eat number of combinations with short, local ad-
\"erbs, as:
upp a, lit i, fram melS, i stalHon fyrir, inn undir,
Ut Yfi I' etc.
172, The preposition at governs three cases:
1) the Accusative in the signification "after" (obsolete),
2) the Dative in the sign. "to, towards" used of things,
places, and time "at sumri", towards summer,
3) the Genitive in 'the signification "at, in."
173. It often happens that a preposition is found before
a noun, without governing the same; in such a case the prep.
belongs to the verb; in reading a short stop is made between
prep. and noun. As:
sva. at pegar t 6 k a f h Of u lS it,
so that (it) straight took off the head.
174. The preposition is often found behind the verb in
relative sentences, chiefly where the demonstr. pronoun is not
declined, as:
Sverrir konlingr haflSi ,ilSset pessi snoru
e I' })eir retlulSu hann i veilSa.
The king Sverrir had seen the cord
UJith wMch they thought to catch him.
The prepos. -i is accented, but forms no composite with ve i lS a,
as I ve ilS a is no word.

Proso dy.
175. The old verse of the Skalds may be reduced to three
Orders; corresponding to the three manners of rhyme in which
the chief poems of the old Icelandic tongue are written.
They are all divided into sing-verses or strophes (vi s a,
staka) which generally contain eight Jines in each verse.
These strophes are again divided into two hah'es (vlsu-
he 1m in g 1') and each of these again into two parts (v I s u-
fjorlSlingr) which form the fourth part of the whole strophe.
The separate lines or verses ( vis U 0 I' lS ) are generally
short, the longest has but four feet, they all have the caesura.
 57

t 7G. The two lil1c~ which form the fourlh part of thc
~lrol'hc arc wilhont exccption united hy alliteration (Ietlrr-
rh~'me), Ihis is a 1II0st essential part of Ihe Icelandic \'ersilicatioll.
The naturc ofAliileI'alion demands IhaL Ihree words should oceul"
. in Ihese line beginning with the s.1111e lelter. One of these
three words lIlusl sland al the hegilliling of Ihe second line
a1111 is cnllc.) Ihe chil'f leW'r, Ihe two others in the first line
arc go\'erncd by ii, the e arc called the sub-Jellers.
If the chief-Ielter he a compound as -sp, st etc., the snh-
lcllers must correspond with it, but ir the chief leller be a 10-
wei or a diphthong thl' -snb-Iellers may chnnge Ihe lone hy
;lIlOlher I"owel, as:
Stelldr Anganl)'rs
ausill n mold II
saIl' i Samsey
sun nan n~r~ri.
1i7. IL is nol always necessary thal the chief-Ielter slands
at the beginning of the line, ill short \'erses it onen has a
toneless word herore it, indispensable for completing Ihe sen-
tence, Ihese are callei! (m aIfy I lin g) "filling 1tp tlte sentence",
such arc or, sem i elc.
178. The Assonance 01' Line-rhyme, I:onsisls in the uc-
('lIrrence in the same line of lWo syllahles, the rowels of
which and Ihe followiug cons. agree logether. The one stauds
nl the heginlling, the other at the end of the syllahle. It is
called halfa~sonance when the ,"owels are different, and only
Ihe consonants agree. These two kinds of the Line-rhyme
arc thus di\'ided; the first line of the quartel' \'erse has the
half-assonance, Ihe second has the assonance, as:
II e Id - v i Id, in the first line,
\' e g- s e g. ill the second line.
179. The final rhyme
is the same as in the modern lall-
guage, except IhnL it is gellerally monosyllabic, and that the
two lines united by the chief-Ietler rh)'me together, as:
~(I C1' hersis hcfnd
"i15 hilmi efnd,
gengr l\lrr ok Urn
of Yngllngs bOrll.
180. Quantily is nOl ohserved, as all syllables may be long.
The freeesl and oldest kiud of vcrse is the (1'0 r n F 15 a I a g)
 58
speechrenie; it bas four long syllables, sometimes two with em-
phasis, and if the rerse permits it is followed by some short ones.
The example of 176 is quite regular without short syllahles.
181. The Heroic-poems (drottne5i) generally hare the
end-rhyme and the syllabic-rhyme. Regular lines, each with
six long syllables, or three spondees, of which the two first
change with dactyls. This is the verse used in most of the
Sagas. It must be ohsen'ed, that one meets sometimes a syl-
lable in the oldest rerses of this kind, before the chief-letter,
which cannot be looked upon as " III ill fy II i n g ", but which
belongs. to the rerse to gim it the right lenght, as:
satta5u . hrafn i hausti
of lme- solIi gjalla
- v v - - -
- - - - -

182. The Songs (1' (\ nben d a) hare also regular lines but
tbey hare hoth syllabic and final rhymes. The shortest rerse
{)f foul' syllables also has sometimes a syllable before the chief-
letter, for the reason giren, as:
rI15 h Ilm i efn d.
Jon Olafsen, who has written a treatise "on the old Icelandic
Poetry" expresses the same opinion on pag. 68.
A single short syllable is frequently found in the rerse.

 PAR T II.

The Old Norsk Poetry and the Sagas.

Iceland was formerly looked upon as the ultima Thule
of Virgil; it receired the greatcl' part of its population from
Norway, where it first became known between the yenrs 8UO
-:870 through the sl{3ndinaviau na"igators Nadd - 0 d d, Ga 1'-
a I' and F I ill k e. The last one called it Icelan() in conse-
<Iuence of the masses of drift-ice which he found in all its
creeks.
The first settler was the Norweinn 111 go If (870) who
/led to the iceland with his retinue and rel:ltions from King
Harald IIarfager who afLel' haring subllucd the other peuy
kings of Norway, obtnined supreme power by le,-elliug taxes on
all the freeholds of the nobles, whom he in rcality reduced
to tenants, and all those who would not submit (0 this usurped
authority, emigrated to Iceland, and thus within 60 ~'cars the
habitable shorcland of the isle was takcn posscssion of.
As 1II0St of these emigrants were the freest and nohlest
men of Norway, some of royal dcscent, others from the Ilowcr
of the aristocracy, they continued their old mode of life in
their ncw bome, and Iceland hecamc an :ll'islocratic rcpublic.
They brought with them their language, the Old Dansk, their
ritcs of heathen worship and their civil institutions. The ground
work of their political life was chiefiy UHi lot's (927), who
established a system of law and crcated the "Althing" a national
parli:lment, composed of all the frccholdcrs of the island, which
held its meetings erery ycar for 14 d:l)'s on thc gI'cat plain of
the T hi n g va \I a to discuss the interc~ts of the land.
Besides this gencral mecting, there werc instituted since 962
 60

a number of smaller T h in g s * for the various districts of the

island, to which was added A. D. 1004 through Nj a I a superior
court of jU5tice. Christianity, already introduccd by some of
the early settlers, \\as Icgally estahlished in 1000, and with it
came the Imowledge of the latin language and literature, in-
deed poetry anll science fouud ground ready to receive them
on these shores, aud both poetry and historic !'agas where al-
ready more widely cultivated here than in other parts of the
germanic nOl'th.
It is no wonder that in this I'emote region a literary life
began and literary treasures were kept and reared, whilst the
wholo:) of northern Europe was nothing but a bloody battlefield.
These noble Norsemen hail bronght with them a beautiful lan-
guage, diamond-hard, pure as crystal and golden tinted, in
which the Edda Songs were written. We call it the Icelandic
or Old Norsk tongue, but the Old Icelanders called it the
"dlJnsk tlinga och norra:na tunga."
It was once the common language of all the tribes of the
germanic north, spoken in Denmark, Norway, Sweden, The
Faroe, Orkney <Jnd Hebrides Islands, and transplanted by the
Danes into England. This tongue is still spoken, Wilh some
modit1cations, in Iceland and the Faroe Islands, it has l\Cpt up
its ancient type, partly from the natlll'ally secluded position of
the island, partly because of its finished literature. In Den-
mark itself, it underwent a proces!' of degeneration by Ihe mix-
ture with the Anglo-Saxon and German, through the influence
of latin and at last by the french, so that it is scarcely possible
now to trace in the Danish language, the once powerful,
harmonious, full- sounding Norrama -tongue. Thus it is that
th
since the beginning of the 14 Century, the contrast of the
old-norsk or icelandic tongue (18lendska lunga) and the modern
danish and swedish language has 'become ,isible. **
It is interesting to enquire how these rich treasurcs of
ancient lore were pl'esen'ed in this remote island. A great
qUllntity of Sagas malleI' was collected in Iceland from the very
flr!'t, not only did the emigrants bring with thelll the great
national Sagas of the Norwegians, Swedes and Danes, but also
*) Th i n g in Icelandic means, a meeting or assize, Court of Justice.
**) K 0 e p pen's Lilerar. Einleilung in die Nordische -'Iythologie; one
of lhe best books on icelandic Iilerature and Mylhology.
Die tr i c h's Allnordisches Lcsebuch, with Inlroduclion on the Old
Nor~k Literature.
 61

the SlIgas of the tribes lind the local traditions from el'el')' part
of Scandinavia; besides a number of Sagas frolll the other
('mmtries which they continually visited in their numerous
trarels by sea and land. The nohies brought with, them their
own fllmily Sngas from the remotest times, and they wcre also
the keeper~ of the Old SlIgas of Gods and Heroes, with the
lalll'r of whom their own families were often connected bv
trnditioll. Hence this illcredibly rich mine of poetr~' and history,
(If mythology and superstition in lCt~land, Moreover the nobles,
from the old houses of Yn g u is or Ski (; Id, remnined in their
northel'll scats, without any other occupation than the cnl'e of
their property, there was lillie agriculture lind that was left to
their sen-an ts. The national fellsls, amI the Things, and also
disputes lind wars occasionally interrupted their solitude, other-
wise their days glilled away erenly enongh. Ennui cll'Ol'e the
nobles partly to trarel, partly to study and writing, nnd thus
they became poets and historians, lind created this rich icelandic
litf~rature which we possess,

The Skalds.
"The early dawn or litel'nture *) in Europe was almost every-
where else marked by an awkward altempt to copy the classi-
cal models of Greece anll Rome. In Iceland, an independent
literature grew up, flourished, and was brought to a certain
degl'ee of perfection before the reriral of learning in the Sonth
of Europe, This island was not conrerted to Chri:;tianity \lnlil
the end of the tenth century I when the nntional literatnre,
which still remained in oral tradition, was full blown and ready
to be commiued to a wriuen form, With the Romish religion,
latin leiters where inLJ'oduced; but instead of being used, as
elsewhere, to write a dead lauguage, they were adopted by
the learned meu of Iceland to mark the sounds, which had been
be!iJre expre~sed by thc Runic charactel's. The ancient language
of UIC North was thus presel'l'ed ill Iceland, whilst it ceased to
be cultil'atRd as a written, and soon became extinct as a spoken
language, in the jlarent countries flf Scandinavin."
Thr. S k a Ids or poets were thr. Minnesingers of the North,
they preserved poetry, mythology and hislory in the I'erses

*) W h e a l 0 n 's History of the Norlhmen pag. 49, - an inleresting

work for the early hislory of lhe [lanes and ~ormans,

62
which they recited. As early as the 10 th Century these ice-
landic Skalds where known far and near. We find them at
all the northern courts, where they occupy a distinguished po-
sition in the trains of kings, whose companions and chroniclers
they were "who liberally rewarded their genius (see Wheaton)
"and sometimes entered the lists with them in trials of skill
"in their own art. A constant intercourse was kept up by
"the Icelanders wilh the parent country, and the SI,alds \Yere
"a sort of travelling minstrels, going continually from one Norlh-
'"ern country to another. A regular succession of this order
"of men was perpetuated, and a list of 230 in number, of those
"who were most distinguished
in the three Northern kingdoms,
"from the reign of ll.agnar Lodbrok to Valdemar II is
"preserved in the Icelandic language, among whom are several
"crowned heads and distinguished warriors of the heroic age.
"The famous king, Ragnar Lodbrok, his queen AsWg or
"Aslauga, and his adventurous sons, who distinguished them-
"selves by their maritime incursions into France and England
"in the ninth century, were all Skalds. A sacred character
"was attached to this calling. The Skalds performed the office
"of ambassadors between hostile tribes, like the hel'alds of an-
"cient Greece and of the Roman fecial law. Such was the
"estimation in which this ordel' of men was held, that they
"often married the daughters of princes, and one remarkable
"instance occurs of a Skald, who was raised to the "arant
"Jutish throne, on the decease of Frode III, in the fourth Cen-
"tury of the Christian rora."
In such a position the Skalds accompanied the king in
their raids and to the battle field, they were present in lhe
banqueting hall and in the hot fight, continually collecting ma-
terials for new Songs, Sagas and Tilles; and at last when Ihey
were worn out and tired of life, they returned to their home
in Iceland, frequently covered with renown and with riches,
to tell their friends and countrymen of the foreign countries
they had visited and of their own exploits. The Slwlds therefore
much more resemble the knightly Troubadours of the Middle ages
than the Indian Bramahs, or the celtic Druills. They could sing
of fights and battles and deaths, which they had personally wit-
nessed, they coulll sing of the Sea with its charms and dangel's
because they had led a daring Vi kin g Ii f e and had steered the
:"steed of the sea"; through storms and tempests. They could
sing of the bliss of the Gods and E in h e I' i a 1', because they
 63
had partaken of kingly hospitality and feasts, the prototypc of
which was Val h a II.
The Skalds obtained thcir highest position at the timc of
Eric, the bloody axe, II a COli thc Good, II a I' a I d and II a -
COli JaI'l.
The most celcbrated SI\3lds of that period wcre: E gi I
Skallagrimson, Kormak Augmundarson, Einar Hel-
gas 0 n S Ii. a Ia g Iam, E iIi f Gu d I' U II a I' SOli, Gu tt 0 I'In S i n-
d ri, GIu m" Gc i I' ason etc., bnt they were all sUl'passed hy the

Norweian Eyvind, the gl'eat-grand child of Harald Haar-

s chi} II s, who receivcd the proud name of S k a Id asp i II i I' (the
annihilator of the Skalds), Even the Icelanders acknowledged him
and sent him a costly present (llarald-Grafelds-Saga c. 18).*)
"As there werc female warriors (Wheaton), or Amazons
"in thc heroic age of the North, so there wcre female Skalds
"or poctcsses, whosc lays somctimcs brcathcd the harsh notes
"of IVaI' and celebrated the' achicvements of conqucring hcrocs,
"and at others sung the prophctic mystcries of ,'cligion.
"Thus we perccivc how the flowers of poetry sprung tip
"and bloomed amidst eternal ice and snows. The arts of pcace
"were sllcccssfully cultivated by thc free and independent Ice-
"landers. Their Arctic isle was not warmed by a Grecian sun,
"but theil' hearts glowed with the firc of freedom. Thc natural
. "divisions of the country by ice-bergs aud lava streams, inslI-
"Iatell the people from each other, and thc inhabitants of cach
"vallcy and each hamlct formcd, as it were, an indepcndent
"community. Thesc were again rcunitcd in the gcncral na-
"tional asscmbly of thc Althing, which might not be unaptly
"likened to the ..~mphyctionic councilor Olympic games, whcre
"all the tribes of the nation comelled to o[cr up the com-
"mon rites of thcir rcligion, to decide thcil' mutllal di[crenccs,
"and to listcn to the lays of the Skald, which commemol'ated
"the exploits of their ancestors. I '
A collection of these early remains of old Scandinavian
poelry will be found in tbe Poetic or E Ide I' Ed d a, the prose
in the Younger Edda and the Sagas, the NJala, the
lIeimskrillgla, thc ]{onungssl(uggsja, and the Land-
n am 11 h 6 k. **)
*) A Catalo~ue of the most celebrated icclanl1ic skalds (Skaldatal)
will be foun(\ in Worm's Liteml. Run, 3nl1 in Peringskiold's Edi-
tion of the Heimskringla.
**) See nos w 0 r t h's Scandin. LiteraL with specimens of the va-
 64

Indeed the Icelandic literature begins with the compilation

of the Poetic Edda in 1056 and ends in the 14th Century.

The Edda.
In the year 1643 the Bishop of Skalholt BI' Yn j u If S veil d
sen found amongst other Manuscripts, a very old Membran
which contained icelandic poems, he had it copied and added
to the title with his own hand "E d d a S ro m un d a I' hi n s
Fr 6 d a" Edda of Sliimmd the Wise. The old Manuscript
was sent to Copenhagen and is now to be fonnd there in the
Royal Library. It seems to have been written in the 14 th Cen-
tury ami although not quite perfect, is the chief codex of the
Edda. .
This Poe ti c Ed d a is one of the most incomparable works
of the human race, no people have noted down Iheir heathen
helief in so innocent a manner and wilh such freshness of
colour as the Icelanders. These Songs are the ancient Helics
01' Antiquity, and are for the Scandinavian Nations, what Homer
and Hesiod combined are for Ancient Greece. It is the thoroughly
original and national poetic monument of the Northern Nations.
The Songs of this Edda consist of the Sagas of Gods and
Heroes. Edda means" proa via" the great gt'and rnother,*
who tells to her numerous grand children the history and talcs
of their forefathers.
The Songs of the Edda are mythologic or heroic - epie,
tbey are of so remote a period, that it is not likely they were
written in Iceland, it is much more probable Ihat they were
brought over to Iceland by the old Noble families in whose
keeping they were preserved, and it is the proud distinction
of the Icelanders that to their intelligence we are indebted for
these, the most precious relics of the germanic races.
Wheaton says: **) "About two centuries and a half after
"the first settlement of Iceland by the Norwegians the learned
"men of that remote island hegan to collect and reduce to
"writing these tl'aditional poems and histories. S mIn Ull d S i~-
-----
rious northern Dialects; 1\'1 a 11 I' t's Northern Antiquities. English trans-
lations of the Elida by S. Cottle (mythol. songs only) and by Thorpe.
*) Hal d I' I' son' explains: "ModiI' heilir ein. amma onnur. edda
hin ~ridia." (l\1oder is called the one [in the first degree} grand mother
the second, Edda or the great, grand molher; the third).
**) Northmen page 59.


65

"fussen, an ecclesia~tic, who was born in Icelandiu 1056

"aud pursned his classical studies in thc univcrsitics of Gcr-
"many and F/'ancc, first collcctcd and arraugcd thc hook of
"sougs rclating to the mythology and history of the ancient
"I\'or[h, which is called thc poetic, or elder Edda. Various
"and contradictory opinions havc becn maintaincd as to the
"manncr in which this collection was madc by Sa~mllnd, who
"first garc it to the world. Some suppose that he mercly
"gathercd the Hunic manuscripts of thc differcnt poems, and
"transcribed them in Latin characters. Others maintain that
"hc took them from the mouths of different Skalds, living in
"his day, and first reduced them to writing, they IJaviug been
"prcrionsly, preserrcd and handcd down by oral tradition
"mcrely. But the most prohable conjccturc seems to be, that
"hc collectcd sOllie of this fragmcntary poctry from cotCIll-
"jlorary Skalds and othcr parts from manuscripts writtcn after
"the introduction of Christianity and Latin lellers into Iceland,
"which hare sincc beeu lost, allll merely added one song of
"his own composition thc S61 a I' Lj (, d, 01' Carmcn-Solam of
"a moral and CIIl;stian religious tendcncy, so as thercby to
"consccratc and leaven, as it were, the wholc lIlass of paganism."
The Eddn contains 1'1 Songs of tllc Gods, and lInd Songs
of thc Herocs. V0 I u - spa (tlrc oracle of rala, tire secI') tells
of. the creation of the World, and thc Gods and People who
dwell in it. The SecI' has hcard of the doings in tlris world
Ii'om her instructors, tlrc primm'al giants, and slrc is acquaillted
witlr nine hcavcns, sire also knows the future.
Thc cntirc poem is most prophctic and remarkablc.
Gr i nr n is - m a I, the Song of Griwnir, in which hc de-
scrilJes tire twclve dwcllings of tlrc Gods and thc splcndour of
Valhalla.
The Va fll /' U5n is-ill aI, 03inn undertakes to visit a
wise and powcrful giant and to question him on thc Wodd,
tlrc Gods and the Giants. The giant gires his replies and
shows Iris IOlOwledge, hut from thc tcnour of the last question
he guesses t1wt the risitor who has drawn his scc/'ets from llim
is the powerful God himsclf.
Thc S 61 a r -I i 6d, the song of the sun, as we ha,"e al-
ready seen is a christian song, interwo,cn with old mytholo-
gical fancies.
. Besides these foUl' most important songs, the following' arc
of a very remarkable kind, in which the old poctry has a tinge
Icelandic Grammar. 5


66
of divine lore, namely: the Skirnisfur, Vegtamsk villa,
IIarbarllslioo, Hymiskvilla and the 11rymskvilla.
The most important of the Songs of the Heroes are
the Vu Iu n d a I' k vi 0 a, the two Songs of II e Ig a k vi II a, the
songs of Siguro, Tafnismal and Sigrl:lrifumal.
The Epic contents of some of these Songs are maintained
by J a c. Gri m m, to have been gathered from the german
forefathers, and that the Scandinavians have saved these tutonic
remains; these poems are of an epic grandeur, and a truly
homeric power, which' give them the foremost position in the
Edda.

