Apush Period 6 Key Concepts

14911607 16071754 17541800 18001848 18441877 18651898 18901945 19451980 1980PRESENT
PERIOD 6:
18651898
The AP U.S. History Curriculum Framework
Related Thematic Key Concept 6.1: Technological advances, large-scale production

Learning Objectives
(Focus of Exam
methods, and the opening of new markets encouraged the rise of
CURRICULUM FRAMEWORK
Questions) industrial capitalism in the United States.
WXT-1.0: Explain I. Large-scale industrial production accompanied by massive technological change,

how different labor expanding international communication networks, and pro-growth government
systems developed policies generated rapid economic development and business consolidation.
in NorthAmerica and
the United States, and A) Following the Civil War,
explain their effects government subsidies
on workers lives for transportation and
and U.S. society. communication systems
WXT-2.0: Explain helped open new markets
how patterns of in North America.
exchange, markets,
and private enterprise B) Businesses made use of
have developed, technological innovations,
and analyze ways greater access to natural
that governments resources, redesigned
have responded to financial and management
economic issues. structures, advances
in marketing, and a
WXT-3.0: Analyze growing labor force to
how technological dramatically increase the
innovation has production of goods.
affected economic
development C) As the price of many goods
and society. decreased, workers real
WOR-2.0: Analyze wages increased, providing
the reasons for, new access to a variety of
and results of, U.S. goods and services; many
diplomatic, economic, Americans standards
and military initiatives of living improved,
in NorthAmerica while the gap between
and overseas. rich and poor grew.
D) Many business leaders

sought increased profits by
consolidating corporations
into large trusts and holding
companies, which further
concentrated wealth.
E) Businesses and foreign

policymakers increasingly
looked outside U.S. borders
in an effort to gain greater
influence and control
over markets and natural
resources in the Pacific Rim,
Asia, and Latin America.

Period 6: 18651898 TEACHER-SELECTED EXAMPLES OF HISTORICAL
INDIVIDUALS, EVENTS, TOPICS, OR SOURCES FOR
Key Concept 6.1
STUDENTS TOEXAMINE THE KEY CONCEPT IN DEPTH
Return to
AP United States History Course and Exam Description Table of Contents 60
2015 The College Board

Learning Objectives
(Focus of Exam
WXT-1.0: Explain II. A variety of perspectives on the economy and labor developed during a time
how different labor of financial panics and downturns.
systems developed
in NorthAmerica and A) Some argued that
the United States, and laissez-faire policies and
explain their effects competition promoted
on workers lives economic growth in the
and U.S. society. long run, and they opposed
WXT-2.0: Explain government intervention
how patterns of during economic downturns.
exchange, markets,
and private enterprise B) The industrial workforce
have developed, expanded and became more
and analyze ways diverse through internal
that governments and international migration;
have responded to child labor also increased.
economic issues.
C) Labor and management
CUL-4.0: Explain battled over wages and
how different group working conditions, with
identities, including workers organizing local
racial, ethnic, class, and national unions and/
and regional identities, or directly confronting
have emerged and business leaders.
changed over time.
D) Despite the industrialization
of some segments
of the Southern
economya change
promoted by Southern
leaders who called for a
NewSouthagriculture
based on sharecropping and
tenant farming continued
to be the primary economic
activity in the South.

Key Concept 6.1
Return to

Learning Objectives
(Focus of Exam
POL-2.0: Explain how III. New systems of production and transportation enabled consolidation within
popular movements, agriculture, which, along with periods of instability, spurred a variety of
reform efforts, and responses from farmers.
activist groups have
sought to change A) Improvements in
American society mechanization helped
and institutions. agricultural production
POL-3.0: Explain increase substantially
how different beliefs and contributed to
about the federal declines in food prices.
governments role
in U.S. social and B) Many farmers responded to
economic life have the increasing consolidation
affected political in agricultural markets and
debates and policies. their dependence on the
evolving railroad system by
WXT-3.0: Analyze creating local and regional
how technological cooperative organizations.
innovation has
affected economic C) Economic instability inspired
development agrarian activists to create
and society. the Peoples (Populist)
Party, which called for a
stronger governmental role
in regulating the American
economic system.

