Abang di Kapuas menengah dan atas: bukti tambahan.

[FIGURE 3 OMITTED]

Von Gaffron doesn't remark about the kingdom regarding Piasa, perhaps

because associated with its historical little dimension as well as mostly inferior status

compared to be able to Jongkong along with Selimbau. Enthoven (1903, I:135-38), however,

cites your official Piasa history (salasila) as claiming its founder,

Raden Djaka Lemana, traced his origins from a princess regarding Majapahit.

Enthoven's sources inside Selimbau said that Raden Djaka Lemana had

come coming from Labai Lawai, said being the particular earlier edition associated with Sukadana
(but

see Smith 2005). Any time the first Dutch treaty had been signed using Piasa in

1823 during Hartmann's trip, the ruler has been Abang Soewara (whose

title has been Kijai Dipati Martapoera as well as who had been your twelfth ruler

according for you to its official history). He had been succeeded simply by his eldest son,

Abang Noeh, which inside 1859 took the title, Pangeran Osman Dirdja Kesoema

Negara, and reigned until his death within 1896. Abang Noeh's

illegitimate son, Abang Santoek, had been installed around the throne through the

Dutch because that they had small faith inside the genuine heir, Abang Bijak,

who ended up being both grandson of Abang Noeh and also son of Abang Tella, the actual banished

Bunut ruler.

To decipher the particular jawi script, I sent each a new photo of the bowl along with a

rubbing I produced with the script (Figure 3) in order to Michael Laffan (Princeton

University) as well as Annabel Gallop (The British Library) to see what sense

they could label of it. Although tough to study because involving worm holes and

stylistic flourishes, these were in any position to discern the next clearly
enough:

University regarding Missouri-Columbia

This brief account regarding the utilization regarding abang inside the middle along with upper

Kapuas River confirms Reece's contention that the existence regarding the

honorific within Sarawak may always be tied closely to end up being able to its ubiquity within the
Kapuas

drainage. the close, nevertheless mainly unexplored, hyperlinks among north coast

polities and also individuals across the Kapuas would suggest sharing of your amount of

other cultural elements as well--other honorifics, perhaps, like dayang

and adi. Indeed, the actual low-lying watershed (now your international border)

and broad rivers about the south aspect have got promoted considerable

north-south intercourse, a fact which led your Dutch in order to worry about the

influence of James Brooke on their own territorial claims (Wadley 2001). (6)

Within your center along with upper Kapuas kingdoms, using the exception of

Sintang along with Silat, abang occurs frequently, especially like a title for

"everyday" use. The idea generally seems to happen for you to be pushed out in favor of

increasingly more elaborate monikers over your years, beneath your influence

of both Islam and Dutch succession ceremonies that will seemed to favor such

things. Within addition, the particular retention associated with abang among lesser nobles straight
into the

late nineteenth century would manage to confirm the "everyday"

nature in the term and ayam bangkok aduan super also its decline on their e-mail list of rulers.

These certain info is crucial since throughout each local Iban

and Malay oral histories of the sacking regarding Selimbau, the actual boy-heir to be able to the
throne is said to be able to are already captured. Because ended up being Iban custom with child

war-captives, a household adopted him along with gave him your identify Minsut. Any time he

was an adult, the actual Selimbau Malays inquired that he return to take the

throne. That They paid out a new ransom regarding a pair of big ceramic jars full of gold,

and Minsut took the throne to become Pangeran Suma Raden Dra Abang

Berita (Wadley 2002:323). Could Abang Tella, Pangeran Soema, as well as Minsut

then are already the identical personh The Particular possibility is obviously intriguing

though totally speculative with out further evidence.

Columbia MO 65211 USA

[FIGURE 2 OMITTED]

(3) Precisely what will be the majority of curious about these lists is that they tend to be doing not

match up well along with subsequent records (e.g., Enthoven 1903); whether the

result involving changed names or perhaps bad information, it is impossible to tell.

2003 Lines inside the Forest: Internal Territorialization and Local

Accommodation throughout West Kalimantan, Indonesia (1865-1979). South East Asia Study 11
(1):91-112.

Inside his current paper on the abang honorific (denoting royal blood

for men) among Sarawak and Sadong Malays, Bob Reece (n.d.) contends that

its use many most likely originated inside pre-Islamic West Borneo as a brand new class

of leaders arose by means of unions in between immigrant Hindu-Javanese traders

(linked ideologically in order to Majapahit along with its many tributaries) and local
Dayak. Use with the honorific abang became institutionalized over the

generations and ended up being retained as Islam made its slow ascent of the

Kapuas. (1) Reece argues that the middle Kapuas kingdom of

Mangkiang-Sanggau (or simply Sanggau inside West Kalimantan) might be the

origin of the honorific, because involving the frequency associated with abang within royal

genealogies along with its near connection via intermarriage, legend, and

tributary states Sarawak. in this paper, I existing additional

evidence on abang in the middle as well as upper Kapuas (Figure 1) that

supports Reece's argument for any Kapuas origin, based on each Dutch

and oral historical sources.