'.

Schools were formell in Iceland in the eleventh Century,

anll being far distant from Rome, enjoyed much liberty and
national formation. The Bishops were elected by the Allhing,
the schools wm'e not only established in the ~Ionasteries but
also in private houses.
The Bishop of Skalholt introduced writing in 1057 and
Sagas were then much collected. \Yithout writing there were
songs and sagas in abundance, even traditional science, hut
no literature. The Icelanders like other Norsemen certainly
wrote earlier in Runic Characters, but these were only used
for inscriptions in wood and stone, to express names, pedigrees
and forms of witchcraft, rarely poems.
The ]lunic alphahet *) "consists properly of sixteen letters,
"which are Phenician in their origin. The Northern traditions,
"sagas and songs, attribute theil' introduction to Odin. They
"were probably brought by him into Scandinavia, but they have
"no resemblance to any of the alphabets of central Asia. All
"the ancient inscriptions to be found on the rocks and stone
"monuments in the countries of the North, and which exist
"in the greatest number near old Sigtuna and Upsala, in Swe-
"den, the former the residence of Odin, and the lalter of his
"successors, and the principal seat of the superstition intro-
"duced by him, are written in the Icelandic 01' ancient Scan-
"dinavian language, but in Runic characters."
The Icelanders first recei"ed the latin alphabet from the
missionaries, in a double form, namely from the Germans and
Anglo - Saxons. The german writing (l\lunchsschrifl) became
however predominant, but they retained some of the anglo-.
*) Wheaton's Norsemen 61.
 67

saxon characters. - nooks were created through school-know-
ledge. Young Icelanders visited Germany, England, Italy and
France to study and prepare themselres for the church; they
studied at the Universities ill Oxford, Homc and Paris. Schools
werc cstablished to teach christian learning and to educatc
their own clergy, Latin, Theology, reading, writing and sing-
ing were the branches chiefly taught. .
Sromund hinn fro(5i, Sigfnsson (born 1036. d.
1133) who collected thc poctry of the elder Edda had slt)died
at Paris and Cologne, and in the School on his property 0 d d
was educated "Sn orri Sturluson the author of the Chron-
iclcs of the Norwegian Kings from Odin downwards, and the
Prose Edda. lIistorical prosc rosc to its highest point in thc
th th
12 and 13 Centuries when Sagas of all times and countries
were written or translated. ,
With the gradual fall of the political state in the begin-
th
ing of the 13 Century, wc also find that thc compositions
of the Sagas become less numerous; the 14th Century only fur-
nished translations, fictions, fairy tales and Annals, and eren
these ceased to be created at the end of the Century, \"hen
Iceland was visited by discases and plagues.

roetry of the Sklllds.

th
We find in the 12 Century the most celebrated of the
llistorical Slialds to be:
Marcus Skeggson, IvaI' Ingemundson at the nor-
wegian court, the priest E ina I' I' Sk
ul a so n court poet, from
1114 with Sigurd in Norway. He wrote llOems OIl Sven, king
of Denmark to whom he went in 1151. In the time of king
Sverrer (1177 1202) the following are the most distinguished
Skalds: H a II I' S nor I' a son, MIi n i, Bl a c kr, POI' b i ij I' n ,
SI{ackaskald, and the young Snorri Sturluson.
th
In the first part of the 13 Century Li 0 t, II ij sku Id
the blind, Jatgeir, Snorri, JaI'l Gizur, and chiefly Olaf
hvlta skald lior(5arson (d. 1259) thc author of the l{nlt-
lingasaga and of many poems on Idng Waldemar of Den-
mark and Hakon VI of Norway wcre much esteemed. His
brother St II rl a hi n n fr 0 (5 i (d. 1284) wrote the histories of
Hakon VI and !\Iagnus VIf. In the 12 th Centlll'y we already find
in the Icelandic and Norwegian Sagas a number of folk songs
5*
 68
(Volkslieder) interspersed. S a x 0 Grammaticus often quotes
the~e songs as authorities.
th
Prose writing rose high in the 12 Century, historical
erents were frequeniIy written down, and although the man-
ner in which they were composed, was unfinished, yet an
artistic form is visible in the nanative of events and in the
treatment of the subjects generally. fieal history of which the
father is Ari hi n n fro lSi who wrote a Chronicle of Iceland,
and , the LandnAmabok is treated too much in the character
of dry statistics and genealogy and is much in want of general
suney and enlarged bandling. It is only when we come to
Snorri and his nephews .Olaf and SturIa that descriptive
history becomes more finished and personal dialogues infuses
life into the historical pages. Both Sweden and NOl'\vay have
taken part in collecting and writing down their old law~ <lnd
l)J'ivileges, but we are only indebted to the industry and in-
telligence of the Icelanders for ha\ing presened to us the tra-
ditions of their common Hero Sagas, to which we look as the
real histury of those remote ages. Without these Sagas there
would he a great blank 'in northern history fOJ' several Centuries.

The Sagas.

"The ancient literature of the North" says Wheaton, "was

"not confined to the poetical art. The Skald recited the
"praises of King and heroes in verse, whilst the Saga-man re-
"called the memory of the past in prose narratires. The talent
"for story-telling, as well as that of poetical invention, was
"cultivated and highly improved by practice. The prince's hall,
"the assembly of the people, the solemn feasts of sacrifice, all
"presented occasions for the exercise of this delightful art. The
"memory of past transactions was thus handed down from age
"to age in an unbroken chain of tradition, and the ancient
"songs and Sagas were preserved until the introduction of hook-
"writing gave them a fixed and durable record."
The great mass of Prose writing which has come down
to us, from these cold icebound shores, is truly amazing, it
contains not only the Sagas of entire tribes, but of kings, Jarls
or chiefs, skalds and other celebrities. We will mention some
of the most important
 G9

lsi IIero Sagas

were one of the first subjects of their prose tales. In tlle V() I-
s II n gas a g a we find much of the germanic and northern.cle.-
ment, it tells of S i gfri d 's youthful deeds, this is followed hy
the Hagnarlodbrokssaga, in which is set forth how the
danish king, having lost his qneen Th 0 1'<1, marries S i g fr i(] 's
daughter, whose sons become the great conquerors. 1I0th Sa-
gas belong to the 12 tb or beginning of the 13 tb Centnry.
The Vilk ina or Nifin n gas a g a are based on low gel'-
Illan poems and tales.
There are a number of sagas whose heroes are renowned
Icelander~, such as Finnbog and Gretter, I1ialmter and
Olver, I1romund, I1r6i and of the swedish I1erraud
and 1I 0s i. Sty I' b i 0rn, the Swedefightel', Gaut I' e k King
of Westgothia, and of his son H rolf, and the Sagas of the
Norwegian An, the bow-mall, Stu r Iaug the industrious, I) 01'-
stein the SOli of Vikings and others. .
Foreign Hcro-Sagas ,vere introduced into Iceland aud Nor-
th
way during the 13 Century through translations, chitfly by
II a k 0 n II a k 0 n a rs 0 n and the icelandic clcrgy; of which
J un II a \I t/\ 1', Bishop of Slwlholt 1322-::59 was the most
celebrated. Old British Legends are also early imported through
translations, the B re t a s 0 g U I' is said to have been made by
the monk (;unnlaug Leifsoll in Thingeyre (1218).
Jlany foreign s;Jgas were transcrihed by order of II a Ii 0 n
VI, such as the Pl'ophecies of Mer lin, the AI' t u I' sag a, the
l\lottlllssaga, the monk Itobert, the Tristram ok 180d-
tb
dnsaga; (lJj(] in the 13 Century the Alexandrasaga, amI
the history of l\ing Tyrus and J\ilate, both by Brandl'
J () n s80 n , who died Disholl of Holum in 1264. The precise time
when many of these sagas were translated is not known, as the
Troamannasaga and the spanish FloI' and Blanchel'lur.

IIna The Ilistorical Sagas

were written unter the title So gur, they contain much that
is mythic before the time of Halfdan the Black (863) bnt
much real history is interspersed, which is principally taken
from the pedigrees and tl'"ditiollS of the Nobles of the land. One
of the most important works, on the history of Iceland, chiefly
composed from the various family histories which were then
 70

in existance, is the "I s len din gab 0 k " written by Ari hi n n

fr 0 l'l i (born 1067) which gives a general history of the colo-
nisation and events of the island, down to the beginning of
the '12t~ Century, also the Lan 1 n am a b ... k commenced by
AI' i, which after many continuations was' finished by Stu r I a
l'ordarson (1.1284) with additions by Erlauk Erlend-
son (d., 1334). It contains a complete history of the island
from the taIling possession of the same to the 10 Century, th
but it is full of genealogies and dry detail. - We must further
mention the excellent Frereyingasaga (12t~C.) which treats
of the history of Sigmund, who introduced Christianity into the
Faro Islands. The 0 I'll n e yin gas a g a from the middle of
th
the 13 Century; the Heidarvig,asaga (12 C.) which givesth
an account of the battIe on the Heath (1013-1015) a fearful
contest, in which entire tIibes fought against each other. The
th
Hun g u I' va k a (12 Cent.) treats of the first five Bishops of
Sllalholt.
th
The Laxd relasaga (13 Cent.) is an interesting history
of the trials and adventures of a very rich norwegian woman
Au d a, who fled with her father before II a I' a I1, first to Scot-
land and then to Iceland.
The Sturlungasaga (end of the 13 th Cent.) is one of
the most important historical documents we possess. It begins
its narrative in 1110, and relates minutely the fate of Stu I' Ie,
the father of S n 0 rri, and the various conflicts of his race with
other' chiefs; its author was Stu 1'1 a J? 0 r 1 s soh n who was
engaged in wtiting it until he went on his journey to Norway
in 1164.
The Vigastyrssaga written by a noble Icelander StyI'
(styled AI' n gri m) the "murderous fighter"; he was at last slain,
and it was in consequence of his death, that the celebrated
battle on the Heath was fought.
The Liotsvetninga or Reykdrelasaga, written by
the rich Gu d m un 1 the powerful (d. 1025) and his SOIlS. It
gives an account of the earliest aristocracy of the island (12 C). th
The historical biogI'aphies of the icelandic Skalds are
very interesting. One of the oldest is the Gun n I aug 0 rm-
stunga ok Skald Rafn's Saga from the 12 th Cent. The
Saga of two poets, whose valour was widely renowned is the
F 0 s t b I' re 1 I' a sag a, it tells of J? 0 I' mod who received his
death wound in the battle of Stiklestad, and Porgeir
who saw many a fight in Iceland, II'eland, England and Norway,
 71

in thc laller country he was for some time Court skald at

o Ia f's, until at last he found his end in Iceland, where he
was slain in battle.
The K 0 r III a k I'. I'. a g a also belongs to this remarkable kind
of Sagas, in which the battle and lo\'e adrentures of the~e
Minllesingers and gallant blades, which they experienced in
their J'OlIlanti.c wanderings arc told.
The II ei m I'. k r in g Ia (orbis terral'Ulll) is one of the prin-
cipal works of Iceland. It is written by Snorre Sturlason, a
man to whom his country's history and literature are much
indebted; and who earned for himself the title of the No,'thern
Herodotus. A scion of one of the old noble families, he was
hol'll in the year 1178 at I1vallllll. lIe lived long at the Courts
of Sweden and Norway, became an Icelandic lagman and was
murdered in his castle on the 22 nd September 1241. lIe was
a Illan of great talents, and made himself famous as a poet,
lawgiver and historian.
Snone collected 16 Sagas on his numerous "oyages, the
first of which treats of the mythic times before II a II'd a n the
llIack, followed by the histories of all Norwegian Kings down
to Magnus Edingsson (1162-1184). To these are add-
ed three continuations, til'St by Ka 1'1 Jon I'. son Abbot of
ThingeY"i (d. 1213) who wrote the minute history of liing
S\'crrcr, followed by the histories of II a k 0 n S verI' e I' I'. son,
Gnt tor m S i g II I'll a 1'1'.0 n and I n gin a I' d a 1'1'.0 n, written by
an unknown authOl', and lastly by Stu d a, the last Skald who
wrote the life of Hakon VI and a fragment of Magnus VII.
Snorre mentions that he has not only used the poems of
the SI,alds, but the Sagas of Kings which he found written,
and which he collected in IIiI'. travels. The completion of the
entire work may be placed towards the year 1230.
With this J'emarkable book, a masterpiece of history, only
illferior to the Edda itself, close!'. the history of the Sagas. It
is a lIIine of Icelandic history and mythology, interesting alike
for its swedish and norwegian Anna!:;, giving at the same
time historical glances at flussia.
The history of the Swedish Kings has not Ilecll treated
'rith originality by the Icelanders; nor has Danish history been
faithfully represented after the 12th Century. The J 0 m I'. vIkin-
g a I'. <l g a is the history of the renowned pirates who lived in
the .lolllscastle, the terrol' of navigators and the coast popu-
lation, and Jar! Hakon's taking and destruction of this Castle;


72

the l{ n yt Ii n gas a g a records the history of Ii: nut the Holy

(1080-1086) and his successors down to 1186.
There are also a great number of Biblical Sagas and 0111
Legends extant, which- it would be beside our sketch to
dwell upon.
III'd The Old Late Statutes.
are of great value to the philologist, as these Old Laws and
Statutes were collected ~nd written down by the northern Conn-
tries in their own various dialects. Oue of the oldest is the
Icelandic "G r tl gAs" (Greygoose) which name was given to it
by its last editor the Lagman Gudmund Porgeirssou
(1123-1135). It commenced in 1119 on the basis of the
lb
laws of Ulfl i 0 t in the 10 Century, but was only used until
the subjugation by Norway, since which time (1273) the II a ~
k 0 n arb uk was introduced, which, having being re-edited by
Jon an icelandic tagman (1280) was called JOnsbuk.
The Icelandic Cannon -law (1i:ristinretlr) dates from tbe
year 1275.
IVlh Science.
Remains of Learning and Science are not wanting in Ice-
land, for after the introduction of Christianity, many persons
studied abroad. Grammar, Rhetorics, Astronomy, Chronology,
Physics and Geography were cultivated by them. The study of
Grammar W:lS an especial favourite in which () 0 rod d became
so great that he received the name Runameist:lri (Gram-
maticus) hut the most celebrated work is the

Younger I<:d,la or Prose Edda.

IL was first found 1628 by Arngrim Johnson. Three
Codices are extant, two in the Copenhagen and one in the
Upsala Lihrary. It was S n 0 rre who contributed mainly to
the compilation of t.his prose Edda.
In the 14 lb Century the Younger Edda consisted of three
parts. The 1'1 contained the ~Iyths, or the material out of
which the poetic language should be formed. The 2"d 1\ en-'
n i n gar, gave the forms of authority, in which the mythic
element should be adopted, and it therefore gives the Mytho-
logy of the Poetic Edda. The 3 rJ part contains the S Ii a I(I a,


the rules 0.' art of poetry adopted IJy the Skalds su!JdiridcIl
into three classes namely 1) reading and writing, 2) speaking
corrcdly mill 3) wriling' I'erses as the result of the entire study,
It liJrthel' contains a Dictionary of poetic synonymes and the
whole ,ut of Yersilication, alliteration, species of Yerse, etc.
The "Konungsskuggsia" Kingsmirror, from the 1211
Century, is a curious collection of knowledge and experience.
It contains firstly physical and geographical curiosities, ~econdly,
rules of life and manners to be obserred in the presence of
Kings and Courts, and hence its title.
The learned indu~try, so long and habitually practised by
these noble Icelanders, continued during the Centuries following,
but after the introduction of the fieformation, although literary
occupations were kept up, the authors wrote in latin, much
was translated, nor did poetry entirely die out, but the power
and the lustre of its might and beauty were gone, the Saga
with its powerful poetry and its heroic elements fled, and the
old Icelandic Art was at an end for e\'er. *)

*) We refer the sludent for further information to
M (; b i \I s, T., Ueber die altere isliindische Saga. 1852.
- - Ueber die altnordische Philologie. 186-1.
- - Analecta Norrcena. Auswahl aus der isliindischen und norwegi-
schen Literalur des J\Iitlelallers. 1859.
These books can be had of the publisher or this Grammar as well as:
Ha I do r s son's Lexicon Islandico-Latino-Danicum.
J {, n S son's Iccbndic-Danish Diclionary.

F ri t z n e r. J., Old Norwegian Didionary.

 PAR TIll.
Ice 1and i eRe a der.

Suntlllriallsir PlInkar.*)
;&ubcrlefc Xllulcr.
Separated
, thou[Jltts.
Icelandic: God b6k og god kona, lagfrera mal'gauD brest,
Danish: ob mog og gob ~one rette mallgen mrft,
English: Good book and good wife mend many fault,
sloom b6k og sloom kona skemma margt gott hjartalag, margir
flem mog og Hem ~one forbrere mangt gobt .s)iedelatl, mange
bad book and bad wife spoil many good disposition, many
greta ekki ad ildru a badum peim, enn hVilrnin l)rer
fee me ~aa anbet ~aa begge bem, enb ljtlotfebe~ be
look not to others on both{sides) them, than how (but only to) they
eru utan; - Fer l)eim l)a ad kvarla )'fir
ere ubtlode~. - @lmmer bem ba at Hage otler
are the outside (of things). Beseems them then to complain over
hvol'Din hid innra seinna reynist.
ljtlotfebe~ bet 3nbte fenm ~rtle~.
how the interior later proves. **)
Hcimskum verdur ad halda til goda, po peir tali
~umme bHtler at ljolbe til obe, ffjnbt be tale
Stupid must to keep to good, although they speak
nokkra heimsku, lwi pad voori hardt ad lofa peim aIdrei ad
1togen ~umljeb, tlji bet l.lrere ljaarbt at tiUabe bem albtig at
some stupidity, for it were hard to allow them never to
tala eitt orr!.
tale et Drb.

speak one word.

*) From S i v e r ts en's Icelandic Lresbog.
**) lIIust be constructed thus: Most people look not to both sides,
Iml only to lhe outside of things; it behoves those who complain 10
examine bolh .sides.
 75

Con'ect Danish,
~allfcflJrDg,
~n
gob mog 013 en gob ~one foroe'ore mange l)'ci(, en
feet mog 013 en flem S10ne for'occrtle ID1ange13 go'oe @lin'oe(atl.
-me l)'(efte fee fun l'aa mcggel3 U'otlortel3. 60mmer bet fig
ba at f(age otler 1)tlorle'oel3 Q3cggel3 3n'ore fi'oell erfarel3? ~e
SDumme maa man ()o{be bet til ~o'oe, ffion'ot be tale noget
bUll1t, 'oa bet tli(be tlccre f)aar'ot, a('orig at tiUa'oe 'oCUt at tale
d Drb.

G:ltllr - &aabcr R i dd I es.

Eg er m6dnrlaus, en hann radiI' minn er madurinll minn,
3eg er 1l10'oerlCI3, men 1)an l)'a'oer min er mlan'oen min.
I am motherless, but the father my is the husband my.
Fra modur lill kom eg hofudlaus, og f6lavani,
l)'ra IDco'oeditl fom ieg 1)otle'oh~l3, og l)'ob'oer~manglen'oe,
From mother's life came I headless and fee/wallting,
fell eg )lannin mtlrgum YeI, med Mfdi og fUlulll er cg
fa(ber ieg faa(e'oe~ mange tle(, me'o S)otle'o 013 l)'O'o'oer er jeg
[all I thlls mallY well, with head and feet am 1
lika godur maga Ilinllln, en Ila Yerdm' 1)1I ad blda.
ogfaa gob ID1atle bin, men 'oa o(itler 'ou at tlente.
also good [to] stomach thy, but then must thou wait.
Urad er )lad sem I dag ekki verdur Ilal sama a
S)lla'o er 'oct fom i~'oag me o(iller bet famme i
\Vhat is it wltich to-day not becomes that same /0
morgun, missir hord, rum, 11I1S, og nafuid med, en grro-
morgen, mifter .\Sorb, @Seng, S)UUI3, 013 \)(atlnet me'o, men grees
morrow, loses table, bed, house and the name wit/! but de-.
lUi' lIb ekki missirinn.
ber bog me @lfa'oen (~aoet).
lllores yet not the loss.