Key Concept 6.1
Return to
Related Thematic Key Concept 6.2: The migrations that accompanied

Learning Objectives
(Focus of Exam
industrialization transformed both urban and rural areas of the
Questions) United States and caused dramatic social and cultural change.
NAT-4.0: Analyze I. International and internal migration increased urban populations and fostered the
relationships among growth of a new urban culture.
different regional,
social, ethnic, and A) As cities became areas of
racial groups, and economic growth featuring new
explain how these factories and businesses, they
groups experiences attracted immigrants from Asia
have related to U.S. and from southern and eastern
national identity. Europe, as well as African
MIG-1.0: Explain the American migrants within
causes of migration to and out of the South. Many
colonial North America migrants moved to escape
and, later, the United poverty, religious persecution,
States, and analyze and limited opportunities
immigrations effects for social mobility in their
on U.S. society. home countries or regions.
MIG-2.0: Analyze B) Urban neighborhoods based on

causes of internal particular ethnicities, races, and
migration and patterns classes provided new cultural
of settlement in opportunities for city dwellers.
what would become
the United States,
C) Increasing public debates
and explain how
over assimilation and
migration has affected
Americanization accompanied
American life.
the growth of international
migration. Many immigrants
negotiated compromises
between the cultures they
brought and the culture they
found in the United States.
D) In an urban atmosphere where

the access to power was
unequally distributed, political
machines thrived, in part by
providing immigrants and the
poor with social services.
E) Corporations need for

managers and for male and
female clerical workers as
well as increased access to
educational institutions, fostered
the growth of a distinctive
middle class. A growing amount
of leisure time also helped
expand consumer culture.

Key Concept 6.2
Return to
Related Thematic Key Concept 6.2: The migrations that accompanied

Learning Objectives
(Focus of Exam
industrialization transformed both urban and rural areas of the
Questions) United States and caused dramatic social and cultural change.
NAT-1.0: Explain II. Larger numbers of migrants moved to the West in search of land and
how ideas about economic opportunity, frequently provoking competition and violent conflict.
democracy, freedom,
and individualism A) The building of
found expression transcontinental railroads,
in the development the discovery of mineral
of cultural values, resources, and government
political institutions, policies promoted economic
and American identity. growth and created new
POL-3.0: Explain how communities and centers
different beliefs about of commercial activity.
the federal governments
role in U.S. social B) In hopes of achieving ideals
and economic life of self-sufficiency and
have affected political independence, migrants
debates and policies. moved to both rural and
boomtown areas of the West
MIG-2.0: Analyze causes for opportunities, such as
of internal migration and building the railroads, mining,
patterns of settlement farming, and ranching.
in what would become
the United States, C) As migrant populations
and explain how increased in number and the
migration has affected American bison population
American life. was decimated, competition
GEO-1.0: Explain for land and resources in the
how geographic and West among white settlers,
environmental factors American Indians, and
shaped the development Mexican Americans led to an
of various communities, increase in violent conflict.
and analyze how
competition for and D) The U.S. government violated
debates over natural treaties with American
resources have affected Indians and responded to
both interactions among resistance with military force,
different groups and eventually confining American
the development of Indians to reservations and
government policies. denying tribal sovereignty.
WOR-1.0: Explain how

E) Many American Indians
cultural interaction,
preserved their cultures
cooperation, competition,
and tribal identities despite
and conflict between
government policies
empires, nations, and
promoting assimilation,
peoples have influenced
and they attempted to
political, economic, and
develop self-sustaining
social developments
economic practices.
in North America.

Key Concept 6.2
Return to
Related Thematic Key Concept 6.3: The Gilded Age produced new cultural and
Learning Objectives
(Focus of Exam
intellectual movements, public reform efforts, and political
Questions) debates over economic and social policies.
CUL-1.0: Explain how I. New cultural and intellectual movements both buttressed and challenged the
religious groups and social order of the Gilded Age.
ideas have affected
American society A) Social commentators
and political life. advocated theories later
CUL-2.0: Explain how described as Social
artistic, philosophical, Darwinism to justify the
and scientific ideas success of those at the
have developed top of the socioeconomic
and shaped society structure as both appropriate
and institutions. and inevitable.
B) Some business leaders

argued that the wealthy
had a moral obligation
to help the less fortunate
and improve society, as
articulated in the idea known
as the Gospel of Wealth, and
they made philanthropic
contributions that enhanced
educational opportunities
and urban environments.
C) A number of artists and

critics, including agrarians,
utopians, socialists, and
advocates of the Social
Gospel, championed
alternative visions for the
economy and U.S. society.

