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Lecture 1
Introductions, RC
structures and materials
General Description
Course Code : KAEA 2217
Title : Reinforced Concrete Design I
Credit :4
Prerequisites : KAEA 1121,
KAEA 1122,
KAEA 2216
Mode of Delivery : Lecture, assignment & design
project
Instructor : Chai Hwa Kian
Ubagaram Johnson Alengaram
KAEA 2217 RC Design I Lecture 1: Intro, RC Structures and Materials
References
Reinforced Concrete Design
by WH Mosley, JH Bungey & R Hulse
Sixth Edition, 2007, Palgrave Macmillan,
ISBN-10: 0-230-50071-4
References (contd)
Eurocode- BS EN 1990:2002 (Eurocode 0)
Basis of structural design
Eurocode 2- BS EN 1992-1-1:2002
Part 1-1:General rules and rules for buildings
Eurocode 2- BS EN 1992-1-2:2004
Part 1-2: General rules- Structural fire design
KAEA 2217 RC Design I Lecture 1: Intro, RC Structures and Materials
Structural Design
A mixture of art and science, combining
the engineers feeling or the behavior of a
structure with a sound knowledge of the
principles of statics, dynamics, mechanics
of materials, and structural analysis, to
produce a safe economical structure that
will serve its intended purpose.
(Salmon and Johnson 1990)
KAEA 2217 RC Design I Lecture 1: Intro, RC Structures and Materials
unloaded
loaded
Concrete: high compressive strength but
low tensile strength in relative.
Steel bars: high compressive/tensile
strength but are corrosive when exposed
to air and water.
KAEA 2217 RC Design I Lecture 1: Intro, RC Structures and Materials
Start of test
KAEA 2217 RC Design I Lecture 1: Intro, RC Structures and Materials
At failure
KAEA 2217 RC Design I Lecture 1: Intro, RC Structures and Materials
RC structures
Buildings
Bridges
Retaining walls
Viaducts
Successful design
requires effective
coordination of various
disciplines in engineering.
Marina City complex, Chicago, 1959
KAEA 2217 RC Design I Lecture 1: Intro, RC Structures and Materials
RC Structural Elements
Common RC structures are consisted of
several or many of the following structural
elements (load bearing members)
Beam, Girder Slab
Column Footing, foundation
Truss, Frame Staircase
Arch Shell
KAEA 2217 RC Design I Lecture 1: Intro, RC Structures and Materials
RC Structural Elements
COLUMN
BEAM COLUMN
RIBBED SLAB
JOIST
BEAM
SLAB
WALL
STAIRCASES
SLAB
PAD FOOTING
KAEA 2217 RC Design I Lecture 1: Intro, RC Structures and Materials
Combination of Structural
Elements
Examples of RC Structural
Members
Continuous Span Beams
KAEA 2217 RC Design I Lecture 1: Intro, RC Structures and Materials
Examples of RC Structural
Members
Cantilever beams
KAEA 2217 RC Design I Lecture 1: Intro, RC Structures and Materials
Examples of RC Structural
Members
Columns
KAEA 2217 RC Design I Lecture 1: Intro, RC Structures and Materials
Examples of RC Structural
Members
Slabs
KAEA 2217 RC Design I Lecture 1: Intro, RC Structures and Materials
Examples of RC structural
members
Arches
KAEA 2217 RC Design I Lecture 1: Intro, RC Structures and Materials
Examples of RC structural
members
Shells
KAEA 2217 RC Design I Lecture 1: Intro, RC Structures and Materials
Concrete
A mixture of cement, fine aggregates
(sands), course aggregates (e.g. crush
stones) and water.
Water is the key ingredient for chemical
reaction during curing
Water
Concrete
Cement
Aggregates
KAEA 2217 RC Design I Lecture 1: Intro, RC Structures and Materials
Concrete
Uniaxial Stress-strain
Behavior of Concrete
Uniaxial Stress-strain
Behavior of Steel
Idealized
Uniaxial Stress-strain
Behavior of Steel
Shrinkage
As concrete hardens there is a reduction in volume due to
shrinkage. The shrinkage is liable to cause cracking, but also
has beneficial effect of strengthening the bond between
concrete and the steel reinforcement. Shrinkage takes place
due to
Absorption of water by concrete and aggregate after mix
Evaporation of water that rises to concrete surface
Hydration of cement (setting process) generates heat
and when cools down, thermal contraction occurs
Drying out of water after harden persists for many
months
Subsequent wetting and drying
KAEA 2217 RC Design I Lecture 1: Intro, RC Structures and Materials
Shrinkage
Original member -
as cast
sh
Plain concrete -
unrestrained fct is tensile stress in
ct concrete area Ac, fsc
is the compressive
Reinforced concrete - stress in steel area
unrestrained
sc
Reinforced concrete -
fully restrained
ct
KAEA 2217 RC Design I Lecture 1: Intro, RC Structures and Materials
Shrinkage
Original member -
as cast
sh
Reinforced concrete
fully restrained
ct
Thermal expansion
Day-to-day thermal expansion of concrete can be greater
than the movements caused by shrinkage. Thermal stresses
and strains may be controlled by the correct positioning of
movement or expansion joints in a structure.
Creep of concrete
Creep is defined as continuous deformation
of a member under sustained load.
The characteristics of creep are
The final deformation of the member can Deformation
be three or four times the short-term
elastic deformation
The deformation is roughly proportional
to the intensity of loading and to the
inverse of the concrete strength
If the load is removed, only Time
instantaneous elastic deformation will Typical relation
recover the plastic deformation will not between deformation
There is a redistribution of load between and time for concrete
the concrete and any steel that present
KAEA 2217 RC Design I Lecture 1: Intro, RC Structures and Materials
Creep of concrete
The redistribution of load is caused by the changes in
compressive strains being transferred to the steel.
The increased deflections in beams may cause opening of
Durability
The durability of concrete is governed by
Exposure conditions
Concrete quality
Cover to the reinforcement
Width of any cracks
Specification of concrete
The selection of the type of concrete is often
determined by the strength required, which in turn
depends on the intensity of loading as well as the
form and size of the structural member.
Specification of concrete
Designed mix
the contractor (concrete plant etc.) is responsible for
selecting the mix proportion to achieve the strength
and workability required by the design engineer
Prescribed mix
the design engineer specifies the mix proportions,
and the contractor is responsible only for providing a
properly mixed concrete containing the correct
constituents
KAEA 2217 RC Design I Lecture 1: Intro, RC Structures and Materials
Reinforcing Steel
DESIGNATION NORMAL SIZES SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTIC
(mm) STRENGTH fyk (N/mm2)
Hot rolled high All sizes 500
yield (BS4449)
Cold-worked high Up to and including 12 500
yield (BS4449)