Correct Danish:
ill aab cr.
3eg er mo'oerlOI3, 013 min l)'aber er min ~gtefccUe. - ( tl a.
Seg er fOb n'oell S)otle'o 013 l)'cbber, 013 oel)ager bog IDcange.
,


76

Wleb ~ol.Jeb og l5bber fmager jeg big oofaa ret gobt, men faa
bu maa l.Jente I frenb be fomme). - ~ g. -
~l.Jab er bet fom i ~ag me Mil.Jer bet famme i WCorgen,
foranbt'er morb, ~eng, ~ltU{l, 013 maaffe 9'Cal.Jt1, men begrcc'cer
bog ei Xabet? - en 58 r tl b.

T hales - Thales.
Merki til hcimskll er ofmikil lvst

til ad tala.
Ul1cerfe paa XJuml}eb er formegen ~t)ft
til at tale.
Sign of stupidity is too-gr'eat desire to to talk.
Likamans farsa'ld er innifalin i heilbrigdi, en salar-
~egemet{l ~t)ffa(igl}eb er inbbefattet i ~e(breb, men (0jce~
The body's happiness is contained in health, but the
innar i lrerd6mi.
(en'l i ~cerbom (~llnbffab).
sOltl's in lmowledge.

til er iJllld mndur.

BI l'r inbrc IDlanb.
Ale is inner man.
Tyrkja - keisariulI, edur eins og pa rar kallad C<llifcn,
Xt)rlefeiferen eUer lige fom 'ca l.Jar fa(bet ~a(ifen,
The T1lrks' emperor, or (/S then was called the Calif~
l\Iahadi val' cinn af peim sti6rnendum, sem runt sofandi it
ID1al}abi l)ar en af be ~tt)rere, fom l.Jare fol.Jenbe paa
itfahadi was one of those ntlers, who were sleeping on
k6ngs - hasretinu, og feingu agjornum radherrum tamn
srong~,~ifcebet, 013 tinge gjrerrige \Raab~l}emr ~m~
the king's-ltighseat, and delivered avaricious councellors the rein-
haldid i hendnr. Eillusinni pa hann a dyraveidum rar ad
l}olbet i ~renber. Ctngang ba l}an paa XJt)refangfter l.Jar at
keeping in hands. Once then he on deercat~ltings was to
(hunting)
elta steingeit, ,illtist hann fra fylgiurum sinum, og
forflge (0teengeeb, l.Ji1bebe~ l}an fra ~lgm fine, og
pursue stonegoat (went astray) he from followers his, and
. stmyed
 77

IIMlin )'lirfCll hallll, l)egar hann val' lll'cyltur orcliun, kom

~natten o~erfa(bt ~am, ~a ~an ~ar trcet 1i(e~en, fom
the lIight overfelt him, When he was tired become, came
hauJI i riodur, IlVal' lIann sa tjald citt, I'll' hrurill ara-
qan i \Jultb, qbor qan f'hle ~e(t et, ubaf qbi(fet ara~
Ite in cleafiltg, wher'e he saw tent a, from which Ara-
hiskul' lIlal!U1' kom t'It, og bciddi gcst sinn ad \'cra vcl-
bijf [l~anb fom ub, og bab G;jocft fin at bcere \lee.
bic man came 011t, and asked gil est his to be wel-
kominn. Califen let cHi a bcra, hrurr hann neri, annad-
fommen, ~a(ifen (0'0 We mcetle, li~em lian bar, en~
come. The Calif did not disclose, who he was, ei-
hyUrt til ]less ad sja seinna hviirnin honda yrdi rid, }legar
, Meb beb
ten hC bet at fee fenere libodebel'l SBonbe (teebe figl, ba
ther in order to see later how peasant became to, when
lIanu fcingi ad vita, IIv!)r kominn nm;, cllegar og hann
qan finge at bibe, libo fommen bar, eUer og f)an
he got to lmow, who come was, or . also he
retlildi einusinni a Iifstid sinni niOta pess yndis at
,
ag tebe engang ~aa 0' t'b f'
",tbl'll til b b t g)nbeft
n~ e e I'l mornQieljel'l) at
ilttended once in lifetime his enjoy that delight to
IlIng(lngast vid jafllillga sinn. Medan l)essi rerlegi madut
omgaae6 ,beb 2igemanb fin. [lcebenl'l benne cer(ige j))~"lIb
converse with his equal. lVJtile this honest man
gillnli alll hvad hann gat til at tatia vel a moti komum-
gjorbe aCt l)bab l)an funbe tie at tage be( i mob G;jce~
did all that he could in order to talk well against the com-
anni, spurdi Califen lIa11n ad, lnarfyli hann byggi i
ftctt, ,fpurgte ~a(ifen l)am om, f)l>orfor q..n Dt)ggebc i
er, asked the Calif hint about, why he dwelled in
s\'odclan cydiplatsi? fladsem ]H~r med svo miklum reui kallid
faabant ~b~(ab6? ~etfom ~e meb faa ftor met fa(ber
sudl ' desertplace? That which yon with so great right call
eydiplats, syaradi hinn arabislii, "ar fyrrum fjulhyggL
~hep{Clb6, fbarebe ljin ~lrabijfe bar forbum [ted tcet&t)gget
fiesertplace, answered the Arab, was formerly numerously inhabi-
af Arabisl\tlm og Tyrkjamunnum, sem 1J1.\tdn nog ";r!tn'va'ri
\If ~lrClbiffe~ og X~rfe~[llcenb, fom l)abbe nof Unbetf)ofb
by Arabs alid Turks, who had enough support
 78
af kauphundlun og akllryrkju, og med anregin guldu
(If ~ioqanbei og m:gerbt}tfning, og meb ~ornie!f e oetaUe
from trade and agriculture, and with pleasure .paifl
poIanIegann sI<aU CaIifanum Almansor. Sa g6<li lIerra Iagdi
taa(eHg efat ~aHfen m:(manfor. ~en gobe ,pme (agbe-
bearable taxes (to) the Calif Almansor. That good Lord laid
a1(ld a ad stioma sinum Iondum, og gjura IJegna
~Hb ~aa at ftt}re fine 53anbe, og gire Unberfaattet
diligence on to govern his

countries and make . subjects-
sina lukkllsreIa; en hanns eplirkomara - og nilverandi
fine (t}ffeHge; men qan~ ~ftedommere{l og Illtbrerenbe-
his happy; but his successors and present
stiomara Ieti og hyrdllIeysi heft I' feingid hird-
@5tt}tetCl ~obenffao og efibel(lqeb qat gibet (91':~~: .
nders laziness and carelessness have delivered the coun-
stjorunum i hendur pegna hans, svo ad yegna
~\~~~~ne) i ,prenber Unberfaatter l}anl, faa, at formebeift
cillors in hand subjects !tis, so that on account
. peirra agirni em hinir tvistradir vidsregar sem hel'
bere~ jrerrigl}eb etC l}ine abf~rebte bibe 5Beie fom l}er
of their avarice are the others scattered far and wide who here
bjnggu ildur. Califen, sem nn i fyrsta sinni heyrdi sannlcikann,
lit}ggebe fr. ~aHfen, fom nu fJ'rftegang qJ'rte @5anbqeben,
lived before. The Calif, who now for first time heard the truth,
firtist eI,ki af pvi, heldur asetti ser ad ycrda adgmt-
brebebe~ me af bet, men lieftemte fig at liribe o~mred",
got angry not of it, but resolved ltimself to be more atten-
nari i embmUisskyIdu sinni framreigis, en let ekl,i
fommere i ~m6ebl '" Il3Hgt fin frembeie~ , men (ob me
tive in office- duty /tis for the f1lture, b1tt let not
husbOndann a ser merkja med hvada paunlmm hans
,puulponben ~aa fig mrede meb qbHfe stemler qanl
the house-master (on) himself perceive with which thoughts !tis
sinni val' uppfyllt. Sa arabiski vildi gjura komumanni til
@linb bat o~ft}(bt. ~en m:raoiffe biibe gire jreften ti(
mind was upfilled. The Arab would do the comer to
goda alit hvad hann gat, og 1)0 undircins val'
o't'e aU l}bab f)an formaaebe, og bog tiUigc bat
good all what he c01dd, and yet at the same time was
 79
hr;cddur um ad hanD kynni hncixla hann, dl'6 Icingi tlmann,
forfcre
bange for at ~an fltllne (ftcbe) ljam, brog frenge 5timen,
alraid {or that lw might scandalize him, drew long the time,
. adllrenn hann jnladi til ~css, at hann ;ctti eina vlnl1iislm,
forenb ljan hlfebe tif bct~, at ljan eiebe en miilt~~faffe,
be{ore he spoke to that, that he possessed one wine-flask,
sem hanH gjal'llan skyldi gCfa honum ad drckka ur, ef
fom ljan gierne ffufbe gioe ljannem at briffe af, beriom
which lie willingly should give him to drink {rom, if
gestlll' )l)Tdi ad taka )Jad IIppa sina sarmitsku, )lVi cplir
ireit turbe at tage bct o1'1'aa fin ~amoittigIjeb, tIji efter
guest dared to take it ?Ipon his conscience, {or a{ter
Tyrkja-tru er ekki Icyfilcgt ad drckka ,'fn, edur lIeitt scm
5t1,de~~5tl'o er me tiUabeHgt at briffe mUIt, e({er noget fom
T1l1'ks'-religion is not allowable to drink wine, or anything which
Mcingt cr. Califen scm val' 6vallul' )Iessum drikk, "ildi
berltfenbe er. <laCifen fom oar Ilbant benne ~rif, oifbe
inebriating is. The Cali{ who was ?mused tltis drink, w01lld
nytil SCI' tml,if;crid til at ni6ta pcirrar an;cgiu, scm
nt,tte fig 2eifig~ebet tiC at nt,be ben~ ~orncjeffe~, fom
?lse {or himsel{ the opportunity to to enjoy that pleasure, which
honllm val' )wi )'ndislegri af JlVi h\m val' fyribodill, og
~ant bar belto ber,ageHgm af bet Ijun oar forbuben, og
him was the more delight{ul because she ?cas {orblddrm, and
hann vissi ad sitt misbrot mllndi her ei !wmast II PI'.
~an bibfte at fit ~orbrl,beffe monlte r,Ct ei fomme~ 01'.
he knew that his crime would here not come lip.
Eptir ad hann Vat buinn ad drekka hid fyrsta staup, sagdi
(fter at f,an bar fccrbig at. briffe bet forfte ~to, fagbe
A{ter that he was finished to drink the first glass, said
11311n med him bragdi "id )lann arabisl,a: Milln' "in! eg
~mt meb bHbt mafl'll beb ben ~{rabiffe: JIDill men! jeg
he. with mild mine to the Arab: Aly {riend! I
er cinn af hirdsveinum Califans, og p{l skalt ci Imrfa ad
er en af .poffoenbe <laHfel1~, og bll ffaf ei oe!)Cl.le at
am one of courtiers the Calif'S and tltOn shalt not need to
ydrast eptir llann gl'cida scm ~ir hefir gjor'l mer. Sa
fortrl,be efter ben 5l3eoccrtning fom bll r,abcr gjort mig. ~el1
repent o{ that enterlaimnent, ?ohiell thon hast done me, The
 80
arabiski let aptur a m6ti i te gledi og pakklroti
mraoiffe fob atter imob i tee fCl'be og (et) ~afnemmen}\~eb
Arab let again ~'n ret'urn joy and gratitude
fyri IJcssa alud, og syndi komumanni pessmeil'i
for benne D~mCl'di om~eb, og bifte jCl'ften beftomm
f01" this condescension, and showed the comer the more
v~TdillgU. llessi, sem sagdist vera Califans emb:ettisJ:lladur,
mnieelie. ~enne, fom fagbe~ bCl'te (iaHfen~ (imoeb~Ut(lnb,
honour. This, who . said himself be the Califs officer,
t6k fli6tt til floskunnar aptur, en vid hrort eitt staup 6x
tog fnart tH tJfa1fcn~ atter, men beb ~bert et Et~o bOtte
took quickly to the bottle again, but at everyone glass increased
hans amegja og vidl'eldni. Eg viI ekki leyna )lig
~an~ tJorn\:lielie og DmgCl'ngeHgf}eb. Seg \.lif me ffjnfe (for) big
his pleasure and affability. I will not conceal thee
neinu sagdi hann rid hUslJ6ndalln, eg er Califans einka
noget iagbe ~an beb S)uU(\oonben ieg er craHfcn~ oebfte
anything said he to the 11Ousemaster, 1 am the Califs intimate
vin, scm hann heftr mestal' mrotur a. Sa viuskapllr
men, foUt ~(ln ~aber ftorfte ob!jeber ~aa. ~en menifao
li'iend whom he has greatest goodness upon, That friendship
sem hann vyrdist at hafa til min, skal innau sliamms gCfa
iom !jan brerbigc(\ at !jabc til mig, ffaf inben Stott~ gibe
whiclt he appears to have for me, shall within short give
mer trekif:eri at utvega IJl~r velgjordir af hanns hendi.
mig (et) leiHg!jeb at forffaffe big mefgierninger af !jan(\ S)aanb.
me opportunity to get thee benefits from his hand.
llegar enn arabiski heyrdi petta, })6ktist hann ei n6gsamliga
~a ben mraoiffe ~arte bette, tt}fte(\ ~an ei noffomt
When the Arab heard this, thought himself he not sufficiently
geta veitt gesti sillum lotnfngu en liysti hanns klredafald,
funne t}be jCl'ft fin S)\:liagteffe men fi)fte !jan(\ (en) SHrebeooll,
be able given guest his reverence' but kissed his cloths'-seam,
og beiddi hann fyril' alia muni ad spara ei }Jetta vin, scm
og oab ~am for af ~ing at f~are ei bette miin, iom
and bade him by all means to spare not this wine, which
gjordi hann s\'o Iystugann. Mahadi Iwm SCI' belur og betur
gjorbe !jam faa ft}ftig. iOlaf}abi fom fig oebre og oebre
made him so merry. Mahadi come himself better and better
 81
I gjreti hj<i Y(ninll, 5\'0 hann Imrfli c!,ki ad taka nrerri
i lBenffao ~o~ minct, faa ~an ~eljo\)ebe me at tage mer
into [riendship by the wille, so that he needed not to take flear
s~r ad drcl,ka ]Iad fyri luisb6ndans bon. Eg sje sagdi
'fig at briffe bet fot S)lltl~oollben~ mon. Seg fect fagbe
1limself to drillk f't [or the housemaster's request. I see, said
hann, ad 01 scigir allann Yilja. Eg CI' hrurki hirdmadur
~itn, at ~(figer a( miUje. Seg er l}lmfen .pofjinbe
he that ale says all will. I am neither courtier
De cinka ,'inur Califans, hcldur cr cg Califen sjalfur, og
e!{et bebfte men (iaHfenl3, l}eUer er jeg (iaUfen fe{", og
florinti1llate friend ofthe Califs, rather am 1 the Cali[ himself, and
nil starlfesti eg og ytrclla alit pad loford, sem eg adur hefi
un ftitbfreftcr jeg og gjentagcr aft bet ~ofte, fom jeg for ~at
now cOll(irm 1 and l'epeat all that pl'omise which I before have
giilrt ]ler. MaLiski madurinll tok slrax i kyrdum fra
sjort big. ~ritoiffe~manben tog ftra~ i tiU;eb frll
made thee, The Arab took immediately in quietness (rom
bonum Iluslmna, og reLladi ad hera hana burt. IIrad crtli
~annem ITiCafUn, og agtebe at Deere ben bort. .p"ab er bu
him the bottle, and intended to carry her (it) away. What arttllOu
ad gjUra? spurdi Califen, sem hugsadi ad s<i arabiski mllndi
at gjere? fpllrgte (iitCifen, jom trenfte at bcn ~raoiffe monne
to do? asked the Calif, who thOllght that the Arab would
nti 5yna scr h\ngtllm meiri lotningn enn <idur. I'cr
nn biie fig Cangt mete .pojagteCfe enb for. ~e
now show him far more reverence than before. You
megit \'era hyorhelst sem lll~r Yiljid, svaradi hUshondinn,
maa brere l}oofomf)e!jt fom 'tle bH, fl>arebe .plln~oonben,
may be lchosoever which you like, answered the hOllsemaster,
pa lret eg ydur samt ekki drekka meir. Vid fyrsla staupid
ba (aber jcg [lcm bog iffe briffe meer. lBeb ferrte to6et
then let 1 yo I' yet not drink more. At the (i1'St glass
sugd ust ll~r ,"cra slorhcrra, og IlVi gat eg vel trilad ;
fagbe~ ~c orere Gtorqerre, 013 bet fnl1ne jeg be{ troetj
thou saidts you were great Lord, and thai could I well believe;
\'id jJad annad \'orud IJer ordinll mesta upp<i bald Califans,
beb bet anbet, \)ar ~e OCeben mefte ~fC}o(b ~a(ifen~,
at the second were yOl! become greatest favourite ofthe Calif's,
Icebndie Grammar. 6


82
og pa IwCdi eg st6r3 \"yruingu Cyril' yuur j "id hid pridja
og ba ~abbe jeg ftor ~r6big~eb for ~em; beb bet trebie
and then had I great reverence for you; at the third
sogdust IJer vera CaliCen sjalfur, og pad getur skeu,
fagbe~ ~e bcm <afifen. fefb, og bet I>tn flee,
'thOll saidst you were the Calif himself, and that may happen
ad IJad s6 satt; en hmtl er \"id, ad })er \"id fjorda staupid
at bet er faubt; men fartigt er beb, at ~e beb Betbe @)t416et
that it be true; but. danger is to, that you at the fourth glass
segist "era okkar st6ri spamadm' ~Iohamelh, og l<annskc
figefJ bcm bOte~ ftore @)paamanb Wlo~ameb, og Ianffee
say you were our great prophet lIIahometh, and perhaps
,id fimla staupid almattuglll' Gud j en }>V1 a eg bagt med
'beb femte @)t416et' afmregtige ub; men bet ejer jeg Dnbt met>
at the fifth glass Almighty God;

but that own I difficult with
ad trua. Mahadi 'hlo ad IJessu einfaldlega en })6 eHi
at troe. Wla~abi foe ab bette eenfofbige men bog me
to believe. 1Ilahadi laughed at this simple but yet not
heimskuliga svari;' og IJ<lr \"inid VaI' farid ad stiga uppi
bumme @)bClri og ba minet bar fatet &t ftige op i
stupid answer; and as the wine was begun to rise 11p in
hOfudid, lagdi hann sig nidllr a abreiduna, sem hlIS-
S)obebet, {agbe ~an fig ueb paa ~eppen, fom S)uu~.
the head, laid he himself down on the coverlet, which the house-
h6ndinn bafdi retlad honum til samgllr um n6ttina. Daginll
oonben ~abbe agtet ~am tiC @)eng~ om matten. ~agen
mastel' had 1'ntended (for) him as bed during the night. The day
eptir reid hann af stad, toll. med ser lJal1l1 arabiska, s\"o sem
eftet reeb ~an affteb, tog meb fig ben 2lra6iffe, faafom
after rode he away, took with him the Arab, as
leids<lguOlalln, og gaC honum stor gjafil', pegar peil' kOOlU
~ebfagdie~manb og gab ~am ftore aber, ba be fom
guide and gave him great presents, when they came
til flagdad. '
tit 5Bagbab.
to Bagdad.