Key Concept 6.3
Return to
Related Thematic Key Concept 6.3: The Gilded Age produced new cultural and
Learning Objectives
(Focus of Exam
intellectual movements, public reform efforts, and political
Questions) debates over economic and social policies.
NAT-2.0: Explain II. Dramatic social changes in the period inspired political debates over
how interpretations citizenship, corruption, and the proper relationship between business and
of the Constitution government.
and debates over
rights, liberties, A) The major political parties
and definitions of appealed to lingering
citizenship have divisions from the Civil
affected American War and contended over
values, politics, tariffs and currency issues,
and society. even as reformers argued
POL-1.0: Explain that economic greed and
how and why self-interest had corrupted
political ideas, all levels of government.
beliefs, institutions,
party systems, B) Many women sought
and alignments greater equality with men,
have developed often joining voluntary
and changed. organizations, going to
college, promoting social
POL-2.0: Explain how and political reform, and,
popular movements, like Jane Addams, working
reform efforts, and in settlement houses to help
activist groups have immigrants adapt to U.S.
sought to change language and customs.
American society
and institutions. C) The Supreme Court decision
CUL-3.0: Explain how in Plessy v. Ferguson that
ideas about womens upheld racial segregation
rights and gender helped to mark the end of
roles have affected most of the political gains
society and politics. African Americans made
during Reconstruction.
Facing increased violence,
discrimination, and scientific
theories of race, African
American reformers
continued to fight for
political and social equality.

Key Concept 6.3
Return to
14911607 16071754 17541800 18001848 18441877 18651898 18901945 19451980 1980PRESENT
PERIOD 7:
18901945
Related Thematic Key Concept 7.1: Growth expanded opportunity, while economic
Learning Objectives
(Focus of Exam
instability led to new efforts to reform U.S. society and its
Questions) economic system.
WXT-2.0: Explain I. The United States continued its transition from a rural, agricultural economy
how patterns of to an urban, industrial economy led by large companies.
exchange, markets,
and private enterprise A) New technologies and
have developed, manufacturing techniques
and analyze ways helped focus the U.S.
that governments economy on the production
have responded to of consumer goods,
economic issues. contributing to improved
WXT-3.0: Analyze standards of living, greater
how technological personal mobility, and better
innovation has communications systems.
affected economic
development B) By 1920, a majority of
and society. the U.S. population lived
in urban centers, which
MIG-2.0: Analyze offered new economic
causes of internal opportunities for women,
migration and patterns international migrants,
of settlement in and internal migrants.
what would become
the United States, C) Episodes of credit and
and explain how market instability in the early
migration has affected 20thcentury, in particular
American life. the Great Depression,
led to calls for a stronger
financial regulatory system.

Key Concept 7.1
Return to
Learning Objectives
(Focus of Exam
POL-2.0: Explain how II. In the Progressive Era of the early 20th century, Progressives responded to
popular movements, political corruption, economic instability, and social concerns by calling for greater
reform efforts, and government action and other political and social measures.
activist groups have
sought to change A) Some Progressive Era
American society journalists attacked what they
and institutions. saw as political corruption,
POL-3.0: Explain how social injustice, and economic
different beliefs inequality, while reformers,
about the federal often from the middle and
governments role upper classes and including
in U.S. social and many women, worked to effect
economic life have social changes in cities and
affected political among immigrant populations.
debates and policies.
B) On the national level,
GEO-1.0: Explain Progressives sought federal
how geographic legislation that they believed
and environmental would effectively regulate the
factors shaped the economy, expand democracy,
development of and generate moral reform.
various communities, Progressive amendments to
and analyze how the Constitution dealt with
competition for and issues such as prohibition
debates over natural and woman suffrage.
resources have affected
both interactions among
different groups and C) Preservationists and
the development of conservationists both
government policies. supported the establishment
of national parks while
CUL-3.0: Explain how advocating different
ideas about womens government responses to the
rights and gender overuse of natural resources.
roles have affected
society and politics. D) The Progressives were
divided over many issues.
Some Progressives supported
Southern segregation,
while others ignored its
presence. Some Progressives
advocated expanding popular
participation in government,
while others called for greater
reliance on professional and
technical experts to make
government more efficient.
Progressives also disagreed
about immigration restriction.

Key Concept 7.1
Return to
Learning Objectives
(Focus of Exam
POL-1.0: Explain III. During the 1930s, policymakers responded to the mass unemployment and
how and why social upheavals of the Great Depression by transforming the U.S. into a
political ideas, limited welfare state, redefining the goals and ideas of modern American
beliefs, institutions, liberalism.
party systems,
and alignments A) Franklin Roosevelts New
have developed Deal attempted to end
and changed. the Great Depression
POL-3.0: Explain by using government
how different beliefs power to provide relief
about the federal to the poor, stimulate
governments role recovery, and reform the
in U.S. social and American economy.
economic life have
affected political B) Radical, union, and populist
debates and policies. movements pushed
Roosevelt toward more
WXT-1.0: Explain extensive efforts to change
how different labor the American economic
systems developed system, while conservatives
in NorthAmerica and in Congress and the
the United States, and Supreme Court sought to
explain their effects limit the New Deals scope.
on workers lives
and U.S. society.
C) Although the New Deal did
WXT-2.0: Explain not end the Depression, it
how patterns of left a legacy of reforms and
exchange, markets, regulatory agencies and
and private enterprise fostered a long-term political
have developed, realignment in which many
and analyze ways ethnic groups, African
that governments Americans, and working-
have responded to class communities identified
economic issues. with the Democratic Party.