Date: 1306 [AD 1888/89]

Wadley, Reed L. 2001 Difficulty on the Frontier: Dutch-Brooke

Relations and also Iban Rebellion inside the West Borneo Borderlands (1841-1886).

Modern Asian Research 35 (3):623-44.

[FIGURE one OMITTED]

Line 2: t.w.s.w.k [tusukh] ... ng raja Selimbau [... ruler of

Selimbau]

Generally regarded since the the majority of potent mid-river kingdom (at least

in the nineteenth century), Sintang does not exhibit many instances of

abang inside its official genealogy as recorded through Ethnoven (1903, II: 540;

agreeing together with von Gaffron upon this), however its series involving early rulers are

more often when compared with not necessarily titled adi. This particular isn't case, however, for
Sekadau and also Belitang, that have got been typically considered for you to happen for you to be
under

Sintang's authority. Throughout both regarding these territories, abang is replete

throughout their own overlapping genealogies (1903, II:671-85). The Particular same can

be said for Sanggau, your kingdom to become able to that Reece makes his link:

Established by a Dayak leader, Babai Tjinga (who married a

Hindu-Javanese woman named Dara Nanti coming from Sukadana), Sanggau was ruled

by numerous abang, including Abang Awal (the fifth ruler and also first

Muslim ruler in accordance with Reece's sources), Abang Djeni (sixth),

Abang Oedjoe (eighth), Abang Sembilan Hari (ninth), Abang Saka (tenth),

and Abang Angan (sixteenth); numerous lesser nobles titled abang are

also existing throughout the particular genealogy (1903, II:712-13).

(2) Algemeen Verslag, Afdeeling Sintang, 1856, submitted by H. von

Gaffron, 28 February 1857: West Borneo Stock No. 45/Doc. No. 17,

Arsip Nasional Republik Indonesia (ANRI), Jakarta.

(6) These kind of geographic facts--the low-lying watershed and broad

rivers around the south side--appear to become able to have been one of the actual keys for you to
the

development of over any dozen small polities across the Kapuas, no-one of

them being capable of control the entire river system or perhaps large

stretches of it. points regarding access for the north coast and what's now

Central Kalimantan were numerous and hard to monitor. hh32 yrs old Teacher of the Look Impaired
Jaimes from Madoc, really loves skate boarding, chicken fight and writing. Gains a lot of motivation
from life by planing a trip to spots like Yin Xu.The idea was not until

the Dutch brought steamships in the 1860s and started normal patrols

that this native advantage began to be able to disappear.

References Cited

Reece, Bob n.d. The Particular Origins of the Sarawak Abang. In Order To appear inside a

volume edited through James Chin.

(5) Collins notes which variants apa along with apa' are in widespread

use among non-Ibanic languages all through West Kalimantan, and also I have

heard apa 'among Emperan Iban throughout address in order to adult males inside paternal

or avuncular roles.

Reed L. Wadley

Moving downriver from Selimbau, Enthoven (1903, I:178-80) traces

the founding in the Suhaid kingdom (ignored by simply von Gaffron) to a certain

Ripong, in about the time of Abang Tadjak's reign throughout Selimbau.

Pangeran Soema di Laga Mangkoe Negara ruled there for around 75 years,

having produced the really first treaty with the Dutch throughout 1823, and had been succeeded

by his son, Kesoema Anom Soerija Negara. Absolutely No use of the term abang occurs

in this short history, however it can be likely to be there under your surface,

given its ubiquity within neighboring along with closely associated kingdoms. This kind of is

much the identical pertaining to Silat (1903, I:190-91), the particular subsequent kingdom
downriver:

Various titles regarding pangeran, pangeran ratu, along with pangeran perabu are

evident, however, not of abang, which usually accords along with von Gaffron's list

but could reflect a new lessened effort to collect such details on the component of

both men. The Actual term abang certainly persists among lesser Malay nobles
throughout the particular region, like inside the case regarding Abang Merdjoenit who,

based throughout Semitau, was your Dutch government's point man pertaining to local

affairs, both Malay and also Dayak, within the late 19th century (1903, 1:221).