 83

rt I egchtrslIgan.
G6dgjurdasamul' madul' nokkurr asctti SCI' ad auds 'ua
,'elgjordil' cinum }m-eli siumn, gaf honum PCss\'cgna frelsi, skip
med ullum reida, og sro mildnn forda, scm n6gur yreri til ad
Icita SCI' Jukku og frama mcd, i hvuriu hcllst landi scm hann
rildi taka SCI' h6lfcstu. 1'cssi Crelsingi for urn hord, og let (11'
lagi, en skclfilegr stol'mtll' kom uppa, sem Jlral(ti hann uppa
nol,kra cy, cr honum syndist \"cra 6hygd. 'u val' hann Minn
ad miS&1 alIt hmd hann liLti, hjaJpal'1aus, "issi ekkcrt hrad af
SCI' mundi \"crda, og gat ci hugsad til scinni timanna an skcl-
fingal'. nann \"ar cinsog i }JOlw hrad hann .Uti ad horfa, gekk
Mram i llaunkum, edul' rettara ad seigja l):\nkaleysi, pangadtil
fyri llOnum rani slcttur og trodillll \"egur. Med gledi hellt
hann Mram pann \"c8, og sa :\Ieingdar stDra borg, hrad cd j6k
bans fognud, sro hann lH'atti sporid til ad koma }><\ngad sem
fliotast. IIissa rani hann, l)cgaJ' hann n:\lgadisl borgina, sa
beunaJ' illnbyggjara koma i h6patali a moti ser, segja sig ycl-
komiun med mcslu lllidlatum, og ad stadarins tidkur hropadi
harri ruddu; pcssi CI' ydar Kcmgur I AliiI' fylgdll honum til
borgarinnar med foguudi og glcdilatum; hann \"ar leiddur med
mcstu ridhufn og prakt i lla hull, hrar I{ongarnir \"oru \"anir
ad bafa sitt adsctur, "l1r frordur i purpura I<apu og dirmrot
kortilla sclt a hans hufud. iEdslu hufdingjar borgarinnar s6ru
honum hollustu eid i ails Hdsills nafui, ad llcir skyldu \"era
honum hHduir, hollil', og tn'lir, cillsog peilll hreri "id Kong
silln ad breytl1. Sa nri Kongur hugsadi 1 fyrstuuni, ad pella
alIt "rori ckl<i annad cun draurnur, cn af rcynslunni hIaul hann
ad ganga UI' skugga urn, ad pella YaI' raunar eillsog pad syn-
di~t, s\o hann i huganum yard ad spyrja siillfilln sig; hrad a
}lCUa ad 11i'<! a? Og hvad mun sa ,cllsti Sliornari allra hluta
, rolla ser med mig? 1'essi llanki f6r aIdrei IiI' huga hans, og

Audsyna, show. horfa, appl.l/.

Fordi, provisions. alcinl?dar, /i'om distance,
leila, search. h\'atll sporid, qtn'ckened his pace.f
Frami, honour. harri riiddu, il a loud votce.
D6lfcsta, dwelling. Adselur, restdence.
ad lata ilr lagi, to leave the dirm:ctr, precious,
harbour, brcyta, behm'e,
lJrakli, drifted. hlaul, was olJUged.
LUinn, {intshed. ganga lir skugga, be convinccd.
:l.n, without, , raunar, really, in {act.
6*


84
lolisins kom hann honum til ad grendslast eptir, hvornin a lIlIu
pessu stredi. Hann kalladi pvi pann af hirdm<lnnum sinum
fyri sig, sem optast val' vanur ad vera i kringum hans per-
sonu, val' hans radaneyti, og sem af Guds forsjon syndist hara
verid seUr honum til adstodar i landstj<lrninni. Drottseti I
sagdi hann: hV<lrr hefur gjort mig ad ykkar Kongi? hvorsvegna
blyda mer aUir? og hvad a af mer ad verda? Vitid Berra,
svaradi hirdst jorinn bonum, ad innbyggendur eyar I)essarar,
hafa hedid Gud ad senda peim a ari hyoriu pann Kong scm
se af Adam kominn. Sa Almattugi hefur hrenheil't I)a, svo ad
a ari hvoriu kemur h1ugad ein manneskja, allur Hdurinn tekur
med mestu vidhllfn og fognudi moli pessnm manni, og setur
hann til Kongs yfir sig; en hans rikissljom varir ekki leingur
enn eitt 3.1'. Pegar sa timi er a enda, pa er honum velt ur
bMretinu, dregin af honum tignar klredin, og hann aptur frer-
dur i Htilfjorliga larfa, stridsmenn, scm e)iki gera nein grid,
frera hann ofan til strandaI', Qg kasta honum I)ar (Iti skip, er
flytur hann til annarar eyar, scm af sialfl'ar sinnar kosturn er
hriostrug og gredalaus. Sasem fyri nokkrum dOgull1 val' rikur
Mngur, befm' pa hvorki Pegna ne vini, en lifi.' par 1 sorg og
eymd. Lidul'inn, scm laus er ordinn vid sinn gamla Kung,
fly til' ser pa ad rnedtaka I)ann nya, sem Guds forsjon ariega
sendir hingad, og petta Herra I er pad oumbl'eytanIega logmal,
sam ekki stendur i ydar vaIdi ad raslia. Vissu I)eir scm fyri
mig hafa verid spul'di Kongurinn, pessi hordu forlog? Eingum
peirra svaradi Drottsetinn, hefir Ilad verid dulid, en peil' h~fa
ei haft nogann mod og mannshug ad alhuga svo sorglegar Lt-
farir, par augu Ileil'l'a hafa verid blindud af gIampa ){ollgdre-
misins. Peir hafa lifad og Wid cinsog vellystingar og anregja
hal'a IlYatt 1)11. til, og aldrci hugsad til ad na stodugri lukku, eda
gjora sel' brerileg pau endalok, scm I)eir yissu ser Val' omogulegt
ad umflya; Ilcirra lukku 11.1' leid retid fliotara enn l)a vardi, SYO
Mara dagul'inn kom loksins yfir pa fyrr enn peir voru Mnir, ad bUa
nokkud i haginn fyri sig, ad eymd og utlegd I)eirl'a yrdi peim breri-
leg. Pegar liongurilln heyrdi petti, yard hann millg ottasIeginn,
sveid honum pad mest, ad mil\ill partur af dirmreta timanurn
'val' til onytis lidinn; hann aseUi sel' I)V1 ad bruka pess hetur
~rendslast eptir, inquire. brioslrugur, barren.
ndstod, assistance. Pegn, subject.
Drottseti, counsellor. cymd, distress.
litilfjiirlegr, mean. oumbrcylanlegr, unalterable.
Jarrar, l'afJs. raska, alter.
 85
pad af honum, sem eplir "ar. I'u "ilri Dr6ltseti 1 Sagdi h:mn
til hans, IJU hefir sagt mcr mitt tilkomandi Mall, segdu m~I'
lika hvort medal er til ad komast Idaldaust hja l)\1? l\linnist
lIeI', IIerra I svaradi Drotisetinn, ad IUir komud hingad allslaus
til eyarinnar, og athugid IJa ulldir eins ad alit eins mllni rerdel,
Ilegar llcl' farid hedan, og ad }Ier aid rei mUllud sia hana aptur,
Eiu einasta medal er til, ad val'1la })\1 Malli scm fyril' ydur
liggur, luir rel'did ad senda smidi til eyarinnar, scm per egid
ad fara lil, lata b)'ggja }I:\r stor vistalllls, og fylla Ilau af ollu
scm IJarf til ridul'lifis. Fors6mid hCdanaf ekkert augllablik scm
}H~na kann til ydar lukku og brukid ull }Jau medol scm }Jer
gelid upphugsad, til ad koma i \'eg fyri }ta vcsold, sem fli6lt
dynur yfir en leillgi ,-arir; aJil }Iella ,-erdur ad gitlrast un dan-
drattarlaust IJ\'i t.idin fl'ygur, sa fastselti tlmans p"mktur nalgast,'
og IJad el' fOl'gefins ad leLia SCI' ad aptUl' kaHa pa stund scm
aflifud er; cn yfil' alia hluli fram, mllnid til }less ad a peim
slad, sem Ilcl' cgid til sroddan lallgframa ad Ma, mnllud per
ckkerl fyri finna nema Ilad, scm }leI' liltid flytja }Jangad, a pcim
slutta Hma er IJer egitl cnnu eptir. K6ngurinn fcllst a rad
Dr6ttscta sins, scndi strax smilli til Eyarinnar ad koma ollu
}ICSSU i vcrk, hann let gjora 6lIna ad ylHlisligulll og gagn-
legum b1Jstad. Loksins kom sa akYardalli dagur, konginum
val' snarad ur hasletillu, allm' Ii.ongs-skrlldi af honum tekinn,
og hann hnepptur uti skip sem flutli hann i hans ULlegdarstad.
l'essi afsetti I\ongur kom }Jangad lukkulega, og lifdi l)ar hredi
r61egri og anregdari enn adur.
Mall, disaster. "idurlifi, suhsistence.
Klaklaust, without danger. und:lOdraltarlaust, without delay.
Vislahus, store-room. langframa, {or so long a UTIle.

Af Egils-Saga,

l'pphaC rikis lIarallls hartagra.

IIaraldr, son II<ilfdanar svarla, hafoi tekil art eptir fiJi'Sur

sinn j hann hafoi }ICSS heit slrcingt, at hila cigi skera bar sitt
ne kcmha, fyrr cn hann Yl'cri eill\"aldskomIngr yfir Noregi; hann
\"ar kallaor HaraldI' Mfa. '
Sioan baroist hann vio IHI konunga, er nrestir "am, ok
 86
sigra5i pa, og eru )m langar frasagnir. Sman eignaoist hann
Upplond, pa5an f6r hann nor5r I Prandheim, ok ;Uti )Jar mar-
gar orrostur, il15r Ilann yr5i einvaldi yfir ollllm Prrendalogum.
Si5an retlaoi hann at fara nor5r I Naumuual a hendr peim
brredrum Herlaugi ok IIrolIaugi, er pa YAro konungar yfir Nau-
mudal. En er peir brredr spurou til feroar hans, Ilil gekk
Herlaugr i haug }Jann meo tolfta mann, er a5r Mf5u peir
gera Iati5, ok varo at prja yetI'; val' si5an haugrinn aptrlokinn.
En Hrollaugr kOUllngr veltist or konungdomi, ok tok upp jarls-
rett, ok for si5an il vald IIaralds konullgs, ok gaf upp rlki sitt.
Svi\. eigna5ist IIaraldr konungr Naumdrnlafylki ok HaIugaland;
setti hann )Jar menn yfir riki sitt.
Si5an bjost HaraldI' konungl' or Prandheimi men skipali5i,
ok for su5r a l\lmri, atti par orrostu vi5 Hunpj6f lwnung, ok
hafoi sigr; fen par HunIJj6fr: pa eignaoist HaraldI' konungr
Nor5mreri ok Raumsdal.
En Sol\'i klofi, son lIImpj6fs, hafoi undan komizt, ok for
hann a Sunnmreri til Arnvillar Iwnungs, oli ball hann sel' full-
Hngs, ok sagoj svA: Pott IJetta vandrredi hafi nil borit oss at
hendi, )Ja mun eigi langt til, at sarna vandrredi mun til yorar
koma; pviat HaraldI' retia ek jlt skjott mun her lwma, pa er
hann hefir alIa menn prrelkat ok a1Jji15, scm hann vill a Nor5-
mreri ok I Raumsdal. l\llInu' per hinn sarna kost fyrir hondum
eiga, sem vrer ,Utum, at verja fe y5vart ok frelsi, ok kosta
}lartil allra Peil'ra manna, er yl5!' er Iilis af van, ok viI ek
bjo5ast til me5 mlnu liOi moti )Jessum ofsa ok ojafnaoi. En
at ollrum kosti munu per vilja taka upp Pat ril5, sem Naum-
dmlir gerou, at ganga mell sjalfvilja i anauo, ok gerast )ll'rel31'
I1aralds. Pat potti foour minum sigr, at deyja i IwnuDgdomi
meo smmd, heIdI' en gerast undirma15r annal'S Iwnungs a ga-
mals aluri: hygg ek at per muni ok svA jJykja, ok oorum peim
cr nol;:kurir ero boroi, ok kappsmenn ,ilja vera. Af slfkum
fortolum val' konungrinn fastraoinn til )less at samna lioi, ok
verja land sitt.
Dundu peir Sulvi pa saman lag sitt, ok scndu oro Au5-
hirni konungi, er reo fyrir Fir5afylki, at hann skyldi koma til
Jios vill )Ja. En er sendimenn Iwmu til Au5bjarnar konungs,
ok baru Mnum )Jessa or5sendlng, pa rMst hann urn vi5 vini
sina, ok reuu hAnum ))at aliiI', at samna lilli, ok fara til mots
,io Mmri, sem hc1mim yarO 01'5 send til.
Au5bjol'l1 konungr let skera upp heror, 01, fara herb05
um alIt sitt riki; hann sendi 01, 01'5 rfkismonnum, ok ba5 pa
 87
~oma a sinn flllld. En er sendimcnn kOl11'mgs komu til I{yeld-
UIf~, oli sugou Mnum sln crcndi, ok ~at al konllllgr viii, at
}\ycld-Ulfr l'Omi til hans mco alia hUskarla sina; pa syarar
hann: !'at mun konimgi skylt p)'kja, at ck filra mco Mnum,
ef hann slial Yerja land sitl, ok sc hcrjat 1 Firoafylki, cn hitt
<etla ck mcr alloskylt at fara norlSr a l\Imri ok bcrjast jlar, ok
,'cl'ja land flCirra. Er YOI' r,at slijotast at scgja, Ila CI' }lcr hiuio
konung yo\'am, at J\ycld-UIfr mun lteima sitja um }leUa hcr-
hlaup,ok hann mun cigi hcrliili samna, ok cigi gera sina Ila
heimanfcro, at bcrjast1l1oti JIaraldi lufu; pYIat ck hygg at hann
hali Ilal' byroi gnoga hmningju, cr konungr y<lrr hafi cigi Iircp-
piug fullan. FOI'o scndimc!lII hcim til kOllungs, ok sogl)u Mnum
erclldislok sin, Cll Iircld-Ulfr sat hcima at blmm sillum.
Pcir !16rolfr ok Egill y<1ro jlann \'etl' mel). Pori (hcrsi)
I gol)u yfirhcti, cn um yArit bjuggu (lcir langskip mikit, ok
fenl:,"U manna til, foru um sumarit i AustrYcg ok hcrjuou, fengu
jlar of fjar, ok aUu orrostor mllJ'gar. hir hcldu til Iiurlands,
ok liigou Yio landsmcnn halfs m3naoar frio, ok hoflSl1 yio fla
liaupstcfllu; ell CI' flYi yar lokit, fla toko peir <rt hcrja, ok logou
at i )'msum sWoum.
Einll dilg Iogou jlcir nt rio ar6s cinn mikinu, ok yar par
murk mikil {I land upp; Ilcir rcou pal' til uppgollgu. Lioi yar
skipt i SYCilir, lolf munnum samail; flcir gcngu yfir skoginn,
ok rat' ]lli cigi hingt, :\01' cn b)'goin t6k rid; IJCir rrontu ])(\,
ok draplI mcnn, cn Jioit fl)oi, unz ]Icir fCllgu llnga YiOtllku.
En cr a1ci3 dnginn, }la let POI'olfr blasa lil)inu til ofangollgu;
sncru menn 1)(\ aptr askoginn, Ilar sem hverr yar staddr. En
cr peir J1orolfr rannsokuou lioil, ]la rar Egill cigi ofankominu,
ok sycil hans, en ]la lok at myrlna af nott, ok }lottuSt menu
eigi mega lcita hans.
Egill hafili gcngit Jfil' skllg 1I0ldmrn, ok tolf menn meo
hAnlllll, ok sa }lcir }>:\ slcltur ll1)'klar ok I.>ygoir. Bml' eion
sloo skamt fra ]leim; IlCir slcfna til hmjarins, en CI' pci!' I'OJllo
}lar, hlallpa }lcir i hllS inn, ok YCl'oa ckki Yio mcnn Yarer;
}leir tol'O fc )lat alit, cr fyril' IJCim "aI', laust, }lal' yAro mOl'g
hllS, ok draldist })cim ]Iar Icngi.
En er }Icir vitro lHlwmnit', ok fdl hrenllm; yal' lio komit
milli ]lcil'ra ok sl,og(lrins, ok solti Ilat (It IlciJll. Skiogaror val'
hill' fra hmnum Iii skogarins; l><i m,elti Egill, at (leir skyldu
f~'lgja hanuD1; sr:\ at cigi moclli ollllm mcgin nt peim ganga.
Peir gcrou srfl, gckli EgiJI fyrslr, cn sioan In'cl'r at uorum,
5,,11 lIocr at e1dii malti skilja ~1\, Iilll'cr soltll at lleim fast, ok
 88
mest mel5 logum ok skotum, en gengu ekki i hoggorroslll.
En er peir EgiII heldu fram mel5 sldllgal'llinum, fundu 11eir eigi
fyrr, en 11ar gekk annan' skil5garllr jafnframt, ok geroist par
mj6tl i miIIi, partil er lykkja vaI'll a, ok matti eigi framkomast.
Kurir soUn eptir peim i kvina, en smuir sOltu utan at, ok
logou spj6tum ok sverllum i gegnum garllana, en sumir barn
klmlli a vapn peirra. Ur<5u 11eir Egill sareI', ok lwi mest hand-
tekner, ok aller bundner, leiddir sra heim til hrojarins.
, Sa val' rikr mal5r ok au<5igr, er bro 11ann <ltti; hann atti
son roskinn. Ila val' umrrodt, bvat vil5 l)a skyldi gera: saglli
bOndi, at Mnum p6tti pat ru<5, at drepinn, vreri hverr a frotr
ij<5rum; bOndason segir at pu gerlli myrkt af nott, ok matti
enga skemtan af hafa at kvelja pa, ba<5 hann lata billa morgins.
Val' peim pa skoti<5 i bUs eitt, ok bundnir ramliga; Egill val'
bundinn vi<5 staf eiun, bm<5i hendr ok frotr; sillan val' Msit
lrest rarnliga, en Kurir gingu inn i stufu, ok miltullust, ok
vAro allkatir ok drukku.
Egill frorllist vill, ok tre)'sti statinn, til pess er upplosnalli
or golfinu; sillan "fell stafrinn, smeygllist Egill l)a af stafnum.
Eptir pat leysti hann hendr sinal' me15 Wnnum; en er hendr
hans "oru lausar, leysti hann bilnd af fMum ser. Si15an leysti
hann felaga sina; en er 11eir vAro aller lauser, l1a leitullust
l1eir urn, hvar likast val' ilt at komast. Hllsit val' gert at vegg-
jum af tirnbrstokkum st6rum, en i annan enda hUssins val'
skjaldlJili flatt, hlj6pu peir parat, ok brulu pilit; val' l)ar hUs
annat, er peir lwmo i, vAro par ok timbrveggir urn.
. )hl Iteyrllu peir manna mal undir frotr ser nillr; leitullust
11eir pa urn, ok fundu hurl5 i golfinu. lulm peir par up, val'
parundir grof djllp, heyrl5u peir 11ungat manna. mal it. hi
spurlli Egill hvat manna 11ar v<Bri. Su nefndist Aki, er ~'ill
hann mrelti. Egill spurl'li cf peir vildi upp ur grofinni; Aki
segir at peir vildu pat gjarna; sioan letu l1eir Egill siga festj
ofan i grilfina, pa er IJeir vAro bundnir meo, ok drogu ]Jar
uPP IJrja menno Aki segir at 11at varo synie hans tveir, ok
peir vAro menn dansker, hUfllu 11ar oellit hertelmer it fyn'a
sumar. Val' ek, saglli hann, vel haldin.n i vetr, haflla el{ mjok
fjarvarllveizlur Manda, en sveinarner vAro 11jal'ler ok undu l)eir
ilia. i HII' rellu. vel' til, ok hlupum a brotl, ok urollm sillan
fundner, vAro vel' pa her setter i grilf 11essa. Iler mun her
kunnigt um ~usasldpan, segir Egill, hva,' oss er vrenst a brott
at komast. Aki saglli at par val' annat skjaldlJili: brj6li pCI'
}lat upp, munu per pa koma fram i kornhlilllu, en pa er ut-
 S9
ganga scm sjalfr viii. hir Egill gcrl5u svA, brutu upp Nlit.
gcngn sl15an i hlo(5una, ok lla15an lit. Nil5amyr!u' \'ar a.
I)a JD<eltu IJeir fOrunall~ar Egils, at llcir skyldu skllnda
a sk6ginn. Egill rn<elti vil5 Aka ef llcr cm h!Jr kunnig hS"byli,
(la muntn visa oss til fefanga nokkUlTa. Alii segir at eigi
rnllndi liar skorta lausafe: her er lopt mikit, cr hOndi sefr i,
par skorter eigi vApn inni. Egill bal5 pa llangat fara til lopt-
sins; en er peir komo upp a 10ptril5it, lla sa Ileir at loptit val'
opit; val' lIar Ijos inni, ok pjonostu-menn, 01, bjUggli rekkjur
manna. Egill bal5 l,a suma lIli vera, ok grota at engi krolllist
lit. Egill hljop inn i lop tit , greip 1);11' ,"Apn, Ilviat Ilau skorti
liar eigi inni, drapu lIar menn alia, Ila er liar "Aro inni; l,eir
toko gel' aller alncpni.
Aki gel,k liar til er 1llemmr val' i golf}ljlinu, ok lauk upp,
mrolti at peil' skyldi }Iar oran ganga i U1Hlirskemmllna. hir
toko ser Ijos, ok gengu I,angat; \'Aro liar fehirzlUl' hOnda ok
griper go(5er ok silfr mikit; toko men ser IJar byr15ar, ok baru
ul. Egill tok undir Mnd ser mjOddreldm eina '"el milda, ok
bar hana undir hendi ser. En er pei!' komo i sli6ginn, lla
nam Egill sta15 01, mrolti: llessi ferl5 er allill, ok eigi hermann-
lig; vel' hufmn slolit fe hOnda, sv;l at hann veil ekki til, skal
oss aldregi IJa sl,Hmm henda; fOrum nIl aptr til bmjarins, ok
hHum lHI. vita hral till er. AliiI' mroltll 1M i mot, sug15u at.
peir "ildu til skips.
Egill scll' ui(5r mj(ll5dreklmna, si15an hefr hann a ras, ok
rann til bmjarills; en cr hann kom til bmjal'ins, pa sa Iwnn,
at 'I)jonostusreinar gengu fdl eldaskala mel5 skutildisl,a, 01, barn
inn i stofuna. Egill sa at i eldahllsinu val' eldr mikill, ok
katlar yIJr, gekk hann p;lngat til. br hofl5u verit stol,kar
stOrer flutter heim, ok s,"A eldar gener, sem I,ar er !'il5l"enja
til, OIL cldinn slial leggja i sloksendann, ok brennr sr;\ stokl,-
rinn. Egill greip HJlJ! stokldnn, ok gekk heim til stofllnnar,
ok skaut peim endallum er 10gal5i upp undi(' upsina, ok sn'l
upp i nrofrina, ok fcsti IJar eldinn i sl_jOlt. En rio;r hiu liar
skamL I brott, ok bar hann I)a ryrir stofmlyrnar. Eldl'inn las
skj6lt trool"il5inn, en }leir el' ,"il5 drykkjuua satn; fundn eigi
rp'r, en loginn st60 inn urn rrofrit. I1Ij6po menn IJa til dy-
ran na; en I,ar val' e),ki grci~fml't ut, ba:oi fyrir \'jlhlllum, srA
IJat at Egill yar15i dyrnar, 01, drap }la fiesta el' tit leitu15u, hro15i
i dyrnnum ok uti fyri.
Bl,ndi spyrr, hyerr fyrir eldinum lcl5i. Egill segil': sa
einn r<cor mi fFir cldi, er l,er mundi olikast llykja i gtCrkvcld~
 90
ok skaltu el,ki bemast at baka heitara, en ek mun kinda; skaltu
hafa mjukt bao fyrir mjllka rekkju, er pu veitter mer ok minum
forunautum. Er her nu sa sami EgilI, er pu JeZL fjotra, ok
binda rio stafinn 1 Msi Ilv1, er per lrestl!0 vandliga: skal 1111
launa per vioWlwr, sem Ilu ert veror. I Iwi retial' bOndi at
leynast ut i mJfkrit, en EgilI val' nrerstaddr, ok bj6 hann pegar
banabogg, ok marga aora. En Ilat val' svipstund ein, aor stu fan
brann, svA at hon fell ofan ; tyndist par mestr hluti lias pess,
er 1m' val' inni.
En Egill gekk aptr til sk6garins, fann Ilar forunauta sina,
fara pa allir saman til skips. Sagoi Egill, at mjoodrekku pa
vill hann hafa at afnamsfe, er hann f6r meo, en hon val'
reyndar full af silfri. Peir P6r6lfr urou allfegnir, er, Egill lwm
ofan, heldu }Jeir pa {legal' fra landi, er mornaoi. Aki ok Ileir
feogar vAro f sveit Egils. Peir sigldu urn sumarit, er aleio, til
Danmarl,ar, ok lagu par enn fyri kaupskipum, ok rrentu par
er Ileir lwmust vio.
HaraldI' Gormsson hatOi Ila tckit vj(j rlki 1 Danmork,
en Gormr val' pa danor', faoir hans; land it val' Ila berslultt,
-
Iagu viJdngar mjog llti fyri, Danmorku. Aka val' kunnigt i
Danmorlm breoi a sja ok landi; spuroi Egill hann mjog ept-
ri, hvar peir staoer vreri, er st6r fefaung mundi fyriliggja. En
er peir komu i Eyrarsund, Ila sagoi Aid at par val' a land upp
kaupstaol' mildlI, cr bet i Lundi, sagoi at par val' fevan, en
Iikligt at liar mundi vera viOtaka, er bmjarmenn vreri. Pat
mal val' uppborit f1Ti liosmonnum, hvArt par sl,yldi raoa til
uppganngu eoa cigi. Menn t6ko par allmisjafnt a, f~-stu sumer
i:Jn sumer lottn, val' Ini mali skotio til styrimanna. P6rolfr
fysti heIdI' uppgaungu; pa varrmdt vio Egil, llYat honum IlOtti
rao hann kvao visu:
. Upp slwlum orum sveroum,
ulfs-tann-lituoI I glitra;
cigum dao at drygja
i dal miskunn fiska.
Leiti upp til LundaI'
lyoa In-err sem braoast;
gerum Ilar fyri setr solar
seio Ofagran vigra.
Sloan, bjuggust menn til uppgaungu, ok f6ro til kaupsta-
oarins. En er bmjarmenn urou varer vio lifrio, pa stefndu
Ileir 1 m6t; val' par treborg um staoinll, settu Ileir Ilar menn
til at verja; t6J,st par bardagi hinn haroasti. Egill s6tti at