Key Concept 7.1
Return to
Key Concept 7.2: Innovations in communications and technology

Related Thematic contributed to the growth of mass culture, while significant
Learning Objectives
(Focus of Exam changes occurred in internal and international migration
Questions) patterns.
NAT-2.0: Explain I. Popular culture grew in influence in U.S. society, even as debates increased
how interpretations over the effects of culture on public values, morals, and American national
of the Constitution identity.
and debates over
rights, liberties, A) New forms of mass media,
and definitions of such as radio and cinema,
citizenship have contributed to the spread
affected American of national culture as well
values, politics, as greater awareness
and society. of regional cultures.
WXT-3.0: Analyze
how technological B) Migration gave rise to
innovation has new forms of art and
affected economic literature that expressed
development ethnic and regional
and society. identities, such the Harlem
Renaissance movement.
CUL-1.0: Explain how
religious groups and C) Official restrictions on
ideas have affected freedom of speech grew
American society during World War I, as
and political life. increased anxiety about
CUL-2.0: Explain how radicalism led to a Red Scare
artistic, philosophical, and attacks on labor activism
and scientific ideas and immigrant culture.
have developed
and shaped society D) In the 1920s, cultural and
and institutions. political controversies
emerged as Americans
CUL-4.0: Explain debated gender roles,
how different group modernism, science,
identities, including religion, and issues related
racial, ethnic, class, to race and immigration.
and regional identities,
have emerged and
changed over time.

Key Concept 7.2
Return to
Related Thematic Key Concept 7.2: Innovations in communications and technology

Learning Objectives
(Focus of Exam
contributed to the growth of mass culture, while significant
Questions) changes occurred in internal and international migration patterns.
CUL-4.0: Explain II. Economic pressures, global events, and political developments caused sharp
how different group variations in the numbers, sources, and experiences of both international and
identities, including internal migrants.
racial, ethnic, class,
and regional identities, A) Immigration from Europe
have emerged and reached its peak in the
changed over time. years before World War I.
MIG-1.0: Explain the During and after World War I,
causes of migration to nativist campaigns against
colonial North America some ethnic groups led to
and, later, the United the passage of quotas that
States, and analyze restricted immigration,
immigrations effects particularly from southern
on U.S. society. and eastern Europe, and
increased barriers to
MIG-2.0: Analyze Asian immigration.
causes of internal
migration and patterns B) The increased demand for
of settlement in war production and labor
what would become during World War I and World
the United States, War II and the economic
and explain how difficulties of the 1930s led
migration has affected many Americans to migrate
American life. to urban centers in search
of economic opportunities.
C) In a Great Migration during

and after World War I,
African Americans escaping
segregation, racial violence,
and limited economic
opportunity in the South
moved to the North and
West, where they found
new opportunities but still
encountered discrimination.
D) Migration to the United

States from Mexico and
elsewhere in the Western
Hemisphere increased,
in spite of contradictory
government policies toward
Mexican immigration.

Key Concept 7.2
Return to
Related Thematic Key Concept 7.3: Participation in a series of global conflicts propelled
Learning Objectives
(Focus of Exam
the United States into a position of international power while
Questions) renewing domestic debates over the nations proper role in the world.
NAT-3.0: Analyze how I. In the late 19th century and early 20th century, new U.S. territorial ambitions
ideas about national and acquisitions in the Western Hemisphere and the Pacific accompanied
identity changed heightened public debates over Americas role in the world.
in response to U.S.
involvement in A) Imperialists cited economic
international conflicts opportunities, racial theories,
and the growth of competition with European
the United States. empires, and the perception
WOR-2.0: Analyze in the 1890s that the Western
the reasons for, frontier was closed to
and results of, U.S. argue that Americans were
diplomatic, economic, destined to expand their
and military initiatives culture and institutions to
in NorthAmerica peoples around the globe.
and overseas.
B) Anti-imperialists cited
principles of self-
determination and invoked
both racial theories and the
U.S. foreign policy tradition
of isolationism to argue that
the U.S. should not extend
its territory overseas.
C) The American victory in

the SpanishAmerican War
led to the U.S. acquisition
of island territories in the
Caribbean and the Pacific,
an increase in involvement
in Asia, and the suppression
of a nationalist movement
in the Philippines.