He appears frequently within Dutch archival correspondences within relation to

the ongoing Batang Loepar (Iban) problems with the period.

Of Jongkong (known prior to 1868 by its location name, Ulak Lamau),

Enthoven (1903, I: 127-31) confirms yon Gaffron's account, with

Kiai Patie Oeda (the chief in the time of the really first Dutch expedition

upriver within 1823) getting the fore-title associated with radja; he had been succeeded simply by
his

son, Radin Nata, as well as the latter, getting no son regarding his own, has been succeeded

by his grandson, Abang Abdoel Arab, your issue of Radin Nata's

daughter, Dajang Mesinto, plus a Muslim Palin Dayak named Abang Boedja.

(Both Radin Nata and Abang Abdoel Arab used pangeran as their

fore-title.) Abang Abdoel Arab's oldest son, Abang Oenang, took the

throne within 1864, together using the title, Pangeran Soleiman Soerija Negara.

Upon Abang Oenang's death in 1886, his oldest son, Abang Alam,

still a new minor, took the throne under three regents--Raden Soema, Abang

Ali, and also Abang Kijoeng. (Enthoven will not really make any mention of Radin Martha,

"number three" upon yon Gaffron's list, perhaps since of

a short, unmemorable reign or even an error in one or the other's

information.) Your "everyday" naturel associated with abang can be borne out in

the Jongkong genealogy that will Enthoven records, with the sons regarding Abang

Oenang listed as Abang Alam, Abang Osman, Abang Noeh, and also Abang Obal,

ranging throughout age via 20 to end up being able to 13 many years (1903, I: 130-131). This
specific would seem
to help to make abang your male equivalent of the ubiquitous upper and also middle

Kapuas female honorific, dayang (long used from the neighborhood Iban as a term

of endearment pertaining to girls).

According in order to Gallop (personal communication), this follows the

style involving metal household containers noticed in Brunei involving exactly your same period,

and your "mem ..." may reference mempunyai or perhaps memerintah,

indicating territorial jurisdiction. The Actual date involving 1888 solidifies this

possibility: Within the center of that year, the particular Dutch held a new formal

peacemaking ceremony between Selimbau and also Emperan Iban who had settled

along the reduced Leboyan River (see Wadley 2003:101). Since regarding ongoing

disputes more than use of commercial forest products involving each sides

encroaching on the claims in the other, the particular Dutch brokered a settlement

in that the actual boundary bewteen barefoot and shoes was set since the left bank regarding the

Leboyan (looking downriver). In the actual time, Jinak's individuals had begun

moving in for you to the lower Leboyan from the Lanjak area following the

devastation of the Kedang Expedition associated with 1886 (Wadley 2001, 2004).

Following this peacemaking, a lot more Iban moved in in order to the lower Leboyan and

more Malays moved a lot more permanently to the Lakes, creating conflict as

well as possibilities with regard to intermarriage (Wadley 2003). Unfortunately, no

abang is actually detectable in the script for you to confirm which a portion of ayam aduan the
particular oral

history.

The analysis on that this paper is situated has been funded simply by the

International Institute pertaining to Asian Studies (Netherlands, 1998-2001) and

sponsored throughout Indonesia from the center for International Forestry research (2000). Thanks
to end up being able to Bob Reece, Jim Collins, Michael Laffan, Annabel

Gallop, and also Oona Paredes (for putting me in connection with Laffan and

Gallop).

The Emperan Iban-Selimbau link to the term abang is actually further

established through a classic wooden measuring bowl (kulak), an heirloom of

a family in a community regarding Kecamatan Batang Lupar (Figure 2). (4) The

bowl, measuring 15 cm. within height along with 20 cm. in diameter, has been said in order to have

been given to some household ancestor by the raja of Selimbau. According to

the household's oral history, the jawi script is said in order to read,

"Ini gantang Apang Jail tulih abang amat raja Selimbau (this is actually the

measuring bowl of Apang Jali published by simply [his] true abang, the actual ruler of

Selimbau)." Apang these people took to suggest the Malayized variation in the Iban

apai or perhaps 'father,' which will indicate the actual recipient as Jinak,

widely referred to be able to as Apai Jali following his eldest son. Jim Collins

(personal communication) indicates that apang is a vintage Kapuas teknonym

equivalent towards the Iban apai. (5) Here, it will always be the ruler regarding Selimbau who

is portrayed since the relative superior by means of mention regarding the his royal

abang status, though Jinak would always be a well-known leader along with manok sabong

(literally, 'fighting cock' as well as war lieutenant) below the

sponsorship of such tau' serang as Ngumbang and Temenggong Rentap

(the 2nd among in which name). An Additional interpretation of abang will be the

more prosaic meaning involving elder brother or even elder brother-in-law, which

might reflect an attempt through Selimbau in order to mitigate future hostile

relations making use involving their long-time neighbors, sometime enemies and allies,
and new economic competitors simply by emphasizing the fictive kinship relation

or possibly even referencing the actual Minsut story.