 91
hlilSinu fast mell sina sreil, ok hliflli SCI' lilt; rarlS jlar mikit
mrmnfall; ~\i at hYCIT fell lim annan borgarmanna. El' srA
sagt at Egill gengi fyrstr manna i borgina, ok sil5an In'err
at ijllrum; sloan flylln brejarglCnn, val' jlar mannfall mikit.
En jleir l)orolfr rrenlu kaupslallinll, 01, toku mikit fc, en brcndu
l)(:ejinn, allr ~eir sl,ildust viIS. Foro slOan ofan til sliipa ~inna.

Af Snone Sturlcsells Heimskrillgla.

Saga lIakollar gOlla.
1. 1I;Ikon Allalsteinsfustri val' jnl a Englandi, Cl' hann
spUl'lli andlat IIaralds konungs fUllur sins; bjost hann j):1 pegar
til ferllar: fekk Allalsteinn konungr hanom lig, ok gullan slii-
pakost, 01, bjo hans fOr allyegliga; ok kom hann um hauslit
til Noregs. Pa spurlli hann fall hrrellra sinna, ok jlat mdS
at Eirikr kO[J1'mgr val' j)a I Vlkinni: sigldi Ila Ihlkon norllr til
l'randheims, ok for a fund Sigtlrllar II1alSajads, er allra speldnga
val' mestr i Noregi, ok fckk Ilar gollar ,iotllkur, ok bundo Ilcir
Jag sitt saman; het Hakon h:l.nom miklo riki, ef hann yrdi
konungr. h leto I)eir stefna j)ing fjolmennt, ok 3 pingino
talalli Sigurdl' jarJ af hendi lIalwnar, ok bauo b6ndom hann
til konungs, Eplir I)at slOll lhilwn sjalfl' upp ok talaoi; mmlto
1)3 tveir ok tYcir sin a milli, at jJUr vmri kominn IIaraldr !lar-
fagri, ok oroinn ungr i annat sinn. Hakon hafoi jlal upphaf
sins nulls, at hann bciddi hrendr riOtlllm, ok at gefa ser kon-
(lIIgsnofn, ok I)at mell at yeila ser fullting ok styrk til at halda
konungdtJmillom; en llarim6t bauo hann jlCim at gCl'a alia
hrendr ooalborna, oli gcfa peim Mol sin, er abjoggu, At jlesso
orcndi varo romr sr:l. mikill, at aliI' bOnda m(lgTinn repti ok
kallalli, at I)cil' vildi hann til konllllgs taka; oli val' sn1 gert,
al I l rmndil' tolm Hakon til konungs urn alit land, [pal' "ar hanll
15 vetra: tok hann ser Il3 hirlS, ok fur yllr land.
bu tillindi spurlSust 3 Upplllnd, al IlI'mndi!' hufllo SCI' IWIl-
(lDg tel,it, sllkan at ollu sem HaraldI' hinn lu\rfagli val', Bema
I)at sliildi, at HaraldI' hafOi allan I)'d i landi [prmlkat 01, al)j<l15,
en jJCssi, Halwu, 'ildi ll\'erjom mallni gOlt, ok hallli aptl' at
gcfa b6ndom oliol sin, ~au Ct' IIal'aldr lwnungl' hafOi at' j)eim
tekit. Vio j>au tiliindi urllo allil' glaliir, ok saglli hrel'" olil'lIm,
 92

flang ~at sem sinoeldr alit austr til lands enda. Margir hrendr
foro af UppliJndnm at hitta Hakon konulIg; sumir sendo menn,
sumir ger50 or()sendingar ok jartegnir, en allir til }less, at
hans menn vildo gerast. I\onllllgr tok pvI ~akksamliga.
2. Hakon konungr for ondur()an YetI' a Upp\(jnd, stefndi par
ping, ok dreif alit fOlk a hans fund, pat er komast matti; v(lr han
pa til konimgs tekinn a ollum plngom; for hann }la austr til Vlkr.
11. Pa er Hakon val' konungr 1 Noregi val' fri()r g05r
med Mndom ok kaupmonnum; svA at engi granda()i o()rum
ne annars fe; pa val' ok ar mikit bre5i a sja ok landi. Hakon
konungr val' allra manna gla5astr ok maIsnjallastr ok IitillMastr;
hann val' ma5r storvitr, 01, lag5i mikinn hug a lagasetnlng:
halm setti GnlapingsIog mel:5 ra5i Porleifs spaka; ok hann setti
Frostaplngslog me5 ra()i Sigur5m' jarls ok annarra prrenda,
peirra er vitrastir varo; en IIei5srefislog haf()i sett IIalftlan
svarti, sem fyrr er ritat.
15. Hakon konlmgr varvel kristinn, er hann kom i Noreg,
en fyrir }wl at }lar val' land alit hei5it, ok blotskapr lllikill,
ok st6rmenni mart; en hann IJottist li5s }lUrfa mjok ok alpy5u
'insreld; 1Ja t6k halm }Jat ra5, at fara Icyniliga me5 kristninlli,
helt sunnodaga ok frjadagafusto 01, minnlng hinna strersto IJaU()a.
Hann setti }lat i Jogom, at hefja jolahald pann Hma, sem l,rist-
nil' menn, ok sl,yldi pa hverr ma5r eiga mrelis iiI, en gjalda
fe ella, ok halda heilagt me5an 01 ynnist; en a5r val' jolahald
hafit Hoko-noU, pat val' mi5s\'etrar nOtl, ok haldin priggja natta
joJ. Hann retla()i sra, er hann festist I landino, ok halm hef()i
frjalsliga undir sik lagt allt landit, at hafa pa fram kristnib05.
Hann ger5i sva fyrst, at hann lokka5i pa menn, er hallOm Hi.ro
krerstir til kristni; lwm sva me5 Yinsreld hans, at mjok margir
lcto sklrast, en snmir leto af blotom. Han sat li.ingom I Prand-
heimi, }wlat par val' mestr styrkr landsins, En cr Hakon kon-
ungr poltist fengit hafa 'styrk af llokkorum rlkismunnum, at
halda upp l,ristninni, pa sendi hann til Englands eptir biskupi
ok 05rllm kennimonnum; ok er }leir komu I Noreg, 1la ger5i
Hakon kom'mgr pat bert, at halln yildi bj05a kristni lim allt
land, en MreriI' ok Raumdrelir skllto }Janl1ug sino mali, sem
Pramdir varo, IIakon konungr IN 1)(\ \'Igja l,irkjol' nokkorar,
ok setli par presta til. En er halll1 kom I Prandheim, }Ja
stefndi hann ping vi5 brendr, ok ban5 }leim kristni. Pei!' svara
sv:l, at 1Jeir Yilja pesso mali skjota til Frosta]Jlngs, ok vilja pa
at par komi menn or ullum fylkjom, 1leim scm ero i llrrenda-
lugom; segja at pa mAno peil' svara ]:Jesso \'andmreli,

 93
17. Halton kom'wgr kom til Frostailings, ok Val' lIar komit
allfjolmennt af bondom. En er )llng val' sett, pa talalSi Hakon
konullgr, hefr )n\]' fyrst, at )lat val' boo hans ok bam ,ill bamdr
~k Mllegna, rika ok llrlka, ok IJarmeo vjlJ alia al)IYlSo, lmga
,
menn ok gamla, srolan ok vesrolan, konur sem karla, at alii I'
menn skyldo kristllast lata, ok trua a einn guo, I\rist ~Jarioson,
-en hafna hl6tum ullum ok hcilSnom golSum, halda heilakt hilln
7da In'ern dag vilS vinnom ullum, fasla ok hiun 7da In'ern dag.
En hgal' er konlmgl' hafOi petta uppborit fyril' :1IHlSo,
II:! varo Ileg:1r kurr mikill, kul'J'ooo brendr um IJat, Cl' konllUgr
vildi villllur taka af peim, ok segja at ,io )wt m,IUi landit eigi
hyggja j en verkali'lSr ok prrolar kollu15u, at )Ieir mrotti eigi ,inna,
ef lleir skyldi eigi mat hara: sog15o ok at IJat val' skapJostr
I1akonar konungs, sem fo15ur hans ok pcirra frronda, at Ileir
v:lro illir af mat sinom, Ilott peir vrori mihlil' af gulli.
A!>bjorn af Meoalhusom or Gaulardal stUll upp, ok s"arai'
-eyrindi kOlll'mgs ok ma'lti, 1)3t hugoo vel' brondr, IIakon kon-
illlgr! segir halln, at pa er llu hafOir et fyrsta ping haft her
i l'randheimi, ok hornom Ilik til IWnlmgs tckit, ok lJegit af ller
01501 Val', at vel' hernim IJa himin hondom tekitj en nu vitom
vel' eigi hv:l.rt helllr er, at vel' m:l.nom frelsi Ilegit hara, e15a
mantu nu lata Imelka oss af nYJo melS undadigom hmtti, at
yer mnnim hafna alrunalSi Ileim, er feor vArir hafa haft fyrir
(ISS, ok alit forellri, fyrst um bruna(lld, en 1111 um haugsolu,
ok hafa )leir verit mildo gofgari en vcr, ok hefir oss )10 dllgat
lJessi atruna15r. Vel' hOCum lagt til )'lSar sv:l. mikla aSh'llS, at
vcr hufom Ilik ra15a latit melS oss ullum logum i landino ok
landsrctt, 1\"u er pat viIi varr ok samp)'kki, b6ndanna, at halda
pau lug, sem pu settir oss her a Frosta)llngi, ok vel' jalalSom
lIeI'; viljom vel' allir ller fylgja, ok )lik til konlmgs halda, me-
,{jan einnhverr er Iifs b6ndallna pei"":1, er her ero m'l a Illn-
gino, ef )lll, konlillgr, yill nokknt hM vilShafa, at bema oss
Iless eins, er vcr megom veita IICr, ok oss sc eigi ogeranda.
En cf llcr vilit lletta mal taka melS srA mikilli fl'elw, at deila
ani ok ofriki viIS oss, IJa Mfum vel' brendr gert ralS v,\rt, at
-skiljast allir viIS llik, ok tal\a oss annan hilflSlngja, pann Cl'
oss haldi lil pess, at vcr munim I frelsi hafa pann 3trunao,
,sem [vcr \iljom. Nu skaltu, konungr, kjosa um kosti lles!>a,
alSr ping se slitit.
At eyrindi Ilesso gCl'lSo bo:mdr r6m mikinn, ok segia at
lleir Yilja sy:l. vera hita,
En cr hljolS fel,ks!, pa svarar Sigur~r jar!: Pat er viii
 94
lIakonar konungs, at sampykkja vi15 y15r, bomar, ok IMa aldri
skilja y15ra vinatto. Brendr segja at peil' vilJa, at konungr
bloti til aI'S peim oli fri15ar, svA sem fa15ir hans ger15i, sta15nar
pa Imrrinn, ok slita peir pingino. Si15an tala15i Signr15r jarl
vi15 lwnung, ok ba15 hann eigi nemast me15 olIn, at gera sem
bamdr vildi, sag15i at eigi mundi annat ly15a, en sveigja til
nokkot vi15 hrendr: er petta, kon(mgr, sem sj:Hfir }ler megut
heyra, viii ok akafi hof15ingja ok })arme15 aIls folks; skolo vel',
konungr, her finna til gOlt ra15 nokkllt; ok samdist pat me15
peim konungi ok jarli..
16. Sigur15r La15a-jarl val' hinn 'mesti hI6tma15I', ok svA
val' Hakon fadir hans; belt, Sigur15r jarl upp blotveizlom ullum
af hendi konungs par i PrrondaJogom.
Pat val' forn si15r, pa er bl6t skyldi vera, at allir brendl'
skyldo par lwma, sem hof val', ok tlytja pannug f(jng sin, pan
C!' peir skyldo hafa, me15an veizlan sto15. At veizlo peirri skyldo
allir menn 01 eiga: pa val' ok drepinn allskonar smali ok sva
hross, en b1615 pat alIt, er par kom af, pat val' kallat blaut,
ok hlautbollar })at, er b1615 }1at stM i, ok hlautteinar, pat val'
svA gert sem sWklar, me15 }ni skyldi rj615a stallana olIo saman,
ok svA veggi hofsins utan ok innan, ok svA sWkkva a mennina;
en sJatrit skyldi sj615a til mannfagna15ar. Eldar skyldo vem
a mi15jo g61fi i hofino), ok par katlar yfir, ok skyldi full um
eld bera. En sa er ger15i veizlona, ok hofl5ingi val', }la skyldi
hann signa fullit ok allan bl6tmatinn. Skyldi fyrst 615ins full,
[skyldi pat drekka til sigrs ok rilds konungi sinom, en si15an
Njar15ar full ok Freys full til aI'S ok fri15ar. Pa val' morgum
milnnum tilt at drekka parnrost Braga full; menn drukko ok
full frronda sinna, peiJ'ra er gOfgir hOf15o verit, ok vAro pat
minni kollu15.