Key Concept 7.3
Return to
Learning Objectives
(Focus of Exam
NAT-1.0: Explain II. World War I and its aftermath intensified ongoing debates about the nations role in
how ideas about the world and how best to achieve national security and pursue American interests.
democracy, freedom,
and individualism A) After initial neutrality in World
found expression War I, the nation entered the
in the development conflict, departing from the
of cultural values, U.S. foreign policy tradition
political institutions, of noninvolvement in
and American identity. European affairs, in response
NAT-3.0: Analyze how to Woodrow Wilsons call for
ideas about national the defense of humanitarian
identity changed and democratic principles.
in response to U.S.
involvement in B) Although the American
international conflicts Expeditionary Forces played
and the growth of a relatively limited role in
the United States. combat, the U.S.s entry helped
to tip the balance of the
WOR-2.0: Analyze the conflict in favor of the Allies.
reasons for, and results
of, U.S. diplomatic, C) Despite Wilsons deep
economic, and military involvement in postwar
initiatives in North negotiations, the U.S.
America and overseas. Senate refused to ratify the
Treaty of Versailles or join
the League of Nations.
D) In the years following World

War I, the United States
pursued a unilateral foreign
policy that used international
investment, peace treaties,
and select military intervention
to promote a vision of
international order, even while
maintaining U.S. isolationism.
E) In the 1930s, while many

Americans were concerned
about the rise of fascism
and totalitarianism, most
opposed taking military action
against the aggression of
Nazi Germany and Japan
until the Japanese attack on
Pearl Harbor drew the United
States into World War II.

Key Concept 7.3
Return to
Learning Objectives
(Focus of Exam
NAT-3.0: Analyze how III. U.S. participation in World War II transformed American society, while the victory of the
ideas about national United States and its allies over the Axis powers vaulted the U.S. into a position of global,
identity changed political, and military leadership.
in response to U.S.
involvement in
A) Americans viewed the war as a
international conflicts
fight for the survival of freedom
and the growth of
and democracy against fascist
the United States.
and militarist ideologies. This
NAT-4.0: Analyze perspective was later reinforced by
relationships among revelations about Japanese wartime
different regional, social, atrocities, Nazi concentration
ethnic, and racial groups, camps, and the Holocaust.
and explain how these
groups experiences B) The mass mobilization of
have related to U.S. American society helped end the
national identity. Great Depression, and the countrys
strong industrial base played a
CUL-3.0: Explain how
pivotal role in winning the war
ideas about womens
by equipping and provisioning
rights and gender
allies and millions of U.S. troops.
roles have affected
society and politics.
C) Mobilization and military service
WOR-2.0: Analyze provided opportunities for women
the reasons for, and minorities to improve their
and results of, U.S. socioeconomic positions for
diplomatic, economic, the wars duration, while also
and military initiatives leading to debates over racial
in NorthAmerica segregation. Wartime experiences
and overseas. also generated challenges to civil
liberties, such as the internment
of Japanese Americans.
D) The United States and its allies

achieved military victory through
Allied cooperation, technological
and scientific advances, the
contributions of servicemen and
women, and campaigns such as
Pacific island-hopping and the
D-Day invasion. The use of atomic
bombs hastened the end of the
war and sparked debates about the
morality of using atomic weapons.
E) The war-ravaged condition of Asia

and Europe, and the dominant
U.S. role in the Allied victory
and postwar peace settlements,
allowed the United States to
emerge from the war as the
most powerful nation on earth.

Key Concept 7.3
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14911607 16071754 17541800 18001848 18441877 18651898 18901945 19451980 1980PRESENT

Related Thematic Key Concept 6.1: Technological advances, large-scale production

WXT-1.0: Explain I. Large-scale industrial production accompanied by massive technological change,

D) Many business leaders

E) Businesses and foreign

Related Thematic Key Concept 6.1: Technological advances, large-scale production

Related Thematic Key Concept 6.1: Technological advances, large-scale production

Related Thematic Key Concept 6.2: The migrations that accompanied

MIG-2.0: Analyze B) Urban neighborhoods based on

D) In an urban atmosphere where

E) Corporations need for

Related Thematic Key Concept 6.2: The migrations that accompanied

WOR-1.0: Explain how

B) Some business leaders

C) A number of artists and

Key Concept 7.2: Innovations in communications and technology

Related Thematic Key Concept 7.2: Innovations in communications and technology

C) In a Great Migration during

D) Migration to the United

C) The American victory in

D) In the years following World

E) In the 1930s, while many

D) The United States and its allies

E) The war-ravaged condition of Asia

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