The subsequent kingdom downriver (as Enthoven's account begins in

the Kapuas headwaters) is actually Selimbau. Enthoven (1903, I:156-63) traces its

founding into a Dayak chief named Goentoer Badjoe Bindoeh; zero date is

given nevertheless this might well happen in order to be inside the early 1700s. following the

founder were the string involving Dayak chiefs--Adji, Abang Tedong, Abang

Djambal, Abang Oepak, Abang Boedjang, Abang Ambal, Abang Tella, Abang

Parah, Abang Goenoeng, Abang Teding, and Abang Mahidin who had been your first

chiefly convert to Islam. Abang Mahidin was succeeded by Abang Tadjak,

the initial ruler to take your title raja and also whom took the actual honorific, Soera

di Laga Pakoe Negara. (This seems to be the initial ruler about von

Gaffron's list.) His heir ended up being his grandson, Abang Genah, which was

succeeded by their own son, Abang Tadjak (the second on von Gaffron's

list perhaps).

(4) This product can be strictly an heirloom and was not found in the

collection involving rice taxes; your Emperan Iban from this time had been taxed

directly by the Dutch authorities and had by simply no means been under the

jurisdiction associated with Selimbau or perhaps some other Malay polity (Wadley 2004).

Descent line regarding Sintang Rulers

1. Djarak Joeantie (Pattie Anoem)

2. Abang Saman

3. Djebaijer [son-in-law regarding No. 2 from Java]

4. Abang Soer

5. Abang Tamelang

6. Pangeran Pandeling

7. Pangeran Toengal

8. Pangeran Praboe

9. Pangeran Soeta Natta (Sulthan)

10. Sulthan Tikaij

11. Sulthan Muhamd Samsoedin

12. Pangeran Ratoe

13. Pangeran Dipattie

14. Panambahan Kasoema Nagara

Descent Series involving Silat Rulers

1. Panambahan Titie

2. Aboeng Maas Toetie/Pangeran Anoem [transcription error of abangh]

3. Panambahan Bago

4. Panambahan Mitjoek

5. Pangeran Anoem

6. Pangeran Ratoe

Descent Series involving Selimbau Rulers

1. Abang Tadjoek
2. Abang Tadjoek [sic]

3. Abang Maas

4. Abang Paijong

5. Abang Djamal

6. Abang Kana

7. Abang Kladu

8. Poetrie Kambang [married in order to Abang Telu]

9. Abang Kaloedjoe

10. Abang Koendan

11. Abang Paijong

12. Pangeran Soema

13. Pangeran Muhamed

Descent Range regarding Jongong Rulers

1. Kiai Patie Oedah

2. Radin Nathar

3. Radin Martha (died within 1855)

4. Abang Abdoel Arab

2002 A History regarding Displacement as well as Forced Settlement in West

Kalimantan, Indonesia: Implications regarding Co-managing Danau Sentarum

Wildlife Reserve. In: D. Chatty as well as M. Colchester, eds., Conservation

and Indigenous Mobile Peoples: Displacement, Forced Settlement and

Sustainable Development. Oxford: Berghahn Books. Pp. 313-28.

Next throughout range were Abang Keladi and also Abang Sasap, accompanied by Abang
Tella (who, throughout 1823, designed a treaty with Commissioner Hartmann, the actual first

Dutch official to visit which way up the Kapuas). His successor,

Pangeran Hadji Mohammad Abas (von Gaffron's quantity 13), reigned for

48 many years through 1830 and was much loved by simply Dutch officials through the

frequent praise I get study inside the archival documents. That was he (or

Abang Tella--Enthoven is not obvious here) which assisted each Undup and

Kantu' resettle across the Kapuas right after continual raiding through the

Skrang as well as Saribas. He has been succeeded throughout 1878 through his son, Panembahan

Hadji Moeda Agong Pakoe Negara, whose own son, Hadji Mohammad Osman,

stood as heir towards the throne throughout 1890. This specific history would additionally seem to

confirm each the "everyday" use regarding abang and also its relative

antiquity within pre-Islamic West Borneo (and subsequent diminishment under

increased Islamic and also Dutch influence, a minimum of among the rulers

themselves).