Sigur15r jarI val' manna orvastr; hann ger15i pat verk, Cl'
frrogt val' mjok, at hann ger15i mikla [bl6tveizlo a II1015om, ok
belt einn upp ollum kostna15i.
18. Urn haustit at vetrn6llllm val' bl6tveizla a Lo15om, ok
s6tti parlil kOllungr. Hann hafl5i jafnan fyrr vel'it vanr, ef
hann val' staddr par scm bl6t v<1ro, at matast i litlu In'lsi me15
fa menn; en brendr toldo at pVi, er hann sat eigi i has::eti
sino, pa er mesh' val' mannfagna15r; sag15i jarl, at hann slq'ldi
eigi pa svA gera, val' ok svA at konungr sat i hasroti sino.
En er et fyrsta full val' skenkt; pa mrolLi Sigur15r jaI'l fyrir,
ok signa15i 615ni, oli drakk af horninll til kon(mgs; konungl'
t6k vi15, ok ger15i krossmark yfir: pa mrolti Karl' af Gratingi:
 95
h\'i, fcrr kon(mgrinn nil Syl\.? Yill hann eigi enn bIota? Sigur15r
jar! svarar: kOlll'mgl' gcrir sn1, scm Ilcir aliiI', cr trua a matt
sinn ok mcgin, ok signa full sitt 1)01'; hann gcrlli hamarsmark
yfir, aor hann drakk. Val' Ila kyrt \lin hcldit. Eptil' um da-
ginn, er mcnn gcngo til boroa, Ila Imsto brendr at kOIll'lngi,
sogou at Inl. sl,yldi hann eta brossashHr; Iwmingl' \ildi Ilat fil'ir
cngan mun, hi ba1511 reir hann dl'ckka sooit; hann yildi Ilat
eigi. I)a baoo Ilcir hann eta /lotit; hann ,ildi Ilat ok cigi;
[ok val' Ila ,'io atgllngll Mit.
[Jarl kralSst vildu sreUa Il<l., ok balS pa !Iretta storminolll,
ok bao hallll konlmg gina yfil' kctilhllddl1na, er solkeykinn hafoi
lagt upp af hrossaslatl'ino, ok yar smjllrug had dan ; Il<l. gckk
konllllgr lil, ok bra Iinduk um hlldduna, ok gcin yfil', ok gcl,k
sflSan til hasretis, ok Iillaoi Imll'igom ycl.
19. Urn vetrinn cptir val' bilit til jolavcizlo konlmgi inn
a Mreri; ell er aUeio jolunolll, IoglSo pcir stefno meo SCI' atta
hllfoingjar, ct' mest reoo fyrir blotum I 1l1lum 1'r,cndalogmn;
IlciJ' "'\1'0 4 utan 01' handheimi: ]\<1.1'1' af Gr)'llugi ok Asbjorn
af MelSalhusum, I>orbcrgr af Varnesi, Ormr af Ljoxu; en af
Innlu'rendom Dololfl' af Olvishaugi, Narfi af Staf I Vcradal, Imindr
halm af Eggjo, I>orir skegg af IIilsabre,1 cynni fori: llcssir 8
menu Imndust I pvl, at Ilcir fjorir af [Utlmendom skyldll e}'oa
kristninni, ~n Il~il' fjoriJ' af Inullrrendom skyldll ne}'lSa konung
til bIota, UtIlr,cndir furo 4 skipom SUlSl' a l\lreri, 01, drapo
IJar presta 3, ok brenndo kirkjor 3, [foro aptr slOan, En el'
Hakon kOl1\'l11gr ok SigurlS.' jarl komu inn a I\Iml'i melS hidS
slna, Ila vilro par brendr komnir allfjlllmcn nt. JIiun f}Tsta dag
at yeizlonni [vcitto bmndr, konlmgi atgllngo, ok ba150 hann
bIota, cn hNo Mnom afarkostom ella; Sigllrllr jar! hal' l);i salt-
mal i miIIom Ileirm, kUmr }la s\'<1 at IJalwn konlmgr at nok-
kura hita af hrosslifr; drakk hann Ila 011 minlli krossalaust,
pau er brendl' skcnkto hIInom.
En el' ycizlo llcssarri \'al' 10kit, for IWlIl'mgr ok Jar! IlCgar
ut a HIaoil'; val' .'wnlmgr aIlllk:itr, ok bjost pegai' I hrott melS
ijllll lioi sIno or l'randhcimi , [ok mrelti svt\, :It hann skyldi
fjijlmcnnari koma I l'randhcim annat sinn, ok gjalda bUndolll
pcnna fjandskap, er I)eir hoflSo til hans gert. Sigurol' jad
bao konung gefa I>rrendom Ileua cigi at sllk; segil' svA at kon-
Imgi muni ciga Ilat duga at hcitast cor hClja <I. innanlands
folk, [ll3l' scm mestl' styrkr cr landsins, scm I l'randheimi
Val'. f\olllmgr val' I)a s,'1\. rci(\r, at eigi matti or15om yiIS hann
kOllla; fllr hann I brott or l'ralldheimi, ok su15r a Mreri; dl'al-
,
 96
ilist par urn vetrinn ok urn val'it. En er sumralSi dl'o hann
lil5 at SCI', ok ,<11'0 l)au orl5 a, at hann mundi fal'a mel5 her
pa~1ll a hendr pramdom.
20. flhHwn honungr val' l)a a skip kominn, ok hafl5i lil5
.mikit; pa koma Mnom ti<lindi sun nan or landi, pau at synir
Eirlks Iwnungs v<1I'o komnir snnll3n af Danmork I Vlkin~; ok
pat fylgl5i, at peir hOfl5o elt af skipom Tryggm kontmg Olafs-
son austr vil5 Sotanes; hOmo peir pa vll5a herjat I Vlkiuni, ok
bOfl5o margir menn undir pa gengit. En er konuugr spurl5i
IJessi ti(5indi, l)ottist hann lil5s purfa, sendi hann pa 01'(5 Sig-
url5i jarli, at koma til sin, ok sv<1 i.\l5rum bOrnlngjom, peim er
Muom val' lil5s at van. SigurlSr jaI'l kom til Hakonar konungs,
{)k hafl5i allmikit lil5; v<1I'O 1m pa allir Prrondir, l)eir er um
vetrinn homo mest geugit at konunginom, at pynl1a hann til
bl6ta; v:iro peir pa allir [i srott teknir af forWlum Sigur(5ar
jarIs.

MaulljafnalSr melS kOllungum

Eysteinn kOllungr ok SigurlSr kontmgr foro einn vetr b.illir
at ,eizlom a Upplondom, ok atti sin bU hv<1rr peirra; en er
skamt val' milli peirra breja, er konungar skyldo veizlor taka, .
IJa ger(\u menn pat rall, at peir skyldu bal5ir vera samt at
veizlonom, ok sino sinni at hv<1rs Mum; v<1ro peir f~Tst ba(5cr
samt at I)Vi Mi, er Eysteinn konungr alti. En of kveldit, er
menn tokll at drekl,a, pa val' munngat ekki gou, ok v<1ro menn
blj05er. !la mrolti Eysteinn konungr: [Po ero menn blj05erl
hilt er olsil5r meiri, at menn geri ser glel5i; fam oss olteiti
llokkura, man IJa enll areitast gaman manna. SigUl'llr brollir I
llat mun ollum sremst IJykkja, at vill hefim nlll,kul'ar skemt-
unafl'rellur. Sigur(5r kontmgr svarar heIdI' stygt: vel' pu sv<1
malugr sem pu viii, en lat mik na at pegja fyrir l)er I
Eysteinn kontmgr mreIti: sa olsillr hefir opt verit, at menn
tal,a ser jafnallarmen II, vii ek her svA vera lata. Pa IJagl5e
-Sigurllr konungl'.
Se ek, segir Eysteinn konungr, at [ek verlS at hefja pessa
teiti; mun ek taka pik, broller! til jafnallarmanns mer: freri
.ek pat til, at jafnt nafn bOfom vill baller, ok jafna eign, geri
ek ok engi mun rettar okkarrar el5a uppfrezlu.
Pa svarar Sigurl5r komingr: mantu pat eigi, er ek braut
IJik a bak, ef ek vilda, ok ~'artu vetri ellri I

 Eysteinn konungl' sraraoi: eigi man ek llitt si(lr, er lJU
fekkt ekki leikit, IJal cr mj(lklcikr val' i.
1'a m<t>lti Sigllror konungr: mantu hvcrslI of sundet for
me3 ol,kr? ek Illalta krfja Ilik, cf ck \'ilda I
Eysteinn sagoi: eldd sram ek skemra cn IJU, ok cigi val'
ek vcrI' kafs)'ndr; ek kunna ok a Islcggjom, sva at cngan
vissa ek, I,aun [er l\Cr3c vio mik, Cll Illi kunnir llat eigi heidI'
en nant,
Siguror kOlll'lIIgr svarar: hufoillgligri i(lrott ok nytsamligri
hkki mel' SU, at kllnna vel vio Loga; rotla ek at 1)(1 nStir
eigi Loga minn, IJotto spyrnir fotom i.
Eyslcinn segir: ekl,i cm ck bogsterkr sva sem IJu,
en minna mun skilja beinsl\Cyti okkra, ok myklo Iwnn ck
Letr cn IJU a skloom, ok hafoe IJat enn [rcrit kallat fyrr
goo iorott.
Siguror segir: IJess llykkir mikill munr, at llat er hOflllng-
ligra, at sa er yfirma3r slwl vera annarra manna, se mikiII I
f1ukki, sterl,r ok v:1pnfwrr betr en a3rir, al/3sror ok auokendr,
IJa er [margir eru saman,
Eysteinn segir: eigi er IJat slor cinkanna hlutr, at ma3r
se fri3r sanom, ok er sa 01, auokendr I mannfjolda, IJikki mer
IJat ok hi.ll'3ingligt, Inlat frioleikinom samir hinl! bezti bunaor,
liann ek ok myklo betr til laga en 1))1; ok sva, hvat sem vio
skolum tala, cm ck rnyklo slettor31ll'i,
Sigur3r svarar: Vcra I,ann at IJ(I hafir llumit fleiri liig-
pretto, In'lat ek Mta ~a anllat at starfa; ok cngi fri'r llcr slctt-
II1rolis, cn hitt rnrola margir, at 11I'I SCI' ekki allfastoror, ok IitilS
mark se h\'crjo IJ(I heitr, ok mrolir eptir IJcim er IJa ero bja,
ok er pat ekki konunglikt.
Eysteinn svarar: Ilat hcrr til llcss, er mcnn bera mal sin
fyrir mik, IJa hugsa ek l,at fyrst, at luka sva hvers mal/IlS
mali, at IJeim rnrotti bezt IJykl,ja; Ila Iwmr opt annan', sa er
mal a vio hann, veror pa jafnan dregit til 01,\. mi3lat, sva at
baoorn skyldi Iika, Hitt cr ok, at ek lIeit lwl er ek em Leoenn,
IJvlat ek vilda, at allir fall'i fegnir af mlnom fuude; se ek hinn
kost, ef ek vii hafa sem pu gerir, at heita ullum ilIu, Cll ellgi
heyri ek cflldanna fryja,
Siguror svarar: pat hefir verit mal manna, at fer3 su er
ek for 01' lande vrori heidI' bOfolnglig, ell llu sazt heirna meoan,
scm doni)' fOonr IJills.
Eysteinn svarar: nu greiptu a ktlino I eigi mynda ek IJessa
rccoo vekja, ef ek kyuna her engu l um at svara: uror IJoui
Icel..ndic Gramm..r, 7
 98
mer hino, at ek ger5a Nk heiman sem systor mfna, a5r ~u
yrl5ir bUinn til fararinnar.
Sigur5r svarar: heyrt muntu pat hafa, at ek atta orrostor
margar f Serklandi, ok fel,k folium sigr, ok margskonar gjijr-
simar, poor er eigi hafa slikar komit hingat I land; potla ek
par mest verl5r, er ek fann gofgasta menn; en ek hygg, at
eigi haftr pu enn [hleypC heimdreganom. For ek til Jorsala,
segir hann, ok kom ek vil1 Pul, ok sa ek pig eigi par, br05ir!
Ek gOlf konungdom Rodgeiri

jarli blnom rika j vann ek aUa
orrostor, ok vartu at aungarri. 1"01' ek til grafar drottins, ok
sa ek l)ig eigi par, br05ir I FiJI' ek f ana Jordan, par sem
drottinn [val' sklr5r I, ok svam ek lit yfir ana, ok sa ek pig
eigi par, [en III a bakkanom val' kjarr nokkut" ok knytta ek
per par kmit a kjarrino, ok bi5r pin 1m ; [ok mmlta ek sni
fyrir, at ~u skylder leysa, br65er I el5a hala ellar pvilikan for-
mala, scm par val' alag5r.
lla mmlti Eysleinn konungr: smatt mun ek hafa herhnoti:
Nor5r I VAgom setta ek fisliimannaM5ir, at fatcekir menn mmtu
nmrast til lffshjalpar, ok seUa ek par prestvist, ok lag5a ek fe
til l,irkju peirrar, er naliga val' alit hei5it al5r; mano pelr
menn mlma, at Eysteinn konlmgr hefir verit I Noregi. Urn
Dofra fjall val' for or l-randheirni; ur50 menn par jafnan (IIi,
ok foro par margir menn hor50m forum, let ek l)ar smlohlls
gera, ok fe tilleggja, ok munu peir vita, at Eysteinn konungr
hefir verit i Noregi. Fyrir Ag5anesi vom ormfi ok hafnleysi.
forust morg skip; par el' ntl hOCn gel' ok gott skipalregi, ok
kirkja gjor. Si5an let ek vila gera a hafjollom; nu munu pessa
njola allir menn innanlands. IIiillina let ek gera I njorgyn
ok postulakiI'kju ok ri5 milli; mllnu konllllgar peir muna nafn
mitt, er eplir koma. l\Iikjalskirkju let ek gera ok' munklifi;
skipa5a et ok logonom, br05ir, at hverr mmtti hafa rettindi vits
annan, ok ef pau ero haldin, pa mun betr fara landsstj6rnin.
SWpulinn let ek gera i Sinholmssundi. l-eim jamtom Mfom
vel' ok sHuit undir petta riki, meir mel1 bli50m or50m ok viIi
en me5 agang e5r Mri5i. Nu er petta smaU at telja, en egi
veit ek vlst at landsbUunom se petta ohallln-mmara, en pott
pu brytja5ir blamenn Cyril' fjandann [a Serklandi, ok hl'apa
peim svA til helvltis. En par sem pu hrosa5ir gol5gerningom
pinom, mtla ek mer eigi minna til salubolar sta5i pa, er ek
let selja hreilllifismonnum. En par sem In'l reitt mer knutinn,
ok mun ek pann eigi leysa, en rl5a matta ek per pann knut,
.[ef ek vilda, at p11 vmrir, aldregi konungr I Noregi, pa er pu

 99

sigIlliI' einskipa f her minn, er ~u komt f land, LUi m'. viUrir

menn hvat ~t'l helir umfram, ok vila Sklllul llel' pat, gullhals-
amiI', at menn muno cnn jafnast via ilk f Noregi. Eplir IJat
~oglluoo peir baaer, ok yar hv~rtveggi reilS... Fleiri lutil' urao
pei.' i skiptom ~eirra brooora, er Imt fanst, at hv~n' dro sik
fram ok silt mal, ok villli vera u15rom mciri, en p6 helll friar
[milium lleirra, meoan Ileir Iif(lo.

Af Njalssaga.

Gllllllarr a Ulioarenda.

19. .. GunnarI' IIamllndarson bj6 at IIlIoarenda i Flj6ts-

hli15; hann val' mikill ma15r vexti ok sterkr, [manna belt vfgr:
hann hj6 Mourn hondum ok skaut, ef hann Yildi, ok hann
v~ sv" skj6tt mea sverai ', at prjll ~6ltu a lopli at sja; hann
skallt manna belt af boga, ok hoor15i alit IJal er hann sl,aut
til; hann hljop meir en brea sina mea ullum herklreaum, ok
cigi skenll'a apll' en fram fyrir sik; hann val' synllr sem sell';
ok eigi val' sa leikr, er nokkurr pyrrti vja hann at keppa;
ok hefir sd. verit sagl, at eingi vreri hans jafnfngi, Hann yar
"renn at yfirlitllm ok Ij6s-litaor, rell-nefjaar ok halit llpp f fra-
mamert, bhleygr ok snareygr, ok roai 1 kinnunum, harit mikit,
ok f6r vel ok v'el lilt; manna kurteisastr val' hann, hal'lSgjorr
f Ullll, fClIlildr ok stiliI' vel, vinfash' ok v'inavandr; hann val'
vel au15igr at fe; br60ir hans het Kolskeggr, hann val' mikill
maar ok sterkI', drengr gMr ok ilruggr 1 ullu. Annan br615ir
hans het IIjijrlr, IHlIln val' lla f bernsku...
20.. , Njall bj6 at llerglJorslm\li i Landeyjllm, annat btl
atti hann i 116r6Jrsfclli. Njall varvel allaigr at fe ok vrenn
at aliti, Mnolll vox eigi skcgg. lIalln v'ar logmaar sv(\ mikill,
at eingi fannst hans jafnfngi; v'itr val' Iwnn ok forspar, heil-
raa.. ok gllagjam, 01, varo alIt at raai, pat er hann I'M mon-
num, h6gvrorr ok drcnglyndr; hann le)'sti hvers manns yandrreai,
cr a hans fund kom. llergl16ra het kona hans, hon val' Sk3l'-
pheains d611ir, kvcnnskorlmgr mikill ok drengr gMr, ok nokknt
sl,aphora; llau attn G boru, dmtr prjat' ok SOIlU Ilrja, ok koma
IJeir allir via pessa sugu siaan.
25. " Nt'l skal nefna sonn Njals: Skarpheainn hCt hinn
7*
 ,

100
~Izti,
. - .
hann yar mikill malSr "exti ok styrkr, vel rlgl', syndl'
sem sh', manna f6thvatastr, ok skjOtl' ok oruggr, gagnorol' ok
skj6toror, ok skaId gott, en )16 laungum vel stiltr; hann "ar
jarpr a hal', ok sveipr I harinu, auglSr vel, folleitr ok skarpleitr,
lilSr a nell, ok Ill. hatt tanngarlSrinn, munnlj6tr mjok, ok 1)6
manna hermannligstr. Grlmr bet annarr, son Njals, hann val'
frlor san urn, ok hlCel'or "el, dokkr a Mr, ok frloal'i sanum en
Skal'pheoinn, mikill ok sterkI'. Helgi het inn prilSi son Nj:\ls,
hann "ar frilSr synum ok hmror vel, hann val' styrkr malSr ok
"Igr vel, hann val' vitI' malSr ok stiltI' vel; allir rAru l'eir 6k-
vangalSir synir NjaIs. IIoskuldr bet hinn fj6roi son Njals, hann
val' lau,ngelinn, m61Sir hans yar Hr6ony, ok val' IIoskulds dOltir,
systir Ingjalds fra Keldum.
33. GunnarI' reio ok fJeir aliiI', en er peir komu :\ ping,
)Ja rAru peir srA vel Mnir, at ongir voru par jafnvel b(mir,
ok foru menn ut or hverri MIS at undrast pa. GunnarI' rem
'til bUlSar Rangrolnga, ok val' ]Jar melS frmndum slnum. Mar-
gil' menn f6ru at linna GunnarI', ok spyrja hann tloinda; hann
val' \'io alia menn leUr ok katr, ok sagoi ollum sllkt er vjlllu,
Pat val' einn dag, er GunnarI' gekk fra Ioghergi, hann
gekk fyrir mosfeJlingaMIS, pa sa hann kono fara I m6ti scI',
.ok varvel bilin, en el' ]Jau fundust, kYaddi hon pegar Gunnar,
hann 10k vel heoju hennar, ok spyrr hvat kvenna hOll vmn.
Hon nefndist Hallgeror, ok kvalSst vera dottir Hoskulds Dal-
.akollssonar; hon mro!li IiI hans djarfliga, ok balS segja ser fra
feroum slnum, en hann kvalSst ekki varna mundu henni mals;
"seUust pau pa nillr, ok tolulSu. Hon val' snl. bUin, at hon val'
i raulSu kyltli, ok haf3i yllr se,' skallazskik.kju [hla3buna I skaut
nilSr j harit t6k ofan a brlngu hen ni, ok val' bmlSi mikit ok
.fagrt. GunnarI' val' i skallazklrolSum, er HaraldI' kOlllingl' Gorms-
son gaf Mnum; hann haflSi ok gullhring a hendi, pann er
Hakon jar! gaf Mnum. .
Pau wlulSu lengi haU, par kom er hann spurlSi, I]VA,'t
hon vrori 6gefin. lIon saglSjat svu vrori: ok er ]Jat [ekki
margra at hrotta a ]Jal. l'jkl\i ]Jer hvergi fullkosta? Eigi er
]Jat, segir hon, en mannvond mun ek vera. Hversu munt ]Jli
svara, ef ek hilS pin? Pat man per ekki i hug, segir hon.
Eigi er pat, segir hann. Ef ]Jer or nokkurr hugr a, ]Ja finn
Illt folSur rninn. SilSan skildu ]Jau talit. ,
GunnarI' gekk pegar til M3ar Dalamanna, ok fann maun
uti fyrir buoin ni, ok spyrr hvArl IItiskuldr vrori I MIS; sa segir
at hann vreri i MIS; gekk pa GunnarI' inn. Hoskuldr ok Rulr
 ,

101

toku yel vio Gunnari, hann settist nmr a mcoal }>cirra, ok

fannst pat ekki i tali }leirra, at }Jar hel/li missmtti verit i lIleoaI.
Par kom nior recoa Gunnars, h\'ersll }leir hrreor mundu })\ i
svara, ef hann bmoi IJallgeroa." Vel segi.' lIi.lslmldr, cf !lel' er
I>at alugat. Gunnarl' segir scI' }lat <lhoru: en sn\ skiltlu vcr
nmstum, at mi.irgum mundi }lat !likkja Iikligt, at !IeI' mundi
ekki samhand ,'eroa. IJversu Iizt per, HMr frmndi? scgir lJils-
kuldr. nIHr svaraoi': ekki llikld mer l>cLta jafnrmoi. Ih<it
flnnr 1>(1 til pcss? segir Gunuarr. HutI' m.elti: IlVi mun ck
sYal'a !>er urn petta, el' satt er; pu ert maor vaskr, ok vel
at IJcl', en hon er blantlin mjok, ok viI ek pik i nngll sVikja.
Vel man !ler fara, segir Gunnarr, en }>o mun el, pat fyrir satt
hafa, at }>er viroit i. fornan fjandskap, ef .}ler vilit eigi gera
mer kostinn. Eigi er !>at, segir HutI'; meir er hitt, at ek se
at In'l matt nIl ekki viOgera; en IJotl Yer kaupim eigi, !la ril-
dim vcr IJO vera vinir pinir. Ek hefi talat vio !lana, segil'
GunnarI', ok er Imt ekki fjarri hennar skapi. HMr mmlti:
veit ek at Mourn er IJetta girnda rao, hmttit pit ok mestu til,
hvcrsu felT.
HutI' sagoi Gunnari Ofregit alit urn sl,apfer5i lIallgero:lr,
ok potti Gunnari fyrst' rerit mart, l>at er Matt val', en par kom
smar, at saman dro kaupmala me5 lleim. Val' IJa sent eptil'
nnllgeroi, val' pa talat urn malit. svt\ at hon Val' vio, LCtu
}Jeir nt"1 scm fyrr, at hon festi sik sjalf; skyldi petta b05 vera
at II1lOarenda, ok sl,yldi fal'a fyrst leyniliga, en 1>0 kom l>ar,
er allir vissu.
GunnarI' rem heim af piugi, ok kom til Bergp6l'shvols, ok
sagoi Njali fra kaupllm slnum; hann tok IJessu }Jungiiga. Gun-
Ilarr spyrr hvl Njali potti !Jelta svft llra15ligt? Ilvlat af !lenni
man standast alit it iIla, er hon kemr aust.. hlngat, segir Njall.
Aldri skal hon spiIla okkru vinfengi, segir GunnarI'. Ilat man
})(J [svt1 mer fara, segir Njcill, en po mant pl'l jafnan brula fyrir
henni. GunnarI' bauo Njali til boos ok ollum !leim paoan, scm
hann rildi at fred. Njall het at fara. SlOan reio Gllnnarr
hcim, ok reiO um hcraoit, at bjooa mOnllllm .

PAR T IV.

Modern Icelandic.
This part bas been added for Travellers and for practical
purposes; and will, it is hoped, be a welcome assistant for
travellers in Iceland.
The 1II0dern Orthography and Grammar is the same as
the ancient, except k, which :is in modern orthography fre-
quently changed into the softer g, and t, which is frequenlly
changed into 5.

Modern Icelandic.

For Travellers.
I. Alphabetical Vocabulary.
accept ganga a15 afternoon sioari hluli
acceptable aogengilegur dags.

accommodate ulvega agam aptur
can you accom- gelio ~er lil- age aldur
modate me vega15 mer agent uHlboosmaour

account reikningur air lopt
. give me myac- gefio merreikn- ale 01

count IDgmll mJDn a glass of ale glas af oli
I admire eg daisl a15 all alllll'
advice ra15 not at all ails eigi
give me your gefio mer ~'oar nothing at all ails ekkerl
advice ra15 alone . einu, aleinn
after eptir also Iika .

....
 103

altogethtr allir s3man, bath b31S

alrc'" l) I want a bath cg vii fiJ
always alllaf balS
. alld og to be alS "cra
angler llnglari be quick verilS flj61ur
animal uyr let it be lalilS 11alS
to anstotr alS svara "cra
answer 1Ile GjurilS S"o vcl because af 11l'ialS
please alS svara mer bed rum
answer slowly s"arilS SCiDl give me a bed lillio mig fa

apartment hcrbcrgi rum
have yon an hafilS ~cr her- I go to bed eg fcr alS baUa
apartment to bergi til beef nautakjllt
let? leigu? roast beef nautakjl}ts-
apple epli beef steakes { slei.k
the ann halluleggurinn beer bj6r
to arrive alS koma I waitt some eg vii fa bioI'
Ul ascend alS fara u)lpa beer
I want to as- e'" viI fara
l) to beg alS bioja
. rend the uppa fjallilS I beg of you eg bio ylSlIr

1Il011ntam behind cplir
to ask alS spyrja, IJilSja I left it be- eg skildi IJaa
ask /dm spyrjilS haull hind eplir
to assist alS hjaIpa the bell bjallan,klllkkan
assist me hjiJlpill mcr the bill reikningurinn
at f, a to bind alS bin<la
at home heima bind it up bin<li3 11ao
at sea a sjo upp
not at all ails eigi the bird fuglinn
attendant 11enal'i can yon tell Gcti5 ~er sagl
I want an at- eg vii fa 11cn- me where to mel', hral'
tendant ara get board rna fa kosl
back aplur and lodgings og hllsn<clSi '!
let us go back fllrum aptllr, boat balur
snuum aptur book b6k
bacon flesk bookseller b6kaslllumalSur
bad mndur boot stigrCl
bandage um!lIllSir I want my cg llad a lS fa
bank banki boots mended gjllrl "jtl stig-
. bank note bankasclSill Yclin min
banker vixlal'i brush 1ny burstalSlI sUg-
the barber rakarinll boots "clill min
 104
boot jack stigvela togari candle kerti I

box askja, kas~j I wanta eg IJ~rf kerli

brandy breonivin, ko- candle I

niakk care umhyggja, vari .

I want some cgvil fa brenn- take care takid vara
brandy iVln carnage
o
vagn
fill my fla$k fylIi15 floskuna to carn) a15 bera
Icith brandy mina me15 carry this bel;ll petta
brennivini cartridge skotmanns ves-
bread hrau15 . ki
breakfast morgunver15ur cattle nautpeningur
o

I want to eg viI fa mor- certain \'ISS

breakfast gunver15 . cllair sIMI
bridge brt'l chamber pot nattpotlur
bring hera, f:Ilra change skipti
bring me f<:cri(5 mer give me change gefill mer
bring me some fmri15 mer skipti
noklm15 to charge a15 selja uPp,.
a brush bursti heiruta
brush my bnrsti15
,
futin what do you hva15 seli15 per
clothes mm charge upp?
but en cheap 6dyr ,
butter smjor cheese ostur
to buy al5 kaupa chest kista
by hjit, me15, af - of drawers dragkisla
by and by vi/5 00'" vill , bni15- chicken hamuungi, \
UIll kjt'lklingllr
by all means fyrir alia muni child harn
by no means fyrir engan church kirkja
mlln, engan o
chymist efnafrre15j ngnr
clgm' "iodill
o

YeO'lDn
cabbage kill " city bmr, sta{\nr
cabbin kahetta clean hreinn
to call all kalla cloak kapa
call the wai- kalli15 a pjan-
o
clock kJukka
ter mn . closet afhus
call the man kalli15 amann-
o
coach vagn
mn coat frakki
what do you hvall kalii15 coffee kaffi
call that? pCI' pa15? gIVe me some gefi15
o

can a15 geta, eg get coffee kaffi

can you ge pcr?tm coffee-house kaffihlis
 105

cold kaldnr at day break i dllgun

J feel very mer er mjl.lg dear d)'r
cold kalt this is very Iletta cr mjog
comb kambur dear dyrt
to come a5 koma delightflll yndis!egur
come here komi<' her dentist tannlmknir
come with me komi/5 mci'S departllre hurtfUl' ,

mer descend fara ni5ur

a conveyance flutninglll' let us descend forum nionr
to cook a5 elda dialect milllyzka
cost kosta what dialect In'alla mallyzku
what (loes it 11 "a5 kostar do they speak tala lleir
cost? )la5 here? her?
c01mtry
,
land difficult tlr5ngur
courier hra5sendibo5i dinner milldagsverollr
COlO kyr J want to eg vi! fa mio-
cream
,
rjomi dine dagsvcr15
gIVe me some sefil~ mer distance fjarlmgll, vcga-
cream rjoma lengd
cup holli what is the hYall cr Ycga-
CUp and saucer holli og 1In- distance? lengdin?
dirskill to do alS gjora
to cut, a5 skera do this gjl.lri5 IlcUa
cut It a5 skera pad do tha.t gjori3 hitt
damp rak1l1', votur (10 it gjllrio ~a\)
J hope the eg vona, alS do me gjllrilS fyrir mig
sheets are not re!<kvollirnar dont do it gjl.lrilllla5 ekki
damp se ekki rakar the doctor Imknirinn
danish danska dog hnndur
do you speak talilS ller dons- door dyr
danish kn? to dOllbt a5 efa
what is that hva5 er IlalS J doubt t"t eg efa Ila\)
called in da- kaJlad a dOlOn

nilSur
nish donsku? let liS go down fijrnm ilionI'
J do not speak eg tala ekki drawers nmrbnxUl'
danish dllnskll to dress a5 klre5a sig
J understand eg ski! daIiti<'S to drink a5 drckka
a little da- i dl.lnsku J 10allt to cg viI f;i ai'S
nish drink drckka
dark dimmur dry !lIIr
day dagur each byer
to-day j dag eagle Urn
 106

,
early snemma field engt
earth jijr15 finger fiugur
east austur fire eldur
east wind austanvindur let us make kveykjum upp
easy au15veldur, hal- a fire eld
gur I want some eg vii fa eld
to eat a15 eta, bor15a fire
I want to eg viI fa a15 a fish fiskur
eat bor15a . to fish ao fiska
let us eat latum OSS let 1tS catch a Hilum oss
bor15a fish . vei5a fisk
have you any- hafill ~er nokk- my fishing rod fiskisWngin
thing to eat? no a15 ' min
bor15a? flask /laska, pu5ur-
egg egg horn
give me two gefi15 mer tvij fog ~oka
eggs egg foot f6tur
to engage a15 festa my foot is f6turinna mer
engage aguide festa fylgdar- sore, er vj()kvrnmur
,
mann for IJYia5
enough nog fork gaffall

evenmg kvijld free frjills
every serhver fruit aVi}xtur
every day scrhvern dag full fullur
eye auga game vei5i
my eye pains met' er illt i its there any er nokkur-
auganu game here? vei5i her
face andlit german pyzkur
far langt to get a5 fa, ulvega
is it far from er ~a15 langl get me utvegi5 mer
here? heoan? get it ulvegio Ila5
how far is it hva5 langt er gin einirberja-
from here? Ila15 hMan? brenuiviu
a farm breI' to give a5 gefa

fast fJj6tt gIVe me gefio mer
go faster gangi5 fJjOtar give it geM ~a5
do not speak tali5 ekki a glass glas
so fast svona fJj6tt to go a5 ganga, fara,
faster fJj6tar koma
fellow ma5ur go witl. me komill me5
you are agood ~er eru5 go5- mcr
fellow ur ma5ur go away . fari5 i burtu
 107
go back fariiS aptur head hOfuiS
go dowlI farilS niiSur to hear aiS hCFa
go up fariiS upp do you hear? hcyriiSllcr
good g6iSur heart hjarta
vuy good mikiiS g6iSur heat hili
bettu bctri great heat mikill hiti
best bcztur heavy ~ungur
be so good ycril5 5m g6l5- height hrel5
ur l"hat is the hvaiS cr
have the good- gjori5 svo ycl height hreiSin?
ness help hjalp
great mikill . help me hjalpil5 mcr
a great deal mikill hluti give me a help "citil5 mcr
gUll bvssa

hjalp

gzve me my fail5 mCI' bys- hen hrena
gUll SUlla mlna here , her
where is my hvar cr byssan come here komiiS hcr
gWt? min? high bar
powdu ptil5ur hOlD high is hvaiS hatt cr
it? ~aiS?
hair hal' hill hrel5
hair brush harbursti to hire a5 lcigja
half halfur to hold a5 halda
ham hangi5 svlns- hold t!lis haldil5 a llcssu
l:.cri home hcimili
hand hond is this your er llctta y5ar
give me your gcfi5 mcr ho ul1 home? hcimili?
hand yl5ar aO honest ral5\'andnr
hand it me rcttil5 mcr 1) I loant an ho- cg lil fa ralS-
handkerchief vasakltitur nest fellow vandan mann
handsome falIcgur horse hestUl'
harboltr horn horseshoe skcifa
hard har5U1' flOt hcitur
hare hcri it is vuy hot ~al5 cr mikil5
hamess aktygi hcitt
hat hattur I wallt it hot cg "il fa 11a5
hatbox batlaskja hcilt .
to have al5 hafa hotel gcstgjafahus
have you? haM ~cr hOltr klukkustund
let me have, latiiS mig hafa ho,tse hus
flay hey how hvcrsll
he hann how much h"crsu mikiiS


108
hunger hungllr do you know vililS per
hungry .hungra5ur lake valn ,
I am hungry eg er hung- lamp lampi
ralSllr . land land

a hut kofi landlord Inisb6ndi
Ice I
, s. . language tunga
Iceland ~sland Lapland Lappland
an leelander Islendingur, . late seint
are you an erulS per Is- it is very late pa5 er mjug
Icelander? lendingur? lava seint hraun
do you speak talilS per is- to lay alS Icggja .
Icelandic? Jenzku? . lay t down leggilS palS-
what do you hvalSkallilS pel' oilSur
call this in petta a is- lay down leggilS nilSur \
icelandic? lenzku? to lead a5 lei5a, liggja'
J'[ ef does the way liggur vegur-
m ilIl lead up? . .
JOn upp. .?
I feel ill mer er iIIl lead to n'ght leii'ia a rettan
'/ am nl } way veg

fetch a doctor sreki5 Ireknir left yioslri
m
i, a to the left til yinslri ,
in the city i hrenum' to let alS lata
in the countnJ a landinu let me alone latilS mig vera,
J'ndeed svo I sannarlega let' it be Iati5 }lalS vera
the inn veiliogahlIs let me do it IMilS mig gjura
inn keeper veitingama5ur palS .
ink hlek let it be done l;\tilS }la5 vera
insect skorkvikindi gjurl

J'ron Jarn letter hree
J'sland ey any letters for nokkUl' bref,
it palS me? til min?
to keep geyma send the letter sendi/\ brcfi5
keep it for me geymilS palS to the Post a p6st hUsi<5
fyrir mig life Iif
key lykill the light Ijosi/\
knife hnlfur bring a light komi/\ me/\

gIVe me a , Ijai5 mer hoff Ijos
knife strike a light kveikilS Ij6s
where is my hvar er hnlf- light the candle kveiki/\ :I kert-

km'[e? urmn mmn mu
to know alS vila, pekkja like lika, pykja

IknolO eg veil vamt urn
 10~

1 sho uld like ml:r skyldi gIVe me some gcfiu mcr
llykja ,"alilt milk IIljolk
um mill 1Il)'nla

linne/ lfnfOt money pcnmgar
1oas!t my lin- pvoilS lfnlOtin moon
,
m,lni,,
tungl
flen min . moor 1lI\'!'1

1 10ant my cg l)arf ao fa more men'a

linllen wash- linfUtin min more and mctra ogrnCtra
ed immedi- In'cgill undir- more

ately ems most mcst

little Ii till mornmg morgun
10 live ao lira mother m60ir
liver lifur mucl, miki15
loaf hrall15 it 1'S too much llao cr ofmikilS
lock las, skI' a much more mikio mcira
lock tlte door hcsio dyrunum so mucl svo mikio
lodging lciguhcrbcrgi must, v, aux. ycr15a, hljota
10llg langur, lcngi you must do it ]Ice \'croi15 alS
to look n15 lila ginra ])ao
looking glass spegill mustard mustae15ur
to lose a15 missa, tina mutton sall15akjot

I have lost cg hefi misst my mmn
have you lost? hafio pl:r misst flail nogl
luggage farangur name narn
1ohel'e 1'S my hvar er fa- what 1'S your hva15 et' nafn

luggage? rangurmn flame? yoat'?
minn? mynameisN, nafn mitt cr N
to make ao gjora narrow prungur
make haste Oylio y15llr nasty sloomur

,man maour near utern
many margur ,'t is near? er ])1115 u terri?
market marl,a15ur necessary llauosynlcgur
me mig, ml:r needle nul
meat kjot neither hvorki
roast meat stcikt kjot tteither-nor bvorki-nc
boiled meat sooil5 kjOt never aldrci
,
to meet aO' mteta tew . uyr
meet me mooti15 ml:r flews tioindi
merchant kaupmaour next noest
milk mj61k night n6tt
/uIVe you any hafil5llcr nokk- last flight I gterhOldi

milk? ra mj6lk no cngulll
 110
,
no one eogmn pear pera

nobody eoginn malSur pen penm
fir oorlSur penknife pennahnifur
north wind norlSan vindur pencil rilbly
not ekki people IVlSur
,
not yet ckki enn pa pepper plpar
now nil perhaps ef til viII
oats hafrar person malSur

to oblige hjalpa urn apm liluprj6nn
oblige me hjalpi15 . mer
pipe plpa
urn pistol smabyssa
ocean haf place slalSUI'
off burlu plate diskur
far off langl i burlu poor fatreknr, vesall
often opt pork svinakJol
oil olia, lysi porter burlSarmalSur
old gamall portmanteau ferlSataska
omlet eggjakaka post p03lur
on a, ,
where is the IlVar er post-
only emungls
,
post office? sl,rifslofan?
open opmn postage burlSareyrir
or elSa potatoe jarlSepli, kart-
an orange apelsina apIa
other annarr powder pillSlIr
the other man hinn malSurinn pronounce bera fram
the other day urn daginn pronounee this berill PCI' pella
each other hver annan to .me , fram fyrir mig
,
out ut proVIsIOns matvmli, nesli
out of ilt ur to put all selja
over yfir, put it down setio Ila(5 nilSur

ox UXI put it there seli3 palS

to pack alS hila uppa llarna
tIle mules ulfaldarnir quick flj6lllr
paper pappiI' railway jarnbralll

to pay alS borga ram regn
I want to pay eg retia alS rain water regnvaln

borga? tt IS a ral1lY palS er rignin-
what have 1 hvalS a eg alS day gar dagur I
to pay? borga daa
peak lindur rainy "
regnlegur
can we ascent getum vilS farilS will it rain? . retIal' hann alS
the peak? uppa tindino rigna?
 111
raID bnir let tIS see l:Hum oss sja
to rearl alS lesa to send ail senda
read it to me lesm paIS fyrir send it away sencJi(S IlalS i

mig burlu
ready tilbuinn servant pj6nn
is every thing er allt tilbUilS? to set ail setja
ready? set it down setilS IlaiS niiSur
are you rea- enilS per til- to selD aiS sauma
dy? bUinn to shave alS raka
rest hvild she hUn
let us rest viIS skulum ship skip
here hvila herna shirt skirta
to return ail fara aptur shoe sk6r
rich rlkur shoemaker sk6ari
ride rma sick sjukur
I will ride eg vii riila to sit ail silja
rifle kulubyssa to sleep alS sofa
right rCt~ur sleep svefn

is this right? er petta reU slow semn
is it the right er peUa sa small Illill
way? rcui vegur? to smoak ail reykja
to the right til hregri soap s:ipa

npe !lroskaISUl' S001l. brailum

rIVer it speak tala
road vegur do you speak laliiS IH~r
the higll road alfaravegur english? enskll ?
rough 6sIettur or french eila frakk-
a rough road 6sICttur vegur nesku
rum romm or icelandic c<la islenzku
to rlln ail hlaupa or danish? eila dunsku?
saddle hnakkur, sulSull I do not speak eg tala ekki
saddlebags hnakkpoki I speak a little eg tala dallti(j
horse hestur speak slowly laliil hrogl.l I ~:l
salt salt spoon skei<l, sp6nn
have you any hafilS llcr nokk- steamer gllfuskip
salt? ulS salt? steel . slal
sand sandur stocking sokkur
to say alS segja stone steinn .
the sea sj6rinn stralD stra
the sea bird sjOfuglinn street stl'a'li
the sea shore sjMarstrondin strong sterkllr
to see alS sj:i stupid heimslwl'
 112

sugar sikur
towel handklmoi
sun wI town bmr, staour
supper hOldvcr5ur trapel fer5
sweet smtur trowsers buxur
to swim a5 synda true sannul'
table bor5 trunk kolTort
the tailor ski-ad darin lJ under uudil'

to take a5 taka understand skilja
take me, takill mig do you under- skili5 per mig?
take it taki5 ll:"5 stand me?
tea tevatn I do flOt un- eg skil 1'5ur
a cup of tea tevalnsbolli derstandyou ekki
have you any hafio per nokk- can you un- getio ller
tea uo te"atn derstand? ski@?
hot tea hcitt tcvatn tlOt much ekki miki5
cold tea kalt tevatn only a lillle einungis daHt-
tea spoon tesl,eio io
to tell ao segJa until til
tell me segi5 mer up upp
. I tell YOlt eg segi 1'5ur up the hill upp hmllina
tent tjalll 1lp the stream upp cptil'llj6t-

thanks llakkir \

, II1U
many thanks upon
margraldar a
IJakkir vegetables Mlmeti
I thank you very
eg pakka your mjog
that a5 the waiter Ilj6nninu
theatre leikhus to walk all ganga
then }la warm heitur
there 1m to wash a5 pvo
thick pykkur the washing pvotturinn
thin punnur the watch lil'io
thirsty pyrstur water "aln

I am very eg er miki5 gIVe me some gefio mer "atn
,
thirsty llyrstur water
this lles"i 'the 10ater closet naohlisio

tl:me timi the way "egufInn
what is the hra5 er fram- show me the visio mer ,'eg-
o ,
time? oroi5 ? way IOU
to til, I, a which way hva5a veg "ero
trrday i dag m1lst I go? eg a5 fara?
to-morrow a morgun which s the hvar ervegur-
tobacco t6bak way to? inn til?