Smith, F. Andrew 2005 Anthony Richards as well as the Research with regard to Lawai:

Myths, Maps, and also History. Borneo research Bulletin 36:51-67.

Line 1: Ini gantang Apang Jali yang mem ... [here may end up being the measuring

container of Apang Jali which ...]

Enthoven, J. K. K. 1903 Bijdragen tot de Geographic van

Borneo's Wester-afdeeling. Volumes I along with II. Leiden: Brill.

Department of Anthropology
Enthoven's (1903) later, more in depth account of the Kapuas

Malay kingdoms furthermore cites numerous rulers along with nobles together with abang

honorifics. Regarding example, the particular founder associated with Bunut (the youngest kingdom
from

1815) ended up being Abang Barita, a Malay trader via Selimbau who had been descended

from Embaloh blood along with married into a daughter with the Selimbau ruler.

(Interestingly, von Gaffron studies the actual founder regarding Bunut as Adie

Soetrie, possibly his title ahead of using your subsequent name.) He was

succeeded through his son-in-law, Abang Soerjia, within 1855; the actual latter's

own son, Abang Oetih followed in 1859, succeeded then in 1876 simply by his

son, Abang Tella, who was simply about the throne until his banishment for

misdeeds inside 1884. His son, Abang Tanah, ended up being chosen because the next ruler

(1903, 1:94-97). The Majority Of of those rulers took upon fairly highfaluting titles

upon ascending for the throne--Panembahan Adi Pakoe Negara (Abang

Barita), Pangeran Adipati Mangkoe Negara (Abang Soerija and Abang

Tellah), Pangeran Adipati (Abang Oetih), and Pangeran Ratoe Adi Pakoe

Negara (Abang Tanah)--suggesting the older abang honorific had been fine

for "everyday use" but just will simply no longer in fashion when 1 got to

the throne.

Line 3: adanya ... [ ]

Following a Dutch hiatus within interior West Borneo that could reach over 20 years,

in 1856 Assistant Resident H. von Gaffron journeyed across the middle and

upper Kapuas for you to re-establish relations using the different Malay rulers,

sign new contracts using them, as well as help make treaties along with leaders regarding the

large tribal blocks such since the Iban (Batang Loepars), Kayan, Embaloh,
and Taman. Because a part of his report, yon Gaffron included descent lines of

the Malay rulers from Sintang for you to Jongkong. (2) I reproduce these here,

as von Gaffron reported them, using the original Dutch spelling and

reference for the abang honorific highlighted. We must not assume,

however, which these all represent immediate father-son (or -daughter)

successions, which usually they do not, as von Gaffron provides very shallow

genealogical information. (3) the title abang will be evident here,

interspersed using additional (perhaps less archaic) royal titles such as

pangeran, panambahan, and also radin, but seems more widespread in the far

upriver kingdom regarding Selimbau.

(1) The Actual spread of Islam to the interior had been indeed slow: Inside 1823,

Hartmann observed in the "poor" upper Kapuas rulers, which they

were far from the teachings of Mohamed ("Deze arme vorstjes verre

afzijn de leer van Mohamed") despite their particular statements to being Muslim;

Register der Handelingen en verrigtingen van de Provisionele Gezaghebber

ter Westkust Borneo, C. Hartmann, Pontianak, 23 mei 1823 t/m 13 augustus

1825, Department regarding Historical Documentation, Koninklijk Instituut voor

Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde.

Interestingly, Enthoven could not really help make any mention regarding Pangeran Soema, who is

number 12 in von Gaffron's list. He could well have been Abang Tella,

the mother's brother involving Pangeran Hadji Mohammed Abas, below an

official title. Then there is the appear of Abang Mohammad

Djalaloedin, the ninth ruler, under whose reign Selimbau ended up being sacked

twice through huge Iban forces. Enthoven s1288 poker provides no dates here, however locates
the initial sacking in Pelembang in which usually the richesse ended up since its

founding. Von Gaffron's list is not significantly help, given either

informational errors or even identify changes. However, from the oral histories I

have collected from the Emperan Iban, I would place your attacks within the

very late 18th or really early 19th centuries while they appear to have

occurred beneath your leadership regarding Temenggong Simpi' Pala', one

of the actual premier Ulu Ai'/Emperan tau' serang (war leaders) and

the first Iban temenggong. (Simpi' Pala' is considered to become able to have

magically stretched his blowpipe over the Kapuas for you to supply a bridge

for your Iban attack.)

2004 Punitive Expeditions as well as Divine Revenge: Oral along with Colonial

Histories of Rebellion and also Pacification inside Western Borneo, 1886-1902.

Ethnohistory 51(3):609-36.

Acknowledgements