 113
we vcr, \Oi5 lOiudolO g,lucrcri
00
weather w511J' lCine YIn
will it be fair :clli l)a5 ycroi have you any hafio pCI' nokk-
weather? gott ve5ur wine? 115 lin
will it be bad :cUi l,a5 ver15i PortlOine or porl\"in e15a
weather? mnt ye15ur Sherry? ~crri
well gott, g6our, 10ith meo

friskur without tin
I am not well cg er ekki g65- woman kona
ur, Criskm' 1000d skogur, Yil5ur

west \Ocslur to wrzte al'i skrifa
wet volur to write a a5 shifa brer
lChat hva5 letter
where ll\'aI' year ar
when hvcnrer yes ja
which h VCI', hva15a yet eun, ennlla
why? Ilvi yOIt Ilcl'
will you yilio per you are Ilcr ernl'i
wild yillur are yOlt? erul'i pcr?
wind Yin(\ur yourself per sjatfUl'

II. ~Cfcss:lry Questiolls.

I want ecr
Mi"o van lal'' 0 some brandy brCllnilOin, kon-
1"'1'1', eg vii ial,k
fa a bottle of brennivins
some bacon tlesk brandy tlllsim
a banker vixlara some bread brano
a bath bao to breakfast a15 boroa morg-
my beard shav- skegg mill rak- unvcrl'i
ed a5 tea, coffee, tcvaln, kaffi
a bedfoom sYcfnherbergi two eggs and htl egg og
some beer bj6r bacon tlesk
my bill reikninginn or ham e15a hangi5

mInn S\Oiusl:cri
the bill of malarlislann a brush hursla
fare some butter smjilr
my boots clean- sligvcli n min to buy al'i bupa
ed hrcinsuo )fCl'oa pol,tln 11
my boots soled stigrclin min my carpetbag ) minn
solu15 a carriage "agn
Icelandio Grammar. S
 114

for Olle, two ema, tvmr a horse hest
hours stundir some ink bIek
for a day einn dag an interpreter tIilk
the chamber- ~j6nustu stuIku the landlord hUsb6ndann
maid my letters brefin min
some cheese ost to wn'te aletter a5 skrira bref
to change some a5 skipla nokk- to post a letter a5 IlOma IJreli
money

rum pemng- a p6stlinn
urn . my linnen linfotin min
my coat frakkann minn washed ~regin
my collars kragana mina my baggage farangurinn

washed lwegna " mmn
a ClIp of coffee kaffiholla some meat kjot
a cup of tea tevatnsboIIa cold meat kalt kjot
a comb kaml> hot meat heitt kjot

to dine a5 bor5a mi5- pepper )llpar
dagsver5 pens penna
fish fisk the porter bur5armanninn
roast meat sleikt kJot roast beaf steikt nautakjot
boiled meat so5i5 kjot mutton - sau5aI,jot
potatoes jar5epIi, kart- veal - kaIfskjot
OpIUl' pork - sVinakjot
vegetables kaImeli the railway jarnbrautin
pudding bU15ing a room herhergi
salad saIat some salt salt
drawers nmrbuxur to see the lown a5 sja bminn
eggs egg - - - thea- - - Ieikhusi5
a fire eld tre
to get up at a5 fara a fretur to see the pro- - - sl,emmti-
5 o'clock klukkan fimm menade gongusvi5i15
a glass ofwater glas af va lni dry sheets ~urral' rekk-
a glass of wine gIas af vini vo5ir
to go to the . a5 fara til shirts skil'tur
to go by steamer a5 fara med my shirts skirturnar mfn-
gufuskipi washed ar Ilvegnar
to go by rail- a5 fara me5 a sitting room hel'hel'gi
way jarnbraut my slippers morgunsk6na
to go to bed a5 halla mina
some ham hangi5 svins- some soap sapu
Imri a stick star
a good hotel gott gestgjafa- my stockings sokkana mina
hilS suggar sikur
 115

slipper k\'0 lu rer5 help me IJjall'a Iller

a ticket hihCli let me lata mig
{or the 1" class a fyrsla plass let me have lata mig hara
nd
{or the 2 class a an lla5 plass look {or ga al5
toothbrush tan nbursta look after lila eptir
my trowsers hllXIll'llar min3r make gjura
my tnl1lk ko(rorli~ mill mend gjilra vi~
umbrella regnhIir oblige hjalpa IIIll
you to wake me a5 ,IH~r veki5 pick tina
at ... mig urn ... please })(\knasl
the waiter Ilj6nillll procure ,Hre"ao
some water valn recommend m,cla mel5

Itot water !leilt ,'aln remam vera eptil'
cold water !<alt valn rest hvl1a

watch lIl' ride ril5a
,

tome yin raID l'Oa
abottle o{wine flosku af rilli skate fara a skaullIlll
port loine portvin speak
,
lala

sherry scrn SI011n synda
claret ran5a "in stay drelja
stop
tell me
slanua
,
segp mel'
.
vil5
III, Will you Vili5 pCI' walk ganga
(lsk spyrja, bi5ja
assist me hjalpa mcr IV. Doe s the
bring fmra, hera
call me Imlla a mig bell r.ing? hringir bjaIl:m?
come koma coach go to A ? fer \'agninn til
drive aka A?
divide skipta coach stop at B? stendur vagll-
do gjora inn viCi i
do me gjora Cyril' mig B?
{etch smkja - stop here? stendnr \'agn-
find finna inn rill

get 1',\ hCl'lla?
go to fara lil - leave at? fel' \'agninn
away fara burtu burt?
{rom
,
rara fra - take pass- lekur vagninn
gn;e me gera mcr engers? viIS fcr(\a-
go with fara me5 mOil n 11111 ?
go on fa ra itfram coach start at? fer \'agnilln :\
hand me retla mer sla5 '?
8*
 116

road lead to? li"Cfur

ee vel!Ur-
e V. Is it?
- take to? { inn til?
- pass near? liggur \'egurinn
nrerri? attentive aogoetinn
- crosses at? Ii"Cfur
ee veourinn e bad vondur
"firum

beautiful fagur
mi/way go to? liggur jarn- bitter bitur
brautin black svartur
train go quiCk? fer jarnbrautar- blue blar
lestin hart ? blunt sljor
train go slow? fer jarnbrautar- bold djarfllr
leslin halgl? broad brcillur
mail start fer posturinn brown hrunn
af s13o? . careless skeylingarlaus
journey take yarir ferl'iin cheap 6M.'

long? lengi? clean hreinn
steamer start fer gufllskipil'i clever lipllr
[rom? fra? cold kaldur
steamer pass feJ' gufusl, ipil'i dark dimmllr
here? berna framhja? dear dyr
steamer stops stendur gllfll- deep dJupllr
here? skipil'i berna disagreeable olJalgilegur
vi l'i "? difficult erfHlllr
steamer stop stendllr gufu- dirty 6hreinn
at? skipil'i \il'i I? dry IllllT
steamer land lretllr gllfllSkip- easy alllh"cldllr
passengers? il'i ferl'ia- empty t6mur
menn a [alse osannllr
land? far langl
way lead over? liCfOUl'veCflllinll
t>e e fine falJegur
yfir? fiat fla luI'
way lead liCfollr
ee veCfurinn
e full fullllr
through? gegnllm? green gra>nn
way go right? liggur vegurinn good g6l'iur
til hregri? great mikill
- - le[t? li..ee ur veCfurinn
Il
e grateful 11akkl:Hur
til vinstri? grey grar
- strait ligCfU\'
e veonrinn
e hard harl'iur
on? heint Mram? heavy }lungllr
time admit o[? leyfir tfminn. healthy heilnremllf,
heilslIgoour
high hal'
 117

hollow holUl' sllOrt stllltur

hOliest r;i(5l'andur sick sjl'lkur
hot heitur small litill
J,illd go5ur soft rnJilkur

large slor sour SUI'
left Icif5Ul', cptir strong slcl'kUl'
light leHul' stupid hcimslmr
long langur sweet s::clm
101D lagUl' tedious lei~inlegur
mild mildur thick }lykkur
narrow llrongnr thin llU lIuur

11ear n::crl'l tired }Jrcyttur
nelD
,
niT true sannur
llIce nellm ttggly ljOIUl'
{)bliging grci5vikilln 1mhealthy oheilmcmul'
old garnall ullwell 6fl'iskllr
polite kurlcis wann hcilUl'
poor f:it::cliUl', yesaU 10eak "eilmr
prudent hygginll, for- well heilbrigollr
sjall wet "olul'
red raullur white h\"itur
delt rikUl' wild villm
right rellur to ide "i5ur

ripe )lroska511l' wise "illlr
rough 6slellm' ,
wrollg rangur
round lirillgI611ur, SI- yellow gulur
valur young uncrm'
0
$harp Sklll'pur

n. .tlh'erbs.
all aIls by all means f~Til' alIa muni

almost, n.cstuffi by 110 mealts fyrir cngan mUll
already liegar by and by "i5 og "i5, Iml(5-
always aUlaf lllll
at last a5 sl5uslu certainly "issulccra
0
daily
at Ollce I CIllU, undir- daglega

CIlIS early suemllla
because af Iwia5 else annal'S
besides auk enough no 0cr
but cn ere n5ur
 118

ever jafnan, reti5 out I'll

extremely mjog perhaps ef til 'ill
exceedingly, einstaklega pretty fallegt
here Ml' quite alveg
hither hinga5 scarce valla
hourly lwerja slunu seldom sjaldan

how hvernig, hversu smce sman
however samt scm a5u1' so s\'o
if
,
' ef some nokku5

m i sometimes Slllnuum
indeed svo soon br<i(lum
1'n {act I raun reUri , s1lrely visslllega
1'n this manner svona then pa
1',1 short I stllltu mali there }m'
Just now einmitt
,
nun a thither })anga5
late semI thus pannig
like likt till })anga5 til
m01lthly mima5arlega to-day I dag

much miki5 to-morrow a morglln
neither-nor hvorki one to-night I kyoIll
never alurei truly sannarlega

no Dm well vel
no doubt efalaust very mjog
not ckki where? hYa1'?
not at all aIls ckki whence? hva5an?
nothing elikert why? })\,I?
,
now nn with a meoan
o{ course sjalfsagL
. ,
without doubt efalaust
only emungls yearly arlega

oft opt
, , ,
yesterday "rer
1 o.
once emUSInm yet enn, enn}),!
over ylir

VII. Voyage to Iceland.

I go to Iceland eg rel' til Islands
When? hvenrer?
to-morrow a morgun

how? hvernj,.,?
o
by the steamer (rom Grange- me5 gufuskipinu fra GraD"e-
o
mouth, mouth,
 119
It is a screw steamer
It comes (rom Copenhagen
And goes to Reykjavik
calls at Grangemouth
On their olltward awl home-
1carrl voyage
six times a year
The ship is clean awl (ast
The danish cheer provided is
ample and wholesome
No man used to lllxuries
Should make the trip
Even in {tile weather
A (ew Icelanders are an board
Tlte weather is excellent
lVe le(t the Shetlands yesterday
The Faroe islands are in sigllt
Their 1II01/lltains and cliffs are
lo(ty
At noon we reashed Nalsoe
From which we went to TllOrs-
haven
lYe leave the Faroes (or Ice-
land
Iceland is one-fi(th larger than
Ireland
1l is sitnated about 500 miles
N. W. o( Scotland
The Needl~ o( Portland JIead
are CUrlOllS
We pass the singular rock called
the "Jfealsack" and see Rey-
kianaes
The llOrizOlt is so clear, that
ICe see in the north the mag-
nificent outline 0( the Snae-
(ells Jakul
The view is magnificent
11:15 r.r skrMugufllskip,
Ila5 kcmllr fro! li:aupllJannahllfll,
og fer til Heykjal"ikllr;
)la5 kemllr \ i15 j Gr'angemoulh
a \11- og Ileim-leillinni,
~ex illuum il ari.
Skipii'l el' hreiul og lraus!.
lIin dan ka f;ci'ia, sem vcill er,
el' mikil og Iteiln<em.
Ellginn JnJi'llIr, ranur rill s<ellifi,
<cui a15 fara IJ:I fUr,
jafn\'cl I .go15u rci'lri.
F{teinir lslcndingal' crll .1
skipinu
Yei'lri3 er ,igroll.
VCr forulll fnl Skollandi i gror.
Frercyararn ar ern j sy n.
Fjollin og hjurgin a Ileim erll
Ita.
Dm hadegi komumst reI' Iii
Nalseyar,
)lai1an forum vcr til)lol'shafnar.
,
Ycr fUl'um fni F<el'cyulIl Iii Is-
lands
Islaml er CiUlIIll
, fimla hlula
strerra en Irland
)Iai'lliggur hCl'umbil fimm hund-
rlli'l milllr i l'llnol'lllll' fra
Skollalldi
Dl'angamir rii'l Dyrhblacy{Pol'l-
Ja nd) ern skrilnir.
Yii'I fOrllm framhja hinllnl SCI'-
slaklega klelli, sem kallal5I11'
er Mcl-ekkur, og sj,lum Heyk-
pncs
Lopli3 er sm hjarl, all \'Iii'
sjaurn f nori'lri hina lignlcgu
umgjtll'll af Sn<efcIlsjukli;
,
UlSjOllill er vcgleg


We soon reach the bay in which
lies tlte capital Reykjavik
lIere 'you will find an hotel
It ,'s not a bad one
But yon have only a week to
return by the steamer
We want ponies by to-morrow
for the Geysers
Early, Ver1J early! . snemma
The Icelanders think little of
time
It is indefinite,
EQ1'ly in Iceland, is at any time
during the forenoon'
The beds are delicious
This is the land of eider-down
The winter reqnires warmths,
Test, sleep
The harbour and Esianrange
,'s visible
There is a' pretty cemetery
At its foot ,'s the road to Bessa-
stad
This is the promenade 01 the
bean monde
There is a cathedral
It contains a font by Thor-
waldsen,
who was of icelandic parentage.
At the back of the chnrch is
the Alsing, the house of par-
lament of the island,
But the whole town looks more
like a village.
Society here is purely Danish.
The great natural phenomena,
,oitl! the exception of the
Kmbla, lie ,'n and about the
soutll-west portion of the is-
land.
120
Vel' komumst bralSllm inne\ M-
ann, Im'scm hofulS5talSurinn
. RcvkJ'alik
J li.wUJ
eo ..
I)ar cr gcstgjafa hUs;
l)alS cr ckki slremt;
per hafilS alSeins viku, ef lic/'
farm aptur mclS gufuskipinu.
VilS lJUrfum hesta a morgun
til Geysis;
JmilSsnemma!
tslendingar hugsa eigi mikilS
urn tlmann;
' palS er oakv~l'lSal5.
Sncmma a Islandi er alit til
hadegis.
Rumiu eru inndreJ;
llelta el" relSarduns land.
'A veturna llurfa menn hita,
hvilcl, svefn.
Hofnin scst og fjallgarlSur sa,
sem kallalSur er Esjan.
llarna er laglegur kirlljugar15ur.
Fram hja honum Jiggur vegur-
inn til BessastalSa.
Hann cr skcmmtig ongusrilS
hinna IIngll manna,
llarna er domkirkja,
llar er sldrnal'fontur eptir
Thonaldscn ,
FalSiI' hans val' lslendingur
'A bak vi~ kirkjnna ,er cr htis
llalS, scm A1lling lsJands er
haidilS 1.
Allur brerinn litur III Jilit og
porp.
Samkncmin cm hel' melS ahcg
donskl1 snilSi.
Hin mikiu nattul'll einkenni
CI'n 011 i og kringum sulS-
restur hluta landsins, alS
I{r1ltlu undan skiidri.
 121
The island is volcanic.
At Thi/lgvalla, of historic re-
nOUIl, is good shooti/lg.
It is one of the most wonder-
{1d sights in the lOorld.
All are riding pall ies.
No one thinks of 10alking here.
The Salmon fishing is excellent
sport,
Particularly the salmon rivers
at Bogar Fiord.
From here you can go to Snae-
fells JUkul
Visit the valley of Reyklrolt and
its terminal waters,
The cave of Sllrtshellir,
Than, if you have time, go
across cOllntry to Geyser and
IIekla.
Generally the visitors only go
to tlte Geysers alld Jlekla.
Yon ought to have good travel-
ling books.
LancJi~ er fulll af eldGulllllll.
'A l'ingl"illllllll, ~em nal'lIfra'gir
eru I Silgulcgu lillili, CI' nog
all ~kj61<l.
l-eir cr ein hin undrunar\"cl'~
ast<l ~jon i hcimi.
AliiI' rilla a heslllll1.
Engum detlnr i hllg <Ill g<lnga
her.
LaHeilli er ag<ct skemmtulI,
einkllll1 [ laxanulll i Dorgar-
fil'(l i.
IIellan lila fara til Smcfdls-
jukllls
SkolSilS Reykholtsllnlinn og
lallgarnar par.
SUl'tshellir
Ef ]Jcr hafill pa lill1<1 til, getill
]JCI' f<lrill ylil' 11111 l<lndill til
Geysis og IIeklll.
Vanalcga fara fer~alllenn allcins
til Gcysis og IIeldli.
IJcr <cuill all hafa gulSm' fel'lla-
brokul.
 -

LIST OF

ICELANDIC BOOICS
IX STOCK OR IMPORTED BY '. .
FRANZ THIMM
~VROPEA~ A~D OR1E~TAL BOOKSELLER 3 BROOK STREET,
GROSVE....OR SQRE, LO~DO!i. W

:to s. d.
Andreae, Lexicon IsI"ndicum. ed. Resenius. 4. 1683.
Dietrich's, Allnordisches Lesebtieh, Poesie und Prosa bis
1 4 -
XV. Jahrh. 1843. - -1 6
Edda Islandorum, Islandice, danice el latine. ed. Rese-
niu~ . 4 partes. 4. 1665-73. 3 - -
- S;rmundi. dicta Voluspa, Iscel. et Lat. ed. Resenii, 4. 1673. 1 10
- Semundar Hinns Froda. 3 Vol. 4. 1787-1828. 5 5 -
- die, iibersetzt von Simrock, 8. 1855. - 7 6
Egilsson, Lexicon prel. anti. Liuguae septeutrionalis. 1854. 2 10
Fornmanna, Sogur eplir gomlum Handrilum ijtgefnar ad Tilh-
lntun hins Norrrena Fornfraeda j<'e!ags; in Icelandic. 12
Vols. 8. Kop. 1812-1837. 2 10 -
Gilason's, Donsk Ordabok, mcd Islenzum Thydingum. 4. 1851. 1 4
- urn frum. parta Islenzkrar tungu i fornold. 18-16. 7 6
Grimm, W. C. Alldiinische He!denJieder, Balladcn u. Mar-
chen, iibersetzt ins Deutsche. 1. 1811. - 9-
HaldorSell's Lexicon Islandico-Iatino-danicum ed. Rask 1814. 2 10
Jonsson's Oldnordisk (isIandsk-dansk) Ordbog. Cop. 1863. 1 1
Ire. (.T. Glossarium SuioGothicum; Dialect. l\Ioceso-Golhica,
Anglo.Saxonica, Anglica llOdierna, Islandica, etc. 2 Vol.
Folio. 176!l. 4 10 -
Islands Landnamabok: Islandice et Lat. 4to. 1774. 1 1
Koppen, Liter. Einleilung in die Nordische )Iythologie. 1837. -
;) -
Mobius, iiber die iillesle isliindische Saga. 1852. 3 -
- Ueber die allnordische Philologie 1864. - 1 6
- Analecta Norrrena. Island. u. norw. Lit. d. 31iltelalters 1859. 7 6
Muller, L. C. Islandsk Laesebog. Kop. 1836. - 8
Pfeiffer, Altnordisches Lesebuch. Text, Grammatik, Wortb.
1860. 9 -
Rask, die Verslchre der Islander, deutsch. von l'IIohnike. 1830. 2 -
- Undersogelse om det gamle islandske nordiske eIler
Sprogs Oprindclsc. Cop. 1818. - 10 -
- Icelandic Grammer by Dacent (rare) 1843. Cloth. - 14
Scripta Historica IsIandorum de rebus gestis veterum
Borcalium. ed. Soc. Reg. Antiq. Sept. 12 Vols. 8. Cop.
1828/46. 5 [) -
Wheaton's history of the ~orthmen 1831. - 8 G